Calculus 221 - First Exam (50 Minutes)

Friday October 4 1996

I Find the limit or show that it does not exist. Justify your
answer.
t3 − 1
(1) lim 2
t→−∞ t − 1
Answer:
1
t3 − 1 t− 2
lim = lim t = −∞
t→−∞ t2 − 1 t→−∞ 1
1− 2
t

t3 − 1
(2) lim
t→3 t2 − 1
Answer:
t3 − 1 33 − 1 26
lim = 2 =
t→3 t −1
2 3 −1 8

t3 − 1
(3) lim
t→1 t2 − 1
Answer:
t3 − 1 (t − 1)(t2 + t + 1) (t2 + t + 1) 3
lim = lim = lim =
t→1 t −1
2 t→1 (t − 1)(t + 1) t→1 (t + 1) 2

II Find the limit or show that it does not exist. Justify your
answer.
sin(3x)
(1) lim
x→∞ x
Answer: Since −1 ≤ sin(3x) ≤ 1 for all x we have
1 sin(3x) 1
− ≤ ≤
x x x
sin(3x)
for x > 0. Hence lim = 0 by the Squeeze theorem.
x→∞ x
sin(x2 )
(2) lim
x→0 x
Answer:
sin(x2 ) sin(x2 ) sin(x2 ) sin(u)
lim = lim 2
· x = lim · lim x = lim · lim x = 1 · 0 = 0.
x→0 x x→0 x x→0 x2 x→0 u→0 u x→0

sin(x) − sin(π/3))
(3) lim
x→π/3 x − π/3
Answer: Let f (x) = sin(x) and a = π/3. Then f 0 (x) = cos(x) and

sin(x) − sin(π/3) f (x) − f (a)) 1

lim = lim = f 0 (a) = cos(π/3) = .
x→π/3 x − π/3 x→a x−a 2

III (1) Find f 0 (x) and f 00 (x) if f (x) = sin(x3 − 2).

Answer:

2
f 0 (x) = cos(x3 − 2) 3x2 , f 00 (x) = − sin(x3 − 2) 3x2 + cos(x3 − 2) 6x.

(2) Find g 0 (3) if h0 (9) = 17 and g(x) = h(x2 ).

Answer:
g 0 (x) = h0 (x2 )2x, g 0 (3) = h0 (9)6 = 102.

IV Find the constant c which makes g continuous on (−∞, ∞),

(
x2 if x < 4,
g(x) =
cx + 20 if x ≥ 4.
Answer: By the limit laws, g(x) is continuous at any x 6= 4.

lim g(x) = lim x2 = 16, lim g(x) = lim cx + 20 = 4c + 20.

x→4− x→4− x→4+ x→4+

The function g(x) is continuous when these are equal, i.e. when c = −1.

Answer:

V Consider the curve

y 2 + xy − x2 = 11.
(1) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve at the point
P (2, 3).
Answer: Differentiate:
dy dy
2y +y+x − 2x = 0.
dx dx
Evaluate at the point P (2, 3):
dy  dy 
 
6 +3+2 − 4 = 0.
dx (x,y)=(2,3) dx (x,y)=(2,3)
 

Solve:
dy  1

= .
dx (x,y)=(2,3) 8

This is the slope of the tangent line. The point P (2, 3) lies on the tangent line so the
equation of the tangent line is
(x − 2)
(y − 3) = .
8

d2 y
(2) Find at the point P (2, 3).
dx2
Answer: Differentiate again:
   
d2 y d2 y
2
dy dy dy
2 +y + + +x 2 − 2 = 0.
dx dx2 dx dx dx

Evaluate at (x, y) = (2, 3):

"  # "  #
d2 y  d2 y 
 2
1 1 1
2 +3 + + +2 − 2 = 0.
8 dx2 (x,y)=(2,3) 8 8 dx2 (x,y)=(2,3)

Solve:
1 2

1 1
d2 y  −2 8
− 8
− 8
+2
= .
dx2 (x,y)=(2,3) 6+2

Answer:

VI Consider the function y = f (x) whose graph is shown below.

Match the expression in the left column with the correct correspond-
ing value in the right column.

f 0 (0) −6

f 0 (0.9) 0

f 0 (1) 3

f 0 (1.732) 0.6
 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Answer: For positive x, the slope of the tangent line is decreasing as x increases, so
f 0 (0) > f 0 (0.9) > f 0 (1) > f 0 (1.732). The only possibility is f 0 (0) = 3, f 0 (0.9) = 0.6,
f 0 (1) = 0, f 0 (1.732) = −6.

Answer:

VII Prove the product rule (f g)0 = f 0 g + f g 0 using the definition

of the derivative, high school algebra, and the appropriate limit laws.
Justify each step.
Answer: Let w(x) = f (x)g(x) and assume that f and g are differentiable.

w(x + h) − w(x)
w0 (x) = lim (1)
h→0 h
f (x + h)g(x + h) − f (x)g(x)
= lim (2)
h→0 h
f (x + h) − f (x) g(x + h) − g(x)
= lim g(x + h) + f (x) (3)
h→0 h h
f (x + h) − f (x) g(x + h) − g(x)
= lim lim g(x + h) + f (x) lim (4)
h→0 h h→0 h→0 h
= f 0 (x)g(x) + f (x)g 0 (x). (5)

