01 Market Organization and Structure PDF

Market Organization and Structure Test ID: 7697282
Question #1 of 69 Question ID: 434371
An investor purchases 200 shares of Mertz, Inc. on margin. The shares are trading at $40. Initial and maintenance margins are
50% and 25%. If the investor sells the stock when the price rises to $50 at year-end, the return on the investment would be
closest to:
‫ غ‬A) 25%.
‫ ض‬B) 50%.
‫ غ‬C) 20%.
Explanation
Profit = 10,000 - 8,000 = 2,000

Return = 2,000 / 4,000 = 50%
An investor purchases 100 shares of Lloyd Computer at $26 a share. The initial margin requirement is 50%, and the maintenance margin
requirement is 25%. The price below which the investor would receive a margin call is closest to:
‫ غ‬A) 19.45.
‫ غ‬B) 15.25.
‫ ض‬C) 17.33.
Explanation
26 * (1 - 0.5)/(1 - 0.25) = $17.33.
A unique item such as fine art is most likely to be exchanged in a(n):
‫ ض‬A) brokered market.
‫ غ‬B) quote-driven market.
‫ غ‬C) order-driven market.
Explanation
Brokered markets are typically the best market structure for unique items. A broker adds value by locating a counterparty to take
the opposite side of a trade of such an item.
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Which of the following option positions is said to be a long position?
‫ غ‬A) Writer of a put option.
‫ ض‬B) Buyer of a put option.

‫ غ‬C) Writer of a call option.
Explanation
The buyer of an option (either a call or put) is said to be long the option and the writer of an option is said to be short the option.
Note that with put options, the long (put option holder) benefits when the price of the underlying asset decreases, while the short
(put option writer) benefits when the price of the underlying asset increases. We say that a put buyer is long the option but has
short exposure to the underlying asset price.
Austin Bruno, CFA, places a fill or kill, limit buy order at 92 for a stock. Bruno's order specifies:
‫ ض‬A) validity and execution instructions.
‫ غ‬B) clearing and validity instructions.
‫ غ‬C) execution and clearing instructions.
Explanation
Fill or kill is a validity instruction as it indicates when the order can be filled (i.e. immediately or cancel the order). A limit buy order
is an execution instruction as it indicates how the order should be filled (e.g. buy at $92 or less). Clearing instructions indicate
how to settle the trade (i.e., how and when to transfer the cash and the security).
An objective of financial market regulation is to:
‫ ض‬A) reduce information gathering costs by requiring common financial reporting standards.
‫ غ‬B) prevent uninformed investors from participating in financial markets.
‫ غ‬C) ensure that inside information is made public in a timely manner.
Explanation
One of the objectives of market regulation is to require firms to report their financial performance according to a single set of
standards, such as those of the IASB or FASB, thereby reducing market participants' cost of gathering information. Market
regulation is not designed to prevent uninformed investors from trading, but to protect unsophisticated investors and thereby
preserve trust in the financial markets. An objective of market regulation is to prevent those with non-public information from
profiting at the expense of other investors, but not necessarily to make all inside information public.
Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary capital markets?
‫ غ‬A) Primary markets are where stocks trade while secondary markets are where bonds trade.
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‫ ض‬B) Primary capital markets relate to the sale of new issues of bonds, preferred, and common stock,
while secondary capital markets are where securities trade after their initial offering.
‫ غ‬C) Secondary capital markets relate to the sale of new issues of bonds, preferred, and common stock,
while primary capital markets are where securities trade after their initial offering.
Explanation
Bonds and stocks are traded on both the primary and secondary markets.
An order to sell a security at the best price available is most likely a:
‫ غ‬A) stop order.
‫ ض‬B) market order.
‫ غ‬C) limit order.
Explanation
A market order is an order to buy or sell a security immediately at the best available price. A limit order is an order to buy at the
specified limit price or lower, or to sell at the limit price or higher. A stop order is an order to buy if the market price increases to
the specified stop price, or to sell if the market price decreases to the stop price.
The main functions of the financial system most likely include:
‫ ض‬A) determining equilibrium interest rates and allocating capital to its most productive uses.
‫ غ‬B) allocating capital to its most productive uses and determining the supply of money.
‫ غ‬C) determining the supply of money and determining equilibrium interest rates.
Explanation
The main functions of the financial system are to allow individuals and organizations to save, borrow, raise capital, and manage
risks; to determine equilibrium rates of return that equate the amounts of lending and borrowing; and to allocate capital to its most
productive uses. The money supply is typically controlled by countries' central banks.
A securities exchange where traders buy and sell long-term government bonds from and to other traders would best be
described as part of the:
‫ ض‬A) capital market.

