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Density Based Traffic Control

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-8, Aug- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311

Density Based Traffic Control

Er. Faruk Bin Poyen, Amit Kumar Bhakta, B.Durga Manohar, Imran Ali, ArghyaSantra,
AwanishPratap Rao

Dept. of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University, West
Bengal, India

Abstract—The project is aimed at designing a density automation technique in this field of traffic signaling
based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing of system.
signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic
density at any junction. Traffic congestion is a severe II. PRESENT TRAFFIC SIGNALING SYSTEM
problem in most cities across the world and therefore it is Under present scenario, traffic control is achieved by the
time to shift more manual mode or fixed timer mode to an use of a system of hand signs by traffic police personnel,
automated system with decision making capabilities. traffic signals, and markings. A comparable and matching
Present day traffic signaling system is fixed time based education program is needed, through driver-licensing
which may render inefficient if one lane is operational authorities, to assure that those who operate motor
than the others. To optimize this problem we have made a vehicles understand the rules of the road and the actions
framework for an intelligent traffic control system. that they are required or advised to take when a particular
Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the control device is present. Each traffic control device is
junction demands longer green time as compared to governed by standards of design and usage; for example,
standard allotted time We, therefore propose here a stop signs always have a red background and are
mechanism in which the time period of green light and octagonal in shape. Design standards allow the motorist to
red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the quickly and consistently perceive the sign in the visual
traffic present at that time. This is achieved by using field along the road. Standard use of colors and shape aids
PIR(proximity Infrared sensors). Once the density is in this identification and in deciding on the appropriate
calculated, the glowing time of green light is assigned by course of action.
the help of the microcontroller (Arduino). The sensors Under current circumstances, traffic lights are set on in
which are present on sides of the road will detect the the different directions with fixed time delay, following a
presence of the vehicles and sends the information to the particular cycle while switching from one signal to other
microcontroller where it will decide how long a flank will creating unwanted and wasteful congestion on one lane
be open or when to change over the signal lights. In while the other lanes remain vacant.
subsequent sections, we have elaborated the procedure of The system we propose identify the density of traffic on
this framework. individual lanes and thereby regulate the timing of the
Keywords— Traffic signals, Proximity Infrared Sensor, signals’ timing. IR trans receivers count the obstructions
Ardiuno Microcontroller. and provide an idea about the traffic density on a
particular lane and feed this response to a controller unit
I. INTRODUCTION which will make the necessary decisions as and when
In today’s high speed life,traffic congestion becomes a required.
serious issue in our day to day activities. It brings down
the productivity of individual and thereby the society as III. OPERATIONAL MODEL
lots of work hour is wasted in the signals. High volume of The model works on the principle of changing delay of
vehicles, the inadequate infrastructure and the irrational Traffic signals based on the number of cars passing
distribution of the signaling system are main reasons for through an assignedsection of the road. There are four
this chaotic congestions. It indirectly also adds to the sensors placed at four sides of a four way road which
increase in pollution level as engines remain on in most counts the number of cars passing by the area covered by
cases, a huge volume of natural resources in forms of the sensors.
petrol and diesel is consumed without any fruitful
outcome. Therefore, in order to get rid of these problems
or at least reduce them to significant level, newer schemes
need to be implemented by bringing in sensor based

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol Issue-8, Aug- 2016]
[Vol-2,
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com
Infogainpublication.com)) ISSN : 2454-1311
counts this change of events from LOW to HIGH
indicating passing of a vehicle.
The objective of the IR sensor is to detect obstacles. It
comprises an emitter (IR LED), detector (IR photodiode)
photodio
and ancillary circuitry. The stronger the reception of IR
radiation source, greater is the output voltage.
We have used Op – Amp LM324 for the comparator
operation where Vin is compared against V ref with no
feedback resistance and very high gain. Here Her +Vcc is
connected to +5V and –Vcc Vcc is connected to Ground and
the OPAMP output acts as digital HIGH or LOW for the
microcontroller.
Fig.1:
1: Proposed Model Overview
Here we are using IR sensors replacing traffic control
system to design an intelligent traffic control system. IR
sensor contains IR transmitter IR receiver (photodiode) in
itself. These IR transmitter and IR receiver will be
mounted on same sides of the road at a particular
distance. As the vehicle passes through these IR sensors,
the IR sensor willl detect the vehicle & will send the
information to the microcontroller. The microcontroller
will count the number of vehicles, and provide pro the
glowing time to LED according
cording to the density of vehicles.
If the density is higher, LED will glow for higher timetim
than average or vice versa. The traffic lights are initially Fig.3: Op-amp
amp Comparator Circuit
running at a fixed delay of 5 seconds, which in turn When Vin is found lesser than V ref (Vin< V ref), the
produces a delay of 20 seconds in the entire process. This output of the comparator produces a LOW signal and
entire embedded system is placed at that junction. when Vin is greater than V ref (Vin > V Ref), the
Microcontroller is interfaced with ledss and IR sensors comparator output produces a HIGH.
.The total no of IR sensors
ors required are 4 and Led’s 12.12
Therefore these are connected to any two ports of
microcontroller.
IR transmitter and receiver pairs,, which w work as
proximity sensor is used. The output voltage that changes
according to distance from an object is fed to the
comparator with a reference set.. The reference is set by a
variable resistance according to required range of sensing.