Reasons:
(1) Definition of w0 (x).
(2) Definition of w(x).
(3) High school algebra.
(4) Limit laws.
(5) Definition of f 0 (x), continuity of g(x), and definition of g 0 (x).
In step (5) we used the fact that a differentiable function is continuous. Here is the
proof:
 
lim g(x + h) − g(x) = lim (g(x + h) − g(x))
h→0 h→0
g(x + h) − g(x)
= lim ·h
h→0 h
g(x + h) − g(x)
= lim · lim h
h→0 h h→0

= g 0 (x) · 0 = 0.

so lim g(x + h) = g(x), i.e. g is continuous.

h→0

Calculus 221 - Second Exam (Two Hours)

Thursday October 24 1996

e5x
I (a) Find f 0 (x) if f (x) = .
1 +2xe2x
5e5x (1 + e2x ) − e
5x
· 2e
Answer: f 0 (x) = .
(1 + e2x )2
dθ
(b) Find when θ = sin−1 (t2 ).
dt 2 −1
Answer: Let y = t so θ = sin (y). Then
dθ dθ dy 1 2t
= = p · 2t = √ .
dt dy dt 1 − y2 1 − t4

II After 3 days a sample of radon-222 decayed to 58% of its orig-

inal amount.
(a) What is the half life of radon-222?
Answer: Let Y be the amount of radon-222 at time t and Y0 be the amount when
t = 0. Thus Y = Y0 ect for all time t. When t = 3 we have Y = 0.58Y0 . Hence
ln(0.58)
0.58Y0 = Y0 ec3 . Apply ln to find c: c = . The half life is the time τ when
3
ln(0.5) 3 ln(0.5)
Y = 0.5Y0 i.e. 0.5Y0 = Y0 ecτ . Apply ln to find τ : τ = = .
c ln(0.58)

(b) How long would it take for the sample to decrease to 10% of its
original amount?
Answer: The desired time t satisfies 0.10Y0 = Y0 ect . To find t cancel Y + 0 and apply
ln(0.10) 3 ln(0.10)
ln : t = = .
c ln(0.58)

III
√ (a) Find the inverse function g(y) to the function f (x) =
9 + x.
√
Answer: For y ≥ 0 we have y = 9 + x ⇐⇒ y 2 = 9 + x ⇐⇒ x = y 2 − 9. Thus
g(y) = f −1 (y) = y 2 − 9.

(b) What is the domain of f (x)?

Answer: When a function is given by a formula, the domain is the set of x for which
the formula is meaningful, unless the contrary is asserted. The domain of f is x ≥ −9.

(c) What is the domain of g(y)?

Answer: The formula defining g(y) is meaningful for all y, but g is defined to be the
inverse function to f . Hence domain(g) = range(f ). Thus domain(g) is the set of all
y ≥ 0.

IV You are videotaping a race from a stand 132 feet from the
track, following a car that is moving at a constant velocity along a
straight track. When the car is directly in front of you, the camera
angle θ is changing at a rate of

dθ  6
 = radians per second.
dt θ=0 43


B
B
B
θB
B
B
132 B
B
B
B
B
B
B
- BB
car
(a) How fast is the car going?
Answer: Choose coordinates so that the car moves along the x-axis and the viewing
stand is on the y-axis at the point Q(0, 132). Let P (x, 0) be the position of the car.
Let t be the time in seconds and suppose t = 0 is the time when the car is directly in
front of you. Let θ be the angle between the y-axis and QP . We are given that
dx dθ  6

= v is constant, and = .
dt dt t=0 43


Since
x = 132 tan θ
we have
dx dθ
v= = (132 sec2 θ) ·
dt dt
so evaluating at t = 0 gives:
dθ  6

v = 132 · = 132 · .
dt t=0 43


(b) How fast will the camera angle θ be changing a half second later?
Answer: The position of the car at time t is

x = vt

since v is constant. Thus

vt
 
θ = tan−1 .
132
By the chain rule:
dθ 1 v
 
=
·
vt 2
.
dt 1 + 132 132

Evaluate at t = 1/2 and plug in the value of the constant v which we found above:

dθ  1 v 1 6
    
=
2 · =
2 · .
dt t=1/2 132 43
 v 3
1 + 2·132 1+ 43

V Find sin−1 (sin(3)) exactly. Justify your reasoning.

π π
Answer: For − ≤θ≤ we have
2 2
θ = sin−1 (sin(3)) ⇐⇒ sin(θ) = sin(3).
π π
Also sin(π − 3) = sin(3) and − ≤ π − 3 ≤ . Therefore sin−1 (sin(3)) = π − 3. (The
2 2
horizontal line y = sin(3) intersects the curve y = sin(theta) infinitely often.)
VI (a) Find the equation for the tangent line to y = ln(x) at the
point x = 1.
Answer: The equation for the tangent line is y = L(x) where L(x) is the linear
approximation of y = ln(x) at x = 1. Using the formula

L(x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a)

with f (x) = ln x and a = 1 and f 0 (x) = 1/x we get f (1) = ln(1) = 0, f 0 (1) = 1 and so

L(x) = 0 + 1 · (x − 1) = (x − 1).

(b) Find the quadratic approximation Q(x) to the function f (x) =

ln x at 1.
Answer: Using the formula

f 00 (a)(x − a)2
Q(x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − 1) +
2
with f (x) = ln(x). we get f 0 (x) = 1/x, f 00 (x) = −1/x2 so f 00 (1) = −1 and hence

(x − 1)2
Q(x) = (x − 1) − .
2

(c) Estimate ln(1.1) without a calculator.