‫ غ‬B) primary market.
‫ غ‬C) money market.
Explanation
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The exchange can be described as part of the secondary capital markets. A security is first issued in the primary market, and
then it trades among investors in the secondary market. The money market refers to the market for short-term debt instruments
(usually with maturities of less than one year) such as T-bills.
Which of the following conditions is most likely necessary for capital to be allocated to its most valuable uses?
‫ غ‬A) There are no barriers to the flow of complete information to the financial markets.
‫ غ‬B) Financial markets are frictionless (i.e., free of taxes or transactions costs).
‫ ض‬C) Investors are well informed about the risk and return of various investments.
Explanation
Capital will flow to its most valuable uses if markets function well and investors are well informed about the risk and return
characteristics of various investments. Allocation of capital to its most valuable uses does not require that all investors have
complete information or that financial markets are frictionless.
An investor can profit from a stock price decline by:
‫ ض‬A) selling short.
‫ غ‬B) placing a stop buy order.
‫ غ‬C) purchasing a call option.
Explanation
Short selling provides a way for an investor to profit from a stock price decline. In order to sell short, the broker borrows the
security and then sells it for the short seller. Later, if the investor can replace the borrowed securities by repurchasing them at a
lower price, then the investor will profit from the transaction.
The "real assets" classification most likely includes:
‫ غ‬A) stocks.
‫ ض‬B) commodities.
‫ غ‬C) bonds.
Explanation
Real assets include commodities, real estate, durable equipment, and other physical assets. Bonds and stocks are classified as
financial assets.
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If an investor buys 100 shares of a $50 stock on margin when the initial margin requirement is 40%, how much money must she borrow
from her broker?
‫ غ‬A) $2,000.
‫ غ‬B) $4,000.
‫ ض‬C) $3,000.
Explanation
An initial margin requirement of 40% would mean that the investor must put up 40% of the funds and brokerage firm may lend the 60%
balance. Therefore, for this example (100 shares) * ($50) = $5,000 total cost. $5,000 * 0.60 = $3,000.
Which of the following statements about financial intermediaries is most accurate?
‫ ض‬A) Brokers seek out traders that are willing to take the opposite sides of their clients' orders.
‫ غ‬B) Dealers buy a security in one market and simultaneously sell the same security in a different market.
‫ غ‬C) Arbitrageurs buy securities with the anticipation that they will be able to sell the securities in the
future at higher prices.
Explanation
Brokers seek out traders that are willing to take the opposite side of their clients' orders. Arbitrageurs buy an instrument in one
market and simultaneously sell the same instrument in a different market at a higher price. Dealers buy securities from clients,
with the expectation that they will be able to sell the securities to other clients in the future at higher prices.
An investor buys 200 shares of ABC at the market price of $100 on full margin. The initial margin requirement is 40% and the
maintenance margin requirement is 25%.
If the shares of stock later sold for $200 per share, what is the rate of return on the margin transaction?
‫ غ‬A) 100%.
‫ ض‬B) 250%.
‫ غ‬C) 400%.
Explanation
One quick (and less than intensive) way to calculate the answer to this on the examination (and it is very important to save time
on the examination) is to first calculate the return if all cash, then calculate the margin leverage factor and then finally, multiply
the leverage factor times the all cash return to obtain the margin return.
Calculations:
Step 1: Calculate All Cash Return:
Cash Return % = [(Ending Value / Beginning Equity Position) - 1] × 100

= [(($200 × 200) / ($100 × 200)) - 1] × 100 = 100%
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Step 2: Calculate Leverage Factor:
Leverage Factor = 1 / Initial Margin % = 1 / 0.40 = 2.50
Step 3: Calculate Margin Return:
Margin Transaction Return = All cash return × Leverage Factor = 100% × 2.50 = 250%
Note: You can verify the margin return as follows:
Margin Return % = [((Ending Value − Loan Payoff) / Beginning Equity Position) - 1] × 100
= [(([$200 × 200] - [$100 × 200 × 0.60]) / ($100 × 0.40 × 200)) - 1] × 100
= [ ((40,000 − 12,000) / 8,000) − 1] × 100 = 250%
An investor buys 200 shares of ABC at the market price of $100 and posts the required initial margin of $8,000. The maintenance
margin requirement is 25%.
At what share price will the investor's account balance be reduced to the maintenance margin lead?
‫ غ‬A) $112.
‫ غ‬B) $48.
‫ ض‬C) $80.
Explanation
The initial margin requirement is $8,000 / (200 × $100) = 0.40. In a long stock position, the equation to determine the margin call
price is:
long = [(original price)(1 − initial margin %)] / [1 − maintenance margin %]

