MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTITUTION Quimanjan Baradi

Written Report
In
Integral Calculus
Submitted by:
Baradi, Judy Ann G.
Quimanjan,Menchie B.
Submitted to:
Mr. Richard Pendon
This section aims to:
1. Understand the process of miscellaneous substitution

2. Evaluate integrals using U-substitution and other method
MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTITUTION
If an Integrand is RATIONAL except for a radical of the form:

1. √𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 , then the substitution 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 = 𝒛𝒏 will replace it with a rational
𝒏
integrand
2. √𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 , then the substitution 𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 = (𝒛 − 𝒙)𝟐 will replace it

with a rational integrand.
3. √𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = √(𝜶 + 𝒙)(𝜷 − 𝒙) , then the substitution 𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 =

(𝜶 + 𝒙)𝟐 𝒛𝟐 or 𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = (𝜷 − 𝒙)𝟐 𝒛𝟐 will replace it with a rational Integrand.
1 + 𝑧2
2𝑧
x
𝑥
1 − 𝑧2
𝟏−𝒛𝟐 2𝑑𝑧
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 =
𝟐𝒛
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝑑𝑥 =
𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 1+𝑧 2
The substitution 𝑥 = 2 arctan 𝑧 will replace any rational function of
sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ A rational function of z, since
Example # 1
𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒙√𝟏−𝒙
Remember: following the rule, the number inside the radicand will be equal
to 𝒛𝟐 .
Let 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑧 2 then 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒙√𝟏−𝒙
So now let’s substitute the value
−2𝑧𝑑𝑧
= ∫ (1−𝑧 2 )𝑧
Place the constant outside the integral so;
𝑑𝑧
= −2 ∫
1−𝑧 2
1+𝑧
= −𝑙𝑛 |1−𝑧| + 𝐶
So now substitute the value of z which is √1 − 𝑥
1−√1−𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 | |+𝐶
1+√1−𝑥
Example 2
𝒅𝒙
∫
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐
Remember:
Let 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 = (𝒛 − 𝒙)𝟐
𝑧 2 −2 2(𝑧 2 +𝑧+2) 𝑧 2 +𝑧+2

𝑥= , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧 , √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 =
1+2𝑧 (1+2𝑧)2 1+2𝑧
𝒅𝒙
∫
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐
Substitute the value of 𝒅𝒙, 𝒙, √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 so we have:
2(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 2)
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 −2 𝑧2 + 𝑧 + 2
1 + 2𝑧 1 + 2𝑧
Move the constant outside the integral

𝑑𝑧
= 2∫
𝑧 2 −𝑧
1 𝑧−√2
= 𝑙𝑛 | |+C
√2 𝑧+√2
1 √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 − √2
= 𝑙𝑛 | |+𝐶
√2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 + √2
Example 3: Using u-Substitution