Fig.2:
2: Circuit diagram of sensor module Fig.4: Circuit Schematic Diagram
When the sensor finds any object, comparator output goes Three sets of LEDs viz Green, Yellow and Red are used
low else it gives + 5 V (HIGH). The controller program to indicate the GO state, Ready to Go state and WAIT
state.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol Issue-8, Aug- 2016]
[Vol-2,
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com
Infogainpublication.com)) ISSN : 2454-1311
The LEDs G (green), Y (yellow) and R (red) glow in long interval =5000;
following sequence
• G1-Y2-R3-R4 void setup() //part that is executed once when the
• G2-Y3-R4-R1 program begin
• G3-Y4-R1-R2 {
• G4-Y1-R2-R3. pinMode(G1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(G2, OUTPUT);
Therefore G1 and Y2 are connected to same ports, ports pinMode(G3, OUTPUT);
similarly G2-Y3, G3-Y4, G4-Y1. pinMode(G4, OUTPUT);
The Red LEDs are connected to separate ports and glows pinMode(R1, OUTPUT);
according to the logic given in the Program. pinMode(R2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(R3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(R4, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(G1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(R3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(R4, HIGH);
Serial.begin(9600); // for serial monitor
}
void loop() // Part that is executed again and again
{
//Counting mechanism for sensor1
sensorState1 = digitalRead(sensor1);
if (sensorState1 != lastsensorState1)
{ if (sensorState1 == HIGH)
Fig.5:
5: Circuit Diagram of traffic signals
{ ++CarCounter1;
} }
IV. CODE SECTION
lastsensorState1 = sensorState1;
int R1=6; //pins for RED LEDs
//Counting mechanism for sensor2
int R2=7;
sensorState2 = digitalRead(sensor2);
int R3=8;
if (sensorState2 != lastsensorState2)
int R4=9;
{
int G1=2; // Pins for Green LEDss and immediate next
if (sensorState2 == HIGH)
yellow LEDs
++CarCounter2;
int G2=3;
}
int G3=4;
lastsensorState2 = sensorState2;
int G4=5;
//Counting mechanism for sensor3
int sensor1=10;
sensorState3 = digitalRead(sensor3);
int sensorState1=0;
if (sensorState3 != lastsensorState3)
int lastsensorState1=0;
{
int CarCounter1=0;
if (sensorState3 == HIGH)
int sensorState2=0;
++CarCounter3;
int sensor2=11;
}
int lastsensorState2=0;
lastsensorState3 = sensorState3;
int CarCounter2=0;
//Counting mechanism for sensor4
int sensorState3=0;
sensorState4 = digitalRead(sensor4);
int sensor3=12;
if (sensorState4 != lastsensorState4)
int lastsensorState3=0;
{
int CarCounter3=0;
if (sensorState4 == HIGH)
int sensorState4=0;
++CarCounter4;
int sensor4=13;
}
int lastsensorState4=0;
lastsensorState4 = sensorState4;
int CarCounter4=0;
unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
unsigned long previousMillis = 000;
//Millis function used for creating delay