Answer: ln(1.1) ≈ Q(1.1) = 0.1 − (0.1)2 /2 = 0.095.

n
2

VII lim 1 +
Find n→∞ . Justify your steps.
n
Answer: Using the formula m
1

e = lim 1+ (♥)
m→∞ m
implies
n/2 n 1/2
2 2
  
e = lim 1+ = lim 1+ .
n→∞ n n→∞ n
so squaring gives:
2 n
 
lim= e2 1+
n→∞ n
The wording of the question leaves some doubt as to whether the professor wants a
proof of (♥). To be on the safe side we’ll provide it:
1
 
m  m ln 1 + − ln(1)
1 1 ln(1 + h) − ln(1)
  
ln lim 1+ = lim ln 1 + = lim m = lim .
m→∞ m m→∞ m m→∞ 1/m h→0 h
The limit on the right is the derivative of the ln(x) evaluated at x = 1. This is
ln0 (1) = 1/1 = 1 so
m
1 1

ln lim 1 + =1 so lim 1 + = e.
m→∞ m m→∞ m
You can also use l’Hospital’s rule.

VIII Suppose g is the inverse function to f (x) = x5 + x + 1. Find

g 0 (1) and g 0 (3)
Answer: x = g(y) ⇐⇒ y = f (x). Since f (0) = 1 we have g(1) = 0. Since f (1) = 3
we have g(3) = 1. Now g(f (x)) = 1 so by the chain rule
1 1
g 0 (f (x)) = = .
f 0 (x) 5x4 + 1
When x = 0 this gives
1
g 0 (1) = g 0 (f (0)) = =1
5 · 04 + 1
When x = 1 this gives
1 1
g 0 (3) = g 0 (f (1)) = = .
5 · 14 + 1 6

IX (a) If f (x) = xln x what is f 0 (x)?

2
Answer: x = eln x so xln x = e(ln x) . Hence by the Chain Rule
2
d (ln x)2 2 d 2 d e(ln x) 2(ln x)
f 0 (x) = e = e(ln x) (ln x)2 = e(ln x) 2(ln x) ln x = .
dx dx dx x

du
(b) Express in terms of t and u if u = t ln(t + u).
dt
Answer: Use implicit dfifferentiation:
du t du
 
= ln(t + u) + · 1+ .
dt t+u dt
Solve for du/dt:
t du t
 
1− = ln(t + u) + ;
t+u dt t+u
so −1 
du t t
 
= 1− ln(t + u) + .
dt t+u t+u
 sin t
X (a) Find lim .
t→0 t3 −t
Answer: By l’Hospital’s Rule:
sin t cos t
lim = lim 2 = −1.
t→0 t3 − t t→0 3t − 1

(b) Find lim ln(2x + 1) − ln(x).

x→∞
2x + 1 1
   
Answer: ln(2x + 1) − ln(x) = ln = ln 2 +
. Hence
x x
1
 
lim ln(2x + 1) − ln(x) = ln lim 2 + = ln(2).
x→∞ x→∞ x

Calculus 221 - Third Exam (50 Minutes)

Friday December 6 1996

I The second derivative of a function f (x) satisfies

f 00 (x) = 12x2 − 4.
Moreover, f 0 (0) = 0 and f (1) = 0.
(a) Find the function f (x).
Answer: f 0 (x) = 4x3 − 4x + C1 so 0 = f 0 (0) = C1 so f 0 (x) = 4x3 − 4x. f (x) =
x4 − 2x2 + C2 so 0 = f (1) = 14 − 2 · 12 + C2 so f (x) = x4 − 2x2 + 1.

(b) Draw a graph of f (x). Indicate all asymptotes (if any), local
maxima and minima, inflection points, intervals where f is increas-
ing, intervals where f is concave up like a cup.
Answer:
x f (x) f 0 (x) f 00 (x)
−∞ ∞ no hor asymp
x < −1 − + ↓, CU
−1 0 0 + local min
√
−1 < x < −1/ 3 + + ↑, CU
√
−1/ 3 + 0 inflection
√
−1/ 3 < x < 0 + − ↑, CD
0 1 0 − local max
√
0 < x < 1/ 3 − − ↓, CD
√
1/ 3 − 0 inflection
√
1/ 3 < x < 1 − + ↓, CU
1 0 0 + local min
1<x + + ↑, CU
∞ ∞ no hor asymp
 1.4 f(x)
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Z 4 √
II (a) Evaluate x − 1 dx.
3
Answer:
4
√
Z 4
2 2 2
x − 1 dx = (x − 1)3/2  = · 33/2 − · 23/2

3
3 3 3 3

Z 3 cos(1/t)
(b) Evaluate dt.
2 t2 2
Answer: Let u = 1/t so du = −dt/t and t = 2 =⇒ u = 1/2, t = 3 =⇒ u = 1/3. Thus
Z 3 Z 1/3
cos(1/t)
dt = − cos u du = − sin(1/3) + sin(1/2).
2
t2 1/2

d Zx
III (a) Evaluate sin(t4 ) dt.
0
dx
4
x2
Answer: If F (t) = sin(t ) then
Z x  
d d
4
sin(t ) dt = F (x) − F (x2 ) = F 0 (x) − F 0 (x2 )2x = sin(x4 ) − sin(x8 )2x.
dx x2
dx

Z x d
(b) Evaluate sin(t4 ) dt
x2 dt
 d
Answer: If F (t) = sin(t4 ) then sin(t4 ) = F 0 (t) so
dt
Z x
d
sin(t4 ) dt = F (x) − F (x2 ) = sin(x4 ) − sin(x8 ).
x2
dt

