Best Practices Workshop: Heat Transfer
Best Practices Workshop: Heat Transfer
Best Practices Workshop: Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
Overview
HTBP-2
New Simulation
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Import CAD Model
• Right-click on Geometry
> 3D-CAD Models and
select New
• In 3D-CAD, right-click
on 3D-CAD Model 1
and select Import >
CAD Model
• In the file browser
window, select the file
Cooled_Board.x_t
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Examine CAD Model
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Delete Tube Body
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Create Sketch
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Extrude Block
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Extract External Volume & Delete Original Block
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Best Practices: Geometry & Meshing
• The current best practice for conjugate heat transfer is to use a conformal
mesh
• Conformal meshes have faces that match exactly one-to-one at interfaces
• This ensures that heat transfer occurs smoothly across the interface
• Requires imprinting of geometry surfaces on each other
• Conformal meshes can only be generated by the Polyhedral Mesher (though it is
not guaranteed!)
• Alternative approach is to use non-conformal meshes with in-place interfaces
• Matching will be extremely good, if not perfect, along flat interfaces
• Non-matching faces at interfaces are most likely to occur on curved interfaces
with dissimilar mesh densities on either side
• Interface matching can be improved by adjusting the Intersection Tolerance
(default is 0.05): higher values should result in more faces matching, though
values that are too large can adversely impact mesh quality
• The Trimmed Mesher will always generate non-conformal meshes
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Best Practices: Conformal vs. Non-Conformal
Conformal
Non-
Conformal
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Indirect Mapped Interfaces Demo
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Best Practices: Thin-Walled Bodies
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Imprint Bodies
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Rename Surfaces
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Create Geometry Parts
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Surface Repair
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Surface Repair
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Create Regions from Parts
HTBP-20
Define Mesh Continuum
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Best Practices: Wall Treatments
• Prism layers are mainly used to resolve flow boundary layers, so they are not
needed at flow boundaries (e.g. inlets, outlets)
• Set proper boundary types prior to meshing and STAR-CCM+ will
automatically disable prism layers at all flow boundaries
• Prism layers are mainly used to resolve flow boundary layers, so they are not
generally required within solids
• Activate the Interface Prism Layer Option at all fluid-solid interfaces
• Disable prism layers within all solid regions
• The All-y+ Wall Treatment offers the most meshing flexibility and is
recommended for all turbulence models for which it is available (most of them)
• Follow the guidelines on y+ for different wall treatments as outlined on the
preceding slide
– Build and run a coarse ‘test’ mesh to help estimate the proper near-wall mesh size
– Estimate the y+ value for your problem using the procedure on the following slide
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Best Practices: Estimating y+
n r
• The wall shear stress tw can be related to the skin friction coefficient:
tw
Cf =
rU 2 / 2
• The skin friction coefficient can be estimated from correlations
– For a flat plate: C f 0.036
=
2 Re1L/ 5
– For pipe flow: Cf 0.039
=
2 Re1D/ 5
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Example: Estimating y+
• For our electronics cooling problem, we will use an inlet velocity of 15 m/s. Using
the air domain height of 5 cm as the characteristic length, along with the
properties of air, we find Re D = 4.743 ´104
• Using the friction coefficient correlation for internal flow:
Cf 0.039
= 1/ 5
Þ C f = 9.06 ´ 10 -3
2 Re D
• The definition of the friction coefficient is used to compute the wall shear stress:
tw
Cf = Þ t w = 1.192 N / m 2
rU / 2
2
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Modify Boundary Types
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Interface Prism Layers
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Disable Prism Layers in Solid Regions
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Generate Mesh
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Examine Mesh
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Air Physics Continuum
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Copper Physics Continuum
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Silicon Physics Continuum
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Modify Region Physics Continua
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Box Volume Report
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Best Practices: Internal Heat Sources
• Internal heat sources can be applied within materials in two different ways
• Volumetric sources
• Interfacial sources
• Volumetric sources are applied within the volume of a region
• Enable Energy Source Options under region’s Physics Conditions
• Specify Method (constant, table, field function, user code) under region’s Physics
Values
• Input values have units of power per unit volume
• Interface heat sources are applied at a fluid-solid or solid-solid contact interface
• Enable Energy Source Options under interface’s Physics Conditions
• Specify Method (constant, table, field function, user code) under interface’s Physics
Values
• Input values have units of power per unit area
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Best Practices: Thermal Contact Resistance
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Box Heat Source Field Function
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Box Heat Source
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Board-Chip Interface Heat Generation
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Box-Board Thermal Contact Resistance
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Best Practices: S2S Thermal Radiation
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Best Practices: S2S Radiation Patches
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Copper Sink Emissivity
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Inlet & Outlet Boundary Conditions
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Best Practices: Thermal Boundary Conditions
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Set Maximum Steps & Run Analysis
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Convergence History
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Wall y+
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Best Practices: Heat Transfer Coefficients
Can have
negative
values
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Local HTC
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Specified y+ Heat Transfer Coefficient (y+ = 100)
Recommended
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Summary