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-8, Aug- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
if (currentMillis - previousMillis>= interval) digitalWrite(G2, LOW);
{ digitalWrite(G3, LOW);
Serial.print("time :"); digitalWrite(G4,LOW);
Serial.println(previousMillis); digitalWrite(R3,HIGH);
previousMillis = currentMillis; digitalWrite(R4,HIGH);
if(digitalRead(G1)==HIGH) digitalWrite(R1,LOW);
{ digitalWrite(R2,LOW);
digitalWrite (G2, HIGH); Serial.print ("number of car passed in 1: ");
digitalWrite (G3, LOW); Serial.println(CarCounter1);
digitalWrite (G4, LOW); Interval = 1000*CarCounter1+1000;
digitalWrite (G1,LOW); CarCounter1=0;
digitalWrite (R4,HIGH); } } }
digitalWrite (R1,HIGH);
digitalWrite (R2,LOW); Counting mechanism
digitalWrite (R3,LOW); sensorState1 = digitalRead(sensor1);
Serial.print ("number of car passed in 2: "); if (sensorState1 != lastsensorState1)
Serial.println(CarCounter2); sensorState1;
interval= 1000*CarCounter2+1000; {
CarCounter2=0; if (sensorState1 == HIGH)
} ++CarCounter1;
else if(digitalRead(G2)==HIGH) }
{ lastsensorState1 = sensorState1;
digitalWrite(G3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(G4, LOW); In the above code section sensorState1 reads and stores
digitalWrite(G1, LOW); the state of sensor1. If the state of the sensor in different
digitalWrite(G2,LOW); from the previous state, it satisfies the condition and only
digitalWrite(R1,HIGH); then the statement in parenthesis gets executed.
digitalWrite(R2,HIGH); Now again this condition is satisfied both when the
digitalWrite(R3,LOW); sensorState goes high to low or low to high. This may
digitalWrite(R4,LOW); cause the counter to increase two times whenever a car
Serial.print("number of car passed in 3: "); passes, to avoid this problem the counter is increased only
Serial.println(CarCounter3); when the sensor goes low to high. if (sensorState1 ==
interval= 1000*CarCounter3+1000; HIGH) avoid the count when the sensorState goes high to
CarCounter3=0; low.
} Similarly four counters are used for for sensors for
else if(digitalRead(G3)==HIGH) counting cars at four directions.
{ Delay mechanism of the LEDs
digitalWrite(G4, HIGH); The delay of LEDs depend on the value of the Counter of
digitalWrite(G1, LOW); each sensor. The function delay() cannot be used as it
digitalWrite(G2, LOW); stops the program till delay is executed and due to this the
digitalWrite(G3,LOW); counters value will not increase for that period of time. To
digitalWrite(R2,HIGH); avoid this problem Millis() function is used. Millis
digitalWrite(R3,HIGH); function counts milliseconds passed after the program has
digitalWrite(R4,LOW); started.
digitalWrite(R1,LOW);
Serial.print("number of car passed in 4: "); unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
Serial.println(CarCounter4); if (currentMillis - previousMillis>= interval)
interval= 1000*CarCounter4+1000; {
CarCounter4=0; Serial.print("time :");
} Serial.println(previousMillis);
else if(digitalRead(G4)==HIGH) previousMillis = currentMillis;
{
digitalWrite(G1, HIGH);

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-8, Aug- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
In the above code section currentMillis stores the way more challenging and demanding. Few of the
milliseconds passed. previousMillis stores the time in challenges that should be taken into account are listed as
milliseconds, the last time the same code was executed, follows
initially its zero. Interval is the delay we want, so if the • Low range IR sensors may not be an answer for long
difference between the last time and the current time is range signaling system. We may resort to ultrasound
more than the interval then only the code will be or radar techniques for big scale set-ups.
executed. Therefore the LED states doesn’t change until • Next is the influence of stray signals that may alter
the time passed is more than the given interval. the reading of sensor receptors and lead to conveying
Code for glowing LEDs sequentially and according to false information to the microcontroller.
the counter value of corresponding sections. • Periodic checking of the accuracy and precision is a
if (currentMillis - previousMillis>= interval) must for efficacious operation of this model
{ prototype.
Serial.print("time :"); Safety first: it has to be absolutely made sure that no
Serial.println(previousMillis); compromise is being made on safety issues, i.e. a
previousMillis = currentMillis; secondary stand-by set-upthat can switch over from
if(digitalRead(G1)==HIGH) automated to manual mode, should be provided in case of
{ sensor or circuit malfunctions so that vehicular crowd
digitalWrite(G2, HIGH); does not go beyond control.
digitalWrite(G3, LOW); As part of future advancements, the traffic check post
digitalWrite(G4, LOW); may be connected by wireless transmitters by which the
digitalWrite(G1,LOW); crossings ahead may be an anticipation of the traffic that
digitalWrite(R4,HIGH); is approaching. This may be achieved the connecting the
digitalWrite(R1,HIGH); sensor network with GPS connectivity and short wave
digitalWrite(R2,LOW); radio transmission signals. This will act as a feedforward
digitalWrite(R3,LOW); system making the signaling system even more smooth
Serial.print("number of car passed in 2: "); and congestion free.
Serial.println(CarCounter2);
interval= 1000*CarCounter2+1000; VI. CONCLUSION
CarCounter2=0; There is exigent need of efficient traffic management
} system in our country, as India meets with 384 road
else if(digitalRead(G2)==HIGH) accidents every day. To reduce this congestion and
} unwanted time delay in traffic an advanced system is
Initially green LED 1 and red LED 3 & 4 are set HIGH, designed here in this project. With field application of this
so as the condition if(digitalRead(G1)==HIGH) gets technology, the maddening chaos of traffic can be
satisfied , it turns the next LED high other LEDs effectively channelized by distributing the time slots
including itself, and G2 LED stays on till time passed is based on the merit of the vehicle load in certain lanes of
greater than interval. This interval is set according to car multi junction crossing. We have successfully
counted in each cycle. implemented the prototype at laboratory scale with
interval= 1000*CarCounter2+1000. The is 1000 remarkable outcome. The next step forward is to
millisecond or 1 sec for each car passing through the implement this schema is real life scenario for first hand
sensor and even if no car passes through the sensor the results, before implementing it on the largest scale. We
signal will be ON for atleast 1 second. CarCounter is believe that this may bring a revolutionary change in
again set to zero, so that fresh count is done till the next traffic management system on its application in actual
round. field environment.
Similarly after this interval is over
if(digitalRead(G2)==HIGH) will be satisfied as G2 LED REFERENCES
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Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
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