1 Z 3+h 3 √ 2
IV Evaluate lim x x − 1 dx.
h→0 h 3
Answer: The key step in the proof of the Fundamental Theorem is
Z a+h
lim f (x) dx = f (a).
h→0
a

Hence Z 3+h
1 p p
lim x3 x2 − 1 dx = 33 32 − 1.
h→0 h 3

V (a) The numbers a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn = b divide

the closed interval [a, b] into n tiny intervals of equal length. Give a
formula for xi , the right endpoint of the i-th interval.
i(b − a) b−a
Answer: xi = a + . Note that ∆xi = xi − xi−1 =
n n
n  7
X 3i 3
(b) Evaluate lim 5+ . Hint: This is a Riemann sum
n→∞
i=1 n n
where x∗i = xi .
Answer: If a = 5 and b = 8 then xi = 5 + 3i
n
and ∆xi = 3/n. If f (x) = x7 then
n  b 8
8
x8  88 58
7 Z Z
X 3i 3 7
lim 5+ = f (x) dx = x dx = = − .
n→∞ n n a 5
8 5  8 8
i=1

VI An athlete is at point A on a bank of a straight river, 3 km

wide and wants to reach B, 8 km downstream on the opposite bank,
as quickly as possible. He will row to a point X, x km downstream
and on the side opposite A and then run along the shore to B. If
he rows at 6 km/hour and runs at 8 km/hour, what should x be?
Answer: See Text Page 297 Example 4.
VII Find positive numbers A and B such that
Z 3 √
0<A≤ 1 + x2 dx ≤ B
1
√
The graph of f (x) = 1 + x2 is shown below. There is no ‘best’
answer here. What counts is the reasoning. The answers A =
0.000001 and B = 1000000 are correct provided that you can prove
the above inequality.

f(x)
4

-1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Z b Z b
Answer: A crucial property of integration is that f (x) dx ≤ g(x) dx if f (x) ≤
√ √ √ a a
g(x) for a ≤ x ≤ b. Since 2 ≤ 1 + x2 ≤ 10 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3. We have

√
Z 3 √
Z 3 p Z 3 √ √
2 2= 2 dx ≤ 1 + x2 dx ≤ 10 dx = 2 10.
1 1 1

Calculus 221 - Final Exam (Two Hours)

Monday December 16 1996

I In each of the following, find dy/dx.

(a) y = sin x.
dy
Answer: = cos x.
dx
(b) y = (sin x)−1 .
dy − cos x
Answer: = .
dx (sin x)2

(c) y = sin(x−1 ).
dy
= cos(x−1 ) (−x−2 )


Answer:
dx
(d) y = sin−1 (x).
dy 1
Answer: = √ .
dx 1 − x2

II Evaluate the integral.

cos x dx
Z
(a) .
sin x
Z 2
(b) x sin(x2 ) dx.
1
Z 2
(c) |x3 | dx
−1

III Evaluate the limit.

x3 − 1
(a) lim 2 .
x→1 x − 1

3sin x − 1
(b) lim .
x→0 sin x
n
4i 4
X  
(c) n→∞
lim cos 3 +
i=1 n n

IV (a) Find an equation for the tangent line to the curve y 2 +

x cos(y) = π 2 − 3 at the point (x, y) = (3, π).
x−3
Answer: y − π = .
2π
(b) A function f (x) satisfies the identity f (x)2 +x cos(f (x)) = π 2 −3
and moreover f (3) = π. Find the linearization L(x) of f (x) at 3.
Hint: Note the similarity to part (a).
 x−3
Answer: L(x) = π + .
2π

√
V (a) Find the point on the curve y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 which is
closest to (2, 0).
√
(b) Find the point on the curve y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 which is farthest
from (2, 0).

VI The count in a bacteria culture was 400 after 2 hours and

25,600 after 8 hours.
(a) Give a formula for the count after t hours.
Answer: The general formula is N = N0 ekt . We are given t = 2 =⇒ N = 400 and
t = 8 =⇒ N = 25, 600; i.e.

400 = N0 e2k , 25, 600 = N0 e8k .

Dividing gives 64 = e6k so (as 26 = 64) ek = 2 and N0 = 400/22 = 100. Thus

N = 100 · 2t .

(b) How long does it take for the count to double?

Answer: From N = 100 · 2t it follows that the count doubles every hour.

x
VII Let f (x) =
16 + x3
(a) Find the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum of f (x)
on the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 4,
Answer: The derivative
(16 + x3 ) − x(3x2 ) 16 − 2x3
f 0 (x) = 3 2
=
(16 + x ) (16 + x3 )2
vanishes at x = 2. Moreover f (1) = 1/17, f (2) = 1/12, and f (4) = 1/20. Therefore
the maximum value is 1/12 and the minimum is 1/20.

(b) Find positive numbers A and B such that

Z 4 x dx
0<A≤ ≤ B.
1 16 + x3
You must justify your answer.
Answer: If m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for a ≤ x ≤ b then
Z b
m(b − a) ≤ f (x) dx ≤ M (b − a).
a

Therefore Z 4
1 x dx 1
(4 − 1) ≤ ≤ (4 − 1).
20 1
16 + x3 12

VIII A particle moves along a straight line so that its velocity at

time t is
ds
v= = t3 − 4t = (t2 − 4)t
dt
where t is the time in minutes.
(a) Write an integral which gives the displacement (the net change
in position) during the first five minutes.
(b) Write an integral which gives the total distance travelled during
the first five minutes.

