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    Plant Reproduction: by Nick Tolosa

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    regine gamale
    Plant reproduction can occur asexually through fragmentation or apomixis, which produces genetically identical offspring but lacks genetic diversity. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, gametes, syngamy to form sporophytes which undergo meiosis to produce spores and restart the life cycle, introducing genetic variation. Seed plants evolved seeds which aid dispersal and protect embryos. Gymnosperms are non-flowering seed plants like conifers while angiosperms are flowering plants with enclosed seeds. Pollination transfers pollen between stamen and pistil allowing fertilization.

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    Plant Reproduction: by Nick Tolosa

    Uploaded by

    regine gamale
    23 views9 pages
    Plant reproduction can occur asexually through fragmentation or apomixis, which produces genetically identical offspring but lacks genetic diversity. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, gametes, syngamy to form sporophytes which undergo meiosis to produce spores and restart the life cycle, introducing genetic variation. Seed plants evolved seeds which aid dispersal and protect embryos. Gymnosperms are non-flowering seed plants like conifers while angiosperms are flowering plants with enclosed seeds. Pollination transfers pollen between stamen and pistil allowing fertilization.

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    It is all about the plant reproduction

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    tolosa

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    Plant reproduction can occur asexually through fragmentation or apomixis, which produces genetically identical offspring but lacks genetic diversity. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, gametes, syngamy to form sporophytes which undergo meiosis to produce spores and restart the life cycle, introducing genetic variation. Seed plants evolved seeds which aid dispersal and protect embryos. Gymnosperms are non-flowering seed plants like conifers while angiosperms are flowering plants with enclosed seeds. Pollination transfers pollen between stamen and pistil allowing fertilization.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views9 pages

    Plant Reproduction: by Nick Tolosa

    Uploaded by

    regine gamale
    Plant reproduction can occur asexually through fragmentation or apomixis, which produces genetically identical offspring but lacks genetic diversity. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, gametes, syngamy to form sporophytes which undergo meiosis to produce spores and restart the life cycle, introducing genetic variation. Seed plants evolved seeds which aid dispersal and protect embryos. Gymnosperms are non-flowering seed plants like conifers while angiosperms are flowering plants with enclosed seeds. Pollination transfers pollen between stamen and pistil allowing fertilization.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9

    Plant Reproduction

    By Nick Tolosa

    Table of Contents
     Introduction- Why Plants? / Evolutionary Fitness
     Asexual Reproduction
     Sexual Reproduction
     Seed Plants
     Seeds
     Fruits
     Gymnosperms
     Angiosperms
     Pollination

    Introduction
     Why Plants?

     Evolutionary Fitness?

    1
    Asexual Reproduction

    1.Any reproductive process that does not involve meiosis or


    syngamy

    2. Syngamy- Is the absence of the fusion two gametes.

    3. Meiosis- The reduction of the number of chromosomes and the


    production of either gametes or spores

    4. Genetically Identical Offspring

    5. Advantages-
    - Create individuals rapidly and in large numbers.
    - Sexual process is diverted.

    6. Disadvantages
    - Lack genetic diversity.

    Types of Asexual Reproduction

    1.Fragmentation- Separation of a part of a plant


    that can become later mature to a new plant.

    - Rhizomes- Horizontal Stem.

    - Potato Tubers-Fleshy Part of Root.

    - Kalanchoe Plants (Leaves).

    - Dandelions & Aspen Trees (Roots)

    Types of Asexual
    Reproduction
    2. Apomixis- Formation of a sporophyte without
    fertilization. (F.)

    3. Male Apomixis- formation of sporophyte


    exclusively because of pollen. (S.C.)

    2
    Asexual Reproduction : Apomixis
    1.Advantages of Apomixis
    - Assured reproduction without pollinators
    - Avoid Male Energy in Producing Pollen

    2.Disadvantages
    - Accumulation of Mutations
    - Lack Ability to adapt to changing
    environments

    Sexual Reproduction

    1.Reproduction that includes syngamy and


    meiosis
    2. Advantages
    - Genetic Diversity
    3.Disadvantages
    - Females capable of gestation
    - Search for mates
    - Chance of syngamy

    Sexual Reproduction : Structures


    4.Structures involved in sexual reproduction

    -Gametophyte- Structure Containing


    Haploid Cells formed by spores

    -Gametes- Male and Female Sex Cells

    - Sporophyte- Product of Syngamy

    - Spores- Product of Sporophyte through


    Meiosis.

