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    Pavlov

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    Felipe Varas
    Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning while studying dog salivation in response to food. He noticed the dogs would salivate when he entered the room, before being fed. Pavlov then systematically conditioned dogs to associate a neutral stimulus (like a bell) with the unconditioned stimulus of food, causing the dogs to salivate to the bell alone. This showed that learning involves forming associations between stimuli to create a new conditioned response. Classical conditioning involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a reflex response, so the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the same response.

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    Pavlov

    Uploaded by

    Felipe Varas
    29 views5 pages
    Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning while studying dog salivation in response to food. He noticed the dogs would salivate when he entered the room, before being fed. Pavlov then systematically conditioned dogs to associate a neutral stimulus (like a bell) with the unconditioned stimulus of food, causing the dogs to salivate to the bell alone. This showed that learning involves forming associations between stimuli to create a new conditioned response. Classical conditioning involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a reflex response, so the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the same response.

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    Simplypsychology.org Pavlov

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    Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning while studying dog salivation in response to food. He noticed the dogs would salivate when he entered the room, before being fed. Pavlov then systematically conditioned dogs to associate a neutral stimulus (like a bell) with the unconditioned stimulus of food, causing the dogs to salivate to the bell alone. This showed that learning involves forming associations between stimuli to create a new conditioned response. Classical conditioning involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a reflex response, so the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the same response.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views5 pages

    Pavlov

    Uploaded by

    Felipe Varas
    Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning while studying dog salivation in response to food. He noticed the dogs would salivate when he entered the room, before being fed. Pavlov then systematically conditioned dogs to associate a neutral stimulus (like a bell) with the unconditioned stimulus of food, causing the dogs to salivate to the bell alone. This showed that learning involves forming associations between stimuli to create a new conditioned response. Classical conditioning involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a reflex response, so the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the same response.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Pavlov's Dogs

    simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html

    Saul McLeod, published 2007, updated 2013

    Like many great scientific advances, Pavlovian conditioning (aka classical conditioning)
    was discovered accidentally.

    During the 1890s, Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov was looking at salivation in dogs in
    response to being fed when he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he
    entered the room, even when he was not bringing them food. At first, this was something of
    a nuisance (not to mention messy!).

    Pavlovian Conditioning
    Pavlov (1902) started from the idea that there are some things that a dog does not need to
    learn. For example, dogs don’t learn to salivate whenever they see food. This reflex is
    ‘hard-wired’ into the dog. In behaviorist terms, it is an unconditioned response (i.e., a
    stimulus-response connection that required no learning). In behaviorist terms, we write:

    Unconditioned Stimulus (Food) > Unconditioned Response (Salivate)

    Pavlov showed the existence of the unconditioned response by presenting a dog with a
    bowl of food and the measuring its salivary secretions (see image below).

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    However, when Pavlov discovered that any object or event which the dogs learned to
    associate with food (such as the lab assistant) would trigger the same response, he
    realized that he had made an important scientific discovery. Accordingly, he devoted the
    rest of his career to studying this type of learning.

    Pavlov knew that somehow, the dogs in his lab had learned to associate food with his lab
    assistant. This must have been learned, because at one point the dogs did not do it, and
    there came a point where they started, so their behavior had changed. A change in the
    behavior of this type must be the result of learning.

    In behaviorist terms, the lab assistant was originally a neutral stimulus. It is called neutral
    because it produces no response. What had happened was that the neutral stimulus (the
    lab assistant) had become associated with an unconditioned stimulus (food).

    In his experiment, Pavlov used a bell as his neutral stimulus. Whenever he gave food to his
    dogs, he also rang a bell. After a number of repeats of this procedure, he tried the bell on
    its own. As you might expect, the bell on its own now caused an increase in salivation.

    So the dog had learned an association between the bell and the food and a new behavior
    had been learned. Because this response was learned (or conditioned), it is called a
    conditioned response. The neutral stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus.

    Pavlov found that for associations to be made, the two stimuli had to be presented close
    together in time. He called this the law of temporal contiguity. If the time between the
    conditioned stimulus (bell) and unconditioned stimulus (food) is too great, then learning will
    not occur.

    Pavlov and his studies of classical conditioning have become famous since his early work
    between 1890-1930. Classical conditioning is "classical" in that it is the first systematic
    study of basic laws of learning / conditioning.

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    Summary
    To summarize, classical conditioning (later developed by John Watson) involves learning to
    associate an unconditioned stimulus that already brings about a particular response (i.e., a
    reflex) with a new (conditioned) stimulus, so that the new stimulus brings about the same
    response.

    Pavlov developed some rather unfriendly technical terms to describe this process. The
    unconditioned stimulus (or UCS) is the object or event that originally produces the reflexive
    / natural response.

    The response to this is called the unconditioned response (or UCR). The neutral stimulus
    (NS) is a new stimulus that does not produce a response.

    Once the neutral stimulus has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus, it
    becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS). The conditioned response (CR) is the response to
    the conditioned stimulus.

    References
    Pavlov, I. P. (1897/1902). The work of the digestive glands. London: Griffin.

    Pavlov, I. P. (1928). Lectures on conditioned reflexes. (Translated by W.H. Gantt) London:


    3/5
    Allen and Unwin.

    Pavlov, I. P. (1955). Selected works. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.

    How to reference this article:


    McLeod, S. A. (2013). Pavlov's dogs. Retrieved from
    www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html

    Key Terms
    Stimulus

    Any feature of the environment that affects behavior. E.g. in Pavlov’s experiments food was
    a stimulus.

    Response

    The behavior elicited by the stimulus. E.g. in Pavlov’s experiments salivation was a
    response.

    Unconditioned Stimulus

    A feature of the environment that causes a natural reflex action. E.g. a puff of air blown into
    the eye causes an involuntary blink.
    Conditioned Stimulus

    A feature of the environment that has an effect through its association with a U.C.S. E.g.
    Pavlov’s dog learned to salivate at the sound of a bell.
    Conditioned Response

    The behavior elicited by the C.S. E.g. Salivation when the bell rings.

    Extinction

    The dying out of a conditioned response by breaking the association between the C.S. and
    the U.C.S.
    E.g. When the bell was repeatedly rang and no food presented Pavlov’s dog gradually
    stopped salivating at the sound of the bell.

    Spontaneous Recovery

    The return of a conditioned response (in a weaker form) after a period of time.
    E.g. When Pavlov waited for a few days and then rang the bell once more the dog salivated
    again.

    Generalisation

    When a stimulus similar to the C.S. also elicits a response. E.g. Initially Pavlov’s dog
    salivated at the sound of any bell – not just the food bell.
    Discrimination

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    The opposite of generalisation i.e. the ability of the subject to tell the difference between
    two similar stimuli.
    E.g. Eventually Pavlov’s dog learns the difference between the sound of the 2 bells and no
    longer salivates at the sound of the non-food bell.

    |
    This workis licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative
    Works 3.0 Unported License.

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