IX A tank is constructed by rotating the area bounded by the

y-axis, the line y = π/2 and the curve x = sin y about the y-axis.
(Note: Not about the x-axis.) Assume that the unit of length is
feet.
2

1.5

x = sin y
0.5

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(a) Write a definite integral which gives the volume of this tank.
You need not evaluate the integral.
(b) The tank is being filled with water at the rate of 7 cubic feet
per minute. How fast is the water level h increasing when h = π/3
feet? Hint: What is the volume of the water when the water level
is h?

Calculus 221 Quiz

Monday Sep 15, 1997 (25 Minutes)

z
1 ! =
x
a
y
z yz az ayz
a) b) c) d)
axy ax xy x

e) None of the above.

z z y zy
Answer: (b)  =  · = .
x x y ax
a a
y y

(a + 3)8
2 =
(a + 3)2
a) (a + 3)4 b) (a + 1)6 c) a6 + 36 d) a4 + 34

e) None of the above.

(a + 3)8
Answer: (e) = (a + 3)6 .
(a + 3)2

2w 6t
2 − =
3 w
2w − 6t 2w − 6t 2(w − t)
a) b) c) d) 2w2 − 18t
3−w 3w 3w

e) None of the above.

 2w 6t 2w2 18t 2w2 − 18t
Answer: (e) − = − = .
3 w 3w 3w 3w

x−1
4 lim =
x→1 x2 − 1

1
a) 0 b) 1 c) ∞ d)
2
e) None of the above.
x−1 x−1 1 1
Answer: (d) lim = lim = lim = .
x→1 x2 − 1 x→1 (x − 1)(x + 1) x→1 x + 1 2

18vw2
5 =
(3v 2 w2 )3
6 6 2 2
a) b) c) d)
v3 v 4 w3 3v 4 w3 3v 5 w4
e) None of the above.
18vw2 18vw2 2
Answer: (d) 2 2 3
= = 5 4.
(3v w ) 27v 6 w6 3v w

√
6 4a2 + 16 =
√ √ √
a) 2 a + 2 b) 2 a2 + 4 c) 2a + 4 d) a 20

e) None of the above.

√ p √ √ √
Answer: (b) 4a2 + 16 = 4(a2 + 4) = 4 a2 + 4 = 2 a2 + 4.

The following two questions are related.

4
x−
7 x =
4
2−
x
 x x+2 x2 − 1 (x2 − 4)(2x − 4)
a) b) c) d)
2 2 2x − 1 x2

e) None of the above.

4 4
x− x− 2
Answer: (b) x = x · x = x − 4 = (x + 2)(x − 2) = x + 2 .
4 4 x 2x − 4 2(x − 2) 2
2− 2−
x x

4
x−
8 lim x =
x→2 4
2−
x
a) 1 b) ∞ c) 2 d) Does not exist

e) None of the above.

4
x− x+2 2+2
Answer: (c) lim x = lim = = 2.
x→2 4 x→2 2 2
2−
x
The following two questions are related.

9 (2x − a)(x−1 − 2a−1 ) =

2x − a (2x − a)2
a) 0 b) 4 c) d) −
x − 2a ax

e) None of the above.

ax (2x − a)(a − 2x)
Answer: (d) (2x−a)(x−1 −2a−1 ) = (2x−a)(x−1 −2a−1 )· = =
ax ax
(2x − a)2
− .
ax

10 lim (2x − a)(x−1 − 2a−1 ) =

x→a

a) 0 b) 4 c) Does not exist d) ∞

e) None of the above.

 (2x − a)2 (2a − a)2 a2
Answer: (e) lim (2x − a)(x−1 − 2a−1 ) = lim − =− 2
=− 2 =
x→a x→a ax a a
−1.

1 2
 
11 lim − 2 =
x→1 x−1 x −1
1 1
a) 0 b) c) ∞ d)
x+1 2

e) None of the above. 

1 2 x+1 2 x−1
  
Answer: (d) lim − = lim − 2 = lim =
x→1 x−1 x2 − 1 x→1 x2 − 1 x −1 x→1 x2 − 1
1 1
lim = .
x→1 x+1 2

2x + 3
12 lim =
x→∞ 5x + 6
a) 0 b) 1/2 c) ∞ d) Does not exist

e) None of the above.

3
2x + 3 2+ 2
Answer: (e) lim = lim x = .
x→∞ 5x + 6 x→∞ 6 5
5+
x
Read carefully. The following two questions are different.

√ √
2+h− 2
13 lim =
h→0 h
√ 1
a) 2 b) √ c) ∞ d) 0
2 2

e) None of the above. √ √

√ √ √ √
2+h− 2 ( 2 + h − 2) ( 2 + h + 2) (2 + h) − 2
Answer: (b) lim = lim · √ √ = lim √ √ =
h→0 h h→0 h ( 2 + h + 2) h→0 h( 2 + h + 2)
1 1
lim √ √ = √ .
h→0 2+h+ 2 2 2
 √ √
2+h− 2
14 lim =
h→∞ h
√ 1
a) 2 b) √ c) ∞ d) 0
2 2

e) None of the above.

√ √ r r
2+h− 2 2 1 2 √ √
Answer: (d) lim = lim 2
+ − 2
= 0 + 0 − 0 = 0.
h→∞ h h→∞ h h h

1
 
15 lim cos =
x→∞ x
a) 0 b) 1 c) ∞ d) Does not exist

e) None of the above.

1 1
  
Answer: (b) lim cos = cos lim = cos(0) = 1
x→∞ x x→∞ x

cos x
16 lim =
x→∞ x
a) 0 b) 1 c) ∞ d) Does not exist

e) None of the above.

cos x
Answer: (a) lim = 0 by the Squeeze Theorem as
x→∞ x
1 cos x 1
− ≤ ≤
x x x
for x > 0.