    3
    Sexual Reproduction: (Life Cycle)
    Gametophyte

    ↓ Mitosis

    Gametes (Both Male and Female)

    ↓ Syngamy

    Sporophyte (diploid)

    ↓ Meiosis

    Spores (haploid)

    Gametophyte

    Asexual Reproduction v.s. Sexual Reproduction

    “ Sexual reproduction is a mechanism which


    secures the greatest possibilities or
    recombination of genetic differences. That is its
    one primary and universal function. All others
    derive from it. “ (Darlinton 1937).

    “Asexual reproduction, on the other hand, by short-


    circuiting the twin processes of meiosis and
    syngamy, eludes their consequences- gene
    segregation and recombination- and so freezes
    the flow of variation.” (Heslop 1981)

    Seed Plants

    1.Evolutionary Trend

    Nonvascular Plants---- Seedless


    Vascular Plants----Seed Plants
    (Spermatophyte)

    2. Spermatophyte - Seed Bearing Plants

    4
    Seeds
    1. Advantages of Seeds
    - Provides food for the sporophyte
    embryo
    - Provides Protection (Seed Coat)

    2. Dormancy of Embryo within Seeds


    - Germinates During favorable
    Condtions

    Seeds: Parts of the Seed

    -Cotyledons- Serve as the First Leaves & Absorb Food

    -Endosperm- Storage for Food

    -Embryo- Earliest Stage of Development

    -Seed Coat- Provides Protection

    -Epicotyl - Mature Leaves

    Seeds: Types of Seeds


    1.Monocotyledons
    (Monocots)- Contains One
    Cotyledon.
    -Wheat and Corn

    2.Dicotyledons (Dicots)-
    Contains Two Cotyledons.
    -Magnolia Flower and
    Beans

    5
    Seeds: Seed Dispersal
    1.Movement or Transport of Seeds from Parent
    Plants

    2.Benefits
    - Away from competition and Predators

    3. Types of Seed Dispersal


    - Hydrochory
    - Epizoochory
    - Wind

    Fruit
    Mature
     Ovary of Flowering Plant

    Formed to protect seed

    Aid in dispersal

    Fruit: Types
    1.Simple- Produced by a ripened
    ovary in a single Flower

    2. Aggregated- Fruit is a cluster of


    mature ovaries by a single
    flower

    3. Multiple Fruit- Many ripened


    ovaries on separate flowers

    6
    Fruit: Parts of the Fruit

    Exocarp-Tough skin Like texture


    Mesocarp-Sweet and fleshy texture
    Endocarp-Hard and stony and surrounds the seed

    Gymnosperms
    - Naked Seeds
    - Non-Flowering Seed Plants
    - Includes Cedar, Pine,
    Redwood, Hemlock and Firs
    - Usually Large
    - Much Secondary Growth
    (Vascular Cambium)
    - Leaves are usually evergreen
    needles or scales

    Gymnosperms: Life Cycle

    7
    Angiosperms
    Flowering
     Plants

    2. Enclosed Seeds

    3. Two Categories- Monocots & Dicots

    4. No Secondary Growth

    Angiosperms
    4. Differences between dicot and monocot
    - Monocots- Single Cotyledon, Pollen with
    single furrow or pore, Scattered Vascular
    Bundles

    - Dicots- Two cotyledons, Pollen with


    multiple furrows, Vascular bundles in a
    circle

    Angiosperm: Life Cycle

    8
    Angiosperm: Parts in
    Reproduction

    1.Stamen (Filament)- Male Reproductive


    Organ

    2.Anther- Pollen Bearing Structure

    3.Pistil (Carpel)- Female Reproductive


    Organs Stigma, Style, Ovary

    4..Stigma- Entrance to ovules for pollen


    grain

    5. Ovary

    Pollination
    1. Movement of Pollen from Stamen to Stigma

    2. Majority of Flowering Plants are hermaphroditic

    3. Able to Self Polinate

    4. Pollinating Agents (Abiotic and Biotic)

    5. Diversity

    References
    1. Darlington. C.D. 1937. Recent Advances in Cystology. The
    Evolution of Genetic Systems.

    2. Heslop. J.1981.Versatility of Flowering Plants: An Overview.


    Strategies of Plant Reproduction. 6:3-16.

    3. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu

    4. http://www.life.illinois.edu/help/digitalflowers

    5. www.google.com/images

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