= $100(1 − 0.4) / (1 − 0.25) = $80
Alternatively, the margin loan is (200 × $100) − $8,000 = $12,000. The minimum value of the long position that meets the
maintenance margin requirment is $12,000 / (1 − 0.25) = $16,000. The share price at which the long position has this value is
$16,000 / 200 = $80.
Which of the following statements about securities exchanges is most accurate?
‫ غ‬A) Setting a negotiated price to clear the market is a method used to set the closing price in
major continuous markets.
‫ ض‬B) Call markets are markets in which the stock is only traded at specific times.
‫ غ‬C) Continuous markets are markets where trades occur 24 hours per day.
Explanation
Continuous markets are markets where trades occur at any time the market is open (i.e. they do not need to be open 24 hours
per day). Setting one negotiated price is a method used in major continuous markets to set the opening price.
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A financial system in which transactions have low costs is said to exhibit:
‫ غ‬A) allocational efficiency.
‫ ض‬B) operational efficiency.
‫ غ‬C) informational efficiency.
Explanation
Operational efficiency refers to low transactions costs. A financial system exhibits informational efficiency if prices quickly reflect
all information relevant to fundamental value. A market exhibits allocational efficiency if it results in capital being directed to its
most productive uses.
The main functions of the financial system least likely include:
‫ غ‬A) bringing together savers and borrowers.
‫ ض‬B) preventing investors from generating abnormal profits by trading on information.
‫ غ‬C) allocating financial resources to their most productive uses.
Explanation
One of the purposes of the financial system is to allow investors to trade on (public) information. Other purposes of the financial
system include allocating financial capital to its most productive uses, and bringing together those who wish to save with those
who wish to borrow.
When using margin to invest in equities, which of the following defines initial margin and what level will the margin be brought
back to in the event of a margin call?
Initial Margin Margin Call Action
‫ ض‬A) a deposit must be made to

minimum amount of equity
bring the margin back to the
required of the investor
maintenance margin
‫ غ‬B) a deposit must be made to bring

amount of borrowed funds in
the margin back to the
the transactions
maintenance margin
‫ غ‬C) a deposit must be made to bring

minimum amount of equity
the margin back to the initial
required of the investor
margin
Explanation
The initial margin requirement refers to the minimum amount of equity required of the investor.
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With equities, if the margin falls below the maintenance margin, funds must be deposited to bring it back up to the maintenance
margin level.
Regarding the technical points affecting the short sales of a stock, which of the following statements is most accurate?
‫ غ‬A) The lender must deposit margin to guarantee the eventual return of the stock.
‫ غ‬B) Stocks can only be shorted in a down market.
‫ ض‬C) The short seller must pay all dividends due to the lender of the shorted stock.
Explanation
The short seller must pay any dividends on the stock to the owner of the borrowed shares. The short seller must also deposit
margin money to guarantee the eventual repurchase of the security.
An investor sold a stock short and is worried about rising prices. To protect himself from rising prices he would place a:
‫ ض‬A) stop order to buy.
‫ غ‬B) stop order to sell.
‫ غ‬C) limit order to buy.
Explanation
A limit order to buy is placed below the current market price.
A limit order to sell is placed above the current market price.
A stop (loss) order to buy is placed above the current market price.
A stop (loss) order to sell is placed below the current market price.
A stop order becomes a market order if the price is hit.
Mark Ritchie purchased, on margin, 200 shares of TMX Corp. stock at a price of $35 per share. The margin requirement was
50%. The stock price has increased to $42 per share. What is Ritchie's return on investment before commissions and interest if
he decides to sell his TMX holdings now?
‫ ض‬A) 40%.
‫ غ‬B) 10%.
‫ غ‬C) 20%.
Explanation
200 shares × $35 = $7000 Initial Market Value
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$7000 × .50 = $3500 cash payment and $3500 borrowed.
The new market value of the stock after price increase is (200 × $42) = $8400. If Ritchie sold his holdings he would have $4900
($8400 - $3500) left after the loan was paid. So Ritchie's return on his original $3500 investment is:
$4900/3500 - 1 = 1.4 - 1.0 = 0.40 = 40%.
A market that directs capital to its most productive use is best described as:
‫ غ‬A) operationally efficient.
‫ ض‬B) allocationally efficient.