Calculus 221 Exam

Tuesday October 7, 1997

dy d2 y 1
I Find and 2 if y = .
dx dx 1 + x2
Answer:
 x17 − 1
II What is lim ?
x→1 x − 1
Answer:

III Find f 0 (t) and f 00 (t) if f (t) = (1 + tp )q . (Here p and q are

constants.)
Answer:

IV A function y = f (x) is implicitly given by the equation

y 3 + y = 2x2
Note that the points (x, y) = (−1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1) lie on the graph.
Complete the following table:

x −1 0 1

f (x)

f 0 (x)

f 00 (x)

Answer:

V A tank holds 600 cubic feet of water which drains from the
bottom in 10 minutes. According to Torricelli’s Law, the volume of
water remaining in the tank after t minutes is
2
t

V = 600 1 − .
10
(a) How fast is the volume decreasing at time t = 2?
Answer:

(b) The tank is a cylinder whose base has area 100 square feet. Find
the water level h and its rate of decrease at time t = 2.
Answer:
VI The functions f (x) and g(x) are differentiable and the fol-
lowing table gives some of the values of f (x) and g(x) and their
derivatives. Use these data to answer questions (a) - (e) below. If
there is not enough information given to determine some answer,
write “INSUFFICIENT DATA”.

x 2 3 5 7
f (x) 4 7 2 −2
0
f (x) 3 5 −1 −3
g(x) 3 3 7 2
g 0 (x) −2 5 3 2

(a) Find f (g(x2 + 1)) when x = 2.

Answer:

(b) Find f 0 (x2 + 1) when x = 2.

Answer:

d 
(c) Find f (x2 + 1) .

dx x=2
Answer:

d 
(d) Find f (g(x)) .

dx 
x=2
Answer:

(d) Find the equation for the tangent line to y = f (x) at the point
P (2, f (2)).
Answer:

VII The entire length of the underside of the hour hand of a

clock is coated with a thick blue dye which rubs off on the face of
the clock leaving a circular blue sector. The length of the hour hand
is 7 inches. The minute hand of the clock has been removed. The
clock is started a noon with a clean face.
(a) How fast is the area of blue sector increasing two hours later?
 φ

Answer:

(b) How fast is the distance from the tip to the top increasing two
hours later? (“tip” means the end of the hour hand, “top” is the
position of the tip at noon. Both tip and top are always 7 inches
from the center of the clock.)
Answer:

VIII Prove that the derivative of the sine function is the cosine
function.
In your proof you may use the Limit Laws and high school algebra
without further justification. You need not prove that the sine and
cosine functions are continuous. You may use without proof the
formulas
sin(h) cos(h) − 1
lim = 1, lim = 0.
h→0 h h→0 h
Answer:

Calculus 221 Exam

Thursday October 23, 1997

dy d2 y 2
I (1) Find and 2 if y = e−x .
dx dx
Answer:

(2) Find f 0 (x) if f (x) = log5 (x2 − x)

Answer:

II Evaluate each limit. Simplify your answers; i.e. do not leave

inverse trig functions in the final form.
 x
 
(1) lim cos−1
x→1 x+1
Answer:

(2) lim tan−1 (x4 )

x→∞
Answer:
eu + e4u
(3) lim
u→∞ e2u + e3u
Answer:

III Find the quadratic approximation to f (x) = ln(x) near 1 and

use it to approximate the number ln(1.1).
Answer:

IV If g is the inverse function to f (x) = x + x2 + ex , find g 0 (1).

V Radioactive strontium has a half life of 25 years.

(1) Give a formula for the mass of strontium that remains from a
sample of 18 grams after t years.
Answer:

(2) How long would it take for the mass to decay to 2 grams?
Answer:

(3) What is the rate of decay (in grams per year) when there are 2
grams left?
Answer:

VI Let C(x) = e3x + e−3x and S(x) = e3x − e−3x .

(1) Express S 0 (x) in tems of C(x).
Answer:

(2) Draw the graph of y = C(x)2 − S(x)2 .

Answer:

VII Let f (x) = arctan(x). State and derive the formula for f 0 (x).
You may assume without proof the formula for the derivative of the
tangent function. (Note: arctan(x) = tan−1 (x) 6= (tan x)−1 .)
Answer:

VIII An extraterrestial bug swarm occupies a spherical ball in

orbit about the planet Venus. The number of bugs grows exponen-
tially at a rate of 9% per hour, i.e. the growth constant is k = 0.09.
The volume of the spherical bug ball is proportional to the number
of bugs in the ball, the density of bugs being c = 106 bugs per cubic
meter. There are initially N0 = 1015 bugs present.
(1) Write a formula for the number N of bugs present after t hours.
Answer:

(2) Write formulas for the volume V , the radius R, and the surface
area A of the bug sphere after t hours.
Answer:

(3) How fast is the surface area of the bug sphere increasing after 3
hours?
Answer:

Calculus 221 Exam

Thursday November 20, 1997

3 1
I Graph f (x) = − 3 for x > 0. Indicate all horizontal and
x x
vertical asymptotes, critical points, and points of inflection.
Answer:

II Find an equation for the line through the point (3, 5) that cuts
off the least area from the first quadrant.

