Bulacan State University

College of Education

GROUP #1

Curriculum:
Concepts,
Nature and
Purposes
Aguirre, Azel Hyra

Alba, Bernadette

Andasan, Mary Grace

Atienza, April Rose

Avengoza, Jackielyn

Basilio, Liezel
 Curriculum From Different Points of View

1. Traditional Points of View of Curriculum

In early years of the 20th century, the traditional concepts held of the "curriculum is that
it is a body of subjects or subject matter prepared by the teachers for the students to
learn".

-Robert M. Hutchin

*Views curriculum as "permanent studies". Where the basic education was focus on 3Rs
and liberal education for college.

-Arthur Bestor

*Believes that schools should be intellectual training.

-Joseph Schwab

*Views curriculum as discipline is the soule source of curriculum.

-Phenix

*Curriculum should consist entirely of knowledge which comes from various disciplines.

Curriculum can be view as a field of study. It is made up of its foundations

(philosophical, historical, psychological, and social foundations).

2. Progressive Points of View of Curriculum

•these can only be called curriculumum if the written! materials are actualized by the
learner broadly speaking speaking curriculum is defined as the total learning experiences
of individual

-John Dewey

*Definition of experience and education.

-Caswell and Campbell

*Say that all experiences children have under the guidance of teachers.

-Smith, Stanley and Shores

*Define curriculum as a sequence of potential experiences set up in the schools for the
purpose of disciplining children and youth in group ways of thinking and acting.

-Marsh and Willis

*View curriculum as all the experiences in classroom which planned and enacted by
teacher, and also learned by the students.

Points of view on curriculum development

•Curriculum is a dynamic process

•Development cottones cuangesbwhich are systematic.

TWO MODELS OF CURRICULUM BY:RALPH TYLER AND ITOLDAB TABA

Ralph Tyler model (Four basic principles)

•purposes of the school

•Education experiences related to the purposes

•organization of the experiences

•evaluation of the experiences

Hilda taba models

-teachers who teach or implement the curriculum should participate in developing it her
advocacy called "grassroots approach "

7 major steps

1.Diagnosis of learners needs and expectations of the larger society

2.Formulation of learning objectives

3.selection of learning content

4. Organization of learning content

5.selection of learning experiences

6.organization of learning activities

7. Determination of what to evaluate and the means of doing it

Types of curriculum operating in schools.

1. Recommend curriculum

-proposed by scholars and professional organizations.

*DepED, CHEd
2. Written Curriculum

-appears in school, district, division or country documents.

*Lesson plan, syllabus

3. Taught Curriculum

-what teachers implemented or deliver in the classrooms or schools.

*planned activities which put into action

4. Supported Curriculum

-resources which support and help in the implementation of the curriculum.

*books, computer etc

5. Assessed Curriculum

-that which is tested and evaluated

*paper and pencil test, oral examination, performance task

6. Learned Curriculum

-what the students actually learn and what is measured

*test results

7. Hidden Curriculum

-the unintended curriculum

*peer influence, teacher-learner interaction

Major Foundations Of Curriculum

Philosphical Foundations of Curriculum

Four Educational Philosophies

A. Educational Philosophy - Perennialism

Aim of Education - To educate the rational person; to cultivate the intellect.

Role of Education - Teachers help students think with reason. Based on the Socratic
methods of oral exposition or recitation. Explicit or deliberate teaching of traditional
values.

Focus in the Curriculum - Classical subjects, literary analysis and curriculum in constant.

Curriculum Trends - Use of great books and return to liberal arts.

B. Educational Philosophy - Essentialism

Aim of Education - To promote the intellectual growth of the individual and educate a
competent person.

Role of Education - The teacher is the sole authority in his or her subject area or field of
specialization.

Focus in the Curriculum - Essential skills of the 3 R's and essential subjects of English,
Science, History, Math and Foreign Language.

Curriculum Trends - Excellence in education, back to basics and cultural literacy.

C. Educational Philosophy - Progressivism

Aim of Education - To promote democratic and social living.

Role of Education - Knowledge leads to growth and development of lifelong learners

who actively learn by doing.

Focus in the Curriculum - Subjects are interdisciplinary, integrative and interactive.

Curriculum is focused on students' interest, human problems and affairs.

Curriculum Trends - School reforms, relevant and contextualized curriculum, humanistic

education.

D. Educational Philosophy - Reconstructionism

Aim of Education - To improve and reconstruct society. Education for change.

Role of Education - Teachers act as agents of change and reform in various educational
projects including research.

Focus in the Curriculum - Focus on present and future trends and issues of national and
international interests.

Curriculum Trends - Equality of educational opportunities in education, access to global

education.

Historical Foundations of Curriculum

1. Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956)

Bobbit believes that the learning objectives, together with the activities, should be
grouped and sequenced after clarifying the instructional activities and tasks. He also
views curriculum as a science that emphasizes the needs of the students. This viewpoint
explains why lessons are planned and organized depending on the needs of the students
and these needs must be addressed by the teachers to prepare them for adult life.

2. Werret Charters (1875-1952)

Aside from emphasizing the students’ needs, he believes that the objectives, along with
the corresponding activities, should be aligned with the subject matter or content. For
that reason, department chairpersons or course coordinators scrutinize the alignment or
matching of objectives and subject matter prepared by the faculty members.

3. William Kilpatrick (1871-1965)

For him, the purpose of curriculum is child development, growth, and social relationship.
He also introduced the use of small group interaction, and the project method in which
the teacher and students plan together. Thus, it is called as the child-centered
curriculum.

4. Harold Rugg (1886-1960)

He introduced the concept of the development of the whole child, the inclusion of social
studies, and the importance of curriculum planning in advance.

5. Hollis Caswell (1901-1989)

He believes that subject matter is developed around the interest of the learners and
their social functions. So, the curriculum is a set of experiences. Learners must
experience what they learn.

6. Ralph Tyler (1902-1994)

And as to the hallmark of curriculum development as a science, Ralph Tyler believes that
curriculum should revolve around the students’ needs and interests. The purpose of
curriculum is to educate the generalists and not the specialists, and the process must
involve problem solving. Likewise, subject matter is planned in terms of imparting
knowledge, skills and values among students.

Psychological Foundation of Education

Psychological provides a basis for the teaching and learning process. It unifies elements
of the learning process and some of the questions which can be addressed by
psychological foundations of education.

There are three groups of learning theories: behaviorism or association theories;

cognitive-information processing theories and humanistic theories (Ornstein&Hunkins,
2004)

1. Behaviorist Psychology

Behaviorism dominated the 20th century psychology.

Robert Gagne’s sets of behavior and five learning outcomes became classic examples.

Intellectual skills or “knowing how”

Information or “knowing what”

Cognitive strategies or learning skills

Motor skills

Attitudes, feelings and emotions learned through experience

2. Cognitive Psychology

This focus on how individuals process information and how they monitor and manage
thinking.

The advocates of Cognitive Psychology are Piaget for his Cognitive Development stages.
Lev Vygostky for his Social Constructivism. Harold Gardner for his Multiple Intelligences.
Felder and Silverman for their Learning Style. And Daniel Goleman for Emotional
Intelligences.

To the cognitive theorist, learning constitutes a logical method for organizing and
interpreting learning.

3. Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic psychologist are concerned with how learners can develop their human
potential.

It is build on Gestalt psychology where learning can be explained in terms of the

wholeness of the problem and where the environment is changing and the learner is
continuously reorganizing his or her perception.

The Humanistic psychologist, curriculum is concerned with the process not products;
personal needs not subject matter; psychological meaning and environmental situations.

The psychological foundations will help curriculum makers in nurturing a more

advanced, more comprehensive and complete human learning.

Social Foundations of Education

School exist within the social context. Societal culture effects and shapes schools and
their curricula.

Schools are formal institutions that address more complex and interrelated societies and
the world.

Curricula should reflect and preserve the culture of society and it’s aspirations.