𝟐𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙 + 𝟏
Remember: In u-substitution, it’s the same just like an example a while
ago, the number inside the radicand will be represent as u
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝒖−𝟏
𝑢−1
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
𝑢 1 𝑎𝑚
= 2∫ 3
− 3
𝑑𝑢 ; Let’s use the exponent property = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑢 𝑢 𝑎𝑛
= 2 ∫(𝑢−2 − 𝑢−3 )𝑑𝑢
𝑥 𝑚+1
so here, we use the power rule :∫ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶, 𝑚 ≠1
𝑚+1
𝑢−1 𝑢−2
= 2∫ − +C
−1 −2
Then, we simplify it
−1 1
= 2( + )+𝐶
𝑢 2𝑢2
Then substitute the value of u which is 𝑥+1
−1 1
= 2( + )+𝐶
𝑥 + 1 2 (𝑥 + 1 ) 2
Example #4
∫ 𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙 dx = 𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟏/𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Remember:
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒖 = −𝒅𝒙
𝒙=𝟏−𝒖 −𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙
Proceed to the u- substitution
1
= − ∫(1 − 𝑢) 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1
Here use the distributive property of multiplication, we will multiplied 𝑢 2 by
(1 − 𝑢) then we will come up to this
1 1
= − ∫ 𝑢2 − 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
With the Use of the formula 𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 we will get:
1 3
= − ∫ (𝑢2 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
Recall the basic formula for integration
𝑥 𝑚+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 , 𝑚 ≠ 1 , then we come up to this
𝑚+1
3 5
𝑢2 𝑢2
= −( − ) + 𝐶
3 5
2 2
So here we use the rule of complex fraction
3 5
2 2
= − (3 𝑢 − 5 𝑢 ) + C
2 2 Then substitute the value of u which is 1 − 𝑥
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
= − ( (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐 − (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐 ) + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
THE SUBSTITUTION x=2 arctan z will replace any function of sin x and cos x
with a rational function z, since
2𝑧
sin 𝑥 =
1+𝑧 2
1−𝑧 2
cos 𝑥 =
1+𝑧 2
and
2𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 =
1+𝑧 2
𝑥
In differentiating = 2 arctan 𝑧 , use 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
After integrating to return to the original variable.
Example#5:
𝟏
∫ 𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1 2
=∫ 2𝑧 1−𝑧2 (1+𝑧 2 )
𝑑𝑧
1+ +
1+𝑧2 1+𝑧2
(Substitute cosx, sinx and dx), (Then,multiply)
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑧 2 +𝑧𝑡+1−𝑧 2
(Then, simplify before we integrate)
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
2+2𝑧
(Factor of 2+2z is 2(1+z) then cancel 2)
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑡
(Then, integrate)
= ln|1 + 𝑡|
𝑥
(After integrating, use z=tan2 to return to the original variable)
1
= ln |1 + tan | + 𝐶
2
Example#6
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(Substitute cosx, sinx and dx)
1 2
=∫ 1−𝑧2
dz
1+
2𝑧
− (1+𝑧 2 )
1+𝑧2 1+𝑧2
(then, multiply)
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑧 2 +2𝑧−1−𝑧 2
(Then, simplify before we integrate)
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧
(factor of 2z is 2(z) then, cancel 2)
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
𝑧
(then, integrate)
= ln|𝑧|
𝑥
(After integrating, use z=tan2 to return to the original variable)
𝑥
=ln |𝑡𝑎𝑛 |+𝐶
2
Quimanjan,Menchie B. Baradi, Judy Ann G.

MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTITUTION Quimanjan Baradi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTITUTION Quimanjan Baradi

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTITUTION Quimanjan Baradi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Written Report

1. Understand the process of miscellaneous substitution

If an Integrand is RATIONAL except for a radical of the form:

2. √𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 , then the substitution 𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 = (𝒛 − 𝒙)𝟐 will replace it

3. √𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = √(𝜶 + 𝒙)(𝜷 − 𝒙) , then the substitution 𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 =

Let 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑧 2 then 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑧𝑑𝑧

So now let’s substitute the value

Place the constant outside the integral so;

So now substitute the value of z which is √1 − 𝑥

𝑧 2 −2 2(𝑧 2 +𝑧+2) 𝑧 2 +𝑧+2

Substitute the value of 𝒅𝒙, 𝒙, √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 so we have:

Move the constant outside the integral

Example 3: Using u-Substitution

= 2 ∫(𝑢−2 − 𝑢−3 )𝑑𝑢

Then substitute the value of u which is 𝑥+1

∫ 𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙 dx = 𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟏/𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Proceed to the u- substitution

(Substitute cosx, sinx and dx), (Then,multiply)

(Then, simplify before we integrate)

(Factor of 2+2z is 2(1+z) then cancel 2)

(Substitute cosx, sinx and dx)

(Then, simplify before we integrate)

(factor of 2z is 2(z) then, cancel 2)

You might also like