‫ غ‬C) informationally efficient.
Explanation
Markets are said to be allocationally efficient when capital is directed to its most productive uses. Operationally efficient markets
are those that have low trading costs. Informationally efficient markets are those in which security prices reflect all information
associated with fundamental value in a timely fashion.
Lynne Hampton purchased 100 shares of $75 stock on margin. The margin requirement set by the Federal Reserve Board was
40%, but Hampton's brokerage firm requires a total margin of 50%. Currently the stock is selling at $62 per share. What is
Hampton's return on investment before commission and interest if she sells the stock now?
‫ غ‬A) -40%.
‫ ض‬B) -35%.
‫ غ‬C) -17%.
Explanation
Hampton originally purchased 100 shares at $75 for a total value of $7500. Half of the value ($3750) was borrowed and Hampton
paid cash for the other half. The current total market value of the stock is $6200. If Hampton sells her holdings she will have
$2450 left after she pays off the loan. Hampton's return on her original investment is:
$2450/3750 - 1 = 0.65 - 1 = -0.35 = -35%.
Which of the following is least likely a service provided by an underwriter in the primary market?
‫ ض‬A) Diversification.
‫ غ‬B) Origination.
‫ غ‬C) Risk Bearing.
Explanation
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The underwriter provides the following services to the issuer:
Origination, which involves the design, planning, and registration of the issue.
Risk bearing, which means the underwriter guarantees the price by purchasing the securities.
Distribution, which is the sale of the issue.
Becky Kirk contacted her broker and placed an order to purchase 1,000 shares of Bricko Corp. stock at a price of $60 per share.
Kirk wishes to buy on margin. Assuming the margin requirement is 40%, how much money does Kirk have to pay up front to
make the purchase?
‫ غ‬A) $36,000.
‫ غ‬B) $60,000.
‫ ض‬C) $24,000.
Explanation
The margin requirement represents the amount of money an investor must put down on the purchase. So Kirk must put $24,000
down ($60,000 x .40 = $24,000) and can borrow the balance.
Stop loss sell orders are:
‫ غ‬A) placed to protect a short position.
‫ غ‬B) executed on an uptick only.
‫ ض‬C) placed to protect the gains on a long position.
Explanation
Stop loss sell orders are limit sell orders that are placed below market price. When the share price drops to the designated price,
a sell order is executed protecting the investor from further declines.
Toby Jensen originally purchased 400 shares of CSC stock on margin at a price of $60 per share. The initial margin requirement
is 50% and the maintenance margin is 25%. CSC stock price has fallen dramatically in recent months and it closed today with a
sharp decline bringing the closing price to $40 per share. Will Jensen receive a margin call?
‫ غ‬A) No, he meets the minimum initial margin requirement.
‫ ض‬B) No, he meets the minimum maintenance margin requirement.
‫ غ‬C) Yes, he does not meet the minimum maintenance margin requirement.
Explanation
Total original value held by Jensen is 400 x $60 = $24,000.
Amount of equity is 50% ($24,000) = $12,000.
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Current total value is 400 x $40 = $16,000.
So Jensen's equity is $16,000 - $12,000 = $4,000 which is 4,000/16,000 = 25% of the total market value.
Which of the following statements about securities exchanges is NOT correct?
‫ ض‬A) In continuous markets, prices are set only by the auction process.
‫ غ‬B) Securities exchanges may be structured as call markets or continuous markets.
‫ غ‬C) In call markets, there is only one negotiated price set to clear the market for a given stock.
Explanation
In continuous markets, the price is set by either the auction process or by dealer bid-ask quotes.
Which of the following statements regarding secondary markets is least accurate? Secondary markets are important because
they provide:
‫ ض‬A) regulators with information about market participants.
‫ غ‬B) investors with liquidity.
‫ غ‬C) firms with greater access to external capital.
Explanation
Secondary markets are important because they provide liquidity and continuous information to investors. The liquidity of the
secondary markets adds value to both the investor and firm because more investors are willing to buy issues in the primary
market, when they know these issues will later become liquid in the secondary market. Therefore, the secondary market makes it
easier for firms to raise external capital.
An order placed to protect a short position is called a:
‫ غ‬A) protective call.
‫ ض‬B) stop loss buy.
‫ غ‬C) stop loss sell.
Explanation
A short position profits from declines in stock price and experiences losses as the price rises. A stop loss buy is a limit order that
is placed above the market price. When the stock price reaches the stop price, the limit order is executed curtailing further loses.
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Which of the following statements about securities markets is least accurate?
‫ ض‬A) Initial public offerings (IPOs) are sold in the secondary market.
‫ غ‬B) A market that features low transactions costs is said to have operational efficiency.
‫ غ‬C) In a continuous market, a security can trade any time the market is open.
Explanation
IPOs are sold in the primary market.
A trader pays $100 per share to buy 500 shares of a non-dividend-paying firm. The purchase is done on margin, and the
leverage ratio at purchase is 3.0X. Three months later, the trader sells the shares for $90 per share. Ignoring transaction costs
and interest paid on the margin loan, the trader's 3-month return was closest to:
‫ غ‬A) -40%.
‫ ض‬B) -30%.
‫ غ‬C) -10%.
Explanation
With a leverage ratio of 3 and a 10% decrease in share value, the investor's return is 3 × -10% = -30%.
Jorman Inc. stock is cross-listed on exchanges in Tokyo and New York. Jorman stock is best described as a:
‫ غ‬A) primary market security.
‫ غ‬B) private security.
‫ ض‬C) public security.
Explanation
Jorman stock is a public security because it is traded on public exchanges that are subject to regulatory oversight. A private
security is a security that is not offered for sale on a public exchange and is not subject to regulation. Securities are issued in the
primary market (i.e., initial public offerings) and subsequently trade in the secondary market (e.g., stock exchanges).
Which of the following statements about selling a stock short is least likely accurate?
‫ غ‬A) The seller must return the securities at the request of the lender.
‫ ض‬B) The short seller may withdraw the proceeds of the short sale.
‫ غ‬C) The seller must inform their broker that the order is a short sale before completing the transaction.
Explanation
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Proceeds from the short sale must remain in the brokerage account along with the required margin deposit.
Which of the following statements about primary and secondary markets is least accurate?
‫ غ‬A) A primary market is a market in which new securities are sold.
‫ غ‬B) The primary market benefits from the liquidity provided by the secondary market.
‫ ض‬C) The proceeds from a sale in the secondary market go to the issuer.
Explanation
Proceeds in a primary market go to the issuing firm. Proceeds from a sale in the secondary market go to the current owner who
is selling the securities.
An investor buys 1,000 shares of a non-dividend-paying stock for $18. The initial margin requirement is 40% and the
maintenance margin is 30%. After one year the investor sells the stock for $24 per share. The investor's rate of return on this
investment (ignoring borrowing and transactions costs and taxes), and the price at which the investor would receive a margin
call, are closest to:
Rate of return Margin call
‫ غ‬A) 83% $21.00
‫ غ‬B) 33% $15.43
‫ ض‬C) 83% $15.43
Explanation
To obtain the result:
Part 1: Calculate Margin Return:
Margin Return % = [((Ending Value - Loan Payoff) / Beginning Equity Position) - 1] * 100 =
= [(([$24 × 1,000] - [$18 × 1,000 × 0.60]) / ($18 × 0.40 × 1,000)) - 1] × 100 =
= 83.33%
Alternative (Check): Calculate the all cash return and multiply by the margin leverage factor.
= [(24,000 - 18,000)/18,000] × [1 / 0.40] = 33.33% × 2.5 = 83.33%
Part 2: Calculate Margin Call Price:
Since the investor is long (purchased the stock), the formula for the margin call price is:
Margin Call = (original price) × (1 - initial margin) / (1 - maintenance margin)
= $18 × (1 - 0.40) / (1 - 0.30) = $15.43
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In contrast with a typical forward contract, futures contracts have:
‫ غ‬A) less liquidity.
‫ ض‬B) standardized terms.
‫ غ‬C) greater counterparty risk.
Explanation
Futures are forward contracts that trade on exchanges and have standardized terms, in contrast with forward contracts, which
are customized instruments. A futures clearinghouse reduces counterparty risk by guaranteeing the performance of buyers and
sellers. Futures contracts trade on organized exchanges and are more liquid than forward contracts.
Which of the following assets are best characterized as contracts?
‫ غ‬A) Depository receipts.
‫ غ‬B) Commercial paper.
‫ ض‬C) Currency swaps.
Explanation
Contracts include forwards, futures, options, swaps, and insurance contracts. Commercial paper is a debt security. Depository
receipts are shares in a pooled investment vehicle, such as a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund.
Using the following assumptions, calculate the rate of return on a margin transaction for an investor who purchases the stock and
the stock price at which the investor would have received a margin call.
Market Price Per Share: $32

Number of Shares Purchased: 1,000
Holding Period: 1 year
Ending Share Price: $34
Initial Margin Requirement: 40%
Maintenance margin: 25%
Transaction and borrowing costs: $0
The company pays no dividends
Margin Return Margin Call Price
‫ غ‬A) 6.3% $25.60
‫ ض‬B) 15.6% $25.60
‫ غ‬C) 15.6% $17.07
Explanation
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Part 1: Calculate Margin Return:
Margin Return %
= [((Ending Value - Loan Payoff) / Beginning Equity Position) - 1] × 100

= [(([$34 × 1,000] - [$32 × 1,000 × 0.60]) / ($32 × 0.40 × 1,000)) - 1] × 100
= 15.6%
Alternative (Check): Calculate the all cash return and multiply by the margin leverage factor.
[(34,000 - 32,000) / 32,000] × [1 / 0.40] = 6.35% × 2.5 = 15.6%
Part 2: Calculate Margin Call Price:
The formula for the margin call price is:

Margin Call = (original price) × (1 - initial margin) / (1 - maintenance margin)
= $32 × (1 - 0.40) / (1 - 0.25) = approximately $25.60
Markets for financial assets with maturities of one year or less are best characterized as:
‫ غ‬A) primary markets.
‫ ض‬B) money markets.
‫ غ‬C) capital markets.
Explanation
"Money markets" generally refers to markets for debt securities maturing in one year or less. Capital markets refer to markets for
equities and for debt securities with maturities greater than one year. Primary markets are the markets for newly issued
securities.
Peg Fisk, CFA, states that two of the objectives of market regulation which CFA Institute attempts to address are minimum
standards of competence among investment professionals and ease of performance evaluation for investors. Fisk is accurate
with regard to:
‫ ض‬A) both of these objectives.
‫ غ‬B) neither of these objectives.
‫ غ‬C) only one of these objectives
Explanation
CFA Institute attempts to address both of these objectives of market regulation. The CFA Program is part of the effort to
encourage minimum standards of competency among finance professionals. Global Investment Performance Standards are part
of the effort to make performance evaluation easier for investors.
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A primary market transaction involves:
‫ ض‬A) the sale of new securities to investors.
‫ غ‬B) primarily preferred stocks.
‫ غ‬C) the direct trading of securities between institutional investors.
Explanation
A primary market is a market for new issues of securities.
Which of the following orders is said to be "behind the market"?
‫ غ‬A) Market sell order when the best bid is 38 and the best ask is 39.
‫ ض‬B) Limit buy order at 38 when the best bid is 39.
‫ غ‬C) Limit sell order at 38 when the best ask is 39.
Explanation
A limit buy order is behind the market if its limit price is below the best bid. A limit sell order is behind the market if its limit price is
above the best ask. Market orders are never said to be behind the market.
Equity securities most likely include:
‫ ض‬A) common stock and warrants.
‫ غ‬B) commercial paper and repurchase agreements.
‫ غ‬C) preferred stock and certificates of deposit.
Explanation
Common stock, preferred stock, and warrants are equity securities. Certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and repurchase
agreements are debt securities.
An investor purchases 200 shares of Rubble, Inc. on margin. The shares are trading at $40. Initial and maintenance margins are
50% and 25%. If the company pays a dividend of $0.75 and the investor sells the stock at year-end for $50 per share, the return
on the investment would be closest to:
‫ غ‬A) 39.55%
‫ ض‬B) 53.75%
‫ غ‬C) 15.75%
Explanation
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Dividend income = 0.75 × 200 = $150
Profit = 10,000 - 8,000 + 150 = 2,150
Return = 2,150 / 4,000 = 53.75%
Which of the following statements about securities markets is least accurate?
‫ ض‬A) A limit buy order and a stop buy order are both placed below the current market price.
‫ غ‬B) Secondary markets, such as the over-the-counter (OTC) market, provide liquidity and price
continuity.
‫ غ‬C) Characteristics of a well-functioning securities market include: many buyers and sellers, low bid-ask
spreads, timely information on price and volume of past transactions, and accurate information on
supply and demand.
Explanation
A limit buy is placed below the current market price, but a stop buy order is placed above the current market price (stop buy
orders are often placed to protect a short sale from a rising market).
The other choices are true. A well-functioning securities market includes the following characteristics:
timely and accurate information on price and volume of past transactions.

timely and accurate information on the supply and demand for current transactions.
liquidity (as indicated by low bid-ask spreads).
marketability.
price continuity.
depth (many buyers and sellers).
operational efficiency (low transaction costs).
informational efficiency (rapidly adjusting prices).
A buy limit order is said to be "inside the market" when:
‫ ض‬A) the limit is between the best bid and the best ask.
‫ غ‬B) the limit is below the best bid.

‫ غ‬C) it reaches the exchange floor and is entered in the limit book.
Explanation
A limit order with a limit price between the best bid and the best ask is said to be "inside the market" or "making a new market." A
limit order that has not yet been executed is a "standing limit order."
Which of the following is least likely a characteristic of a well-functioning market?
‫ غ‬A) Reliable information is available on price and volume.
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‫ غ‬B) Prices adjust quickly when new information becomes available.
‫ ض‬C) Prices change significantly from one transaction to the next.
Explanation
In a well-functioning market, prices should not typically change much from one transaction to the next because many buyers and
sellers are willing to trade at prices near the current price. Characteristics of a well-functioning market include availability of
reliable information on prices and transaction volume; liquidity (marketability and price continuity); prices that react quickly to new
information; and low transactions costs.
A trading system that matches buyers and sellers based on price and time precedence is most likely a(n):
‫ غ‬A) brokered market.
‫ غ‬B) quote-driven market.
‫ ض‬C) order-driven market.
Explanation
In an order-driven market, buy orders and sell orders are matched up by the exchange according to order matching rules. In a
quote-driven market, customers trade with dealers at bid and ask prices set by the dealers. In a brokered market, brokers
organize trades among their clients.
Which type of financial intermediary is a corporation most likely to use if it wants to issue new common stock to investors?
‫ ض‬A) Investment bank.
‫ غ‬B) Block broker.
‫ غ‬C) Securitizer.
Explanation
Investment banks are financial intermediaries through which corporations and other entities issue new securities to investors.
Securitizers create pools of securities or loans and sell interests in these pools to investors. Block brokers are typically used to
execute large trades in the secondary market.
Byron Campbell purchased 300 shares of Crescent, Inc., stock at a price of $80 per share. The purchase was made on margin
with an initial margin requirement of 50%. Assuming the maintenance margin is 25%, the stock price of Crescent, Inc. has to fall
below what level for Campbell to receive a margin call?
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‫ غ‬A) $40.00.
‫ ض‬B) $53.33.
‫ غ‬C) $20.00.
Explanation
Trigger price (margin purchases) = Po (1 − initial margin) / (1 − maintenance margin).
$80(1-.5)/(1-.25) = 40/.75 = $53.33.

P = $53.33
If Crescent, Inc. falls below $53.33 then Campbell will get a margin call.
An investor buys 400 shares of a stock for $25 a share. The initial margin requirement is 50%, and the maintenance margin
requirement is 25%. At what price would an investor receive a margin call?
‫ غ‬A) $21.88.
‫ غ‬B) $30.00.
‫ ض‬C) $16.67.
Explanation
Margin call trigger price = [25(1 - 0.5)] / (1 - 0.25) = 16.67.
Shares in a publicly traded company that owns gold mines and mining operations are considered:
‫ غ‬A) real assets.
‫ ض‬B) financial assets.
‫ غ‬C) physical assets.
Explanation
Financial assets, such as shares of stock in a company, are claims against physical or real assets.
The initial margin is the:
‫ غ‬A) amount of cash that an investor must maintain in his/her margin account.
‫ غ‬B) equity represented in the margin account at any time.
‫ ض‬C) minimum amount of funds that must be supplied when purchasing a security on margin.
Explanation
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Margin is the amount of equity in the account at a given time. Initial margin is the amount of equity required initially to execute an order.
The prospectus for the Horizon Fund states that it invests only in real assets. Which of the following would the Horizon Fund
most likely include in its portfolio?
‫ غ‬A) Holdings of foreign currencies.
‫ غ‬B) Common stock of a technology company.
‫ ض‬C) An investment in an apartment complex.
Explanation
Real assets are assets with a physical presence such as real estate, equipment, and commodities. Financial assets include
stocks, bonds, derivatives, and currencies. An investment in an apartment complex is a real estate investment and therefore
would be considered a real asset.
Sonia Fennell purchases 1,000 shares of Xpressoh Inc. for $35 per share. One year later, she sells the stock for $42 per share.
Xpressoh Inc. pays no dividends. The initial margin requirement is 50%. Fennell's one-year return assuming an all-cash
transaction, and if she buys on margin (assume she pays no transaction or borrowing costs and has not had to post additional
margin), are closest to:
All-cash 50% margin
‫ ض‬A) 20% 40%
‫ غ‬B) 40% 80%
‫ غ‬C) 20% 80%
Explanation
All-cash return = 42/35 − 1 = 20%
Margin return = (42 − 35)/[(35)(0.5)] = 40%
An investor purchases stock on 25% initial margin, posting $10 of the original stock price of $40 as equity. The position has a
required maintenance margin of 20%. The investor later sells the stock for $45. Ignoring transaction costs and margin loan
interest, which of the following statements is most accurate?
‫ غ‬A) Leverage ratio is 3:1.
‫ ض‬B) Return on investment is 50%.
‫ غ‬C) Margin call price is $36.
Explanation
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Return on invested equity is ($45 - $40) / $10 - 1 = 50%.
The leverage ratio is purchase price / equity = $40 / $10 = 4.
Margin call price is $40 × [(1 - 0.25) / (1 - 0.20)] = $37.50.
A short seller:
‫ غ‬A) often also places a stop loss sell order.
‫ ض‬B) does not receive the dividends.
‫ غ‬C) loses if the price of the stock sold short decreases.
Explanation
The short seller pays all dividends to the lender, loses if stock prices rise, and is required to post a margin account. A short seller often
places a stop buy order to protect the short sale position from a rising market.
An investor purchases 100 shares at $75 per share with an initial margin of 50%. Assume there is no interest on the call loan and
no transactions fees. If the stock price rises to $112.50, the rate of return to the investor is:
‫ غ‬A) 50%.
‫ غ‬B) 200%.
‫ ض‬C) 100%.
Explanation
$75/share × 100 shares = $7,500.

50% margin means investor only pays half of the $7,500 in cash, or $3,750, and borrows the remaining $3,750.
Rate of return = (market value - initial investment - margin loan repayment) / initial equity
= ($11,250 - $3,750 - $3,750) / $3,750 = 100%.
Which of the following statements about the maintenance margin requirement is least accurate?
‫ غ‬A) The purpose of the maintenance margin requirement is to protect the broker in the event of a
large stock decline.
‫ ض‬B) The Federal Reserve sets the maximum maintenance margin.
‫ غ‬C) Generally the maintenance margin requirement is lower than the initial margin requirement.
Explanation
The Federal Reserve sets the minimum maintenance margin and individual investment companies may set higher margins if they
wish.
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A stock's limit order book is as follows:
Bid Size Limit Price (£) Offer Size

700 25.25
300 25.30
100 25.40
25.50 500
25.55 200
25.75 500
A new sell limit order is placed for 250 shares at £25.45. This limit order is said to be:
‫ ض‬A) making a new market.
‫ غ‬B) behind the market.
‫ غ‬C) an iceberg order.
Explanation
The order being placed is between the best bid and best ask. It makes a new market with the new bid-ask of £25.40 - £25.45.
An investor bought a stock on margin. The margin requirement was 60%, the current price of the stock is $80, and the stock price was $50
one year ago. If margin interest is 5%, how much equity did the investor have in the investment at year-end?
‫ غ‬A) 60.6%.
‫ غ‬B) 67.7%.
‫ ض‬C) 73.8%.
Explanation
Margin debt = 40% × $50 = $20; Interest = $20 × 0.05 = $1.
Equity % = [Value - (margin debt + interest)] / Value
$80 - $21 / $80 = 73.8%
An investor purchased 725 shares of stock at $40 per share and posted initial margin of 60%. He subsequently sold the shares at
$50 per share. Based only on this information, the investor's holding period return is closest to:
‫ غ‬A) 25%.
‫ غ‬B) 20%.
‫ ض‬C) 40%.
Explanation
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(50 - 40) / (40 × 0.6) = 41.67%.
Which of the following statements regarding margin accounts is most accurate?
‫ غ‬A) Maintenance margin refers to the amount of funds the investor can borrow.
‫ غ‬B) The total equity in the margin account cannot fall below the initial margin requirement.
‫ ض‬C) Margin accounts can be used to purchase securities by borrowing part of the purchase price.
Explanation
Margin accounts are brokerage accounts that allow investors to borrow part of the purchase price from the broker.
Financial intermediaries that issue securities which represent interests in a pool of similar financial assets are best characterized
as:
‫ غ‬A) arbitrageurs.
‫ ض‬B) securitizers.
‫ غ‬C) block brokers.
Explanation
Securitizers are financial intermediaries that assemble large pools of similar financial assets, such as mortgages or loans, and
issue securities that represent interests in the pool. Block brokers assist their clients with large trades of securities. Arbitrageurs
simultaneously buy and sell the same asset in different markets to take advantage of different prices for the same asset.
Which of the following statements regarding primary and secondary markets is least accurate?
‫ غ‬A) New issues of government securities can be sold on the primary market.
‫ ض‬B) Prevailing market prices are determined by primary market transactions and are used in pricing new
issues.
‫ غ‬C) Secondary market transactions occur between two investors and do not involve the firm that
originally issued the security.
Explanation
Prevailing market prices are determined by the transactions that take place on the secondary market. This information is used to
determine the price of new issues sold on primary markets.
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Market Organization and Structure Test ID: 7697282

Question #1 of 69 Question ID: 434371

Profit = 10,000 - 8,000 = 2,000

Question #2 of 69 Question ID: 415145

26 * (1 - 0.5)/(1 - 0.25) = $17.33.

Question #3 of 69 Question ID: 415168

A unique item such as fine art is most likely to be exchanged in a(n):

‫ ض‬A) brokered market.

‫ غ‬B) quote-driven market.

‫ غ‬C) order-driven market.

Question #4 of 69 Question ID: 415130

‫ غ‬A) Writer of a put option.

‫ ض‬B) Buyer of a put option.

Question #5 of 69 Question ID: 415153

‫ ض‬A) validity and execution instructions.

‫ غ‬B) clearing and validity instructions.

‫ غ‬C) execution and clearing instructions.

Question #6 of 69 Question ID: 415171

An objective of financial market regulation is to:

‫ غ‬B) prevent uninformed investors from participating in financial markets.

‫ غ‬C) ensure that inside information is made public in a timely manner.

Question #7 of 69 Question ID: 415163

Question #8 of 69 Question ID: 415154

An order to sell a security at the best price available is most likely a:

‫ غ‬A) stop order.

‫ ض‬B) market order.

‫ غ‬C) limit order.

Question #9 of 69 Question ID: 415113

The main functions of the financial system most likely include:

Question #10 of 69 Question ID: 415117

‫ ض‬A) capital market.

Question #11 of 69 Question ID: 415114

Question #12 of 69 Question ID: 415127

An investor can profit from a stock price decline by:

‫ ض‬A) selling short.

‫ غ‬B) placing a stop buy order.

‫ غ‬C) purchasing a call option.

Question #13 of 69 Question ID: 415116

The "real assets" classification most likely includes:

Question #14 of 69 Question ID: 415136

Question #15 of 69 Question ID: 415124

Which of the following statements about financial intermediaries is most accurate?

Question #16 of 69 Question ID: 415135

Step 1: Calculate All Cash Return:

Cash Return % = [(Ending Value / Beginning Equity Position) - 1] × 100

Leverage Factor = 1 / Initial Margin % = 1 / 0.40 = 2.50

Step 3: Calculate Margin Return:

Question #17 of 69 Question ID: 434370

long = [(original price)(1 − initial margin %)] / [1 − maintenance margin %]

Question #18 of 69 Question ID: 415167

Which of the following statements about securities exchanges is most accurate?

A financial system in which transactions have low costs is said to exhibit:

‫ غ‬A) allocational efficiency.

‫ ض‬B) operational efficiency.

‫ غ‬C) informational efficiency.

Question #20 of 69 Question ID: 415112

The main functions of the financial system least likely include:

‫ غ‬A) bringing together savers and borrowers.

‫ ض‬B) preventing investors from generating abnormal profits by trading on information.