D. Thulasimani: The Tamilnadu DR MGR Medical University

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED
TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING

ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS AMONG THE STAFF
NURSES WHO ARE WORKING IN ICU OF VINAYAKA
MISSION HOSPITAL AT SALEM ”.
By
D. THULASIMANI
Dissertation Submitted to the
THE TAMILNADU DR MGR MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
in
Medical – Surgical Nursing
(Cardio Vascular and Thoracic Nursing)

Dharamarathnakara Dr. Mahalingam Institute of
Paramedical Science and Research,
Sakthi Nagar, Bhavani, Erode.
March 2010
1
“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURE
TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS AMONG THE STAFF
NURSES WHO ARE WORKING IN ICU OF VINAYAKA
MISSION HOSPITAL AT SALEM ”.
Approved by DMIPSR College Research Committee
Principal : ...........................................................
Prof. R. Vasanthi, M.Sc., (Nursing),

Professor in Pediatric Nursing,
Principal, DMIPSR College of Nursing,
Sakthi Nagar, Bhavani, Erode-638 315.
Research Guide : ....................................................
Asst.Prof. M. Anand, M.Sc., (Nursing),

Medical Surgical Nursing Department,
Vice Principal, DMIPSR College of Nursing,
Sakthi Nagar, Bhavani, Erode-638 315.
Medical Guide :.......................................................
Dr. C. Ragunath, MD., I.D.C.C.M,

Consultant Physician, ICU Intensivist,
KMCH ,
Erode – 638 002.
A Dissertation submitted to
The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for
Degree of Master of Science in Nursing
VIVA VOCE :
1. INTERNAL EXAMINER: .....................................................
2. EXTERNAL EXAMINER:.....................................................
MARCH 2010
2
ENDORSEMENT BY THE PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE
INSTITUTION
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A Study to Assess the
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding
Arterial Blood Gas Analysis among the Staff nurses who are working in
ICU of Vinayaka Mission Hospital at Salem”. is a bonafide research work done
by D. Thulasimani, under the guidance of Asst. Prof. Mr. M. Anand, Msc,(N)
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing.
Seal and Signature of the Principal.
Prof. R. Vasanthi, M.Sc., (Nursing)

Professor in Pediatric Nursing,
Principal, DMIPSR College of Nursing,
Date: Sakthi Nagar, Bhavani, Erode-638 315
Place: Sakthi Nagar.
3
ENDORSEMENT BY THE RESEARCH GUIDE AND HOD
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A Study to Assess the
Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding
Arterial Blood Gas Analysis among the Staff nurses who are working in
ICU of Vinayaka Mission Hospital at Salem” is a bonafide research work done
by D. Thulasimani in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master
of Science in Nursing (Medical Surgical Nursing).
Seal and Signature of the Research Guide and HOD.
Mr. M. Anand, M.Sc., (N)

Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing
Vice Principal, DMIPSR College of Nursing,
Sakthinagar, Bhavani Taluk,
Erode - 638315
Date :
Place : Sakthi Nagar.
4
LIST OF CONTENT
Sl. Page
TITLE
No. No.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9
3. METHODOLOGY 24
4. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 37
5. DISCUSSION 63
6. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 66
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 71
8. ANNEXURE 77
5
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Sl.No. TITLE
No.
1. Demographic profile 38
Assess the pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental

2. group of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis knowledge 44
score
3. group of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis Overall 44
knowledge score
4. group of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis Level of 45
knowledge
Assess the pretest and posttest knowledge of control group
5. 47
of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis knowledge score
6. of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis Overall knowledge 47
score
7. 48
of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis Level of knowledge
Comparison of pretest & posttest ABG analysis knowledge
8. 50
score(experimental)
9. Comparison of overall knowledge score (experimental) 50
Comparison of pretest & posttest ABG analysis Knowledge

10. 53
score(control group)
6
11. Comparison of overall knowledge score (control group) 54
Comparison of experiment & control group overall

12. 56
knowledge score
Effectiveness of structured teaching programme
13. 57
Association between pretest level of knowledge and their

14. 58
demographic variables( experimental)
Association between posttest level of knowledge and their
15. 59
demographic variables (experimental)
Association between pretest level of knowledge and their
16. 61
demographic variables( control)
Association between posttest level of knowledge and their
17. 62
demographic variables (control)
7
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Sl.No. FIGURES
No.
1. Conceptual Frame work 23
2. Schematic representation of the research design 36
Bar diagram showing distribution of age among the experimental
3. 39
and control group of staff nurses.
Pie diagrams showing distribution of sex among the experimental
4. 40
and control group of staff nurses
Bar diagram showing distribution of educational qualification
5. 41
among the experimental and control group of staff nurses
Pyramid diagram showing distribution of years of experience
6. 42
Cone diagram showing distribution of area of experience among the
7. 43
experimental and control group of staff nurses
Cylinder diagram showing comparison of experimental group of
8. 46
pretest and post test knowledge regarding ABG analysis
Bar diagram showing comparison of control group of pretest and
9. 49
post test knowledge regarding ABG analysis
Box Plot compares the experimental group staff nurses pretest and
10. 51
posttest knowledge score on ABG analysis
Line diagram compares the experimental group staff nurses pretest
11. 52
and posttest knowledge score on ABG analysis
Box Plot compares the control group staff nurses pretest and
12. posttest knowledge score on ABG analysis 55
Line diagram compares the control group staff nurses pretest and
13. 55
Bar diagram showing comparison of pretest and posttest knowledge
14. score among the experimental and control group staff nurses 56
regarding ABG analysis
Cylinder diagram showing effectiveness of structure teaching
15. 57
program among pretest and posttest of experimental and control
8
group of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis
Pyramid diagram shows association of experimental group staff
16. 60
nurse’s of post test level of knowledge with their age group
Cylinder diagram shows association of experimental group staff
17. 60
nurse’s of post test level of knowledge with their experience
9
LIST OF ANNEXURE
S. NO CONTENT
1 Letter Seeking permission to conduct Pilot Study
2 Letter Seeking permission to conduct Main Study
3 Letter seeking expert opinion on Validity of the Tool
4 Certificate of Content Validity by the Medical Guide
5 Tool for Data Collection
6 Structured Teaching Programme
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ABBREVIATIONS
M.Sc.,(N) Master of Science (Nursing)

B.Sc., Bachelor of Science
GNM General Nursing Midwives
DMIPSR Dharmarathnakara Dr.Mahalingam Institute of
Paramedical Sciences and Research
Prof. Professor
HOD Head of the Department
Fig Figure
H1, H2 Research Hypothesis
ICU Intensive care unit
n Total number of samples
No. Number
p Probability
r Reliability
S.D Standard Deviation
S Significant
NS Not Significant
x2 Chi-Square Test
% Percentage
STP Structured Teaching Programme
ABG Arterial Blood Gas
H+ Hydrogen
P(H) Hydrogen Ion Concentration
PaO2 Partial pressure of Oxygen
PaCo2 Partial pressure of Carbon-di-oxide
HCO3 Bicarbonate
BE Base excess
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Glorious and majestic are his deeds,

and his righteousness endures forever..
I express my atmost gratefulness to Lord God Almighty for his grace

throughout the study
I am immensely grateful to Sri Sri Sri Balagangadharanatha Maha
swamiji, Trustee and Dr. N. Mahalingam, Chairman, Dharmarathnakara
Dr. Mahalingam Institute of Paramedical Sciences & Research, for giving me an
opportunity to undertake the course at Dharmarathnakara Dr. Mahalingam Institute of
Paramedical Sciences & Research Sakthi Nagar.
My heartfelt thanks to Sri B.T.Ramachandra, Correspondent,
Dharmarathnakara Dr. Mahalingam Institute of Paramedical Sciences & Research, for
his encouragement, inspiration, support as well as for providing all facilities for
successful completion of this study.
I express my gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Mrs. R. Vasanthi, M.Sc(N),
Principal and Head of the department of Child Health Nursing, DMIPSR College of
Nursing, Sakthi Nagar, Bhavani, Erode for her suggestions and timely support
through out the study.
I extend my sincere thanks to Asst Prof. M. Anand Msc (N), Vice-principal,
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, DMIPSR College of Nursing Sakthinagar,
Bhavani, Erode .For his constant encouragement, patience and motivating attitude
12
that have always been a source of inspiration.
It gives me great pleasure to thank with deep sense of gratitude and respect,
my guide Asst Prof.M. Anand Msc (N), Department of Medical Surgical Nursing,
Dharmarathnakara Dr. Mahalingam Institute of Paramedical Sciences and Research
for his inspiring guidance, suggestions, timely help, constant encouragement and co-
operation for the completion of this study.
I extend my sincere gratitude to Mrs. Gnana Dhinahari, M.Sc (N), Lecturer
of DMIPSR, for her timely advice and guidance.
My sincere gratitude to Prof. Mrs. Pushphalatha, HOD of Medical and
Surgical Nursing Department, Shanmuga College of Nursing, for her guidance,
constant encouragement and valuable advice.
I owe much to the benevolent attitude, meticulous guidance, brilliant
suggestions and statistical advice in transferring the raw data of this study in to
valuable findings given by, Prof. Mr.Venkatesan, HOD in Department of
statistics.
I also convey my respect and gratitude to Dr. Ragunath, M.D., I.D.C.C.M,
KMCH Specialty Hospital , Erode. For evaluating the tool and grant the permission to
conduct pilot study in ICU of KMCH at Erode and also I convey my respect and
gratitude to Dr Elzhilvendhan., M.D, Vinayaka Mission Hospital at Salem for grant
me the permission to conduct the main study in Vinayaka Mission Hospital .
I also accord my respect and gratitude to all the faculty of Dharmarathnakara
13
Dr. Mahalingam Institute of Paramedical Sciences and Research for their timely
assistance, cooperation and support throughout the period.
My sincere thanks to all the experts who have contributed with their valuable
suggestions in validating the tools.
I am truly grateful to all the Participants who formed the core and basis of this
study for their wholehearted co-operation.
I am proud to acknowledge the love, support and prayers of my parents
Mr.T.Duraisamy and Mrs.Soudeeshwari and beloved brothers
Mr. Krishnamoorthy, Mr. Anbazhagan in every phase of the study.
I also extend my thanks to Mrs. T.S.Sumithra Devi, M.A., M.Phil Who
edited the study.
My sincere thanks to all my Classmates and friends, Asst. Prof. Jayaseelan,
for making me successful in all the encounters and difficulties faced during the study.
My special regards and sincere thanks to my specialty mates who were always
presents with their timely help, love, support and suggestions throughout the study.
A word of appreciation to the Staff of the Library DMIPSR for their sincere
help and wholehearted cooperation.
14
ABSTRACT
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING ARTERIAL
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS AMONG THE STAFF NURSES WHO ARE
WORKING IN ICU OF VINAYAKA MISSION HOSPITAL AT SALEM ”.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
To assess the pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental and control
group of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis.
To compare the pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental and control
group regarding ABG analysis.
To implement and evaluate the STP regarding ABG analysis
To find out the association between the knowledge of experimental and
control group with selected demographic variables.
METHODS:
A Quasi experimental research approach with pretest and post test control
group design. The study includes sixty staff nurses who were selected by purposive
sampling technique. The study was conducted in Vinayaka Mission Hospital at Salem
15
District. Demographic Data, structured knowledge questionnaire and self report
method were used for data collection procedure. The tool was finalized by consulting
five experts in the field of medical and nursing. Pilot study was done for its clarity,
un ambiguity and feasibility on similar subject. To analyze the experimental data,
statistical analysis was used. Demographic data of the staff nurses were presented in
graphs. Association of variables was tested by Karl Pearson Chi-Square test.
MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY:
The findings of the study showed that Over all knowledge of experimental
group it shows that the have improved their knowledge from 41.50% to 81.93%. The
over all knowledge of control group shows that in pretest they had 40.75% and in post
test they had 42.00%, The Overall comparison of pretest and posttest knowledge for
experiment group was 16.6% to 32.77%. Hence the posttest group had more
knowledge is more than pretest. The Overall comparison of pretest and posttest
knowledge for control group was 16.3% and 16.80%, this shows that there is no
improvement was found.
The association between demographic variables with knowledge of
experimental and control group shows that age and years of experience are significant
with posttest knowledge
KEY WORDS:
Arterial Blood Gas, Knowledge, structure teaching programme, staff nurses,
Intensive care unit.
16
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
‘Accident investigation takes the mystery out of working safely’
-Marcon group Ltd
Normal function of body cells depends on regulation of the hydrogen (H+)
concentration within very narrow limits. If the H+ levels exceed these normal limits
acid-base imbalances result and are recognised clinically as abnormalities of serum
P(H). Because of acid-base imbalances may be caused by disorders of any body
system . Their incidence in clinical settings is quite high.
The status of acid-base homeostasis may be monitored clinically through the
serial measurement of arterial blood gases (ABGs) among the parameters reported are
P(H), PaCo2 and HCo3. These values may be used to determine the presence of type
of acid base imbalances and evaluate the level of compensation. These disorders are
not clinical diagnosis or diseases in themselves rather, they are clinically syndromes,
associated with a wide variety of diseases.
Acidosis refers to any pathological process that causes a relative excess of acid
in the body, academia is excess acid in the blood. The presence of acidemia does
necessarily confirm the pathological process technically. It is merely a laboratory
findings.
17
The same distinction may be made between the terms alkalosis and alkalemia,
alkalosis indicates a primary condition resulting in excess base in body and alkalemia
refers more narrowly to elevation of serum pH.
Brunner (2004) USA Stated that in 2000 In USA the incidence of post
operative respiratory failure rate estimated that 8.66 per 1,000 elective surgery. The
Americans have been estimated the incidence of asthma is 10.6 million and 12.7
million COPD now the COPD is sixth leading cause of death and 12th leading cause
of morbidity at world wide.
Margie.J. Hanson (2004), New Delhi Stated that the incidence of acid-base
imbalance is high in clinical setting, In general hospital among 110 consecutive
admission among that the overall incidence of acid-base imbalances respiratory
alkalosis [26 cases] Followed by respiratory acidosis [16] metabolic alkalosis [10]
and metabolic acidosis [6] had more than one acid base imbalance concurrently.
All India Institute of Medical Science (2002) New Delhi Stated that
postoperatively collected data of patient with respiratory failure admitted to medical
ICU. In that type II respiratory failure [90.2%] number of patient had previous
hospitalization as well as intubations 39% and 18.3% respectively. Almost 55% of the
patients had evidence of car pulmonale 67% pneumonia 3.7% was pneumothorax.
Menzel M. Henze D, (2001) Sweden stated that management of critically ill
patients requires frequent arterial blood gas analysis for assessing the pulmonary
situation and adjusting ventilator settings and circulatory therapeutic measures.
Continuous arterial blood gas analysis is a real-time monitoring tool, which reliably
18
detects the onset of adverse pulmonary effects. It gives rapid confirmation of
ventilator setting changes and resuscitation and helps to ensure precise adjustment of
therapy.
NHLBI (1999) USA Stated that In USA death rate of respiratory failure is
3,597 per year, 69 permonth, 9 perweek, In United States estimated that 3,55,000
people are diagnosed annually for pulmonary disorder. Regulating in as many as
24,000 deaths per year. The current death rate 40% for respiratory failure, 90%
mortality rate for clients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
NEED FOR THE STUDY:
The arterial blood gases is one of the most important investigation for
assessment of clinical oxygenation and acid-base status in critically ill patients, it
provides us with information about ventilation, oxygenation, and acid-base status.
[Cardio Thoracic centre Pune (2004)]
Valero Marco AV, Martinez Castill C. (2008), Turkey Stated that They
conducted study to staff nurses regarding local anesthesia in arterial puncture nurse’s
knowledge and attitudes, the aim of study is to examine attitudes and beliefs among
nurses and third-year undergraduate nursing student in hospital training regarding the
use of local anesthesia when performing arterial puncture and to assess their
knowledge and technique, of arterial puncture for arterial blood gas analysis the study
findings reported that knowledge of staff nurses and students regarding how to
perform arterial blood extraction for blood gas analysis is insufficient and need to be
19
improved among both nurses and nursing students. So these data should be taken in to
consideration when training nurses to perform arterial puncture
Corbridge.et.al(2008) Germany they conducted the study to assess the
effectiveness of teaching module specific to arterial blood gas interpretation among
the staff nurses of health memorial hospital at germany, they found that stff nurses
knowledge is increased significantly after viewing the teaching module they
concluded that the teaching module is nessay for provind continuing education to
nurses.
Coggon J.M (2008), Newyork states that Arterial Blood Gas analysis is
valuable diagnostic tool as it enables the objective evaluation of a patient’s
oxygenation, ventilation and acid-base balance. Such information demonstrates how
well a patients respiratory and metabolic system are working. Within the current
health care climate patients being nursed in all clinical areas are becoming sicker, It is
not unusual for a nurse to care for patients who need frequent arterial blood gas tests,
so it has become necessary for nurses to interpret the results of these tests. This will
enable medical staff to be rapidly alerted to any potential problems and care to be
tailored to the exact needs of the patient.
Dodds (2007) Nursing time stated that assessment for long-term oxygen
therapy are now being undertaken by respiratory nurse specialists. The key skill
required is arterial blood gas sampling, This has traditionally been the role for the
doctor, however by using an education and training package along with a competency
based assessment, nurses can know to perform., this extended role. so sarah dodds and
20
Graham Williamson describe a competency based education and training programme
for nurses to carry out this procedure.
Allen K (2005) Nursing Times, stated that arterial blood gas analysis can be
complex. However, in many clinical areas the nurse is one of the first to see the
results. So they need to know whether immediate actions required, this articles stated
that guideline for ABG interpretation is useful to the nurses even when all the
complexities are not fully understood.
Simpson H. (2004) Nursing Times stated that arterial blood gas analysis has
become an essential skill for all healthcare practitioners. It provides important
information with regard to adequacy of ventilation, oxygen delivery to the tissues and
acid-base balance. If the nurse having proper skill regarding arterial blood gas
analysis can able to provide appropriate nursing intervention, and medical
consultation.
Cheng YJ. Kao EL (2003), Nursing times, stated that The study find out that
whether Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis is helpful for deciding on the best
management plan in the study results concluded that ABG data can help the nurse to
make the right decision about treatment.
Coleman NJ (1999), Australia nursing Journal stated that information about
acid base balance is to be useful, we need to know how to interpret arterial blood
gases (ABG) inorder to intervene rapidly when the body is unable to restore a normal
acid-base balance in the face of an overwhelming derangement.
21
Russell JM (1991), Australia stated that understanding acid-base
disturbances is essential in the care of the critically ill patient. Through systemic
evaluation of patient symptoms and arterial blood gas value, patient care can be
improved. These formulas can be effective tools for the nurse to use in the care of
patients with acid-base imbalances.
Rabichoud-Ekstrnds (1990) Journal of cardiovascular nursing stated the
acid-base problems can be easily identified by the nurse when a systematic approach
is utilized during arterial blood gases interpretation. Understanding acid-base balance
assist the nurse in choosing the appropriate intervention, since the nurse in is the
primary care giver and is most readily available for the client, early interventions to
correct acid-base problems would expedite the client’s recovery. so the nurse
understood the ABG report and interpretation is very essential skill to provide
appropriate intervention.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
WORKING IN ICU OF VINAYAKA MISSION HOSPITAL AT SALEM ”.
22
1. To assess the pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental and control
group of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis.
2. To compare the pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental and control
group regarding ABG analysis.
3. To implement and evaluate the STP regarding ABG analysis
4. To findout the association between the knowledge of experimental and control
group with selected demographic variables.
HYPOTHESIS:
H1 – There is significant difference between pretest and posttest knowledge of
experimental group regarding ABG analysis.
H2 - There is a significant difference between posttest knowledge of experimental
and control group.
H3 – There is a significant association between the knowledge of staff nurses with
selected demographic variables .
ASSUMPTIONS:
1. The newly appointed staff nurses of ICU in Vinayaka Mission Hospital, Salem
are having inadequate knowledge regarding ABG analysis.
2. Structured teaching programme on knowledge of ABG analysis will improve
the knowledge of staff nurses.
23
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:
Structured teaching programme:
It is systematically developed instruction and teaching aids designed from a
group of staff nurse to provide information regarding ABG analysis.
Knowledge:
Facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or
educator. The theoretical person through experience or educative, the theoretical or
practice understanding of a subject.
ABG analysis:
A measurement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, as well as pH 0% the blood that
provides a means of assessing the adequacy ventilation (PaCo2) oxygenation (PaO2).
Staff Nurse:
An experimental nurses less than a charge nurse with specific qualification as
GNM or B.Sc, (N).
LIMITATIONS
1. The study is limited to 6 weeks period only.
2. The study is not generalized since it includes only the staff nurses who are
working in ICU staff nurses of Vinayaka Misssion Hospital, Salem.
3. The study is limited to sixty samples only.
4. The study is used by non standardized tool.
24
CHAPTER- II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION:
Review of literature is a key step in research process. Review of literature
refers to an extensive and systemic examination of publications relevant to the
research project. Nursing research may be considered and continuing process in which
knowledge is gained from earlier studies an integral parts of research in general.
According to Polit and Hungler refers to the activities involved in searching
for information on a topic and developing a comprehensive picture of the state as
knowledge on that topic.
Purposes are to
To determine what is already known about the topic that the researcher wish to
study.
It helps to build on previous knowledge in the research process
A literature source will serve as that basis for the topic
It helps the researcher to decide whether to replicate a study or not
It is necessary to narrow the problem to be studied.
It helps to plan the study methodology
It helps to select the research methods and research tools
Literature relevant to the present study was presented in the following parts.
25
REVIEW OF LITERATURES DIVIDED IN TO THE FOLLOWING
HEADINGS:
Section- A Æ General Information on Arterial Blood Gas analysis
Section- B Æ Review of literature related to knowledge of Arterial Blood Gas
analysis.
SECTION- A:
GENERAL INFORMATION ON ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS:
Vijaya Sekaran L. (2001), Switzerland Stated that, Arterial blood gas
analysis is a important monitoring for treating the critically ill patients. Many serious
acid-base disturbances can co-exist without significant clinical manifestations. In
children with acute disorders of respiratory system, circulatory system,
gastrointestinal system and renal system underlying acid-base disturbances are
inevitable. These should be identified at the earliest and attempts made to maintain
normal homeostasis till the organ function, recovers, arterial blood gas analysis
reveals oxygenation status, adequacy of ventilation and acid-base balance. It plays a
significant role in documenting and monitoring respiratory failure, especially during
ventilator and oxygen therapy.
Gooms (2001) Thailand stated that ABG analysis is a diagnostic tool that
allows the objectives evaluation of a patient’s oxygenation. Ventilation and acid-base
balance
26
The results from an ABG will indicate how well a patient’s respiratory system
is working. However, ABG can offer more than just information on the respiratory
system they also indicate how well a patients kidneys and other internal organs [The
metabolic system] are functioning.
Although all of the data in an ABG analysis can be useful. It is possible to
interpret the results accurately without considering ill of the values. It is only
essential to consider a maximum of six values.
- Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
- Oxygen saturation (SaO2)
- Oxygen concentration (PaO2)
- Carbon dioxide concentration (PCo2)
- Bicarbonate ion concentration (HCo3)
- Base excess (BE)
Arterial Blood Gas:
Arterial Blood gas is typically requested to determine the pH of the blood and
the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCo3) and (PaO2) within it. It is used to assess
the effectiveness of gaseous exchange and ventilation, be it spontaneous or
mechanical. If the pH becomes deranged, normal cell metabolic status to be assessed,
giving an indication of how they are coping with their illness. It would therefore seem
logical to request an ABG on any patient who is or has the potential to become
critically ill.
27
Purpose of ABG analysis:
¾ For accurate assessment of acid-base status
¾ For assessing degree of oxygenation of blood and adequacy of alveolar
ventilation
¾ To know the respiratory function of body.
¾ For providing immediate intervention for respiratory disorders.
REVIEW RELATED TO HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION (pH):
The hydrogen ion concentration (pH) provides information on acid-base
balance. This relates to how much acid or alkali a patient had in their blood. The pH
scale indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions. The normal level of pH is 7.35-
7.45. If the pH level decrease less than 7.35-7.45 that is known as Acidemia and the
pH the level Increase more than 7.45 that is known as Alkalemia.
Akguls, (2002) Turkey Intensive care unit of a Istanbul university hospital
staff nurses stated that,. They conducted the study regarding pH change before and
after administration of normal saline the study results shows that there is no
significant difference was found between pH levels recorded before and after 5
minutes suctioning with saline solution however the increase in pH following
suctioning with saline solution was significant.
28
Review related to oxygen saturation (SaO2):
Saturation (SaO2) measures how well the haemoglobin in the blood is
saturated, the SaO2 value derived from a blood gas is very similar to the SPO2 values
gained from pulse oximetry. The only difference is that in a blood gas we are
measuring the saturation of arterial blood SaO2 and in pulse oximetry we are
measuring the saturation of peripheral capillary blood (SPO2) the normal range is 95-
100%.
Seguin P, et al [2000], France states that The comparison between the pulse
oximery saturation [SPO2] with arterial blood gas saturation [SaO2] obtained during
clinical routine examination, study findings concludes that SaO2 ranged from 87 to
99% and SPO2 ranged from 92% to 100%. Based on this result the author concluded
that before defining Fio2 with SpO2 the materials used daily must be evaluated.
Hahnel (1991) German, This study results found that, arterial blood gas
results and SaO2 course differentiated as to procedures with or without
preoxygenation as well as on-ventilator and off-ventilator suctioning in that without
preoxyenation, most patients did not exhibit threatening drops in SaO2,
prexoygenation provided an additional safety margin under certain condition (eg)
Respiratory distress syndrome.
29
Review related to (PaO2):
This is partial pressure of oxygen dissolved within the arterial blood will
determine oxygen binding to haemoglobin (SaO2). The normal level of PaO2 is 80-
100mmHg. The PaO2 low level is low to80/ it indicates hyoxemia.
Rudiger M, (2005), Germany, this study explains that PaO2 are important
monitoring parameters in intensive care units. The study survey shows that the use of
transcutaneous monitors to measure the PaO2 remains widespread among German.
ICUS, the earlier data suggesting that their use had been abandoned in many ICUS
worldwide in addition, we suggest that the current method of monitoring oxygenation
may not prevent hypoxemia.
Review related to PaCo2:
This is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide dissolved within the arterial
blood. It is used to assess the effectiveness of ventilation. The normal level for PaCo2
is 35-45mg. If the normal level is reduced below 35 mm Hg that is known as
respiratory alkalosis, the PaO2 level is Increased than 45 mm Hg that is known as
respiratory acidosis.
Florian Floss (2008), France the study explained there are three different
methods to determine PCO2 during transport are available, arterial blood gas analysis
(PaCO2) end-tidal [PetCO2] and transcutaneous [PtCCO2] measurement.
The study result find that during inter hospital transport PaCO2 and PtcCO2
provide the best accuracy when compared with the reference measurement, patients
30
who either require a tight control of PCO2 or endured lengthy transportation could
benefit greatly from the combination of expiratory capnorgraphy with mobile arterial
blood gas analysis or the transcutaneous measurement of PCO2.
Review related to HCO3:
HCO3 is the chemical formula for bicarbonate, and alkali. It is the main
chemical buffer in plasma and alludes the body’s metabolic status. It takes in to
account bicarbonate produced as a result of respiratory failure the normal HCO3 is
22-26 meq/L, the HCO3 is level decreased below 22 meq/L that is known as
metabolic acidosis the level is Increased above 26 meq/L that is known as metabolic
alkolosis.
V. Kumar, (2008), New Delhi Roche dia gnostics center conducted the study
regarding comparison of measured and calculated Bicarbonate value, the study
findings shows that In the majority of instances the HCo3 concentration calculated
from ABG measurements provided a good estimate of the measured venous HCo3
concentration, the calculated HCo3 values may provide effective means for detecting
systematic errors in either procedures.
Review related to Base excess (BE):
Base excess is a surplus amount of base (alkali) within the blood however, It
can be normal to have a small of surplus within the blood. The normal range can be
-2 mmol and +2 mmol per litre (or) ±2.0 meq/L.
31
Paake MJ, White GH (2002) Express laboratory south path finders medical
centre stated that as part of arterial blood gas analysis, base excess is often reported as
a measure of non-respiratory acid-base disturbance. Most blood gas analysers offer,
the option of calculating either the base excess of the blood sample or the base excess
of the extracellular fluid (ECF). We report a case that illustrates that selecting the
physiologically appropriate parameter avoids the potential for misinterpretation, of
acid-base data, we recommend that the base excess of the ECF is the appropriate
metabolic blood gas parameter for clinical use.
SECTION – B:
REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE OF ABG
ANALYSIS:
Carillo alvareza (2003) Seejon Cuidadas Intensives, Hospital General
university Gregorio Maranon Espana stated that analysis of blood gases and acid-base
status is essential skill for monitoring mechanical ventilation, the most commonly
used methods, are based on intermittent blood gases, continuous pulse oximetrs, and
capnograpy, and less frequently on continuos interarterial gasometry, The most useful
parameters for analyzing oxygenation are PaO2, hemoglobin saturation, PaO2 / FiO2
ratio, oxygenation index, PaCO2 to evaluate ventilation, and pH and base excess to
analyze acid-base status. A method for analyzing the results of blood gases and
derivative parameters is recommended to the interpretation of different states of
acidosis and alkalosis is discussed.
32
Chen CZ, Hsiue TR (2003), Department of Internal medicine, college of
Medicine National University Tainan, Stated that arterial blood gas analysis
knowledge is useful in evaluation of the clinical condition of critically ill patients,
however, arterial puncture or insertion an arterial catheter may be used for arterial
blood gas analysis, Through this we can evaluate pH, partial pressure of carbon
dioxide PaCo2 and partial pressure of oxygen PaCo2 and bicarbonate, (HCo3) and
predict the ABG analogs for patients with acute respiratory failure treated by
mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit.
Day TK (2002) Louisville veterinary specially and emergency services USA
stated that evaluation of both arterial and central venous blood can be valuable in
monitoring the critically ill veterinary patient. The traditional approach, which
concentrates on arterial blood gas analysis only, may miss important aspects of
oxygen delivery to tissues, especially in patients with poor perfusion, the advances
that have resulted in affordable bedside blood gas analyzers have created a clinical
situation in which blood gas analysis should be an integral part of critical care
monitoring and assessing both the arterial and central venous samples should results
in more efficient and higher quality care for critically ill patients.
Gerontol A (2000) Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of
Siena, Italy stated that arterial blood gas analysis is a first step diagnostic approach in
patients with suspected respiratory disorders. Respiratory alkalosis and acidosis were
also the metabolic disorders diagnosed in earlier stage through the Arterial Blood gas
analysis.
33
Shoulders Odom.B.(2000) Dimens critical care of nursing ,cardiology
department USA, stated that the arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis, one of the most
common tests ordered provides clinicians with valuable information on a patient’s
oxygenation and acid-base balance. Interpreting ABG analysis results can be
challenging, even for the most experienced practitioners, because it requires
knowledge of the physiology and cause and effects relationship of the disturbances.
Applying the principles ,and the ABG algorithm described in this article will provide
nurses with a systematic way to Interpret uncomplicated arterial blood gas results,
including primary, mixed and compensated acid -base disturbances.
Capovilla J. Miller (2000) critical care nursing Napa Valley College Napa,
California, Stated that In the clinical setting, knowledge of noninvasive blood gas
monitoring has become the standard of care over arterial puncture, Technology has
provided ways to measure both arterial oxygen (PaO2) and arterial carbon dioxide
(PaCO2) with the availability of non invasive blood gas monitoring, patient care and
comfort is improving and cost saving are being implemented, Overall non-invasive
monitoring can aid in the diagnosis of some pulmonary diseases and monitor patient
progress.
Coleman (1999) Australia nursing journal stated that information about acid-
base balance is to be useful, we need to know how to interpret arterial blood gas
[ABGs] so we can intervence rapidly when the body is unable to restore a normal
acid-base balance in the face of an overwhelming derangement.
Prause G, (1998) Pre Clinical Blood Gas Analysis, in German stated that
arterial blood gas analysis proved to be helpful in the optimal management out of
34
hospital cardiac arrest. In emergency patients alternative methods fail to detect severe
disturbances of the patients oxygen and / or carbon dioxide status and the acid-base
balance management of prehospital. Cardiac arrest could be optimized by the routine
use of blood gas analysis.
Faria SH, (1997) Journal of vascular Nursing stated, that many clinical nurses
find the concept of acid/base balance confusing. The nurse can use the further step
approach in ABG interpretation. In addition, the components at ABGs [pH1 PCo2 and
HCo3] are essential, metabolic and respiratory abnormalities [Acidosis and alkalosis]
related cause and signs &symptoms. By using this approach, the nurse can analyze the
ABG values confidently and make a wise choice about appropriate nursing actions.
Zimmerman (1996) critical care clinic’s, Baylor college of medicine, USA
stated that arterial blood gas (ABG) measurement are one of the most frequently
requested laboratory examinations in critically ill patients, ABGs include
measurement of pH1, PaCo2 and Oxyhemoglotion saturation these measurements
allows for assessment often nature, progression, and severity of metabolism and
respiratory disturbances.
Schizerrman (1994) American journal of nursing stated that understanding
acid-base disturbances is essential skill for the nurse to care of the critically ill patient,
through a systematic evaluator of patient symptoms and arterial blood gas value so
that the patient care can be improved. These formulas can be effective tools for the
nurse to use in the care of patients with acid-base imbalanced.
35
Robichaud – (1990) “Journal of cardiovascular nursing stated that acid-base
problems can be easily identified by the nurse when a systematic approach is utilized
during arterial blood gas interpretation. By intervening early, many emergency
situation can be avoided, since the nurse is the primary care giver, and is most readily
available for the client, early interventions to correct acid-base problems would
expedite the client’s recovery.
Shapiro, BA. (1988), Critical Care Clinics, Northwestern University Medical
College, Illinois, stated that a clinically relevant presentation of interpretation of
arterial blood gas measurement in the critically ill patient is presented. Oxygenation
deficits are discussed in relation to differentiation of pulmonary, cardiovascular, and
metabolic causes gas measurement and interpretation is very essential skill for nurses
who are working in ICU.
Ventriglia WJ. (1986), Emergency medical clinic North America stated that
blood gas determination provide detailed information regarding cardiopulmonary and
metabolic homeostasis in the emergency patient. The rapidly available arterial blood
gas (ABG) analysis is useful in the resuscitation of the acutely all or injured patient.
36
CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
Conceptualization refers to the process of developing an refining abstract.
Creasla. J.L. et.al. (1991) stated that a conceptual model gives a clear picture
for logical thinking for systemic observation and interpreting the observed data. The
model also gives direction for relevant questions on phenomena and points out
solution to practical problems.
A conceptual model frame work deals with the concept of the research
problems assembled together to provide certain frame of reference. The frame work
helps and guide the researcher to gain in sight in to the problem by explaining the
relationship between the facts.
To describe the relationship of concepts in the study, open system mdoel by
J.W. Kenny’s was used. Open system model serves as a model for reviewing people
as interrupting with the environments. Open system model is a set of related
definitions, assumptions and prepositions which deals with reality as an integrated
hierarchy, system model focuses in each system as a, whole, but, pays particular
attention to the interaction of its part or subsystems. A system is a group of elements
that interact with one another in order to achieve a goal.
The following are the major concepts of the theory:
Input is the matter, energy and transformation that enters to be system. In the
present study, the input is the characteristics of the staff nurse age, sex, qualification,
area of experience, Years of experience.
37
Throughout is the use of structured questionnaire by structured teaching
programme.
Output is the expected outcome that was obtained by assessing the knowledge
through structured questionnaire, the output was considered in times of change in
post-test knowledge scores obtained through structured questionnaire.
Feed Back:
Difference in pre and post-test scores were observed from the knowledge
scores of the samples. In the present study, the fee back was considered as a process
of maintaining the effectiveness of structured teaching programme. It was assessed by
comparing pre and post-test scores through ‘t’ test. The effectiveness of the structured
teaching programme was also tested between the obtained scores of the samples with
their demographic variables through chi-square and the effectiveness of structured
teaching programme related to the association of knowledge was tested through the ‘t’
value and chi-square.
38
Input Throughput Output
Demographic Pretest Structure Teaching Post Test Positive outcomes

Variables Assess the Programme Assess the Significant
Age knowledge Definition knowledge Improvement in
Sex regarding ABG Purposes regarding level of knowledge
Qualification analysis Indication ABG analysis
Area of Contraindication
-
experience Principles
Years of Procedure Negative outcome
Interpretation Experimental No Significant
experience
Experimental improvement in the
level of knowledge
Control Group
Control Group Positive Outcome
Negative outcome
Moderately Adequate
level of knowledge
No intervention
Negative output
InAdequate level of
Feed Back knowledge
Fig 1: Conceptual frame work based on J.W. Kenny’s open system

model [Modified] sources-management concepts and practice
39
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the systematic way to solve the research problem.
Pearson (1992) stated that there is no short cut to truth. There is no way to gain
knowledge of universe except through the gate way of scientific method.
Methodology is one which enables the researcher to project a blue print of the
research undertaken.
The research methodology presents the research approach and the research
design. The design of the study describes about the setting of the study, population the
sample and sampling technique. The data collection technique, content validity and
reliability of tools. Pilot study, and methods of data analysis based on the statement.
Research approach:
The research approaches adopted for this research study is an Quantitative
approach. It helps to understand the effect of independent variables on the dependent
variables. So the above mentioned research approach is suitable for the study.
Research design:
The research design refers to the researcher’s overall plan for obtaining
answers to the research questions and for testing the research hypothesis. The research
design spells out the strategies that the researcher adopt to develop information that is
accurate objective and interpretable.
40
[Polit DF, Hungler 1999]
For this study the research design choosen is quasi experimental design which
includes
pre-test, post test control group design. The design was used for assessing the
level of knowledge of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis. It will be achieved
through the comparison between two groups. The groups are experimental and control
group.
The schematic representation of research design:
A quasi - experimental design, which include manipulation, control and no
randomization.
PRE POST
GROUP INTERVENTION
ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT
Experimental O1 X O2
Control O1 - O2
Key: O1 – Pre assessment
X -- Structured teaching programme
O2 – Post assessment
41
VARIABLES:
Variables are the qualities, properties or the characteristics of the person,
things or situation that change or vary. The variables mainly include in this study are
Independent and Dependent variables Dependent variables explain the effect of
independent variables.
I. Independent variables:
Independent variables is the variable which is not dependent on any other, In
this study the independent variable refers to structured teaching programme, on ABG
analysis.
II. Dependent variables:
The Dependent variable is the variable that the researcher is interested in
understanding explaining or predicting . In this study the dependent variable refers to
gain the knowledge of staff nurses towards ABG analysis who are working in selected
hospitals at Salem.
POPULATION:
Population refers to the entire aggregation of cases that meets designed
criteria. The population of present study was staff nurses who are working in
Vinayaka Mission Hospital at Salem District were the population for the study who
fullfill the criteria are selected as a sample. Ethical clearance was obtained to conduct
the study.
42
SAMPLE:
Sample refers to a subject of a population that is selected to participate in a
particular study. It is a portion of the population. Which represents the entire
population, Hence the researcher selected sample from staff nurses working in ICU
of Vinayaka Mission Hospital, Salem.
SAMPLE SIZE:
The sample comprises of 60 staff nurses [30 experimental, 30 control] who
met the inclusion criteria and working in ICU of Vinayaka Mission Hospital, Salem.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
The investigator selected subjects by Purposive sampling technique.
SITE AND SETTINGS:
Site:
Site is the exact physical location where the study was conducted.
Vinayaka Mission Hospital, at Salem
43
Setting:
Setting is the physical location of the site in which data collection takes place.
Present study was conducted at selected ICU of Vinayaka Mission Hospital,
Salem, Tamilnadu.
CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION:
Inclusion criteria:
¾ Staff nurses who are working in ICU of Vinayaka Mission Hospital, Salem.
¾ Staff nurses who are completed GNM and B.Sc Nursing.
¾ Staff nurses who are available at the time of study period.
Exclusion Criteria:
¾ Staff nurses who are on night shift.
¾ Staff nurses who are in leave.
¾ Staff nurses who are not willing to participate in this study.
DEVELOPMENT OF DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT:
The instrument selected in the research should be as far as possible the vehicle
that would to be best to obtain data for drawing conclusions. Which are pertinent for
the study.
44
The major task of the researcher is to develop instrument that accurately and
precisely to measure the variables of interest. Questioning allows the gathering of
large sample. Relatively quickly and inexpensively. It avoids interviewer bias, offers,
anonymity and the cost effective data collection method, that is self report.
To assess the knowledge of staff nurses a questionnaire was prepared based on
objectives of the study by the investigator, after reviewing and considering literature
on ABG analysis, based on the opinion of the nursing experts.
Data Collection Instrument:
Data collection instrument used was
Structured questionnaire [Pre-test and Post-test]
Structured teaching programme
Data collection method:
¾ Data collection method was used was Self report method.
Description of data collection instruments:
The instrument used for data collection was Structured questionnaire which
consists of 3 sections.
Section -1 – Demographic variables of staff nurses
45
Section -2 – Structured knowledge questionnaire
i). Introduction regarding ABG analysis
ii). Procedure regarding arterial puncture
iii). Reference range and interpretation
Section -3 – Structured teaching programme on ABG analysis
Section 1 – Demographic data:
It consists of selected demographic variables like age, sex, qualification, area
of experience, years of experience that was taken.
Section 2 : Structured Knowledge questionnaire:
A questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge of the subjects on ABG
analysis.
It consists of 40 items, All the items were multiple choice questions it divided
into the areas like basic knowledge regarding ABG analysis.
• Introduction -5
• Procedure - 16
• Interpretation - 19
46
Level of knowledge based on score
LEVEL OF
PERCENTAGE OF SCORE ACTUAL SCORE
KNOWLEDGE
Inadequate <50% 0 – 20 score
Moderate 51%-75% 21 – 30 score
Adequate 75%-100% 31 -40 score
i). Introduction regarding ABG analysis:
It consists of 5 Items, All the items were multiple choice questions. A score
(1) for the correct answer and a score (0) for the incorrect answer was awarded.
ii). Procedure regarding arterial puncture:
It contains 16 questions related to procedure regarding Arterial puncture which
was multiple choice questions.
For correct answer a score is (1) and Incorrect answer a score is (0).
iii). Reference range and interpretation:
It consist of 19 Items. All the items were multiple choice questions and score
(1) for the correct answer and score (0) for the incorrect answer.
47
Section -3 – Structured teaching programme on ABG analysis
Teaching programme was titled as structured teaching programme on ABG
analysis it was organized to previous headings.
i) Introduction of ABG analysis
ii) Definition of ABG analysis
iii) Purpose of ABG analysis
iv) Indications for ABG analysis
v) Contraindications for ABG analysis
vi) Limitations or principles for ABG analysis
vii) Article needed for ABG analysis
viii) Procedure for arterial puncture
ix) Interpretation of ABG value
p(H), SaO2, PaO2, PaCo2, HCO3, BE
Content Validity:
The content validity of the instrument was assessed by obtaining from five
experts in the field of nursing and medicine. The experts suggested specification in
languages, recognization and addition to certain items. Appropriate modification were
made accordingly after that the tool was finalised.
48
Reliability:
The reliability is the degree of consistency or accuracy with which an
instrument measures on attribute that is supposed to measures.
In order to establish reliability of the tool. It was administered to 5 staff nurses
those not in sample area, Reliability of the tool was established through test and retest
method.
Pilot study:
The pilot study is a small preliminary investigation of the same general
character as the major study. It is designed to acquaint the researcher with the
problems to be corrected in preparation for the large research project and try out the
problems for collecting the data. Pilot study was conducted to ensure validity and
reliability of the tool and feasibility for giving intervention.
The pilot study was conducted in KMCH hospital, Erode From 1.11.09 to
7.11.09.. After getting formal permission through principal. 6 samples were taken
during the pilot study. They were selected by using purposive sampling method. In
that 3 sample in experimental group and 3 in control group who fulfilled the selection
selectioncriteria other than the main study sample area.
A Structured questinaries was used in pre test, post test to collect data from
the staff nurses during pilot study. The study was not feasible because of inadequate
sample in this hospital. So the settings were changed.
49
DATA COLLECTION PROCE
The study was conducted in Vinayaka Mission hospital From 11.11.09 to
30.11.09 after getting written permission was from Vinayaka Mission Hospital,
Medical Director and Cardio Thoracic Surgeon, Nursing Superintendent, then the
researcher introduced herself & explain about the study and purposes of study to the
staff nurses. Researcher select the sample according to the selection criteria by using
purposive sampling technique method. Then the researcher introduced herself to the
staff nurses and developed a good rapport. The researcher assured the participants for
the confidentiality of their response.
A pretest was conducted by the researcher by providing Structured
questionnaire to experimental and control group of staff nurses on knowledge on
ABG analysis for 15-20 mts. After that researcher distributed structured teaching
programme to the experimental group .
After 7 days, the post test was administered to the experimental and control
group staff nurses for 15-20 minutes regarding knowledge on ABG analysis using the
same questionnaire.
PLAN FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The data analyzed was based on the objectives of the study using descriptive
and inferential statistics.
Frequencies and percentages for the analysis of the demographic data.
Mean score, percentage and standard deviation for the knowledge score.
50
Paired ‘t’ test and Chi-square used for association between the selected
demographic variables of knowledge and practice score.
PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
S.No. Data Analysis Methods Remarks
1. Descriptive Mean, Standard Assess the level of knowledge,
deviation regarding ABG analysis
percentage
2. Inferential paired‘t’ test compare the pretest and posttest
statistics knowledge of ABG analysis
among the experimental and
control group
Analyse the association between

Chi-square test
knowledge with demographic
variables
ETHICAL CLEARANCE
The proposed study was conducted after the approval of dissertation
committee of the college, chief of the hospital and also after the consent from the
study participants without violating the human rights.
51
Fig. 2: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE STUDY DESIGN
TARGET POPULATION
Staff Nurses
Study Subjects
Staff Nurses who has completed GNM and B.Sc., Nursing and
working in the hospital
Sampling Technique
Purposive sampling
Instrument
Structured questionnaires
Experimental Group Pretest Control Group

(n=30) (n=30)
Planned intervention administration of No planned

STP on knowledge of ABG analysis Intervention
Post Test
Tabulation of collected data, statistical analysis of the data and

interpretation of the findings
52
CHAPTER- IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Kerlinger (1995) defines analysis as the categorizing ordering manipulating
and summarizing of data to obtain answers to research question. The purpose of
analysis is to reduce the data into interpretable form so that relations of research
problem can be studied and tested.
This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of the information collected
from 60 staff nurses working in Vinayaka Mission hospital at Salem.
DESCRIPTION OF DATA ANALYSIS:
The analysis of the data is organized and presented under the following broad
headings,
Section I: Description of study subjects by demographic characteristics.
Section II: Analysis of pre test and posttest knowledge of experimental group of staff
nurses regarding ABG analysis.
Section III: Analysis of pre test and posttest knowledge of control group of staff
nurses regarding ABG analysis.
Section IV: Comparison of pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental and
control group staff nurses regarding ABG analysis.
Section V: Findout the association between the knowledge of experimental and
control group with selected demographic variables of staff nurses.
53
SECTION I
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF DEMOGRAPIC
CHARACTERISTICS:
Table 1: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Group
Experiment Control significance

Demographic variables
n % n %
Age 20 -30 yrs 25 83.3% 26 86.7%

χ2=0.13P=0.71
31 -40 yrs 5 16.7% 4 13.3%
Sex Male 8 26.7% 11 36.7%

χ2=0.69P=0.40
Female 22 73.3% 19 63.3%
Qualification GNM 26 86.7% 27 90.0%

χ2=0.16P=0.69
B.Sc.(N) 4 13.3% 3 10.0%
Years of Experience 0 -1 yr 10 33.3% 8 26.7%
1 -2yrs 15 50.0% 17 56.7% χ2=0.35P=0.85
2 -3yrs 5 16.7% 5 16.7%
Area of experience ICU 28 93.3% 30 100.0%

χ2=0.51P=0.47
OT 2 6.7% 0 0.0%
Table no.1 shows the experiment group and control group staff nurses
demographic variables, those who have participated for the following study “A study
to asses the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding
54
arterial blood gas analysis among the staff nurses who are working in ICU of
Vinayaka Mission hospital at Salem.”
Statistical analysis shows that there is no statistically significant difference
between experimental and control group. It means both groups are similar. It was
calculated using Pearson chi-square test/Yates corrected chi-square test.
AGE DISTRIBUTION
86.7%
100% 83.3%
% of staff nurses
80%
60% Experim ent

Control
40%
16.7%
13.3%
20%
0%
20 -30 yrs 31 -40 yrs
Fig. 3: Bar diagram showing distribution of age among the experimental and
control group of staff nurses.
According to age group the staff nurses are belongs to 20-30yrs in
experimental was 83.3% and in control group was 86.7% and the staff nurses who
belongs the age group 31-40 yrs is 16.7% in experimental group and in control group.
55
Fig.4.: Pie diagram showing sex distribution among experimental and control
group of staff nurses
SEX DISTRIBUTION(Experim ent) SEX DISTRIBUTION(Control)
Fig. 4: Pie diagrams showing distribution of sex among the experimental and
Male control group of staff nurses.
27% Male
37%
Fem ale
Fem ale 63%
73%
According to sex 73% female and 27% male in experimental and in control
group 63%female and 37 % male
56
Fig. 5: Cylindrical diagram showing distribution of educational qualification
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
100% 86.7% 90.0%

% of staff nurses
80%
60% Experim ent

Control
40%
13.3% 10.0%
20%
0%
GNM B.Sc.(N)
According to educational qualification in experimental group 86.7% GNM
and 13.3% Bsc.,(N) and in control group 90% are GNM and 10% Bsc.,(N)
57
Fig. 6: Pyramid diagram showing distribution of years of experience among the
YEARS OF EXPERIENCE
60% 56.7%
50.0%
50%
% of staff nurses
40%
33.3%
Experim ent
30% 26.7%
Control
20% 16.7%16.7%
10%
0%
0 -1 yr 1 -2yrs 2 -3yrs
According to years of experience33.3% are having 0-1 yr and 50.0% are
having 1-2 yrs and 16.7% are having 2-3 yrs of experience in experimental group In
control group 26.7% are having 0-1yr and 56.7% are having 1-2yrs and 16.7% are
having 2-3 yrs of experience.
58
Fig. 7: Cone diagram showing distribution of area of experience among the
AREA OF EXPERIENCE
100.0%
100% 93.3%
% of staff nurses
80%
60%
Experim ent
Control
40%
20%
6.7% 0.0%
0%
ICU OT
According to area of experience in experimental group 93.3% are having
experience in ICU, 6.7% are having experience in OT In control group 100% are
having experience in ICU none of the members in OT.
59
SECTION II
TO ASSESS THE PRETEST AND POSTTEST KNOWLEDGE OF

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP OF STAFF NURSES REGARDING ABG
ANALYSIS
Table 2: ABG ANALYSIS KNOWLEDGE SCORE (Experiment)
No. of Min – Max Pretest Posttest

questions score
knowledge knowledge
Mean % Mean %
score score
Introduction 5 0 -5 1.93 38.60% 3.87 77.40%
Procedure 16 0 -16 6.83 42.69% 13.07 81.68%
Interpretation 19 0 -19 7.83 41.21% 15.83 83.31%
Table no.2 shows the experimental group staff nurses pretest and posttest
knowledge score on each aspects of ABG analysis. In pretest staff nurses scored only
poor score but in posttest they scored adequate score on ABG analysis questions.
Table 3: OVERALL KNOWLEDGE SCORE(Experiment)
No. of Min – Max Pretest posttest

questions score
knowledge knowledge
Mean % Mean %
score score
Overall mean 40 0 -40 41.50%

16.60 32.77 81.93%
score
Table no.3 shows the experimental group staff nurses pretest and posttest
overall knowledge score on ABG analysis. In pretest staff nurses scored only poor
60
score but in posttest they scored adequate score on ABG analysis. Overall knowledge
score shows, they improved their knowledge from 41.5% to 81.93%.
Table 4: LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE (Experiment)
Level of knowledge Pretest Posttest
Inadequate 27(90.0%) 0(0.0%)
Moderately Adequate 3(10.0%) 6(20.0%)
Adequate 0(0.0%) 24(80.0%)
Table no. 4 shows the pretest and posttest overall level of knowledge for
experimental group. In pretest 90% of staff nurses are having inadequate knowledge
regarding ABG analysis. In posttest none of the staff nurses are having inadequate
knowledge regarding ABG analysis.
Score 0 - 40
< 50% inadequate knowledge = 0 – 20 score
51 -75% moderately adequate knowledge = 21 – 30 score
76-100% adequate knowledge = 31 -40 score
61
COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE
100% 90.0%
80.0%
80%
% of staff nurses
60% Inadequate
Moderate
40% Adequate
20.0%
20% 10.0%
0.0% 0.0%
0%
Pretest posttest
Fig. 8: Cylinder diagram showing comparison of experimental group of pretest

and post test knowledge regarding ABG analysis
62
SECTION III
TO ASSESS THE PRETEST AND POSTTEST KNOWLEDGE OF CONTROL

GROUP OF STAFF NURSES REGARDING ABG ANALYSIS
Table 5: ABG ANALYSIS KNOWLEDGE SCORE(Control)
No. of Min – Pretest posttest

questions Max score
knowledge knowledge
Mean % Mean %
score score
Introduction 5 0 -5 1.73 34.60% 1.80 36.00%
Procedure 16 0 -16 6.67 41.69% 6.77 42.31%
Interpretation 19 0 -19 7.90 41.57% 8.23 43.31%
Table no.5 shows the control group staff nurses pretest and posttest
knowledge score on each aspects of ABG analysis. In pretest, staff nurses scored only
poor score and in posttest also they scored poorly on ABG analysis questions.
Table 6: OVERALL KNOWLEDGE SCORE(Control)
No. of Min – Max Pretest posttest

questions score
knowledge knowledge
Mean % Mean %
score score
Overall mean 40 0 -40 40.75%

16.30 16.80 42.00%
score
63
Table no.6 shows the control group staff nurses pretest and posttest overall
knowledge score on ABG analysis. In pretest staff nurses scored only poor score and
in posttest also they scored poorly on ABG analysis. Overall knowledge score shows,
they improved their knowledge from 40.75% to 42.00%.
Table 7: LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE (Control)
Level of knowledge Pretest Posttest
Inadequate 26(86.7%) 25(83.3%)
Moderately Adequate 4(13.3%) 5(16.7%)
Adequate 0(0.0%) 0(0.0%)
Table no 7 shows the pretest and posttest overall level of knowledge for
control group . In pretest 86.7% of staff nurses are having inadequate knowledge
regarding ABG analysis. In posttest also 83.3% of the staff nurses are having
inadequate knowledge regarding ABG analysis.
Score 0 - 40
< 50% inadequate knowledge = 0 – 20 score
51 -75% moderately adequate knowledge = 21 – 30 score
76-100% adequate knowledge = 31 -40 score
64
COMPARISON OF CONTROL GROUP
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE
100% 86.7% 83.3%

80%
% of staff nurse
60% Inadequate
Moderate
40% Adequate
13.3% 16.7%
20%
0.0% 0.0%
0%
Pretest posttest
Fig. 9: Bar diagram showing comparison of control group of pretest and post test
knowledge regarding ABG analysis
65
SECTION IV
TO COMPARE THE PRETEST AND POSTTEST KNOWLEDGE OF

EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP REGARDING ABG ANALYSIS.
TABLE 8
COMPARISON OF PRETEST & POSTTEST ABG ANALYSIS

KNOWLEDGE SCORE (EXPERIMENT)
Knowledge Pretest knowledge Posttest knowledge Student’s
Mean SD Mean SD paired t-test
t=13.49 P=0.001
Introduction 1.93 0.87 3.87 0.73
significant
t=16.97 P=0.001
Procedure 6.83 1.58 13.07 1.14
significant
t =33.37 P=0.001
Interpretation 7.83 0.95 15.83 1.32
significant
Table no 8 Compares the pre and posttest knowledge score. It shows there is a
significant difference between pretest and posttest score of staff nurses knowledge on
all aspects of ABG analysis. It was analysed using student‘s paired t-test.
Table 9: COMPARISON OF OVERALL KNOWLEDGE SCORE (Experiment)
No. of Pretest Posttest Student paired
staff nurses Mean±SD Mean±SD t-test
Overall 30 16.60± 1.98 32.77 ± 1.79 t=31.43 P=0.001

Knowledge Score significant
66
Table no 9 shows the comparison of overall knowledge score. On an average
staff nurses are improved their knowledge from 16.6 to 32.77 on ABG analysis. Or
we can say , in pretest they are able to answer only 17 questions, in posttest they are
able to answer upto 33 questions. This improvement is statistically significant. it was
analysed using student ‘s paired t-test.
40
Mean Knowledge score
30
20
10
pretest posttest
Fig 10: Box Plot compares the experimental group staff nurses pretest and
67
EACH EXPERIMENT GROUP STAFF NURSES PRE AND
POSTTEST KNOWLEDGE SCORE
40
Mean knowledge score
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
pretest posttest
Fig 11: Line diagram compares the experimental group ofstaff nurses pretest
and posttest knowledge score on ABG analysis
68
TABLE 10
COMPARISON OF PRETEST & POSTTEST ABG ANALYSIS
KNOWLEDGE SCORE(Control group)
Knowledge Pretest knowledge Posttest knowledge Student’s
Mean SD Mean SD paired t-test
t=1.43 P=0.61
Introduction 1.73 0.78 1.80 0.76
not significant
t=1.00 P=0.32
Procedure 6.67 1.54 6.77 1.72
not significant
t =1.87 P=0.06
Interpretation 7.90 2.16 8.23 1.79
not significant
Table no 10 Compares the pre and posttest knowledge score. It shows there is
no significant difference between pretest and posttest score of staff nurses knowledge
on all aspects of ABG analysis. It was analysed using student ‘s paired t-test.
69
Table 11: COMPARISON OF OVERALL KNOWLEDGE SCORE
(Control group)
No. of Pretest Posttest Student paired
staff nurses Mean±SD Mean±SD t-test
Overall Knowledge 30 16.30 ± 2.95 16.80 ± 2.71 t=1.91 P=0.06
Score significant
Table no 11 shows the control group comparison of overall knowledge score.
On an average staff nurses are improved their knowledge from 16.3 to 16.80 on
ABG analysis. Or we can say , in pretest they are able to answer only 16 questions, in
posttest they are able to answer upto 17 questions. This improvement is not
statistically significant. it was analysed using student ‘s paired t-test.
70
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
pretest posttest
Fig 12: Box Plot compares the control group staff nurses pretest and posttest
knowledge score on ABG analysis
EACH CONTROL GROUP STAFF NURSES PRE AND

POSTTEST KNOWLEDGE SCORE
40
30
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
pretest posttest
Fig 13: Line diagram compares the control group staff nurses pretest and
Table 12: COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENT & CONTROL GROUP
71
OVERALL KNOWLEDGE SCORE
Knowledge Experiment group Control group Student’s
Mean SD Mean SD Independent t-test
Pretest 16.60 1.98 16.30 2.95 t=0.46 P=0.64 not significant
Posttest 32.77 1.79 16.80 2.71 t=26.91 P=0.001 significant
Table No 12 shows, Comparison of experiment and control group knowledge
score, it was analysed using student ‘s independent t-test. In pretest there is no
significant difference between experiment and control group, but after STP it is
observed significant difference between experiment and control
PRE & POSTTEST KNOWLEDGE SCORE

40
35
30
32.77
25
20 Pretest
Posttest
15
16.6 16.3 16.8
10
5
0
Experiment Control
Fig 14: Bar diagram showing comparison of pretest and posttest knowledge
score among the experimental and control group staff nurses regarding ABG
analysis
TABLE 13
72
EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME
Pretest Posttest % of Difference Net
Benefit
Knowledge Experiment 41.50% 81.93% 40.33% 39.08%
Control 40.75% 42.00% 1.25%
Table no 13 shows the effectiveness of the STP Considering the overall score,
Staff nurses gained 39 percent more knowledge on ABG analysis, after the
administration of STP this 39 percent of knowledge gain is the net benefit of this
study, which indicates the effectiveness of STP.
EFFECTIVENESS OF STP
90% 81.9%
80%
% of knowledge score
70%
60%
50% 41.5% 40.8% 42.0% Experim ent
Control
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pretest Posttest
Fig 15: Cylinder diagram showing effectiveness of structured teaching program

among pretest and posttest of experimental and control group of staff nurses
regarding ABG analysis.
SECTION V
73
FIND OUT THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE KNOWLEDGE OF
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP WITH SELECTED
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
TABLE 14
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PRETEST LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND

THEIR DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES( Experiment)
Pretest Chi square test/
Inadequate Moderate Yates corrected
n % n % Total chi square test
Age 20-30 yrs 24 96.0% 1 4.0% 25 χ2=2.66P=0.10
Not significant
31-40 yrs 3 60.0% 2 40.0% 5
Sex 8 100.0% 0 0 8
Male χ2=0.17P=0.68
19 86.4% 3 13.6% 22 Not significant
Female
Qualification GNM 24 92.3% 2 7.7% 26 χ2=0.03P=0.85
B.Sc.(N)
Years of Experience 0 -1 yr 9 90.0% 1 10.0% 10
χ2=1.15P=0.28
1 -2yrs 15 100.0% 15
Not significant
3 60.0% 2 40.0% 5
2 -3yrs
Area of experience 26 92.9% 2 7.1% 28
ICU
χ2=0.53P=0.46
OT
Table no 14 shows the association between socio-demographic variables and
the pretest level of knowledge among experimental group of staff nurses None of the
demographic variables are significantly associated with their knowledge score. It was
calculated using Pearson chi square test/Yates corrected chi square test.
74
TABLE 15
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POSTTEST LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND
THEIR DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES (Experiment)
Posttest Chi square test/
Moderate Adequate Total Yates corrected
n % n % chi square test
Age 20-30 yrs 3 12.0% 22 88.0% 25 χ2=6.00P=0.01
31-40 yrs 3 60.0% 2 40.0% 5 significant
Sex Male 3 37.5% 5 62.5% 8 χ2=0.86P=0.35
Female 3 13.6% 19 86.4% 22 Not significant
B.Sc.(N) 1 25.0% 3 75.0% 4 Not significant

χ2=8.54P=0.01
1 -2yrs 1 6.7% 14 93.3% 15
significant
2 -3yrs 2 40.0% 3 60.0% 5
Area of experience ICU 5 17.9% 23 82.1% 28

χ2=1.20P=0.27
OT 1 50.0% 1 50.0% 2
Not significant
the posttest level of knowledge among experimental group staff nurses Age of staff
nurses and their experience are significantly associated with their knowledge score.
It was calculated using pearson chi square test/Yates corrected chi square test.
75
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LEVEL OF
KNOWLEDGE AND STAFF NURSES AGE
100% 88.0%
% of staff nurses
80%
60.0%
60% Moderate
40.0% Adequate
40%
12.0%
20%
0%
20 -30 yrs 31 -40 yrs
Fig 16: Pyramid diagram shows the. Association between posttest level of
knowledge and staff nurses age
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND

STAFF NURSES EXPERIENCE
93.3%
100%
80% 70.0%
% of staff nurses
60.0%
60%
Moderate
40.0%
Adequate
40% 30.0%
20% 6.7%
0%
0 -1 yr 1 -2yrs 2 -3yrs
Fig 17: Cylinder diagram shows the association between posttest the level of
knowledge with their experience.
76
TABLE 16
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PRETEST LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND
THEIR DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES (Control)
Pretest Chi square test/
Inadequate Moderate Yates corrected
Age 20 -30 yrs 23 88.5% 3 11.5% 26 χ2=0.54P=0.46
31 -40 yrs 3 75.0% 1 25.0% 4 Not significant
Sex Male 10 90.9% 1 9.1% 11 χ2=0.27P=0.60

χ2=0.23P=0.89
1 -2yrs 15 88.2% 2 11.8% 17
Not significant
2 -3yrs 4 80.0% 1 20.0% 5
Area of experience ICU 26 86.7% 4 13.3% 30 χ2=0.00P=1.00
Not significant
the pretest level of knowledge among control group staff nurses None of the
TABLE 17
77
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POSTTEST LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND
THEIR DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES( Control)
Posttest Chi square test
Inadequate Moderate /Yates corrected
Age 20 -30 yrs 23 88.5% 3 11.5% 26 χ2=0.23P=0.63
31 -40 yrs 3 75.0% 1 25.0% 4 Not significant
Sex Male 10 90.9% 1 9.1% 11 χ2=0.72P=0.39
Years of 0 -1 yr 7 87.5% 1 12.5% 8
χ2=2.35P=0.31
Experience 1 -2yrs 15 88.2% 2 11.8% 17
Not significant
2 -3yrs 4 80.0% 1 20.0% 5
Area of ICU χ2=0.00P=1.00
26 86.7% 4 13.3% 30
experience Not significant
the posttest level of knowledge among control group staff nurses None of the
78
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
This chapter discusses the main findings of the research study and reviews that
in relation to the findings from the results of the present study regarding knowledge
on ABG analysis among staff nurses.
The total sample collected were 60, who were staff nurses. The study shows
the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on ABG analysis in pretest and
post test among staff nurses. The demographic variables were age, sex, qualification,
marital status, No of years of experience, experience in area, income per month,
religion and type of the family.
The first objective was to assess the pretest and posttest knowledge of
experimental and control group of staff nurses regarding ABG analysis
In Overall knowledge of experimental group shows, they improved their
knowledge from 41.50% to 81.93%. In pretest 0.0% of staff nurses had adequate
knowledge and in post test 8.0% of staff nurse had adequate knowledge regarding
ABG analysis.In over all knowledge of control group shows in pretest they had
40.75% and in posttest they had 42.00% of knowledge regarding ABG analysis
among staff nurses. In pretest knowledge of control group 0.0% had adequate
knowledge and in post test 0.0% had adequate knowledge and in post test 0.0% had
adequate knowledge regarding ABG analysis.
79
The second objective was to compare the pretest and posttest knowledge of
experimental and control group regarding ABG analysis
The overall comparison of pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental
group was 16.6 to 32.77, post test group had more knowledge than pre test. The
overall comparison of pretest and posttest knowledge for control group was 16.3 and
16080. This shows that this improvement is not statistically significant.
The third objective was to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of structured
teaching programme regarding ABG analysis
The findings of effectiveness of structured teaching programme is
improved from 41.50% knowledge to 81.93% knowledge in experimental group the
net benefit of structured teaching programme is 39.08% among experiment and
control group.
The fourth objective was to find out the association between the knowledge of
experimental and control group with selected demographic variables
Age and years of experience are significant with post test knowledge more
age and more years of experience staff nurses had more adequate knowledge in post
test in experimental group. None of the demographic variables were significant with
the level of knowledge in pretest and posttest of control group.
80
CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
This chapter represents a brief summary of the study conclusions and
implications for nursing and recommendations.
The conceptual frame work adopted for this study was J.W. Kenny’s model,
the purposive sampling was used for selecting the sample. In this study review of
literature was general information on ABG analysis and this studies related to
knowledge of ABG analysis.
Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation,
inferential statistics Chi-Square was used to analyse the data and to test the
hypothesis.
The primary aim of the study was to identify the level of knowledge regarding
arterial blood gas analysis after administration of structured teaching programme in
the experimental group and find the association between knowledge of staff nurses
and demographic variables of staff nurses.
To assess the pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental and
control group of staff nurses regarding arterial blood gas analysis.
81
To compare the pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental and
control group regarding arterial blood gas analysis.
To implement and evaluate the Structured teaching programme
To find out the association between the knowledge of experimental and
control group with selected demographic variables.
Major findings of the study:
The findings of the study showed that Overall knowledge of experimental
group shows, They have improved their knowledge from 41.50% to 81.93%.
The over all knowledge of control group shows that in pretest they had
40.75% and in post test they had 42.00%.
The overall comparison of pretest and posttest knowledge for experiment
group was 16.6% to 32.77% .Posttest group had more knowledge than pretest.
The Overall comparison of pretest and posttest knowledge for control group
was 16.3% and 16.80%, this shows that there is no improvement was found.
The findings of effectiveness of structured teaching programme is improved
from 41.50% knowledge to 81.93% knowledge in experimental group the net
benefit of structured teaching programme is 39.08% among experimental and
control group.
82
The association between demographic variables with knowledge of
experimental and control group shows that age and years of experience are
significant with posttest knowledge more age and more years of experience
staffs are having more adequate knowledge in posttest in experimental group.
None of the demographic variables are significant with the level of knowledge
in pretest and posttest of control group. The demographic data with regard to
age group 20-30 years was 83.3% in experimental group and 16.7% in control
group.
CONCLUSION
From the findings of the present study it was concluded that the level of
knowledge regarding arterial blood gas analysis among the staff nurses was
inadequate among experimental group and control group during pretest assessment.
However, the findings of post test in the experiment group, the level of knowledge has
improved and the score has indicated an adequate level of knowledge among staff
nurses. The improvement in the level of knowledge is due to the administration of the
structured teaching programme. Therefore the knowledge of the staff nurses can be
further be improved by an going teaching and in service education.
NURSING IMPLICATION
The findings of the study have implications related to nursing administration.
Nursing practice, Nursing Research and Nursing Education regarding the increase in
level of knowledge related to arterial blood gas analysis among staff nurses.
83
Nursing Education
Arterial Blood Gas analysis is one of the important topics which can be
included in the curriculum, so that the students will be able to learn about the patient
care from the basic level itself. The curriculum can be planned from the basic level.
Nursing Administration
The nurses as an administrator can explain to the staff nurses to follow the
proper Arterial Blood Gas analysis and interpretation while giving care to the patient.
Administrator should conduct the nursing health education among the staff nurses.
She (or) he can motivate the staff nurses to follow Arterial Blood Gas analysis and
interpretation.
Nursing Practice
Nursing practice can be rendered in terms of arterial puncture Arterial Blood
Gas analysis and interpretation in such a way so that the nurse will be able to give
care to the patient and be able to take care of her or his health and prevent injury.
Emphasis should be given in giving good nursing care.
Nursing Research
Nursing Research helps to broaden the scope of nursing. Based on the results
further recommendations can be made. Further studies can be done to find out the
effectiveness of various nursing practice.
84
SUGGESTIONS
1) In service education can be planned to the staff nurses regarding Arterial
Blood Gas analysis.
2) Periodical evaluation should be done by the ward incharge to ensure staff
nurses knowledge.
3) Student nurses should be supervised while taking blood for ABG analysis.
RECOMMENDATION
1. This study can be done as comparative study with different ward staff nurses.
2. A similar study can be done on larges sample to draw more definitive
conclusions.
3. A study can be conducted among nursing student.
4. A study can be done among senior nurses regarding Arterial Blood Gas
interpretation.
5. A study can be conducted using various method of teaching to determine the
most effective method of teaching example – self instructional module,
demonstration video assist teaching.
85
CHAPTER – VII
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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6. Brunner and suddarth’s (2005) “TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL SURGICAL
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86
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America, Pp. No.1590-1592.
13. Joyce. M. Block (2007) “TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL SURGICAL
NURSING”, 7th edition, Published by Elsevier publication,
Philadelphia, Pp.No.: 1074-1082
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eleventh edition, published mosby publication, New Delhi, Pp. No.: 337, 338.
87
15. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins (2006), MANUAL OF NURSING
PRACTICE 8TH EDITION, published by Jaypee Brothers Medical
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16. Michael A chizner (2000) “CLINICAL CARDIOLOGY” 3rd edition
published by medmaster amazon, Pp.No.: 37-47.
17. Morgan (2005), “CLINICAL ANESTHESIOLOGY”, 4th edition, published
by Mc Graw-Hill medical center, New Delhi, Pp.No.: 118-123
18. Peter Driscol (1997) “SIMPLE GUIDE TO BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS”, 2nd
edition, published by BJJ publisher group, Pp.No.: 200-203.
19. Polit and Beck (2008) “TEXT BOOK OF NURSING RESEARCH”,
18th edition, published by, Wolters Klywer (India) Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi. Pp.No.: 340-348
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edition, published by mosby publication, New Delhi, Pp.No.: 514-515.
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and Wilkins Pp.No.: 119-124.
88
22. Robert E. Hyathi (2008), “A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO
INTERPRETATION OF PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS A
PRACTICAL GUIDE”, 2nd edition, published by Mosby publication, New
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Publication by Natasha Andjelkovic timely publication. Pp.No.: 697-698
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25. Walker, Jerome.F, (1987), “CRITICAL ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
ANALYSIS”, 1st edition published by Mosby publication
New Delhi, Pp.No.: 39-40.
26. William Joseph Malley (1990) “CLINICAL BLOOD GASES:
APPLICATION AND NONINVASIVE ALTERNATIVES”, 1st edition,
published by Saunders publication, Michigan Pp.No.: 379-382.
27. William Lippincott (1999) “INTERPRETATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD
GASES”, second edition, published by Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins,
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89
JOURNALS:
1. American Physiology society (1887), Arterial blood gas measurement,
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, volume-39, Pp.No.: 22-24.
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Pp.No.: 24-25.
3. Faria SH (1997) Interpretation of arterial blood gases, NURSING TIME,
Pp.No.: 128-130.
4. Fiona Foxall (2008), Arterial Blood gas analysis an easy learning guides, New
Zealand, “JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY”, Pp.No.: 77-80.
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BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY”, Pp.No.: 39.
7. Hatherill.M (1997) continuous Intra-arterial blood gas monitoring,
“JOURNAL OF CARDIO THORACIC AND VASCULAR
ANESTHESIA” Pp.No.: 61-65.
8. Hatherill.M (1997) continuous Intra-arterial blood gas monitoring,
“JOURNAL OF CARDIO THORACIC AND VASCULAR
ANESTHESIA” Pp.No.: 61-65.
90
9. Johnson (1983) Specific radio-activities of substrate in arterial blood gas
analysis, “JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL” volume-2, Pg.No.: 484.
10. Johnston (2005) arterial blood gas analysis and venous blood analysis
“EMERGENCY MEDICAL JOURNAL”, Pp.No.: 269-271.
11. Joseph Barcropt (1998) Different method of blood gas analysis “JOURNAL
OF PHYSIOLOGY”, Volume, Pp.No.: 12.
12. Koyabil (1993), severe respiratory failure “JOURNAL OF THE
AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CHEST PHYSICIANS”, Pp.No.: 40-43.
13. Michael (2005) Clinical blood gases assessment and intervention,
“JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CARE USA”, Pp.No.: 22-25.
14. Michael (2008), Arterial blood gases and oxyen content “NEW ENGLAND
JOURNAL OF MEDICINE”, Pp.No.: 140-144.
15. Milhom .HTML.(1968) Pulmonary capillary gas exchange, “JOURNAL OF
BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL VOLUME”, Pp.No.: 9-11.
16. PandeL J.N(1971) Pulmonary ventilation an international “JOURNAL OF
RESPIRATORY MEDICINE”, Pp.No.: 26-24.
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91
18. Sahin (1996 ) effects of hypoxic stimulation of neruopithelial bodies on
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AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATION”, Pp.No.: 332.
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NET REFERENCES:
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6. www.rediff.com
92
ANNEXURE II
93
94
ANNEXURE I
95
ANNEXURE III
96
ANNEXURE IV
CONTENT VALIDITY CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the student Ms. D. Thulasimani is studying in Final
M.Sc., (N) Post graduate Degree course of Dharmarathnakara Dr. Mahalingam
Institute of Paramedical sciences and Research, Sakthi Nagar.
Topic Entitled:

WORKING IN ICU OF VINAYAKA MISSION HOSPITAL AT SALEM”.
His content for the study is validated and was found reliable.
Date :
Place :
97
Topic Entitled:

Date :
Place :
98
Topic Entitled:

Date :
Place :
99
Topic Entitled:

Date :
Place :
100
ANNEXURE V
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA:
1. Sex of individual
a. male
b. female
2. Age
a. 20-30 Years
b. 31-40 Years
c. 41-50 Years
d. 51-60 Years
3. Qualification
a. gnm
b. b.sc., Nursing
4. No. of years of experience
a. 0 Year – 1 Year
b. 2 Years – 3 Years
c. 3 Years – 4 Years
d. Above 4 years
5. Area of experience
a. icu
b. ot
c. general wards
d. others
QUESTIONNAIRES RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE:
INTRODUCTION:
1. ABG analysis is performed through the
a. arterial blood
b. venous blood
c. capillary blood
d. blood from shunt
2. The ABG analysis is used to determine the following
a. pH of blood
b. pao2
101
c. paco2
d. all the above
3. ABG analysis can be performed by EXCEPT
a. phlebotomist
b. radiologist
c. nurse
d. respiratory therapist
4. ABG analysis is a
a. diagnostic procedure
b. treatment procedure
c. surgical procedure
d. none of the above
5. ABG analysis should be performed at
a. before the meals
b. after the meals
c. morning time only
d. at any time
PROCEDURE:
6. Before taking blood check the patient’s
a. oxygen concentration
b. temperature
c. puncture site
d. all the above
7. If the radial artery is selected perform the
a. allen test
b. culture sensitivity test
c. exercise
d. physical examination
8. ABG analysis required for the patient with following condition EXCEPT
a. critically ill patient
b. asthma
c. severe respiratory distress
d. bleeding disorder
102
9. Contra indication for arterial puncture EXCEPT
a. critically ill
b. anti-coagulation therapy
c. haemophilia
d. low platelet count
10. Arterial puncture should be performed in the following site EXCEPT
a. radial artery
b. femoral artery
c. brachial artery
d. shunt
11. Before taking ABG the patient body temperature should be
a. 35oC
b. 39oC
c. 37oC
d. 30oC
12. The syringe is pre-pack with small amount of
a. normal saline
b. heparin
c. benetic solution
d. insulin
13. The use of heparin is to prevent
a. coagulation
b. evaporation
c. contamination
d. dilution
14. The dose of heparin is
a. 0.5 to 1.0 ml
b. 1.0 ml to 1.5 ml
c. 1.5 ml to 2.0 ml
d. 2.0 ml to 2.5 ml
15. The needle should inserted in to artery at
a. 10o – 20o
b. 20o – 30o
c. 30o – 40o
103
d. 40o – 50o
16. After taking blood from artery apply pressure on the puncture site for
a. 1-2 minutes
b. 2-5 minutes
c. 5-10 minutes
d. Above 10 minutes
17. The blood samples should be held at the room temperature of
a. 30o – 40o
b. 40o – 50o
c. 50o – 60o
d. Above 60o
18. ABG analysis performed within
a. 10 Minutes
b. 20 Minutes
c. 30 Minutes
d. 40 Minutes
19. If the blood samples are not kept at room temperature then it should be kept in
a. warmer
b. ice
c. contribute
20. Iced samples should be analysed within
a. 3 Hours
b. 2 Hours
c. 1 Hour
d. 30 Minutes
21. The complication of arterial puncture
a. haematoma
b. arteriospasm
c. haemorrhage
d. all the above
REFERENCE RANGES AND INTERPRETATION:
22. The blood pH gives information about
a. hydrogen ion concentration
104
b. o2 concentration
c. co2 concentration
d. hco3 Concentration
23. The normal blood pH level
a. < 7.35
b. >7.45
c. 7.35 – 7.45
d. > 8.0
24. The blood pH value more than 7.45 It indicates
a. acidemia
b. alkalemia
c. hypoxemia
d. metabolic acidosis
25. The blood pH value decrease less than 7.35 It indicates
a. acidemia
b. alkalemia
c. hypoxemia
d. metabolic alkalosis
26. The blood PaO2 alone is used to determine about
a. acid- base balance
b. paco2
c. oxygenation
d. ph of blood
27. The normal level of blood PaO2
a. 50-60 mm Hg
b. 60-70 mm Hg
c. 70-80 mm Hg
d. 80-100 mm Hg
28. The low PaO2 level in blood that indicates
a. alkalemia
b. atoxia
c. hyoxemic
d. academia
105
29. If the blood PaO2 less than to mm Hg need
a. oxygen therapy
b. nutritional therapy
c. exercise
30. The normal SaO2 level
a. 80-90%
b. 90-100%
c. 70-80%
d. 60-70%
31. The blood PaCo2 provide information about the working condition of
a. respiratory system
b. gi system
c. immunologic system
d. muskuloskeletal system
32. PaCo2 is often called
a. metabolic parameter
b. respiratory parameter
c. glucometer
d. vital parameter
33. High PaCo2 is often called
a. acidemia
b. alkalemia
c. respiratory alkalosis
d. respiratory acidosis
34. Low PaCo2 Indicated
a. respiratory alkalosis
b. respiratory acidosis
c. acidemia
d. alkalomia
35. The HCo3 ion provides the information about
a. metabolic status
b. acidosis
c. hydroin ion concentration
106
d. o2 saturation
36. The normal level of HCo3
a. 10-14 Meq/L
b. 14-18 Meq/L
c. 18-22 Meq/L
d. 22-26 Meq/L
37. The HCo3 level is Higher than 26 mg that indicated the patient is
a. alkalotic
b. acidic
c. healthy
38. The HCo3 level is lower than 22 Meq/L that indicate, the patient is
a. healthy
b. acidic
c. alkalotic
d. keto acidosis
39. The Base excess is a amount of
a. alkali in the blood
b. oxygen in the blood
c. acid in the blood
d. rbc’s count
40. Normal base excess range
a. ± 4 mmol
b. ± 2 mmol
c. ± 3 mmol
d. ± 1 mmol
107
LIST OF EXPERTS
1. Mrs. K.S. Pushpalatha, M.Sc. (N), Ph.D.,
Lecturer,
Shanmuga College of Nursing,
Salem.
2. Mrs. Jamuna, M.Sc., (N),
Principal,
Sakthimayeil Institute of Nursing & Research
Komarapalayam – 638 183.
3. Mrs. Renu Susan Thomas, M.Sc.,(N),
Asst. Professor,
Little Flower college of Nursing,
Angamaly.
4. Dr. C. Ragunath, M.D., I.D.C.C.M,
Consultant Physician and Intensivst
Reg. No.: 73931,
KMCH Speciality Hospital,
Erode.
108
109
Structured Teaching Programme on
“ABG ANALYSIS”
110
NAME OF THE TOPIC : ABG ANALYSIS
DURATION : 45 Min
VENUE : ICU / ICTU
METHOD OF TEACHING : Lecture cum Discussion
TEACHING AIDS : Chart, LCD
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE OF THE GROUP : Staff has completed GNM course or B.Sc.,
Nursing course and they have little knowledge
111
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
At the end of the structure teaching programme the staff nurses will have increased knowledge regarding ABG analysis.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
Staff nurses are able to
¾ define ABG analysis
¾ listout the purpose of ABG analysis
¾ listout the indication and contraindications
¾ explain about the principles for arterial puncture and ABG analysis
¾ listout the articles need for the procedure
¾ describe the procedure or demonstrate the procedure
¾ explain about ABG value interpretation
112
S. Time specific Content Method of Learning A.V. Evaluation
No Objective Teaching activity Aids
1 3 Introduce the INTRODUCTION:
Mins topic Arterial blood gas analysis is valuable as a diagnostic tool Lecture Listening Oral Get the
as it enables objective evaluation of a patients oxygenation, cum and topic from
ventilation and aced - base balance, such information demonstrates discussion answering the staff
ho well a patient’s respiratory and metabolic system are working. nurses
It is clear that such information has the potential to be invaluable in
the treatment of a wide range of patients.
2 3 Staff nurses are DEFINITION:

Mins able to define ABG: Lecture Listening LCD Define
ABG Arterial blood gases refer to any element or compound that cum and ABG?
is a gas under ordinary conditions and that is dissolved to some discussion answering
extend in blood.
ABG sampling:
ABG Sampling is a minimal invasive procedure where
arterial puncture is done to collect arterial blood sample. From a
peripheral artery (Radial, Brachial, Femoral, or dorsal is pedis via a
single percutaneoces needle puncture o from an indwelling arterial
canella (or) catheter for multiple samples
ABG analysis:
An ABG analysis is typically requested to determine the PH
of the blood and partical pressure of oxygen (PaO2) partical
pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and HCO3 and Base excess
and saturation.
113
3 5 List out the PURPOSES:
Mins purposes of ¾ Provides a blood specimen for direct measurement Lecture Listening Hand- What are
ABG analysis of partical pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and cum and out the purpose
(PaO2) discussion answering of ABG
i. Hydrogen ion activity (PH) analysis?
ii. Total haemoglobin (Hb)
iii. Bicarbonate level (HCO3)
iv. Base excess
¾ Though ABG analysis can identify the respiratory
and metabolic conditions of the patient
¾ For accurate assessment of acid – base status
¾ For assessing degree of oxygenation of blood and
adequacy of alveolar ventilation
¾ For starting continuous arterical blood fressure
monitoring in an emergency
4 5 List out the Indications:
Mins indications ¾ The need to evaluate the adequacy of ventilatory Lecture Listening What are
ABG analysis (PaCO2) acid – base )PH and Pa CO2) status cum and Hand- the
oxygenation (PaO2 & SaO2) status, and the oxygen discussion answering out indications
– carrying capacity of blood (PaO2, HbO2) Hb total, ABG
and dgs haemoglobins) analysis?
¾ The need to quanitate the patient’s response to
therapeutic intervention and /or diagnostic
evaluation (eg. Oxygen therapy, exercise texting)
¾ The need to monitor seventy and progression of a
documented disease process.
114
5 10 List out the CONTRA INDICATIONS:
Mins contra ¾ Negative results of a modified allen test (collateral circulation
indications test ) are indicative of inadequate blood supply to the hand and Lecture Listening What are
ABG analysis suggest the need to select another extremity as the sute for cum and Black the contra
puncture. discussion answering Board indications
¾ Arterical puncture should not be performed through a lesion or ABG
through or distal to a surgical shunt (eg. As in a dialysis analysis?
patient.). If there is evidence of infection or peripheral vascular
disease involving the selected lamb. An alternate site should be
selected.
¾ Agreement is lacking regarding the puncture sites associated
with a lesser likelihood of complications however, because of
the need for monitoring the femoral puncture site for an
extended period, femoral punctures should not be performed
outside theharspiral
¾ A coagulopathy or mediam to – high – doses anticoagulation
therapy (eg. Heparin, or coumadir, streptokinase, and tissue
plasminagen activator but not necessarily aspirin) may be a
relative contra indiciation. for arterical puncture.
6 15 Explain about LIMITATIONS OF METHOD / VALIDATION OF

Mins principles and RESULTS:
methods during ¾ Artery may be inaccessible due to periarterial tissue [overlying
ABG analysis muscle, connective tissue]. Lecturer Listening Hand- What are
¾ Arterial blood specimen withdrawn from the body only reflect cum and out the
the physiologic condition at the moment of sampling [Eg. Pain discussion answering principles
from the puncture itself may lead to hyperventilation with and
consequent. methods
¾ Changes in values. during ABG
¾ Specimens drawn at peak exercise best reflect response to analysis?
115
exercise however, speciments drawn within 15 seconds or less
of termination of exercise.
¾ Specimens from mechanically ventilated patients with minimal
pulmonary pathology adequately reflect the effects of oxygen
concentration change 10 minutes after the change.
¾ In spontaneously breathing patients at least 20-30 minutes
should elapse following oxygen concentration
¾ Specimens held at room temperature must e analyzed within co-
comminutes of drawing iced samples should be analyzed within
1 hour
¾ Some dual – purpose electrolyte /blood gas analyzer stipulate
immediate analysis without chilling because q2 possible
elevation in potassium from chilling
¾ Sample must be obtained an aerobically and anticoagulated
with immediate expulsion of air pubbles.
¾ Sample should be immediately chillie or analyzed within 10 -
15minutes if left at room temperature
¾ If liquid heparin (sodium or lithium 1,000 units / mc at blood )
is used excess heparin ( all except that filling the dead space of
the syringe and needle) Should be expelled and a blood sample
of 2 – 4 ml be drawn
¾ If lyophilized is used, the minimum value drawn depends on the
design of the analyzers and the need for other assays
116
7 10 List out the ARTICLES:
Mins articles needed ¾ 1 ml 2 ml disposable syringe
for ABG ¾ Disposable needle size 20 gauge Lecuture Listening What are
analysis ¾ Lear –Lock for syringe cum and the articles
¾ Heparin 1: 1000 discussion answering needed for
¾ Alcohol swab ABG
¾ Crushed ice in specimen bag analysis?
¾ Disposable gloves and disposable prokes
¾ Arterical catheter for continued pressure monitoring
¾ Waterproof pad
8 15 Explain the PROCEDURE:
Mins procedure for ¾ Identify patient by asking name
ABG analysis ¾ Record patients inspired oxygen concentration
¾ Check the patient temperature Lecture Listening How to
¾ Heparinize the 2ml syringe(withdraw heprin in to syringe to wet cum and Black perform
the plunger and fill dead space in the needle – Hold syringe in discussion answering Board ABG
an upright position and expel excess heparin and air bubbles) analysis?
¾ Wash hands, and don gloves
¾ Palpate the radial, brachial or femoral artery
¾ If ratial artery is selected for puncture, perform the allen test
a) obliterate the radial and ulhar pulses simultaneously by
pressing on both blood vessels at the wrist
b)Ask patient to clench and unclench first until blanching of
skin occurs
c) Release pressure on ulnar artery (while still compressing
radial artery ) watch for return of skan clor within 15 sconds
Note:
If the ulnar artery does not have sufficient blood supply to
perfuse entire hand the radial artery should not be used
117
d) Obliterate the radial and ulnar pulses simultaneously at the wrist
e)Elevate patient’s hand above heart and squeeze or compress hand
until blanching occurs
f) Place waterproof pad under forearms
¾ The needle is at 45 – 60 degree angle to the skin surface and
is advanced in to artery
¾ Once the artery is punctured, arterical pressure will push up
the piston of the syringe and a pulsating flow of blood will
fill the syringe
¾ After blood is obtained withdraw needle and apply firm
pressure over the puncture site with a dry sponge for 2 – 5
minutes
¾ Remove air bubbles from syringe and needle, insert needle
in to the rubber stopper placed on the flat surface. Do not
hold the rubber stopper.
¾ Maintain firm pressure on the puncture site 5 minutes if the
patient is on anticoagulant therapy apply direct pressure
over puncture site for 10 – 15 minutes and then apply a firm
pressure dressing
¾ For patients requiring serial monitoring of arterial blood, an
arterial catheter is attached to the radial or femoral artery
¾ Send labeled, iced specimen to the laboratory immediately
with dully filled request.
¾ Palpate the pulse (Distal to the puncture), inspect the
puncture site and assess for reduced temperature, cold
numbers
9 15 Explain about INTERPRETATION:
Mts interpretation of Hydrogen ion concentration (PH): Lecture Listening Hand- How we can
ABG analysis The hydrogen ion concentration (HP) provides information cum and out interpretate
118
on acid – base balance. This relates to how much acid or alkali a discussion answering ABG result?
patient has in their blood. The PH Scale indicates the concentration
of hydrogen cons. The normal level of PH is 7.35 – 7.45 If the PH
level decrease less than 7.35 – 7.45 that indicates Academia and
PH the level Increases more than 7.45 that indicates Alkalemia
OXYGEN SATURATION (SaO2):

Saturation (SaO2) measures how well the hemoglobin in the
blood is saturated, the SaO2 value derived from a blood gas is very
similar to the SpO2 values gained from pulse oxametry the only
difference is that in a blood gas we are measuring the saturation of
article blood SaO2 and in pulse oxametry we are measuring the
saturation of peripheral capillary blood (SpO2) the normal range is
95 – 100%
PaO2:
This is partial pressure of oxygen dissolved within the arterial
blood will determine oxygen binding to hemoglobin (SaO2) the
normal level of PaO2 is so -100 mm Hg
It is vital importance but is not used in determining patient
acid base status
The normal range for a healthy person is approximately to
less than the percentage 012 oxygen breathed in, air PaO2 low level
indicated hypoxemic
PaCO2:
This is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide dissolved within
the arterial blood. It is used to assess the effectiveness of
ventilation, the normal level for PaCO2 is 35 – 45mg. If the normal
level is reduced below 35 mm Hg that is known as respiratory
alkalosis. The PaO2 level is increased than 45mm Hg that is
known as respiratory acidosis.
119
HCO3:
Hco3 is the chemical for bicarbonate, and alkali, it is the main
chemical buffer in plasma and alludes the body metabolic status. It
takes in to account bicarbonate produced as normal HCO3 is 22 –
26meqlr, the HCO3 is level decreased below 22meqlc that is known
as metabolic acidosis the level is increased above 26meqlr that is
known as metabolic alkalosis.
Base Excess (BE):
Base excess is a surpless amount of base (alkali) within the
blood however, it can be normal to have a small of surpless within
the blood. The normal range can be -2mmol to +2mmol /l or + 2.0
meqlc
Summary:
It would therefore seem logical to request an ABG on any
patients who is or has the patients to become critically ill. This
includes patients in critical care areas and these on wards who
‘trigger’ early – warning scoring systems.
Conclusion
So for we discussed about what is ABG analysis,
Indication, Contra indication & principles &articles for ABG
analyses, procedure and after care & interpret ate the result.
BIBILIOGRAPHY:
Brunner, [2006], “TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL
SURGICAL NURSING”, 10th edition, published by
William Lippincott – New Delhi, Pg No. 623 – 625
Joyce m block, [2008], “Text Book Of Medical Surgical
Nursing”, 7th edition, Volume – I, published by Eleiver
publication, Missouri, Pg. No. 603 -605
Lippincott, [2006], “Manual Of Nursing Practice”, 7th
120
edition, published by William Lippincott New Delhi, Pg.
No.: 1215 – 1217
Lewis, [2005], “Text Book Of Medical Surgical
Nursing”, 6th edition, published by Mosby brothers
publication Pvt. Ltd – Delhi Pg No. 1737 – 1739
www.google.com
121

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What is ABG analysis?

What is ABG analysis?

What are the indications for ABG analysis?

What are the indications for ABG analysis?

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED

TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING

Dissertation Submitted to the

THE TAMILNADU DR MGR MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

of the requirements for the degree of

Medical – Surgical Nursing

(Cardio Vascular and Thoracic Nursing)

Prof. R. Vasanthi, M.Sc., (Nursing),

Research Guide : ....................................................

Asst.Prof. M. Anand, M.Sc., (Nursing),

Medical Guide :.......................................................

Dr. C. Ragunath, MD., I.D.C.C.M,

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A Study to Assess the

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding

ICU of Vinayaka Mission Hospital at Salem”. is a bonafide research work done

by D. Thulasimani, under the guidance of Asst. Prof. Mr. M. Anand, Msc,(N)

Department of Medical Surgical Nursing.

Seal and Signature of the Principal.

Prof. R. Vasanthi, M.Sc., (Nursing)

Place: Sakthi Nagar.

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A Study to Assess the

Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding

ICU of Vinayaka Mission Hospital at Salem” is a bonafide research work done

by D. Thulasimani in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master

of Science in Nursing (Medical Surgical Nursing).

Seal and Signature of the Research Guide and HOD.

Mr. M. Anand, M.Sc., (N)

4. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 37

6. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 66

Assess the pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental

Comparison of pretest & posttest ABG analysis Knowledge

Comparison of experiment & control group overall

Association between pretest level of knowledge and their

1 Letter Seeking permission to conduct Pilot Study

2 Letter Seeking permission to conduct Main Study

3 Letter seeking expert opinion on Validity of the Tool

4 Certificate of Content Validity by the Medical Guide

5 Tool for Data Collection

6 Structured Teaching Programme

M.Sc.,(N) Master of Science (Nursing)

Glorious and majestic are his deeds,

I express my atmost gratefulness to Lord God Almighty for his grace

I am immensely grateful to Sri Sri Sri Balagangadharanatha Maha

swamiji, Trustee and Dr. N. Mahalingam, Chairman, Dharmarathnakara

Dr. Mahalingam Institute of Paramedical Sciences & Research, for giving me an

opportunity to undertake the course at Dharmarathnakara Dr. Mahalingam Institute of

Paramedical Sciences & Research Sakthi Nagar.

My heartfelt thanks to Sri B.T.Ramachandra, Correspondent,

Dharmarathnakara Dr. Mahalingam Institute of Paramedical Sciences & Research, for

successful completion of this study.

I express my gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Mrs. R. Vasanthi, M.Sc(N),

through out the study.

I extend my sincere thanks to Asst Prof. M. Anand Msc (N), Vice-principal,

Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, DMIPSR College of Nursing Sakthinagar,

To assess the pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental and control

To compare the pretest and posttest knowledge of experimental and control

To implement and evaluate the STP regarding ABG analysis

To find out the association between the knowledge of experimental and