@
@
@
@
• (3, 5)
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
Answer:

Z 6
III (a) Evaluate |2x−4| dx by interpreting the definite integral
0
as an area.
Answer:
Z 1/2 √
(b) Evaluate 1 − x2 dx by interpreting the definite integral as
0 √
an area. Hint: Sketch y = 1 − x2 and write the area in question
as the area of a sector plus the area of a triangle.
Answer:

IV State the Mean Value Theorem and use it to prove that a

function whose derivative is positive on an interval is increasing on
that interval.
Answer:

Z 3 1 1 2 1 2
 
V (a) Show that dx ≤ 1+ + + . (Give a picture
1 x 2 3 2 5
and an explanation.)
Answer:
Z 3 1
(b) Find a number A > 2/3 such that A ≤ dx. (Justify your
1 x
answer.)
Answer:

Z 9
VI (a) Find (3f (x) − 4g(x)) dx given that
2
Z 7 Z 9 Z 9
f (x) dx = 3, f (x) dx = 4, g(x) dx = 2,
2 7 2

Answer:
n
!
3k X 3
(b) Express the limit lim ln 5 + as a definite integral.
k=1 n n
n→∞
Answer:
 n
!
X 3 3k
(c) Is the finite sum ln 5 + bigger or smaller than the
k=1 n n
integral in part (b)? (Give reason.)
Answer:

VII Find f (x) if f 0 (x) = x3 − 1 and the absolute minimum value

of f (x) is 0.
Answer:

Calculus 221 Quiz

Wednesday December 10, 1997 (30 Minutes)

Z x t dt
I (a) Evaluate F (x) = .
0 1 + t2
Answer:

(b) Find F 0 (x).

Answer:

II Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the

y-axis the region bounded on the left by the line x = 3, on the right
by the line x = 4, below by the line y = 1, and above by the curve
y = (25 − x2 )1/3 .
Answer:

d Z x3
III (a) Find sin(t4 ) dt.
dx x2
Answer:
Z t3 d
(b) Find sin(x4 ) dx.
t2 dx
Answer:
 Calculus 221 Final Exam
Monday December 15, 1997

dy
I (a) Find when y = ln(2 + ex ).
dx
Answer:
d2 y
(b) Find for y as in (a).
dx2
Answer:

Z 3 x2 dx
II (a) Evaluate .
2 x3 − 1
Answer:
!
1 Z x sin(t)
(b) Evaluate lim dt .
x→3 x − 3 3 t
Answer:

III A population of bacteria triples in three hours. Assuming

exponential growth, how long does it take to double?
Answer:

IV Find the points on the hyperbola y 2 − x2 = 4 which are closest

to the point (2, 0).
Answer:

V (a) Find the equation for the tangent line to the curve y 2 =
x3 + 3 at the point (x, y) = (1, 2).
Answer:

(b) Is this tangent line above the curve? Why or why not?
Answer:

n 5
"  #
X 2i 2
VI (a) Evaluate n→∞
lim 3 1+ −6 .
i=1 n n
Answer:
(b) Evaluate lim tan−1 (x).
x→∞
Answer:

VII The velocity function for a particle moving along a line is

v(t) = 3t − 12, 0 ≤ t ≤ 5.
(a) Find the displacement (net change in position) from t = 0 to
t = 5.
Answer:

(b) Find the total distance travelled from t = 0 to t = 5. (Note that

the velocity changes sign.)
Answer:

Z x dt
VIII Find the interval on which the curve y = is
0 1 + t + t2
concave up.
Answer:

IX Find the volume generated by revolving the √region bounded by

the lines x = a, x = b, y = 0 and the curve y = 1 − x2 about the
x-axis. (Assume that a and b are constants and 0 < a < b < 1.)

x=a x=b
x=1
Answer:
X State and prove the formula for the derivative of the inverse
sine function sin−1 (x). You may assume without proof that the
derivative of the sine function is the cosine function.
Answer:

EXTRA CREDIT A high speed train accelerates at (1/2) meter/sec2

until it reaches its maximum cruising speed of 30 meters per sec-
ond; after it reaches this maximum cruising speed it remains at that
speed. If it starts from rest, how far will it go in 10 minutes?

Calculus 221 - First Exam

Tuesday October 6, 1998

I Find the limit. If the limit does not exist, write DNE. (Dis-
tinguish between a limit which is infinite and one which does not
exist.)
5x2 + 6
a) lim =
x→∞ 7x2 + 8x + 9
Answer:
9
x−
b) lim x =
x→3 3
1−
x
Answer:
1
 
c) lim cos =
x→∞ x
Answer:
cos x
d) lim =
x→∞ x
Answer:

√
II Suppose that f (x) = 25 − x2 .
a) Find the first derivative f 0 (x).
Answer:

b) Find the second derivative f 00 (x).

Answer:
c) Write an equation for the tangent line to the curve y = f (x) at
the point (3, 4).
Answer:

III Suppose that u(x) and v(x) are differentiable. Let

u(x)
f (x) =
v(x)
Prove the quotient rule:
u0 (x)v(x) − u(x)v 0 (x)
f 0 (x) =
v(x)2
Answer:

IV Find the limit. If the limit does not exist, write DNE. (Dis-
tinguish between a limit which is infinite and one which does not
exist.)
Answer:

a) lim tan(x) =
x→π
Answer:

b) lim tan(x) =
x→π/2−
Answer:

c) x→∞
lim tan(x) =
Answer:

d) lim tan(x) =
x→−π/2
Answer:
!
1
e) lim tan(x) + =
x→π/4 tan(x)
Answer:
1
f ) lim =
x→π/2 tan(x)
Answer:

Hint: Below is part of the graph of y = tan(x).

 4

-2

-4

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

V Find an equation for the tangent line to the curve y 5 +y −x = 0

at the point (2, 1).
Answer:

VI A ladder 10 feet long rests against a vertical wall. If the

bottom of the ladder slides away from the wall at the rate of 7 feet
per minute, how fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall
when the bottom of the ladder is 6 feet from the wall?
Answer:

VII a) State the definition of the derivative f 0 (x) of a function

f (x).
Answer:

b) (125)4/3 =? (Circle one.)

5 25 125 625 3125 none of these
Answer:

c) Use your knowledge of differentiation to estimate the number

(127)4/3 − (125)4/3
.
2
approximately without a calculator. Your answer should have the
form p/q where p and q are integers.
Answer:

Calculus 221 Exam

Thursday November 12, 1998

3
I Graph the function f (x) = ex /3 . Be sure to indicate all asymp-
totes, all critical points, all points of inflection, all intervals where
the function is increasing, decreasing, concave up, concave down.
Answer:

3 /3
II Consider the function f (x) = ex from the previous problem.
Is there a function g(y) such that

y = f (x) ⇐⇒ x = g(y)?

(In other words, does the function f have an inverse function?) If

yes, give a formula for g(y). If no, say why not.
Answer:

III A population of bacteria doubles every two days. How long

does it take to triple? (The population grows exponentially.)
Answer:

IV The simplest version of l’Hospital’s rule says that

f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0
x→a g(x) x→a g (x)

whenever
(1) the functions f (x) and g(x) are differentiable,
(2) the derivatives f 0 (x) and g 0 (x) are continuous,
(3) f (a) = g(a) = 0, and
(4) g 0 (a) 6= 0.
Prove this. Give a reason for each step.
Answer:

V Evaluate the following limits:

sin x
(a) lim x
x→0 e
Answer:
1 − cos x
(b) lim
x→0 x2
Answer:

(c) lim (1 − 2x)1/x

x→0
Answer:

VI A cylindrical can is made to hold 50 cubic inches of soup. Find

the dimensions that will minimize the area of the can. Don’t forget
that the top and bottom of the can have area as well as the side.
(The area of the side is the perimeter of the circular top times the
height of the can.)
Answer:

VII The hyperbolic functions

ex − e−x ex + e−x
sinh(x) = , cosh(x) =
2 2
satisfy the identity
sinh2 (x) − cosh2 (x) = constant
Specify the constant and prove this identity.
Answer:

(b) Find the domain and range of the function f (x) = cosh(x).
Answer:

(c) Is there a function g such that

y = cosh(x) ⇐⇒ x = g(y)?
(In other words, does the function f (x) = cosh(x) have an inverse
function?) Why or why not? (The domain of g should be the range
of f and the range of g should be the domain of f .)
Answer:
 Calculus 221 - Final Exam
Tuesday, December 22, 1998

I Evaluate the following:

dy √
(a) where y = 1 − x2 .
dx
Answer:
dy
(b) where 3x2 + xy + y 2 = 9.
dx
Answer:
2n
(c) n→∞
lim .
n2
Answer:

II Evaluate the following:

Z 5
(a) x2 dx.
3
Answer:
Z 5 dx
(b) .
3 1 + x2
Answer:
Z 5 x dx
(c) .
3 1 + x2
Answer:

III Set up, but do not evaluate, an integral for the volume
of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the curves
y = x − 1, y = (x − 4)2 + 1,
about the line y = 7. Be sure to specify the limits of inte-
gration in your integral.

1 Z 2+h dx
IV (a) Evaluate lim .
h→0 h 2 1 + x3
Answer:

(b) Evaluate the derivative F 0 (x) of the function

Z sin x dt
F (x) = .
x2 1 + t3
Answer:

V The velocity v of a particle at time t is

2
v = e−t t.
How far does it go from time t = 3 to time t = 5?

487
(2 + 7k)2 . Your answer should not contain the
X
VI Evaluate
k=32 P
summation symbol , but you may leave any other arithmetic un-
done. You may use the formulas
n n
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
k2 =
X X
k= , .
k=1 2 k=1 6

VII Write a Riemann sum with 100 terms which approximates

Z 5
sin(x) dx. You need not simplify your answer. It should begin
3
100
X
with .
k=1

VIII (a) A hemispherical bowl of radius 10 inches is filled with

water to a height of h inches. How many cubic inches of water are
in the bowl?
Answer:

(b) If water is being added at a rate of 3 cubic inches per minute,

how fast is the water level h rising when the water level is 7 inches?
Answer:

IX Graph y = x4 − 2x2 after answering the following questions:

(a) On what intervals is the function increasing?
Answer:

(b) On what intervals is the function concave up?

Answer:
(c) What are the vertical and horizontal asymptotes?
Answer:

X Prove that if
w(x) = u(x)v(x)
and u(x) and v(x) are differentiable, then

w0 (x) = u0 (x)v(x) + u(x)v 0 (x).

In your proof you may use (without proof) the limit laws and the
fact that a differentiable function is continuous; however, you should
indicate where these facts are used in your proof.

XI The population of California grows exponentially at a rate of

2% per year. The population of California on January 1, 1990 was
20,000,000.
(a) Write a formula for the population N (t) of California t years
after January 1, 1990.
Answer:

(b) Each Californian consumes pizzas at the rate of 70 pizzas per

year. At what rate is California consuming pizzas t years after 1990?
Answer:

(c) How many pizzas are consumed in California from January 1,

1995 to January 1, 1999?
Answer: