Feigin 2019

Articles
Global, regional, and national burden of neurological

disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the
Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators*
Summary Background Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability
worldwide.
Lancet Neurol 2019 The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD)
2016 is to
Published Online provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from
March 14, 2019 neurological disorders.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1474-4422(18)30499-X
Methods We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life
lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus,
See Online/Comment http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1474-4422(19)30029-8 meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers,
traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s
*Collaborators listed at the end disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases,
idiopathic epilepsy,
of the Article migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in
Correspondence to: 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method
of estimation
Prof Valery L Feigin, National of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for
mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the
15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.
Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Findings
Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second
leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all
Auckland University of Technology, Northcote, Auckland 0627, New Zealand neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–
44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-
[email protected] standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and
2016. The only orneurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were
tetanus,
Prof Theo Vos, Institute for meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke
(42·2% [38·6–46·1]),
Health Metrics and Evaluation, migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer’s and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and
meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly
higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type
headache were
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [email protected]
more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in
GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs
are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs
are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).
Interpretation Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues
to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply
increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for
neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that
new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Copyright © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Introduction The UN General Assembly report of December, 2017, underscored that progress in reducing the burden of
non- communicable diseases, including neurologi cal disorders, has been insufficient to meet the UN Sustainable Development
Goal targets by 2030.1 Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of death
worldwide.2 Thus, strategies and
pro grammes that reduce the burden from neurological disorders would potentially help to achieve the UN Sustainable Development
Goal targets.
Although age-standardised incidence, mortality, and prevalence rates of many neurological disorders de- clined for many countries
from 1990 to 2015, the absolute number of people affected by, dying, or remaining dis- abled from neurological disorders over the
past 25 years
www.thelancet.com/neurology Published online March 14, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1474-4422(18)30499-X 1
Articles
Research in context
Evidence before this study
and a residual category of other less common neurological Findings from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk
disorders. Second, we incorporated new data from sources Factors Study (GBD) 2015, showed that neurological disorders
identified after GBD 2015, including peer-reviewed publications, are the world’s largest cause of disability. However, some
reports from statistical agencies or ministries of health, surveys, disabling neurological disorders, specifically traumatic brain
and administrative and hospital data. Third, in the individual injury and spinal cord injury, were not included, thus
papers of the burden of neurological disorders analysed, underestimating the global burden of this group of disabilities.
we extended our analysis of GBD results by Socio-demographic No other relevant efforts, beyond GBD, have been made to
Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of quantify the global burden of neurological disorders as a
whole.
schooling, and total fertility rate, with new ways of presenting The data sources identified after the GBD 2015 study are
and visualising changes over time and the relationship with SDI. detailed in the other GBD papers in the series of the
Fourth, we extended the terminal age group used in our analysis neurological disorders overvieved in this paper.
from 80 years and older to 80–84 years, 85–89 year, 90–94 year,
Added value of this study
and 95 years and older.
This study improves upon GBD 2015 by including four significant
Implications of all the available evidence considerations. First, compared with a previous analysis based on
Neurological disorders continue to be the leading cause of GBD 2015, we were able to add the non-fatal outcomes of
disability worldwide, and their contribution to the overall traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. Thus, in this analysis,
burden from all health conditions is increasing. The bulk of the we have aggregated results from GBD 2016 for 15 disease
and
burden from neurological disorders continues to be in injury outcomes that are generally cared for by neurological
low-income and middle-income countries. Ageing of the services, such as CNS infectious conditions (tetanus, meningitis,
population, population growth, and ongoing epidemiological and encephalitis), stroke, brain and other CNS cancers,
traumatic
transition across all countries require regular updates on the brain injury and spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease and
other
global, regional, and national burden from neurological dementias, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron
disorders to allow evidence-based health-care planning and diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache,
resource allocation for these disorders.
has been increasing globally.2 Regular assessments of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability associated with neurological
disorders by cause and over time are important for evidence-based health-care planning, priority setting, and resource allocation.
On a global scale, this type of information has facilitated between- country and between-region comparisons of the burden from
neurological disorders and their trends. The information can also be used for hypothesis generation on causal relationships and
effects of sociodemographic and health care factors on the burden from neurological disorders.
In 2017, we published aggregated estimates of the burden from neurological disorders 2 (as measured by prevalence, mortality,
disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs], and years lived with disability [YLDs]), based on the Global Burden of Diseases,
Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2015 data. However, neurological disorders analysed did not include traumatic brain
injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury, which are significant sources of global dis ability. Additionally, newly available publications
and other data sources were added to the GBD 2016 estimates. In the 2018–19 series of publications in The Lancet Neurology,3–12
we pre sented global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of individual neurological dis orders as meas ured by
prevalence, mortality, DALYs, YLDs, years of life lost (YLLs), and, for selected disorders, also incidence, and their trends from
1990 to 2016 accord ing to Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a
2 www.thelancet.com/neurology Published online March 14, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1474-4422(18)30499-X
summary indi cator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Here, we present updated aggregated estimates
(compared with aggregated estimates presented in the GBD 2015 study) of neurological disorders and their trends from 1990 to
2016 by SDI, age, and sex.
Methods Overview The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation produces annual updates of the GBD study and
includes a growing collaboration of scientists. Reported estimates span the period from 1990 to 2016. Annual updates allow
incor- poration of new data and methodological improvements to ensure that the most up-to-date information is avail able to
policy makers to help make resource allocation decisions. In this analysis, we have aggregated results from GBD 2016 for 15
disease and injury outcomes that are generally cared for by neurological services. These include infectious conditions (tetanus,
meningitis, and encephalitis), stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, TBI, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease and other
dementias, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type head
ache, and a residual category of other less common neurological disorders. Compared to a previous analy sis based on GBD
2015,2 we added non-fatal outcomes of TBI and spinal cord injury. Medication overuse headache is no longer included as a
separate cause but quantified as a
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Awww.thelancet.com/neurology Published online March 14, 2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1474-4422(18)30499-X 3
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consequence of the underlying headache types. For all

neurological disorders combined we report here estimates of
deaths and DALYs because aggregate incidence and prevalence
estimates of combined neuro logical disorders are not useful for
policy making.
In the methods section of this overview paper, we present a summary of the general methods of the GBD as they apply to neurological
disorders. In the ten accompanying disease-specific papers, we
have concentrated on methods that are specific to each disorder.
Details on the methods of estimates for tetanus, encephalitis, and
the residual category of other neurological disorders are
provided in the appendix. The guiding principle of GBD is to
assess health loss due to mortality and disability
comprehensively, defining disability as any departure from full
health. In GBD 2016, estimates were made for 195 countries and
territories and 579 subnational locations, for 27 years starting
from 1990, for 23 age groups, and for both sexes. Deaths were
estimated for 264 diseases and injuries, whereas prevalence and
incidence were estimated for 328 diseases and injuries. To allow
meaningful comparisons between deaths and non-fatal disease
outcomes as well as between diseases, data for deaths from and
prevalence of neurological disorders are summarised in a single
indicator, the DALY. DALYs are the sum of YLLs and YLDs.
YLLs are estimated as the product of counts of deaths and a
standard ideal remaining life expectancy at the age of death. The
standard life expectancy is derived from the lowest observed
mortality rates by age in any population in the world larger than
5 million people.13 YLDs are estimated as the product of
prevalence of individual consequences of disease (or sequelae)
multiplied by their corresponding disability weights, which
quantify the relative severity of sequelae as a number between 0
(representing full health) and 1 (representing death). Disability
weights have been estimated in nine population surveys and an
open-access internet survey in which respondents were asked to
choose the healthier option between random pairs of health states
that were presented with short descriptions of their main
features.14
Mortality estimates All-cause mortality rates are estimated

from vital registration data in countries with complete
coverage as analysed by demographic growth balance methods
com- paring successive census population counts.15 For other
countries, the probabilities of death before age 5 years and
between ages 15 and 60 years are estimated from censuses and
surveys asking mothers to provide a history of child ren ever
born and those still alive, and surveys asking adults about
siblings who are alive or have died. Using model life tables,
these probabilities of death are trans formed into age-specific
death rates by location, year, and sex. GBD has collated a large
database of cause-of-death data from vital registrations and
verbal autopsy surveys in which relatives are asked a standard
set of questions to ascertain the likely cause of death,
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cirfAn arahaS−busn rehtuoSa cirfAn arahaS−busn retseWStroke 1111111122111111111111Migraine 333 4
2 22221122222322 333Alzheimer's disease and
other dementias 3222433333333332343444Meningitis 4115491210
14131311134
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532252Epilepsy 55453 8676565444465525Spinal cord injury
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6789765444449 996967 9Traumatic brain injury 7667544788987 67 77867Brain and other CNS cancer 84910656855658675810911910Tension-type
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headache 981081087567776556788976Encephalitis 1097681311 14141214111011 1051010118Parkinson's disease
131313 13Other neurological disorders
11101112129910910891211121112 12 1212121111101291091010101281011121212812Tetanus
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15
13141314141412111214121413131315
15
15
15 1414Figure 1: Ranking of age-standardised DALY rates for all neurological disorders by region, 2016 DALY=disability-adjusted life-year.
supple mented with police and mortuary data for injury
Non-fatal estimates
See Online for appendix deaths
in countries with no other data. Cause-of-
Non-fatal estimates are based on systematic reviews of death informa tion is provided in a large number of dif-
published papers and unpublished documents, survey ferent classifica tion systems based on versions of the
microdata, administrative records of health encounters, International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or bespoke
registries, and disease surveillance systems. These data classifications in some countries. All data are mapped
sources are catalogued in our Global Health Data Exchange into the disease and injury categories of GBD. All
(GHDx), the largest repository of health data globally. classification systems contain codes that are less inform-
We first set a reference case definition or study method, ative than ICD because they do not have a specific
or both, that best quantifies each disease or injury or diagnosis (eg, unspecified cancer) or refer to codes that
consequence thereof. If there is evidence of a systematic cannot be the underlying cause of death (eg, low back
bias in data that used different case definitions or methods pain or senility) or are intermediate causes (eg, heart
compared to reference data, we adjust those datapoints to failure or sepsis). Such deaths are redistributed to more
reflect what their value would have been if measured as precise underlying causes of death.13 After these re-
the reference. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression distribu tions and corrections for under-registration, the
tool, is our main method of analysing non-fatal data. It is data are analysed with the Cause of Death Ensemble
designed as a geographical cascade where a first model is model (CODEm), a highly systematised tool that runs
run on data from all countries, which produces an initial many different models on the same data and chooses an
global fit and estimates coefficients for predictor variables ensemble of models that best reflects all the available
and the adjustments for alternative study characteristics. input data. The statistical performance of all models is
The global fit adjusted by the values of random effects tested by withholding 30% of the data and checking how
for each of seven GBD super-regions (appendix), the well a model covers the data that were held out. To
coefficients on sex, and country predictors, is passed down enforce consistency from CODEm, the sum of all-cause
as data to a model for each super-region together with the specific mortality rates is scaled to that of the all-cause
input data for that geography. The same steps are repeated mortality rates in each age, sex, location, and year
going from super-regions to 21 regions and then to category. All our estimates of causes of death are
195 countries and, where applicable, a further level down categorical: each death is assigned to a single underlying
to subnational units. Below the global level, all models are cause. This means that all estimates add to 100%.
run separately by sex and for six time periods (1990, 1995,
For GHDx metadata see http://ghdx.healthdata.org
1
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A15 000
YLD estimates that do not yet take into account comorbidity. To correct for comorbidity, these data are used in a simulation to
create hypothetical individuals in each age, sex, location, and year combination who have none, one, or multiple sequelae
simultaneously. We assume that disability weights are multiplicative rather than additive because this avoids assigning a combined
disability weight
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value in any individual exceeding 1—ie, worse off than a year lost due to death.
Risk factors For risks, we use a different, counterfactual approach— ie, answering the question “what would the burden have
5000
been if the population had been exposed to a theoretical minimum level of exposure to a risk?” Thus, we need to define what level
of exposure to a risk factor leads to the lowest amount of disease. We then analyse data on the prevalence of exposure to a risk and
derive relative risks
0
for any risk–outcome pair for which we find sufficient evidence of a causal relationship. 16 Prevalence of exposure B
is estimated in DisMod-MR 2.1 using spatiotemporal 15 000
Tetanus
Gaussian process regression, or from satellite imagery in Meningitis Encephalitis Stroke
the case of ambient air pollution. Relative risk data are pooled using meta-analysis of cohort, case-control, and Alzheimer’s disease
and other dementias Parkinson’s disease Idiopathic epilepsy
intervention studies. From the prevalence and relative risk results, population attributable fractions are esti- Multiple sclerosis
mated relative to the theoretical minimum risk exposure
) sdnasuoht(s YLAD10 000
Motor neuron diseases Migraine Tension-type headache
level (TMREL). Criteria for inclusion of risks into GBD were the availability of sufficient evidence for a causal Traumatic brain injury
Spinal cord injury Brain and other CNS cancer
relationship between a risk and one or more disease or injury outcomes; evidence to support generalisability Other neurological
disorders
of an effect size beyond the populations included in
5000
epidemiological studies; availability of sufficient data and methods to enable estimation of exposure levels by country; and the
likely importance of a risk factor to disease burden or policy considerations. 17
Uncertainty intervals (UIs) Early 0
ne oante atna el
L P
oonst antael
onatal 1–4 5–9
1
0–1415–19
0–24 5–29 0–34 5–39 0–44 5–49 0–54 5–59 0–64 5–69
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
0–7475–7980–8485–8990–94 ≥95
7
Age group (years)
Uncertainty is propagated throughout all these calcula- tions by creating 1000 values for each prevalence, death, YLL, YLD, or
DALY estimate and performing aggrega- tions across causes and locations at the level of each of the 1000 values for all
intermediate steps in the calculation. Figure 2: Global DALYs for neurological disorders by sex and age, 2016
The lower and upper bounds of the 95% UI are the 25th Early neonatal is 0–7 days; late neonatal is 7–28 days; and post-neonatal is 28 days
to 1 year. (A) Females. (B) Males. DALY=disability-adjusted life-year.
and 975th values of the ordered 1000 values. Significance of differences was established if 975 or more of the ordered 2000,
2005, 2010, and 2016). During each analysis, all data
1000 values of difference were on either side of zero. for pre valence, incidence, remission (ie, cure rate), and mort ality are
forced to be internally consistent. For most
SDI diseases, the bulk of data for prevalence or incidence are at
GBD uses a composite indicator of sociodemographic the disease level, with even fewer studies providing data
development, SDI, which reflects the geometric mean of on the proportions of cases of disease in each of the
normalised values of a location’s income per capita, sequelae defined for the disease. The proportions in each
the average years of schooling in the population aged sequela are pooled using DisMod-MR 2.1 or meta-analysis,
15 years and older, and the total fertility rate. or are derived from analyses of patient-level datasets.
Coun tries and territories are grouped into quintiles of The multiplication of prevalent cases for each disease
high, high-middle, middle, low-middle, and low SDI sequela and the appropriate disability weight produces
based on their 2016 values.13
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Role of the funding source The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data
interpretation, or the
A 20 000
Tetanus Meningitis writing of the report. All authors had full access to the data in the study and had final responsibility for the
decision
Encephalitis Stroke Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias to submit for publication.
Parkinson’s disease 15 000
Idiopathic epilepsy Results
Multiple sclerosis Motor neuron diseases In
2016, the neurological disorders included in this analysis were responsible for 276 million
(95% UI 247–308) DALYs, comprising 11·6% (10·7–12·4) of global DALYs for all diseases. Combined, these disorders were
the underlying cause in 9·0 million (8·8–9·4) deaths or
Brain and other CNS cancer Other neurological disorders
) sdnasuoht(s LLY10 000
Migraine Tension-type headache Traumatic brain injury Spinal chord injury
16·5% (16·1–17·0) of total global deaths in 2016. Incidence and prevalence estimates for each neurological disorder can be found
in the GBD online results tool. Results and findings mentioned can also be viewed interactively through an online data visualisation
tool. Neurological disorders were the leading cause group of global DALYs in 2016, followed by cardiovascular diseases
(excluding stroke). In terms of deaths, these combined neurological disorders ranked second after cardiovascular diseases. Since
1990, the number of deaths from neurological disorders increased by 39% (34–44) and DALYs for neurological disorders
increased by 15% (9–21). However, age-standardised mortality rates decreased by 28% (26–30) over the same time, indicating that
popula tion increase and ageing are driving global numbers higher, even though the global population is exposed to a lower risk of
death from these causes, as indicated by the lower age-standardised rates. Sim ilarly, the age-standardised DALY rates decreased
by 27% (24–31) between 1990 and 2016. The only neuro logical disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of
deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis.
Stroke was the largest contributor to global neurological DALYs, responsible for 42·2% (95% UI 38·6–46·1) of these DALYs in
2016 (table 1). Migraine was the second largest contributor (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), followed by Alzheimer’s and other dementias
(10·4% [9·0–12·1]) and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). Stroke ranked first among neurological disorders in terms of age-
standardised DALY rates in 19 of 21 world regions (figure 1). In Australasia and western Europe, migraine ranked first. Migraine
and Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias were ranked among the top four contributing neurological conditions in all 21 GBD
world regions. Large
For the online results tool see variations in ranking were found for meningitis (ranked second in central, eastern, and western sub-
Saharan
http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd- results-tool
Africa and 14th in high-income Asia Pacific), epilepsy (ranked second in southern sub-Saharan Africa and third in central Asia and
eighth in eastern Europe),
5000
0
B15 000
10 000
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E
arly 0
neLoante atnaPel
oosnt antael
onatal 1–4 5–9
0–1415–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–4950–5455–5960–6465–6970–7475–7980–8485–8990–94 ≥95 Age group (years)
1
Figure 3: Global YLLs and YLDs for neurological disorders by age, 2016 YLLs (A) and YLDs (B). Early neonatal is 0–7 days; late neonatal is 7–28
days; post-neonatal is 28 days to 1 year. YLDs=years lived with disability. YLLs=years of life lost.
Europe), and tetanus (ranked sixth in eastern sub- Saharan Africa; figure 1).
Across the aggregate of 15 neurological disorder categories analysed, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in
males than in females (male-to- female ratio 1·12 [95% UI 1·05–1·20]). When examin-
For the online data visualisation tool see https://vizhub.healthdata.org/ gbd-compare and encephalitis (ranked fifth in south Asia and 14th
ing individual disorders, a significantly higher burden (as in Australasia, western Europe, and high-income North
measured by age-standardised DALY rates) in males than America). Other high rankings of note are for spinal
females was observed for TBI, Parkinson’s disease, cord injury (ranked fourth in all five high-income
tetanus, motor neuron diseases, and stroke, with male-to- regions), TBI (ranked fourth in central and eastern
female ratios of at least 1·5. By contrast, migraine,
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Absolute numbers of DALYs (thousands) Age-standardised DALY rates (per 100 000 people)
1990 2016 Percentage change,
1990–2016
1990–2016
Global 240 379 (219 338 to 262 279) 276 143 (246 544 to 307 994) 15% (9 to 21) 5467 (5024 to 5913) 3968 (3557 to 4396) –27% (–31 to –24)
High-income North America
8455 (7193 to 9751) 11 780 (10 040 to 13 527) 39% (37 to 42) 2867 (2446 to 3305) 2629 (2208 to 3056) –8% (–10 to –7)
Canada 794 (667 to 932) 1137 (950 to 1331) 43% (37 to 50) 2807 (2366 to 3271) 2433 (1998 to 2884) –13% (–18 to –9) Greenland 2 (2 to 2) 2 (1 to 2)
–12% (–24 to 1) 6956 (6236 to 7848) 4262 (3552 to 4953) –39% (–47 to –30) USA 7658 (6530 to 8823) 10 640 (9085 to 12 209) 39% (36 to 42) 2872
(2451 to 3310) 2652 (2232 to 3083) –8% (–10 to –6) Australasia 624 (529 to 723) 860 (725 to 1007) 38% (32 to 44) 3047 (2602 to 3498) 2444 (2020
to 2902) –20% (–24 to –15) Australia 516 (437 to 598) 722 (608 to 846) 40% (33 to 47) 3016 (2573 to 3482) 2430 (2002 to 2905) –20% (–24 to –15)
New Zealand 108 (92 to 123) 138 (116 to 162) 28% (20 to 36) 3201 (2763 to 3650) 2518 (2082 to 2988) –21% (–27 to –16) High-income Asia-Pacific
6136 (5368 to 6922) 7635 (6626 to 8723) 24% (18 to 31) 3643 (3210 to 4091) 2511 (2100 to 2959) –31% (–35 to –27) Brunei 6 (5 to 7) 11 (9 to 13)
71% (53 to 91) 4183 (3693 to 4689) 3192 (2726 to 3738) –24% (–31 to –16) Japan 4336 (3781 to 4904) 5715 (4977 to 6480) 32% (27 to 37) 3202
(2786 to 3626) 2410 (2012 to 2827) –25% (–28 to –22) Singapore 73 (63 to 86) 102 (83 to 122) 39% (26 to 55) 3436 (2998 to 3912) 2225 (1809 to
2670) –35% (–43 to –28) South Korea 1730 (1506 to 1959) 1807 (1453 to 2157) 4% (–12 to 22) 5929 (5300 to 6575) 2912 (2351 to 3455) –51% (–59
to –43) Western Europe 16 002 (13 971 to 18 071) 16 727 (14 215 to 19 172) 4% (1 to 8) 3489 (3004 to 3973) 2686 (2219 to 3174) –23% (–27 to –
20) Andorra 2 (1 to 2) 3 (3 to 4) 74% (53 to 98) 3008 (2437 to 3591) 2686 (2180 to 3231) –11% (–21 to 0) Austria 342 (299 to 389) 318 (264 to 375) –
7% (–13 to –1) 3651 (3139 to 4178) 2632 (2137 to 3163) –28% (–33 to –23) Belgium 430 (375 to 489) 454 (385 to 530) 6% (–2 to 12) 3558 (3073 to
4108) 2823 (2329 to 3363) –21% (–27 to –15)
Cyprus 24 (21 to 27) 30 (25 to 36) 28% (19 to 37) 3663 (3169 to 4215) 2756 (2247 to 3268) –25% (–31 to –19) Denmark 220 (192 to 250) 206 (174 to
240) –6% (–13 to 1) 3460 (2967 to 3962) 2693 (2232 to 3200) –22% (–28 to –16) Finland 227 (199 to 256) 245 (210 to 283) 8% (2 to 14) 3932 (3440
to 4459) 2995 (2498 to 3538) –24% (–29 to –19) France 2070 (1763 to 2376) 2349 (1985 to 2737) 13% (7 to 20) 3134 (2644 to 3638) 2576 (2101 to
3096) –18% (–24 to –11) Germany 3479 (3047 to 3951) 3290 (2798 to 3810) –5% (–12 to 2) 3498 (3020 to 4025) 2645 (2172 to 3159) –24% (–31 to –
17) Greece 488 (434 to 545) 530 (464 to 601) 9% (3 to 15) 4000 (3515 to 4505) 3002 (2535 to 3501) –25% (–30 to –21) Iceland 8 (7 to 10) 11 (9 to 13)
34% (27 to 42) 3229 (2748 to 3740) 2793 (2304 to 3319) –14% (–19 to –8) Ireland 126 (108 to 144) 145 (120 to 173) 15% (6 to 24) 3578 (3078 to
4082) 2747 (2258 to 3298) –23% (–30 to –17) Israel 137 (116 to 158) 223 (183 to 268) 62% (47 to 78) 3432 (2939 to 3948) 2632 (2140 to 3188) –23%
(–31 to –16) Italy 2448 (2118 to 2794) 2684 (2279 to 3088) 10% (4 to 17) 3533 (3010 to 4084) 2729 (2228 to 3269) –23% (–28 to –18) Luxembourg 18
(16 to 20) 20 (16 to 23) 8% (–1 to 17) 4068 (3555 to 4624) 2704 (2221 to 3233) –34% (–39 to –28) Malta 12 (11 to 14) 15 (13 to 18) 22% (11 to 34)
3601 (3091 to 4140) 2700 (2187 to 3228) –25% (–32 to –18) Netherlands 539 (463 to 624) 614 (517 to 713) 14% (7 to 21) 3232 (2770 to 3743) 2680
(2198 to 3191) –17% (–23 to –11) Norway 181 (159 to 204) 181 (153 to 210) 0% (–7 to 8) 3380 (2926 to 3859) 2653 (2200 to 3134) –22% (–27 to –15)
Portugal 604 (550 to 663) 487 (424 to 555) –19% (–24 to –15) 5166 (4651 to 5701) 2964 (2488 to 3476) –43% (–47 to –38) Spain 1533 (1331 to 1744)
1791 (1511 to 2069) 17% (11 to 22) 3482 (2995 to 3982) 2596 (2118 to 3110) –26% (–30 to –21) Sweden 340 (297 to 385) 361 (305 to 415) 6% (–1 to
13) 2983 (2540 to 3451) 2531 (2074 to 2974) –15% (–21 to –10) Switzerland 266 (228 to 307) 292 (239 to 350) 10% (–1 to 23) 3244 (2744 to 3785)
2474 (1979 to 3010) –24% (–31 to –16) UK 2503 (2210 to 2814) 2467 (2113 to 2832) –2% (–5 to 1) 3538 (3087 to 4032) 2771 (2303 to 3255) –22% (–
25 to –19) Southern Latin America 1702 (1509 to 1908) 1849 (1557 to 2150) 9% (1 to 16) 3907 (3484 to 4353) 2680 (2256 to 3120) –31% (–36 to –
27) Argentina 1176 (1047 to 1313) 1214 (1033 to 1411) 3% (–4 to 11) 3960 (3535 to 4408) 2696 (2288 to 3135) –32% (–37 to –27) Chile 396 (344 to
458) 511 (414 to 616) 29% (13 to 47) 3757 (3330 to 4254) 2592 (2101 to 3120) –31% (–40 to –21) Uruguay 130 (117 to 144) 124 (108 to 141) –4% (–
10 to 2) 4006 (3593 to 4464) 2927 (2500 to 3380) –27% (–32 to –22) Eastern Europe 13 148 (11 851 to 14 406) 12 781 (10 708 to 15 168) –3% (–16
to 12) 5762 (5216 to 6301) 4723 (3975 to 5551) –18% (–28 to –6) Belarus 522 (467 to 579) 495 (420 to 572) –5% (–15 to 5) 4969 (4467 to 5488)
4146 (3525 to 4771) –17% (–25 to –9) Estonia 92 (83 to 101) 56 (47 to 65) –39% (–46 to –33) 5442 (4910 to 5963) 3114 (2604 to 3640) –43% (–48 to
–37) Latvia 172 (156 to 190) 123 (106 to 138) –29% (–34 to –22) 5881 (5336 to 6470) 4125 (3553 to 4712) –30% (–36 to –24) Lithuania 155 (137 to
174) 149 (132 to 167) –4% (–9 to 2) 4167 (3678 to 4658) 3633 (3156 to 4110) –13% (–17 to –8) Moldova 226 (203 to 250) 201 (176 to 230) –11% (–19
to –2) 5875 (5317 to 6431) 4492 (3944 to 5117) –24% (–31 to –17) Russia 8854 (7878 to 9776) 9137 (7442 to 11 332) 3% (–15 to 26) 5990 (5357 to
6584) 4972 (4087 to 6090) –17% (–30 to 0) Ukraine 3126 (2835 to 3440) 2622 (2169 to 3132) –16% (–27 to –3) 5460 (4916 to 6030) 4326 (3599 to
5155) –21% (–31 to –9)
(Table 2 continues on next page)
Articles
1990–2016
1990–2016
(Continued from previous page)
Central Europe 6289 (5663 to 6896) 5701 (5055 to 6380) –9% (–13 to –6) 5172 (4678 to 5662) 3758 (3278 to 4241) –27% (–31 to –24) Albania 116 (101 to 132) 140 (122 to 159) 21
4437 (3879 to 5028) –8% (–17 to 1) Bosnia and Herzegovina 191 (168 to 216) 205 (179 to 235) 7% (–5 to 21) 5193 (4626 to 5763) 4137 (3593 to 4794) –20% (–29 to –11) Bulgaria 61
–17% (–26 to –8) 6120 (5564 to 6659) 4637 (3997 to 5233) –24% (–31 to –17) Croatia 260 (233 to 290) 225 (198 to 256) –13% (–21 to –5) 5030 (4485 to 5606) 3662 (3173 to 4202) –
Republic 576 (520 to 635) 415 (355 to 479) –28% (–33 to –23) 5201 (4686 to 5744) 3112 (2635 to 3641) –40% (–45 to –35) Hungary 639 (579 to 703) 467 (400 to 531) –27% (–33 to –
(2976 to 4014) –36% (–42 to –30) Macedonia 102 (91 to 114) 124 (111 to 138) 21% (13 to 30) 6304 (5682 to 7012) 5154 (4606 to 5763) –18% (–24 to –12) Montenegro 30 (27 to 33) 3
(4878 to 6006) 4772 (4218 to 5331) –12% (–20 to –4) Poland 1589 (1407 to 1770) 1555 (1335 to 1778) –2% (–9 to 5) 4390 (3910 to 4872) 3246 (2782 to 3753) –26% (–31 to –21) Rom
(1096 to 1376) –9% (–16 to –2) 5814 (5265 to 6371) 4492 (3961 to 5057) –23% (–28 to –17) Serbia 498 (440 to 559) 498 (438 to 561) 0% (–8 to 8) 5402 (4811 to 6057) 4260 (3697 to
Slovakia 225 (199 to 253) 219 (185 to 253) –3% (–11 to 7) 4579 (4069 to 5106) 3420 (2907 to 3952) –25% (–32 to –18) Slovenia 88 (77 to 101) 79 (67 to 92) –11% (–20 to –2) 4414 (3
3444) –34% (–41 to –27) Central Asia 2740 (2477 to 3023) 3305 (2919 to 3726) 21% (15 to 27) 5522 (5055 to 6014) 4661 (4197 to 5173) –16% (–19 to –12) Armenia 117 (102 to 13
–3) 4325 (3839 to 4844) 3184 (2714 to 3713) –26% (–32 to –20) Azerbaijan 247 (216 to 280) 359 (302 to 420) 45% (27 to 63) 4924 (4415 to 5463) 4248 (3627 to 4917) –14% (–24 to –
(199 to 261) –25% (–34 to –16) 5721 (5177 to 6290) 4543 (3947 to 5206) –21% (–29 to –11) Kazakhstan 703 (625 to 791) 694 (589 to 809) –1% (–12 to 12) 5586 (5029 to 6189) 4614
7) Kyrgyzstan 198 (179 to 218) 207 (181 to 235) 5% (–4 to 14) 6426 (5918 to 6973) 4867 (4364 to 5438) –24% (–30 to –18) Mongolia 95 (76 to 116) 141 (123 to 162) 50% (21 to 85) 5
to 7287) 13% (–2 to 29) Tajikistan 213 (185 to 242) 279 (238 to 326) 31% (12 to 53) 5819 (5211 to 6476) 5037 (4427 to 5718) –13% (–23 to –2) Turkmenistan 137 (122 to 153) 206 (18
(5164 to 6181) 5085 (4582 to 5587) –10% (–16 to –3) Uzbekistan 722 (637 to 820) 1083 (922 to 1262) 50% (34 to 67) 5300 (4761 to 5896) 4631 (4027 to 5309) –13% (–21 to –4) Cen
to 4743) 5654 (4688 to 6652) 36% (29 to 43) 3410 (3016 to 3836) 2631 (2241 to 3048) –23% (–26 to –19) Colombia 894 (758 to 1053) 1078 (875 to 1309) 21% (6 to 38) 3692 (3246 t
31% (–38 to –23) Costa Rica 62 (51 to 75) 107 (87 to 130) 72% (53 to 92) 2799 (2395 to 3241) 2336 (1937 to 2803) –17% (–25 to –8) El Salvador 161 (138 to 185) 140 (114 to 168) –1
4548) 2538 (2106 to 3000) –37% (–44 to –30) Guatemala 220 (188 to 255) 346 (280 to 419) 58% (35 to 80) 3314 (2843 to 3777) 2823 (2315 to 3365) –15% (–27 to –2) Honduras 200
13% (–5 to 36) 4829 (4234 to 5470) 3461 (2887 to 4126) –28% (–39 to –14) Mexico 1979 (1695 to 2284) 2800 (2332 to 3313) 41% (35 to 48) 3158 (2755 to 3576) 2562 (2173 to 2977)
101 (85 to 120) 128 (103 to 155) 27% (10 to 47) 3500 (3026 to 3996) 2644 (2195 to 3120) –24% (–33 to –15) Panama 61 (53 to 71) 94 (78 to 113) 55% (38 to 74) 3526 (3122 to 3997)
to –16) Venezuela 467 (394 to 554) 732 (592 to 885) 57% (35 to 81) 3623 (3180 to 4140) 2837 (2350 to 3390) –22% (–31 to –11) Andean Latin America 1114 (981 to 1258) 1248 (10
(3321 to 4148) 2457 (2073 to 2913) –34% (–40 to –28) Bolivia 272 (234 to 310) 272 (225 to 322) 0% (–16 to 17) 4942 (4339 to 5634) 3022 (2517 to 3552) –39% (–47 to –30) Ecuador
416) 29% (13 to 49) 3529 (3096 to 4029) 2467 (2061 to 2928) –30% (–38 to –21) Peru 575 (493 to 657) 630 (509 to 778) 10% (–5 to 28) 3411 (2964 to 3835) 2271 (1868 to 2742) –33
(1383 to 1786) 1544 (1346 to 1784) –2% (–14 to 9) 5057 (4518 to 5636) 3539 (3108 to 4056) –30% (–37 to –23) Antigua and Barbuda 2 (2 to 2) 3 (2 to 3) 16% (3 to 30) 4249 (3780 to
30% (–37 to –22) The Bahamas 7 (6 to 8) 12 (10 to 14) 68% (51 to 85) 3909 (3470 to 4375) 3142 (2683 to 3604) –20% (–27 to –12) Barbados 10 (8 to 11) 10 (9 to 12) 6% (–2 to 16) 38
to 3428) –23% (–29 to –16) Belize 5 (4 to 6) 8 (7 to 9) 63% (43 to 85) 3606 (3206 to 4065) 3253 (2830 to 3719) –10% (–18 to –1) Bermuda 2 (1 to 2) 2 (1 to 2) 2% (–9 to 14) 3980 (351
–37% (–44 to –30) Cuba 341 (301 to 385) 395 (342 to 449) 16% (8 to 25) 3542 (3159 to 3965) 2795 (2394 to 3202) –21% (–27 to –15) Dominica 2 (2 to 2) 2 (2 to 3) 15% (3 to 30) 3673
3645) –14% (–22 to –4) Dominican Republic 215 (188 to 246) 267 (222 to 313) 24% (8 to 40) 4168 (3716 to 4650) 3049 (2590 to 3540) –27% (–35 to –19) Grenada 4 (3 to 4) 4 (3 to 4)
5433) 3881 (3384 to 4413) –21% (–30 to –11) Guyana 33 (30 to 36) 29 (25 to 32) –13% (–23 to –3) 7493 (6942 to 8090) 4876 (4350 to 5450) –35% (–41 to –28)
Articles
1990–2016
1990–2016
Haiti 698 (566 to 867) 513 (414 to 642) –26% (–43 to –7) 10 731 (9117 to 12 733) 6137 (5102 to 7235) –43% (–53 to –31) Jamaica 86 (76 to 98) 98 (84 to 114) 14% (0 to 28) 4
3584 (3077 to 4127) –17% (–27 to –8) Puerto Rico 89 (76 to 105) 103 (87 to 121) 16% (7 to 27) 2696 (2305 to 3147) 2359 (1988 to 2789) –12% (–20 to –4) Saint Lucia 5 (4 to
29) 4503 (4053 to 4964) 3139 (2723 to 3611) –30% (–36 to –24) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3 (3 to 4) 4 (3 to 4) 9% (–2 to 20) 4266 (3816 to 4750) 3758 (3307 to 4247) –12% (–19 to –4)
Suriname 15 (13 to 17) 20 (18 to 23) 37% (23 to 51) 4726 (4287 to 5218) 4318 (3845 to 4832) –9% (–16 to –1) Trinidad and Tobago 42 (37 to 47) 44 (38 to 51) 7% (–3 to 18) 4
3310 (2880 to 3815) –29% (–35 to –22) Virgin Islands 3 (2 to 3) 4 (3 to 4) 43% (28 to 59) 3221 (2819 to 3705) 2752 (2328 to 3235) –15% (–23 to –6) Tropical Latin America 5
6470 (5604 to 7378) 22% (16 to 27) 5185 (4768 to 5648) 3345 (2941 to 3761) –36% (–39 to –32) Brazil 5188 (4654 to 5761) 6288 (5443 to 7172) 21% (15 to 27) 5215 (4789
3757) –36% (–39 to –33) Paraguay 114 (99 to 130) 181 (154 to 211) 59% (43 to 76) 4117 (3681 to 4567) 3541 (3074 to 4048) –14% (–22 to –5) East Asia 51 041 (47 231 to 5
to 66 880) 20% (13 to 26) 6205 (5792 to 6702) 4115 (3752 to 4475) –34% (–38 to –30) China 49 814 (46 115 to 53 839) 59 292 (54 070 to 64 582) 19% (12 to 25) 6273 (5853
to 4497) –34% (–39 to –30) North Korea 646 (560 to 730) 1402 (1256 to 1555) 118% (94 to 142) 4663 (4091 to 5222) 5569 (5018 to 6138) 20% (7 to 34) Taiwan (Province of C
581 (514 to 651) 675 (575 to 785) 16% (6 to 27) 4011 (3635 to 4408) 2382 (2035 to 2761) –41% (–46 to –35)
Southeast Asia 17 191 (15 142 to 19 147) 22 694 (20 351 to 25 135) 32% (22 to 42) 5422 (4944 to 5880) 4293 (3910 to 4691) –21% (–25 to –16) Cambodia 769 (575 to 109
28% (–53 to –4) 11 005 (8966 to 14 491) 5363 (4850 to 5922) –51% (–63 to –40) Indonesia 6849 (5419 to 8075) 9260 (8270 to 10 280) 36% (18 to 63) 5295 (4613 to 5961) 47
9% (–18 to 0) Laos 338 (256 to 470) 263 (221 to 317) –20% (–46 to 6) 9753 (8128 to 12 675) 5511 (4862 to 6127) –43% (–57 to –31) Malaysia 516 (455 to 580) 806 (691 to 92
4911 (4499 to 5356) 3456 (3035 to 3873) –30% (–35 to –25) Maldives 6 (5 to 7) 7 (5 to 8) 9% (–11 to 30) 4917 (4312 to 5586) 2605 (2157 to 3116) –47% (–55 to –38) Mauritiu
to 47) 9% (–2 to 21) 5367 (4940 to 5809) 3151 (2717 to 3635) –41% (–47 to –35) Myanmar 1913 (1648 to 2191) 2004 (1754 to 2303) 5% (–10 to 22) 7118 (6318 to 8037) 4964
(–39 to –21) Philippines 1779 (1585 to 2002) 3318 (2887 to 3780) 87% (69 to 107) 4486 (4078 to 4924) 4614 (4073 to 5176) 3% (–7 to 14) Sri Lanka 464 (398 to 534) 598 (493
48) 3720 (3254 to 4175) 3088 (2573 to 3625) –17% (–27 to –6) Seychelles 3 (2 to 3) 3 (3 to 3) 15% (1 to 30) 4584 (4064 to 5100) 3279 (2846 to 3784) –28% (–36 to –20) Thai
1837) 2149 (1829 to 2487) 33% (22 to 47) 4080 (3657 to 4524) 2936 (2517 to 3398) –28% (–34 to –21) Timor-Leste 38 (28 to 52) 32 (26 to 39) –13% (–41 to 17) 7358 (5973 to
to 5126) –40% (–60 to –24) Vietnam 2855 (2475 to 3286) 3643 (3217 to 4120) 28% (11 to 47) 6094 (5347 to 6967) 4403 (3930 to 4929) –28% (–37 to –17) Oceania 278 (241
528) 64% (40 to 91) 6675 (5920 to 7501) 5708 (4950 to 6484) –14% (–25 to –2) American Samoa 1 (1 to 1) 2 (2 to 2) 48% (28 to 68) 4475 (4013 to 4954) 3591 (3104 to 4107
Federated States of Micronesia
4 (3 to 4) 4 (3 to 5) 4% (–17 to 28) 6909 (5992 to 7925) 5898 (4870 to 7095) –14% (–31 to 4)
Fiji 20 (17 to 24) 29 (24 to 34) 42% (13 to 77) 4706 (3919 to 5562) 4149 (3461 to 4885) –11% (–29 to 9) Guam 3 (3 to 3) 5 (5 to 6) 86% (67 to 108) 3497 (3090 to 3897) 3387 (
12 to 7) Kiribati 4 (4 to 5) 6 (5 to 7) 37% (14 to 65) 8312 (7508 to 9152) 7477 (6596 to 8483) –10% (–22 to 4) Marshall Islands 1 (1 to 2) 2 (2 to 3) 56% (33 to 80) 5425 (4834 to
5336) –14% (–25 to –2) Northern Mariana Islands 1 (1 to 1) 2 (2 to 3) 134% (95 to 177) 4201 (3571 to 4858) 3300 (2815 to 3790) –21% (–34 to –7) Papua New Guinea 211 (17
420) 66% (36 to 102) 8172 (7063 to 9467) 6825 (5749 to 7933) –16% (–29 to –1) Samoa 5 (4 to 6) 6 (5 to 7) 16% (–1 to 32) 5335 (4702 to 6048) 4235 (3630 to 4839) –20% (–
Islands 12 (10 to 15) 25 (21 to 29) 101% (69 to 142) 7860 (6720 to 9116) 7104 (6075 to 8391) –9% (–23 to 8) Tonga 3 (2 to 4) 3 (3 to 4) 7% (–13 to 29) 4363 (3789 to 5000) 37
13% (–25 to 1) Vanuatu 6 (5 to 7) 12 (10 to 14) 99% (67 to 138) 7380 (6333 to 8453) 6726 (5726 to 7972) –9% (–22 to 8) North Africa and Middle East
12 521 (10 765 to 14 400) 17 300 (14 801 to 20 108) 38% (25 to 51) 5033 (4483 to 5597) 4048 (3534 to 4593) –20% (–24 to –15)
Afghanistan 1440 (1024 to 2063) 1923 (1549 to 2457) 37% (–7 to 88) 11 896 (9796 to 14 634) 9135 (7788 to 10 709) –23% (–36 to –10) Algeria 683 (564 to 810) 1080 (892 to
4239 (3660 to 4821) 3410 (2899 to 3953) –20% (–26 to –13) Bahrain 11 (9 to 13) 27 (20 to 33) 148% (118 to 180) 3788 (3253 to 4330) 2841 (2340 to 3377) –25% (–33 to –16)
Articles
1990–2016
1990–2016
Egypt 2065 (1814 to 2328) 2790 (2331 to 3291) 35% (20 to 50) 5105 (4551 to 5697) 4204 (3607 to 4868) –18% (–25 to –9) Iran 1474 (1197 to 1787) 2244 (1816 to 2732) 53%
to 4909) 3601 (3005 to 4220) –15% (–25 to –4) Iraq 773 (607 to 984) 1335 (1068 to 1668) 74% (44 to 108) 6556 (5486 to 7823) 5711 (4692 to 6862) –13% (–25 to 1) Jordan 8
to 203) 107% (80 to 137) 4463 (3903 to 5044) 3410 (2835 to 4053) –24% (–35 to –12) Kuwait 35 (27 to 44) 76 (57 to 97) 118% (94 to 145) 2999 (2532 to 3548) 3033 (2443 to
Lebanon 106 (75 to 150) 172 (122 to 239) 63% (44 to 87) 4910 (3743 to 6453) 3219 (2421 to 4359) –34% (–42 to –27) Libya 119 (98 to 146) 168 (136 to 205) 42% (19 to 65) 4
3657 (3084 to 4280) –10% (–20 to 1) Morocco 991 (792 to 1210) 1023 (848 to 1216) 4% (–14 to 23) 4934 (4237 to 5684) 3643 (3114 to 4246) –26% (–35 to –18) Palestine 64
158) 108% (74 to 149) 5366 (4612 to 6160) 5245 (4642 to 5888) –2% (–12 to 9) Oman 73 (58 to 91) 97 (77 to 119) 35% (0 to 72) 4884 (4235 to 5577) 3149 (2699 to 3626) –35
11 (9 to 13) 40 (30 to 51) 272% (219 to 330) 3622 (3068 to 4223) 2643 (2124 to 3215) –27% (–38 to –15) Saudi Arabia 358 (296 to 424) 695 (559 to 840) 94% (78 to 112) 413
(3090 to 4081) –14% (–21 to –6) Sudan 800 (669 to 961) 1141 (943 to 1352) 43% (23 to 64) 5996 (5197 to 6950) 4513 (3907 to 5170) –25% (–32 to –18) Syria 433 (371 to 50
15% (–6 to 37) 5065 (4514 to 5636) 3830 (3206 to 4582) –24% (–33 to –15) Tunisia 228 (193 to 267) 333 (273 to 394) 46% (30 to 64) 3992 (3466 to 4572) 3287 (2748 to 3849
Turkey 2203 (1647 to 2782) 2302 (1891 to 2722) 6% (–16 to 39) 4665 (3760 to 5597) 3245 (2709 to 3788) –30% (–41 to –15) United Arab Emirates 49 (39 to 60) 251 (204 to 3
4988 (4225 to 5937) 4025 (3461 to 4681) –19% (–33 to –4) Yemen 511 (417 to 646) 776 (650 to 911) 53% (23 to 86) 6744 (5797 to 7782) 5157 (4468 to 5856) –23% (–32 to –
902 (49 124 to 64 150) 56 158 (49 114 to 63 659) –1% (–13 to 13) 6103 (5459 to 6731) 4193 (3768 to 4660) –31% (–38 to –25) Bangladesh 5569 (4106 to 6565) 5549 (4751
33) 7063 (6076 to 7857) 4646 (4090 to 5217) –34% (–42 to –24) Bhutan 32 (23 to 43) 22 (18 to 26) –30% (–51 to –8) 6606 (5436 to 8048) 3552 (3035 to 4108) –46% (–57 to –
483 to 49 294) 42 665 (37 236 to 48 655) –1% (–14 to 13) 5912 (5244 to 6557) 4029 (3589 to 4500) –32% (–38 to –25) Nepal 1708 (1150 to 2543) 955 (797 to 1132) –42% (–6
to 10 789) 4217 (3628 to 4842) –49% (–61 to –38) Pakistan 6240 (5281 to 7377) 6958 (5932 to 8175) 12% (–9 to 38) 6415 (5671 to 7237) 5034 (4410 to 5746) –21% (–32 to –
Saharan Africa
1503 (1327 to 1680) 2298 (2048 to 2577) 53% (43 to 64) 4091 (3662 to 4498) 3939 (3574 to 4330) –4% (–10 to 3)
Botswana 34 (28 to 40) 60 (41 to 79) 77% (25 to 129) 4752 (3945 to 5594) 4064 (2676 to 5292) –14% (–42 to 12) Lesotho 50 (43 to 58) 77 (63 to 94) 54% (25 to 89) 5230 (446
to 7378) 15% (–8 to 43) Namibia 46 (40 to 53) 61 (46 to 75) 32% (4 to 59) 5901 (5271 to 6590) 3989 (3028 to 4827) –32% (–47 to –19) South Africa 1098 (966 to 1235) 1535 (
(30 to 49) 4019 (3615 to 4436) 3658 (3285 to 4072) –9% (–14 to –3) Swaziland 24 (20 to 28) 37 (28 to 47) 59% (28 to 94) 5304 (4559 to 6144) 4611 (3412 to 5928) –13% (–32
(199 to 299) 527 (443 to 619) 112% (74 to 167) 3926 (2959 to 4644) 4708 (3957 to 5516) 21% (–1 to 59) Western sub-Saharan Africa
12 407 (10 421 to 14 457) 14 438 (12 137 to 17 921) 17% (–2 to 43) 6383 (5667 to 7160) 4593 (4069 to 5283) –28% (–35 to –19)
Benin 331 (272 to 405) 404 (338 to 504) 23% (–5 to 59) 6792 (6005 to 7717) 5077 (4472 to 5836) –25% (–35 to –13) Burkina Faso 708 (540 to 919) 753 (593 to 984) 8% (–21
8250) 4950 (4288 to 5864) –28% (–40 to –14) Cameroon 590 (484 to 741) 904 (743 to 1104) 55% (21 to 94) 5672 (4947 to 6584) 5080 (4239 to 6031) –10% (–24 to 5) Cape V
(11 to 16) 16% (–5 to 39) 4611 (4045 to 5223) 3332 (2825 to 3919) –28% (–37 to –17) Chad 468 (367 to 645) 715 (582 to 887) 55% (4 to 102) 7412 (6314 to 9394) 5615 (4893
to –10) Côte d’Ivoire 614 (504 to 767) 877 (746 to 1037) 44% (15 to 74) 6351 (5591 to 7151) 5587 (4919 to 6332) –12% (–22 to –1) The Gambia 41 (34 to 49) 62 (50 to 80) 51
(4619 to 6041) 4396 (3764 to 5170) –17% (–27 to –5) Ghana 806 (638 to 1040) 994 (837 to 1181) 25% (–4 to 54) 7023 (6048 to 8128) 5295 (4588 to 5998) –24% (–35 to –13)
669) 554 (466 to 662) 8% (–22 to 40) 8021 (6821 to 9475) 5716 (5025 to 6495) –28% (–41 to –15) Guinea-Bissau 91 (74 to 111) 95 (78 to 124) 5% (–20 to 42) 9285 (8092 to 1
8044) –26% (–38 to –13) Liberia 144 (117 to 182) 151 (124 to 199) 6% (–20 to 38) 6374 (5514 to 7319) 4774 (4159 to 5480) –25% (–36 to –14) Mali 740 (584 to 988) 724 (562
32) 8601 (7195 to 11 257) 5078 (4299 to 6139) –40% (–55 to –27) Mauritania 83 (68 to 111) 116 (92 to 145) 41% (9 to 77) 5869 (4959 to 7561) 4025 (3274 to 4899) –31% (–4
(842 to 1637) 1034 (799 to 1400) –12% (–42 to 32) 10 905 (8469 to 14 054) 5690 (4730 to 6878) –47% (–60 to –32) Nigeria 5169 (4160 to 6399) 5931 (4606 to 8011) 16% (–1
6341) 3701 (3088 to 4494) –32% (–44 to –18) São Tomé and Príncipe 5 (4 to 6) 5 (4 to 6) 9% (–13 to 34) 5152 (4512 to 5833) 4219 (3562 to 4882) –18% (–31 to –5)
Articles
1990 2016 Percentage change, 1990–2016
1990–2016
Senegal 390 (327 to 469) 550 (453 to 724) 42% (14 to 84) 5984 (5293 to 6774) 5091 (4396 to 6048) –15% (–24 to –3) Sierra Leone 306 (245 to 397) 302 (241 to 427) 0% (–25
8993) 5859 (4995 to 7162) –22% (–34 to –7) Togo 181 (150 to 219) 250 (211 to 297) 39% (14 to 65) 5984 (5222 to 6790) 5077 (4429 to 5818) –15% (–25 to –4) Eastern sub-
13 271 (11 356 to 15 291) 13 325 (11 696 to 15 108) 1% (–14 to 20) 8046 (7185 to 9246) 4896 (4419 to 5418) –39% (–45 to –33)
Burundi 431 (341 to 556) 444 (366 to 542) 5% (–23 to 38) 10 205 (8580 to 12 443) 5467 (4703 to 6325) –46% (–57 to –35) Comoros 23 (19 to 29) 23 (19 to 27) –3% (–23 to 21
4265 (3698 to 4919) –42% (–51 to –33) Djibouti 32 (25 to 41) 32 (25 to 40) 2% (–24 to 35) 6091 (5147 to 7318) 4282 (3482 to 5116) –29% (–42 to –15) Eritrea 247 (178 to 343
23% (–47 to 3) 10 360 (8331 to 13 225) 5499 (4681 to 6404) –46% (–57 to –36) Ethiopia 3699 (2871 to 4822) 3283 (2765 to 3889) –10% (–34 to 18) 9248 (7840 to 11 226) 47
48% (–58 to –37) Kenya 1321 (1034 to 1907) 1337 (1136 to 1593) 3% (–19 to 22) 6058 (4646 to 8720) 4047 (3417 to 4813) –32% (–47 to –22) Madagascar 675 (581 to 777) 1
54% (28 to 82) 7997 (7156 to 9041) 6492 (5425 to 7716) –19% (–31 to –6) Malawi 677 (517 to 873) 590 (476 to 737) –11% (–39 to 26) 6906 (5700 to 8183) 4428 (3663 to 524
Mozambique 947 (772 to 1187) 984 (817 to 1201) 5% (–21 to 36) 8366 (7432 to 9403) 5029 (4269 to 5871) –40% (–49 to –29) Rwanda 530 (409 to 687) 385 (312 to 480) –26%
(7461 to 10 314) 4507 (3721 to 5433) –48% (–59 to –37) Somalia 673 (452 to 1073) 558 (425 to 781) –15% (–40 to 13) 12 002 (8731 to 18 830) 7349 (5980 to 9416) –37% (–5
Sudan 727 (471 to 1147) 778 (580 to 1076) 11% (–26 to 62) 9433 (6933 to 15 320) 5981 (4806 to 7593) –35% (–54 to –16) Tanzania 1247 (1046 to 1450) 1631 (1333 to 2021
(5013 to 6519) 4170 (3544 to 4799) –27% (–37 to –16) Uganda 1361 (1099 to 1783) 1416 (1158 to 1788) 5% (–24 to 40) 7897 (6902 to 9100) 4812 (4158 to 5580) –39% (–49
(520 to 854) 633 (521 to 769) –5% (–32 to 31) 7424 (6152 to 8706) 5462 (4542 to 6532) –26% (–42 to –7) Central sub-Saharan Africa
2600 (2143 to 3100) 3907 (3312 to 4716) 51% (21 to 92) 6485 (5695 to 7385) 5107 (4559 to 5697) –21% (–30 to –12)
Angola 637 (494 to 815) 756 (606 to 941) 20% (–11 to 63) 7313 (5866 to 9162) 4809 (3976 to 5852) –34% (–49 to –17) Central African Republic 199 (164 to 242) 263 (214 to 3
8458 (7221 to 9841) 7283 (5974 to 8644) –14% (–29 to 2) Congo (Brazzaville) 111 (93 to 137) 145 (118 to 177) 31% (5 to 63) 7054 (6028 to 8241) 4790 (4005 to 5601) –32%
Democratic Republic of the Congo
1581 (1219 to 2001) 2672 (2183 to 3394) 72% (27 to 139) 5985 (5151 to 6856) 5107 (4468 to 5719) –14% (–25 to –2)
Equatorial Guinea 27 (22 to 35) 18 (14 to 24) –32% (–53 to –6) 8578 (7081 to 10 528) 3346 (2494 to 4320) –61% (–72 to –48) Gabon 44 (38 to 52) 53 (44 to 64) 20% (–4 to 47
4154 (3498 to 4846) –29% (–40 to –16)
Numbers in brackets are 95% uncertainty intervals. DALY=disability-adjusted life-year.
Table 2: DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people and percentage change for all neurological disorders combined by location, 1990–2016
multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache had male- to-female ratios of less than 0·7 (table 1). In children younger than 5 years, infectious neurolo
tetanus, meningitis, and en cephalitis), particularly meningitis, were the main causes of neurological DALYs in both sexes (figure 2). DALYs from ep
in people aged 5 years to 29 years. Migraine and tension- type headache were large contributors in young and middle-aged adults, with much higher
than males. Stroke burden rapidly increased up to the age of about 80 years, and was the dominant cause of neurological burden between ages 60 and 8
males than females. Although Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias were the dominant cause of neurological burden from age 90 years, the global
from dementias was greatest between ages 80 and 89 years (figure 2).
The patterns by age of YLLs and YLDs due to neurological conditions were very different. Deaths, and by
extension YLLs, were the dominant feature of infectious causes, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, and brain and other CNS cancer,
estimated for headaches, TBI, and spinal cord injury were all YLDs, because headaches are not considered an underlying cause of death and the IC
deaths to the cause and not the nature of injury. Epilepsy, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias were other substantial contributors to YL
disorders (figure 3).
Five countries had age-standardised DALY rates of combined neurological disorders exceeding 7000 DALYs per 100 000 population in 2016: Afghan
[95% UI 7788–10 709] per 100 000), Kiribati (7477 DALYs [6596–8483] per 100 000), Solomon Islands (7104 DALYs [6075–8391] per 100 00
Republic (7283 DALYs [5974–8644] per 100 000), and Somalia (7349 DALYs [5980–9416] per 100 000; table 2). All of these countries have scarce
and no data for
motor neuron diseases). Articles
Discussion Contributing 11·6% of global DALYs and
16·5% of deaths from all causes, neurological disorders remain
the leading group cause of DALYs and the second leading
group cause of deaths in the world. These estimates are close to
those reported in GBD 2015 estimates on the global burden of
neurological disorders. Furthermore, our findings reported in
any of the neurological conditions included in this analysis. the individual neurological disorder papers of the significant
Thus, estimates depended heavily on predictive covariate values geographic and sex variations and the effects of SDI on the
and geographical proximity and, hence, are rather uncertain. 11 patterns of the burden of neurological disorders were consistent
countries had age-standardised DALY rates less than 2500 with our previous observations.2 Although the age-standardised
DALYs per 100 000 population: Singapore, Peru, Ecuador, rates of deaths and DALYs from 1990 to 2016 have decreased
Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, significantly, the absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs
Canada, and Bermuda (table 2). The reasons for the low rates in have significantly increased over the same period. The only
these countries were varied. For example, Taiwan and Japan neurological disorders that had significant decreases in age-
have low rates of migraine, whereas Costa Rica’s stroke rates standardised incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY rates
were low. High stroke rates were common among the five were infectious neurological disorders (meningitis, encephalitis,
countries with the highest neurological DALY rates, whereas, and tetanus). These diverging trends in communicable and non-
meningitis rates were also high in Somalia, Central African communicable neurological disorders are in line with our
Republic, and Afghanistan and tetanus rates were much higher previous estimates2 and consistent with the observed overall
in Somalia than in any of the other four countries. The age- global burden shift from communicable to non-communicable
standardised rates of neurological DALYs decreased disorders.18 The decline of age-standardised rates with
significantly in 171 of 195 countries and territories between 1990 concomitant
and 2016. In 23 countries, the change did not reach statistical increase in absolute numbers was observed in most countries.
significance, and only in North Korea was there a significant The increase in absolute numbers of non- communicable
increase, which was 20% (95% UI 7–34). neurological disorders juxtaposed with a significant decrease in
Only three of the 15 neurological disorder categoriestheir age-standardised rates is consistent with the major role of
had more than 10% of DALYs attributable to the 84 risks population ageing and growth as the main drivers of this
quantified in GBD 2016: risk-attributable DALYs accounted for increase; it also suggests that intervention strategies to reduce
88·8% (86·5–90·9) of all stroke DALYs, 22·3% (11·8–35·1) of non-communicable neurological disorders are not sufficiently
DALYs for Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, and 14·1% deployed or effective. With continu ing ageing of popu lations,
(10·8–17·5) of idiopathic epilepsy DALYs. For the other the prevalence of non-communicable neurological disorders is
neurological disorders, the pro- portion of DALYs that were risk likely to con tinue increasing, placing pressure on already over
attributable was either very small (meningitis, encephalitis, andstretched health-care services.19–21 There fore, develop ment of
multiple sclerosis) or zero (tetanus, brain and other CNS cancer,
new strategies to treat or prevent the major neurological
migraine and tension-type headache, Parkinson’s dis ease, and disorders and the implementation of already proven effective
prevention strategies for stroke and infectious neurological dementias and migraine and tension-type headache, the
disorders are of paramount importance to achieve UN variation in age- standardised DALY rates and SDI between
Sustainable Development Goal targets. world regions and within regions over time suggests that
The relationship between SDI and age- socioeconomic development does not determine the extent of
standardised DALY rates has been discussed in each of the DALYs from these diseases.
neurological disorder-specific GBD 2016 papers.3–12 For stroke, Our study findings have important health
epilepsy, and meningitis we showed that age-standardised service implications. The increase in number of people affected
DALY rates by GBD regions over the period 1990–2016 follow by non-communicable neurological disorders implies a need for
a downward trajectory aligned with the predicted direction of substantially increased resources for their management. Our
decreasing burden of these conditions with socioeconomic detailed estimates for 195 countries and a growing number of
development. Four other categories, brain and other CNS cancer, subnational locations provides a basis for locality-specific
Parkinson’s disease, mul tiple sclerosis, and motor neuron priority setting and financing of health services, including
diseases, appear to follow a pattern of increasing DALY rates workforce development. For example, by knowing the absolute
with increasing SDI. However, for all four of these conditions numbers of new and existing cases of major disabling
there were large variations in rates from the expected pattern neurological disorders from the GBD study, one can estimate
according to SDI, and high-income Asia Pacific has much lower annual requirements for first specialist neurologist assessments
rates for all four conditions than other high-income regions. This (total number of incident cases of these disorders) and for follow-
suggests that the observed relationship with SDI is spurious, with up neurological assessments (assuming an average number [eg,
SDI being a proxy for other factors (eg, genetic) explaining two] of follow-up visits per year), and
variations in disease rates. For Alzheimer’s disease and other
Articles dedicated to making data sources comparable—eg, by mapping

cause-of-death data across various iterations of ICD
classification systems and the local idiosyncrasies in how these
are applied; the redistribution of less informative codes for an
underlying cause of death to specified causes in the GBD list;
and adjustments of non-fatal and risk factor data to account for
biases introduced by different case definitions or study
methods. However, we cannot guarantee that we are aware of
from these, the number of neurologists required in a country for and can accurately correct for all sources of measurement bias,
outpatient management. For example, in New Zealand in 2016, particularly for diseases like dementia, multiple sclerosis, motor
there were 23 132 incident and 152 210 prevalent cases of neuron diseases, and Parkinson’s disease, which require more
stroke, dementias, refractory migraines (perhaps 5% of all complex survey procedures to establish a diagnosis.
migraine cases),22 epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, multiple Additionally, diagnosis of headaches is entirely based on
sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, and brain and other CNS patient report and thus, prone to various sources of reporting
cancers combined. Thus, the total time for required first bias.24 Second, despite extensive efforts to identify data sources
specialist assessments (23 132 × 0·75 h for a new clinic for GBD, many countries have sparse data and missing
patient as reported in New Zealand23 is 17 349 h) and neurology information. In those countries, we rely heavily on predictive
follow- ups (152 210 [number of pre valent cases] × two covariates and assume similarity through geographical
[average number of follow-ups per year] × 0·5 h for a follow- proximity. However, many of the neurological disorders do not
up is 152 210 h) was 169 559 h. By dividing 169 559 h by the have strong predictors. The exception is stroke, for which the
average estimate of physicians’ working hours per year (40 h combination of all risks included in GBD predicts 88·8% of the
per week × 48 weeks is 1920 h), one can estimate that total burden.12 The absence of strong predictors in the models of
approximately 88 full-time equiv alent (FTE) neurologists are the other disorders makes it much harder to predict disease
required (compared with the 36 that are available)23 to provide levels in countries with sparse or no data. It also makes it more
specialist neuro logical care for the most common disabling essential to conduct good-quality epidemiological studies in
neurologi cal dis orders in New Zealand. This result is close to those countries that are currently poorly represented in the
previous estimates of FTE neurologist requirements in New disease models. Third, we were able to add spinal cord injury
Zealand using a pragmatic analysis.23 This study was not free of and TBI estimates to this analysis but only in terms of
the general limitations shared by all GBD estimates. First, to incidence and YLDs. The dominant tradition in cause-of-death
bring as much information as possible into the estimation of attribution is to assign injury deaths to the cause of the injury
disease and death rates for GBD, an extensive effort is rather than
the consequent nature of injury. In future iterations of GBD we neurological disorders that are not a cause of death, such as
plan to analyse data sources with multiple causes listed for each peripheral neuropathies, neuropathic pain, or restless legs
death to approximate deaths from nature of injury categories like syndrome. Thus, our estimates of the burden of neurological
TBI and spinal cord injury. Fourth, in GBD, the correction for disorders, although already large and increasing, are still an
comorbidity is made on the basis of the independent probability underestimate of the true burden of neurological disorders and
that an individual will have combinations of disabling sequelae. will be until resources are found to explicitly estimate the burden
Although we would like also to take into account the more of these residual disorders.
commonly known comorbidities, computationally this has In summary, the burden of neurological disorders (especially non-
remained intractable for the large number of diseases and their communicable disorders) is large and increasing, posing a
sequelae estimated in GBD. For the neurological disorders that challenge to the sustainability of health systems. Although a
are highly prevalent in older people with known comorbidities wealth of knowledge is available on how best to reduce the
such as stroke and diabetes, we are over- estimating the non-fatal burden of stroke and infectious neurological diseases,
burden. Finally, the residual category of other neurological dis intervention and re- duction of the burden of other non-
orders tries to capture deaths and DALYs for neurological communicable neurological disorders is much more complex
disorders that are not explicitly being estimated. For deaths, and requires the development of new evidence to design more
where vital registration systems provide data on all causes, this effective treatments and prevention measures. Further epidemi-
can be estimated with greater precision. For the non-fatal ological studies on neurological disorders in various populations
estimates, we approximate YLDs by assuming the same ratio of are required to fill the gaps in the knowledge of distribution,
YLDs and YLLs estimated for the main fatal neurological frequency, outcomes, and determinants of major neurological
disorders (Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disorders. We call on a wide range of clinicians, surgeons, and
disease, multiple scler osis, motor neuron diseases, and other health-care professionals with neurological expertise
idiopathic epilepsy) and apply this ratio to the YLLs calculated caring for individuals with neurological disorders to work
for residual causes like Huntington’s disease and muscular collaboratively with the GBD to strengthen the accuracy of
dystrophy. Al though as a placeholder estimate this method has future GBD estimates by enhancing epidemiological research of
at least some validity for residual neurological disorders that lead neurological disorders.
to death, it does not capture the burden of any residual
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Paulo A Lotufo, Robyn M Lucas, Raimundas Lunevicius, Mark T Mackay, Nooshin Abbasi, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim,
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Mehdi Sharif, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Jun She, Aziz Sheikh, Ehimario U Igumbor, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi,
Kevin N Sheth, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam,
Ivy Shiue, Soraya Siabani, Tariq J Siddiqi, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mehdi Javanbakht, Ravi Prakash Jha,
Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Donald H Silberberg, João Pedro Silva, Yash B Jobanputra, Jost B Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jóźwiak, Mikk Jürisson,
Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Jasvinder A Singh, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Yogeshwar Kalkonde,
Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Eirini Skiadaresi, Mari Smith, Teshome Abegaz Kamil, Tanuj Kanchan, Manoochehr Karami,
Badr Hasan Sobaih, Soheila Sobhani, Moslem Soofi, Ireneous N Soyiri, André Karch, Narges Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa,
Luciano A Sposato, Dan J Stein, Murray B Stein, Mark A Stokes,
Articles
Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Bryan L Sykes, Pn Sylaja, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Braden James Te Ao, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Jarnail Singh Th
Roman Topor-Madry, Miguel Tortajada-Girbés, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, Lorainne Tudor
Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A Uthman, Pascual R Valdez, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Rajagopalan Vasanthan, Yousef Veisani, Narayanaswamy Venketasubraman
Violante, Vasily Vlassov, Kia Vosoughi, Giang Thu Vu, Isidora S Vujcic, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Yuan-Pang Wang, Elisabete Weiderpass, Jordan Weiss, Harvey A Whiteford,
Sylvia Winkler, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Charles D A Wolfe, Gelin Xu, Ali Yadollahpour, Tomohide Yamada, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Ebrahim M Yimer, Paul Yip, En
Yonemoto, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Hamed Zandian, Zohreh Zare, Yunquan Zhang, Sanjay Zodpey, Mohsen Naghavi, Chr
Theo Vos.
Affiliations National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences (Prof V L Feigin PhD, A Theadom PhD), School of Public Health (R V Krishnamurthi PhD), National Institute for Stroke
Neurosciences (B J Te Ao PhD), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Prof V L Feigin PhD, E Nichols BA, T Alam MPH,
Fitzmaurice MD, S L James MD, C O Johnson PhD, N J Kassebaum MD, W C Mountjoy-Venning BA, M Nguyen BS, G A Roth MD, Prof S Vollset DrPH, S D Dharmaratne MD, Prof S I Hay
MD, Prof A H Mokdad PhD, M R Nixon PhD, N Reinig BS, N L S Roberts BS, M Smith MPA, Prof H A Whiteford PhD, Prof M Naghavi MD, Prof C J L Murray DPhil, Prof T Vos PhD), Dep
(Prof R G Ellenbogen MD, J R Zunt MD, R Kalani MD), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (G A Roth MD), Division of Hematology (C Fitzmaurice MD), Department of Health
S Vollset DrPH, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, I A Khalil MD, Prof A H Mokdad PhD, Prof M Naghavi MD, Prof C J L Murray DPhil, Prof T Vos PhD), Division of Plastic Surgery (C S Crowe MD,
Department of Surgery (S D Morrison MD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (Prof E Oren PhD); Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research
MD, G Giussani PhD); Research, Evidence and Policy Department, Meningitis Research Foundation, Bristol, UK (N Blake MSc, L Glennie MSc, C Wright MSc); Department of Veterans Affa
Center of Excellence, Baltimore, MD, USA (W J Culpepper PhD); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (W J Culpepper PhD), School of Medicine (M T Wallin MD), University of M
USA; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA (E Dorsey MD); Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, Fra
Department of Surgery (Prof R G Ellenbogen MD), Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine (N J Kassebaum MD), Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA; James Cancer Hospit
Department of Pediatrics (W D Lo MD), Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M Piccininni MSc), Unit of Neu
Department of Clinical Research in Neurology (M Piccininni MSc), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy (Prof G Logroscino PhD); Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazi
Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy (Prof G Logroscino PhD); Institute of Neurological Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France (B Marin PhD); Centre of Ca
and Education in Therapeutics (R Ofori-Asenso MSc), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Prof Y Guo PhD, S Li PhD), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof A G
Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana (R Ofori-Asenso MSc); Neurosurgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
16 www.thelancet.com/neurology Published online March 14, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1474-4422(18)30499-X (A P Patel MD); Department of Neuromedicine and Move
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Prof T J Steiner PhD, Prof L J Stovner PhD); Division of Brain Sciences (Prof T J Steiner PhD, Prof R A Shakir MD), D
Care and Public Health (M Car PhD, Prof A Majeed MD, Prof S Rawaf PhD), WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training (D L Rawaf MD), Imperial College London
Centre, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Prof L J Stovner PhD); School of Health Sciences (Prof C E I Szoeke PhD, A Meretoja MD, R Sahathevan PhD), Department of Paediatrics (M
Department of Medicine (Prof T Wijeratne MD), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Brain Institute (Prof C E I Szoeke PhD), Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Resear
Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA (M T Wallin MD); Non-communicable Diseases R
Abbasi MD, F Farzadfar MD, S N Irvani MD, M Shams-Beyranvand MSc, B Mohajer MD, F Mohebi MD), Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (M Afarideh MD, Prof A Estegham
MD, M Ganji MD), Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (S Eskandarieh PhD, B Mohajer MD, Prof M Sahraian MD), Department of Pharmacology (Arv Haj-Mirzaian MD, Ary Haj-Mirzaian M
Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Prof S Hosseini PhD, M Mansournia PhD, M Yaseri PhD), Hematologic Malignancies Research Center (A Kasaeian PhD), Knowledge Utilization Research Cen
Majdzadeh PhD), Digestive Diseases Research Institute (Prof R Malekzadeh MD, H Poustchi PhD, G Roshandel PhD, S G Sepanlou MD), Iran National Institute of Health Research (F Mohebi
Health Management and Economics (S Mousavi PhD), Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center (Prof V Rahimi-Movaghar MD, Prof P Salamati MD, M Sharif-Alhoseini PhD), Cancer Biolo
Shirkoohi PhD), Department of Anatomy (S Sobhani MD), Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center (A Kasaeian PhD), Community-Based Participatory-Research
Majdzadeh PhD), Cancer Research Center (R Shirkoohi PhD), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Montreal Neuroimaging Center (N Abbasi MD), School of Physical and Oc
V Mate MSc), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (Prof F Abd-Allah MD, Prof A Abdelalim MD, M I Hegazy PhD); Departm
Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran (I Abdollahpour PhD); Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran (I Abdollahpour PhD); Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren Universi
France (Prof V Aboyans MD); Institute of Epidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France (Prof V Aboyans MD); Clinical Pharmacy Unit (H N Abraha MSc, T D Kassa MSc, Y L Nira
Public Health (A B Belachew MSc), School of Pharmacy (A K Gebre MSc, T G Gebremichael MSc, A G Tsadik MSc, E M Yimer MSc), Department of Biostatistics (K Gezae MSc), Anatomy
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics (A Kahsay MPH, M G Degefa MSc), School of Medicine (D T Mengistu MSc), Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (H G Meles MPH); Department of
Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea (D Acharya MPH); Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal (D Acharya MPH); Department of Global Healt
Prof C S Wiysonge MD), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences (Prof P S Nyasulu PhD), Department of Psychiatry (Prof S Seedat PhD), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; C
A Adamu MSc), South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (Prof D J Stein MD); Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O M
of Medicine (A M Adeoye MD), Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training (R O Akinyemi PhD, Prof M O Owolabi DrM), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Community Card
Unit, Elyon Heart Rehabilitation Center, Ibadan, Nigeria (A M Adeoye MD); Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain (J C Adsuar PhD); Indian Institute of Public
PhD), Public Health
Colombia (Prof N Alvis-Guzman PhD); Research Group in Hospital Management
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and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia (Prof N
Alvis-Guzman PhD); Faculty of Medicine (N H Anber PhD), Mansoura
University, Mansoura, Egypt (N H Anber PhD); Department of Health Policy and
Administration (C T Antonio MD), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
(J F Lopez MD), University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines;
Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Hong Kong, China (C T Antonio MD); Health Management and Economics
Research Center (J Arabloo PhD, M Behzadifar PhD), Preventive Medicine and
Public Health Research Center (M Moradi-Lakeh MD, K Vosoughi MD, A
Tehrani-Banihashemi PhD), Department of Health Policy (H Shabaninejad PhD),
Foundation of India, Gurugram, India (S Agrawal PhD, A Awasthi PhD); Vital
Department of Community Medicine (A Tehrani-Banihashemi PhD), Physiology
Strategies, Gurugram, India (S Agrawal PhD); Department of Anesthesiology (A
Research Center (M Yousefifard PhD), Iran University of Medical Sciences,
Ahmadi PhD), Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine (M
Tehran, Iran (F Farhadi MD); School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City
Farzaei PhD), Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences (F Heydarpour PhD),
University, Birmingham, UK (O Aremu PhD); Department of Neurobiology (Prof
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J Ärnlöv PhD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J J
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Carrero PhD, Prof E Weiderpass PhD), Department of Public Health Sciences (Z
Operating Room, School of Paramedical (M Naderi MSc), Department of
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Epidemiology & Biostatistics (Prof F Najafi PhD, Y Salimi PhD), Department of
Fereshtehnejad PhD), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health
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and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden (Prof J Ärnlöv PhD); Qom
Safari-Faramani PhD), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S Salehi Zahabi PhD),
University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran (H Asayesh MSc); South Asian Public
Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center (S Siabani PhD), Environmental
Health Forum, Lahore, Pakistan (R J Asghar MPH); Department of Nursing (H T
Determinants of Health Research Center (M Soofi PhD), Pharmaceutical Sciences
Atalay MSc), Department of Clinical Pharmacy (G T Demoz MSc), Aksum
Research Center (M Farzaei PhD), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences,
University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Indian Institute
Kermanshah, Iran (S Rezaeian PhD); Department of Epidemiology (M B Ahmed
of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India (A Awasthi PhD); The Judith Lumley
MPH), Mycobacteriology Research Center (E Duken MSc), Department of
Centre (B Ayala Quintanilla PhD), School of Nursing and Midwifery (Prof D
Health Education & Behavioral Sciences (G T Feyissa MPH), Jimma University,
Edvardsson PhD), Austin Clinical School of Nursing (M Rahman PhD),
Jimma, Ethiopia; University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Algeria (A Aichour BMedSc,
Department of Psychology (Prof T Wijeratne MD), La Trobe University,
I Aichour BPharm); Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological
Algeria (M Aichour MA); The Hospital for Sick Children (N Akseer PhD),
Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru (B Ayala Quintanilla
Department of Nutritional Sciences (A Badawi PhD), The Centre for Global
PhD); Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and
Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children (Prof Z A Bhutta PhD), University of
Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon (T B Ayuk PhD); Department of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (A Al-Eyadhy MD),
Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa (T B Ayuk
Department of Pediatrics (B H Sobaih MD, M Temsah MD), King Saud
PhD); Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada,
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (K Altirkawi MD); Centre for Clinical Brain
Toronto, ON, Canada (A Badawi PhD); Department of Hypertension, Medical
Sciences (Prof R Al-Shahi Salman PhD), Usher Institute of Population Health
University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (Prof M Banach PhD); Polish Mothers’
Sciences and Informatics (Prof A Sheikh MD, I N Soyiri PhD), University of
Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland (Prof M Banach PhD);
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic
Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (J A M Banoub
Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA (F
MD); Department of Transplant Services, University Hospital Foundation Santa
Alahdab MD); Institute of Public Health (K A Alene MPH, B Bekele MPH),
Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (J A M Banoub MD); Department of
Department of Clinical Chemistry (B Biadgo MSc), Department of Medical
Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica
Microbiology (D Geremew MSc), University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia;
(Prof M A Barboza MD); School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San
Research School of Population Health (K A Alene MPH), National Centre for
Pedro, Costa Rica (Prof M A Barboza MD); School of Psychology (Prof S L
Epidemiology and Population Health (M Bin Sayeed MSPS, Prof R M Lucas
Barker-Collo PhD), School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical & Health
PhD), Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of
Science (B J Te Ao PhD), Molecular Medicine and Pathology (K B Tran MD),
Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait (Prof S M
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute of Public Health,
Aljunid PhD); International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National
Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (Prof T W Bärnighausen
University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia (Prof S M Aljunid PhD);
MD); T.H. Chan School of Public Health (Prof T W Bärnighausen MD),
Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena,
Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care (Prof A Sheikh MD),
Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, PhD, M Y Gidey MSc), Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy (O
VIC, Australia (Prof B T Baune PhD); Department of Community Medicine, S Muhammed MSc), Public Health (E M Roro MPH), School of Allied Health
Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India (Prof N Bedi MD); Jazan Sciences (E Yisma MPH), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (G T
University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia (Prof N Bedi MD); Social Determinants of Demoz MSc); Emergency Hospital of Bucharest (Prof M Beuran PhD, I Negoi
Health Research Center (M Behzadifar PhD), Lorestan University of Medical PhD), Anatomy and Embryology Department (R I Negoi PhD), Carol Davila
Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran (M Behzadifar MSc); Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Biostatistics and
University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France (Prof Y Béjot PhD); Dijon Stroke Bioinformatics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India (K
Registry – UFR Sciences Santé, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France (Prof Y Bhattacharyya MSc); Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health (Prof Z
Béjot PhD); Public Health Department (B Bekele MPH, H Y Hassen MPH), A Bhutta PhD), Human Development Programme (B Fatima DrPH), Aga Khan
Pharmacy Department (A T Kefale MSc), Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, University, Karachi, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (A
Ethiopia (A Henok MPH); Nuffield Department of Population Health (D A Bijani PhD), Health Research Institute (M Ghasemi-Kasman PhD), Department
Bennett PhD, B Lacey DPhil), Department of Psychiatry (Prof C R J Newton of Pharmacology (M Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani PhD), Department of
MD), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Internal Medicine (I M Immunology (M Mohammadnia-Afrouzi PhD), Infectious Diseases and Tropical
Bensenor PhD, Prof I S Santos PhD), University Hospital, Internal Medicine Medicine Research Center (A Rostami PhD, P Sabbagh PhD), Student Research
Department (A C Goulart PhD), Department of Medicine (Prof P A Lotufo Committee (M Zamani MD), Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;
DrPH), Department of Psychiatry (G V Polanczyk MD, Y Wang PhD), Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia (N Bililign BHlthSci); Department of
Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine (M R Tovani-Palone MSc), Center Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh
for Clinical and Epidemiological Research (A C Goulart PhD), University of São (M Bin Sayeed MSPS); Medical School, University of Michigan,
Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Public Health (A Berhane PhD, K Deribe

MEd); School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza,
Articles Italy (P A Cortesi PhD, A Lafranconi MD, Prof L G Mantovani DSc);
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (Prof M H Criqui MD),
Department of Psychiatry (M B Stein MD), University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo,
Mozambique (Prof A A M Damasceno PhD); Toxoplasmosis Research Center
(Prof A Daryani PhD, S Sarvi PhD), Department of Neurology (N Karimi MD),
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M Mohammadi PhD), Health
Sciences Research Center (M Moosazadeh PhD), Molecular and Cell Biology
Research Center (Prof A Rafiei PhD), Department of Pediatrics (M Rezai MD),
Immunogenetics Research Center (N Karimi MD), Department of Immunology
Ann Arbor, MI, USA (C K Blazes MD); Department of Public Health and
(Prof A Rafiei PhD), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (M
Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Prof C Brayne MD);
Nourollahpour Shiadeh PhD, Z Zare PhD); Australian Institute for Suicide
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia,
Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
Vancouver, BC, Canada (Z A Butt PhD, Prof N Sarrafzadegan MD); Al Shifa
(Prof D De Leo DSc); Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and
School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (Z A
Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK (K Deribe PhD); Department of
Butt PhD); Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research (V De la Cruz-Góngora
Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (S D
PhD), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (I R Campos-
Dharmaratne MD); Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous
Nonato PhD); Department of Neurology, Salvador Zubiran National Institute of
University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (Prof D Diaz PhD); Faculty of
Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico (Prof C Cantu-Brito PhD);
Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa,
Ministry of Health, Zagreb, Croatia (M Car PhD); Department of Population and
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Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico (Prof R
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Cárdenas DSc); Institute of Public Health (Prof F Carvalho PhD), UCIBIO,
Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran (S
REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Prof V M Costa
Djalalinia PhD); Department of Population and Health, University of
PharmD), REQUIMTE/LAQV (Prof E Fernandes PhD, Prof D M Pereira PhD),
Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana (D T Doku PhD); Faculty of Social Sciences,
UCIBIO (J P Silva PhD), Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (Prof F Carvalho
Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (D T Doku PhD);
PhD), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health
United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India (M Dubey PhD);
Observatory (C A Castañeda-Orjuela MD), National Institute of Health, Bogota,
Faculty of Medicine (E Dubljanin PhD), Centre School of Public Health and
Colombia (C M Rios González MEd); Epidemiology and Public Health
Health Management (Prof M M Santric Milicevic PhD), Faculty of Medicine
Evaluation Group (C A Castañeda-Orjuela MD), Department of Public Health
Institute of Epidemiology (I S Vujcic PhD), University of Belgrade, Belgrade,
(Prof F P De La Hoz PhD), National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia;
Serbia; Department of Health Sciences (E Duken MSc), Department of Public
Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment (F Castro MD),
Health (E M Roro MPH), Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama (I Moreno
Nursing, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (Prof D Edvardsson PhD); Department
Velásquez PhD); Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of
of Neurology, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Prof
Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (F Catalá-López PhD); School of Public Health
M Endres MD); Public Health Department, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium
(Prof E Cerin PhD), Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention (Prof P Yip
Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (A Y Endries MPH); Department of
PhD), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; College of Medicine,
Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil (Prof A Faro
Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y Chaiah, Prof Z A Memish MD, M
PhD); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (S
Temsah MD, O Temsah); College of Medicine, National Taiwan University,
Fereshtehnejad PhD); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA (I Filip
Taipei, Taiwan (J Chang PhD); 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of
MD); Department of Health Sciences (I Filip MD), A T Still University, Mesa,
Athens, Haidari, Greece (I Chatziralli PhD); Clinical Governance, Gold Coast
Arizona, USA (A Radfar MD); Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld
Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia (P P Chiang PhD); Institute of Clinical
University, Bielefeld, Germany (F Fischer PhD); Gene Expression & Regulation
Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital (Prof H Christensen DMSci), Department of
Program, Cancer Institute (WIA), Philadelphia, PA, USA (T Fukumoto PhD);
Neurology (T C Truelsen PhD), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan (T Fukumoto PhD);
Denmark; Department of Pulmonary Medicine (Prof D J Christopher MD),
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben
Department of Neurology (Prof J D Pandian MD), Christian Medical College and
Abdellah, Fez, Morocco (F G Gankpe MD); Non Communicable Disease
Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (Prof
Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo,
C Cooper MEd), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK (Prof C Cooper
Benin (F G Gankpe MD); Faculty of Business and Management (M A Garcia- Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (J A
Gordillo PhD), Institute of Physical Activity and Health (Prof P R Olivares PhD), Haagsma PhD, S Polinder MA); Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences (Arv
Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; School of Pharmacy, Ambo Haj-Mirzaian MD, S N Irvani MD), Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center
University, Ambo, Ethiopia (B K Gelaw MSc); Division of Human Nutrition and (S Safi PhD), Ophthalmic Research Center (M Yaseri PhD, S Safi PhD), Shahid
Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands (Prof J M Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Radiology
Geleijnse PhD); Research, Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020- (Ary Haj-Mirzaian MD), Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (K
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (M Y Gidey MSc); Unit of Academic Primary Vosoughi MD), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of
Care (Prof P S Gill DM), Division of Health Sciences (O A Uthman PhD), Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Adelaide Medical School (T K Gill PhD), (Prof R R Hamadeh DPhil); School of Health and Environmental Studies,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia (A T Olagunju MD); Research Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Prof S
Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia (E V Gnedovskaya PhD, Prof M A Hamidi DrPH); School of Medicine (Prof G J Hankey MD), Lions Eye Institute
Piradov DSc); School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA (A (Prof R M Lucas PhD), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia;
Grada MD); Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia (Prof
Polyclinic, Catania, Italy (G Grosso PhD); Commissioner of Public Health, West G J Hankey MD); Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute (Prof Y Hao PhD),
Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, USA (Prof R Gupta MD); Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (Y Liao PhD, Prof Y Hao
Department of Health Policy, Management & Leadership, West Virginia PhD), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Research and Development
University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, USA (Prof R Gupta MD); Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain (Prof J M
Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India Haro MD, A Koyanagi MD); Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona,
(Prof R Gupta MD); Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Barcelona, Spain (Prof J M Haro MD); Tabriz University of Medical
Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India (Prof R Gupta MD); Department of

School of Public Health, Department of Health Informatics and Health Innovation
(T Kamil MSc), ACS Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Prof Z
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Zaidi DrPH); Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (T Kanchan
MD), Department of Psychiatry (Prof R Sagar MD), All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Epidemiology (M Karami PhD),
Biostatistics (N Mohammad Gholi Mezerji MSc), Health (Prof R
Mohammadibakhsh PhD), Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center (M
Shamsizadeh MSc), Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research,
Braunschweig, Germany (A Karch MD); School of Nursing and Midwifery,
Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia (Z Y Kassa MSc); School of Health Care
Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (H Hassankhani PhD); Independent Consultant, Tabriz,
Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA (Prof A Kaul MD);
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University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H Y Hassen MPH); Clinical
Kaul MD); ODeL Campus (Prof P N Keiyoro PhD), Department of Psychiatry (M
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Behavioral Medicine (C L Hoang BMedSc, G T Vu BA), Center for Excellence
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Norrving PhD), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Research Department, Kenya
(Prof E U Igumbor PhD); Department of Public Health and Community
Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya
Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia (O S Ilesanmi PhD); Institute
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for Physical Activity and Nutrition (S Islam PhD), National Centre for Farmer
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of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health,
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International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico (Prof D C Malta PhD); Ophthalmology, IUMS, Tehran, Iran (N Manafi MD);
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of Haifa, Haifa, Israel (Prof S Linn DrPH); Department of Pediatric Neurology, McAlinden PhD, E Skiadaresi MD); Queensland Brain Institute (Prof J J
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PhD); Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (R Germany; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor,
Lunevicius PhD); Neurology Department, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Ethiopia (A Melese MSc); Department of Public Health, University of West
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Malekzadeh MD, S G Sepanlou MD); Department of Maternal and Child Nursing University, Harar, Ethiopia (G Mengistu MSc); Department of Pharmacy, Wollo
and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil University, Dessie, Ethiopia (G Mengistu MSc);

Pakistan (Prof G Mustafa MD); Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of
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Schwebel PhD), Department of Medicine (J A Singh MD), University of Alabama
at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA (A R Sawant MD); Suraj Eye Institute,
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University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
MD); Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya (J
(T J Meretoja MD); Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora
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Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Western Sydney University, Penrith,
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Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria (A T Olagunju MD); Department
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of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Mcmaster University, Hamilton, ON,
(GK Mini PhD); Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy,
Canada (T O Olagunju MD); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (Prof E M Mirrakhimov MD); Department of
University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria (Prof O E Onwujekwe PhD);
Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and
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Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (Prof E M Mirrakhimov MD); Institute of
USA (Prof E Oren PhD); Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru
Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt,
Sri Shivarathreeswara University,
Germany (B Moazen MSc); Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan,
Mysore, India (Prof M P A DNB); Department of Public Health, Qazvin
Iran (Prof R Mohammadibakhsh PhD); Health Systems and Policy Research Unit
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(S Mohammed PhD), Department of Community Medicine (M B Sufiyan MD),
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (Prof W Pan PhD);
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Clinical Epidemiology and Public
Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India (S K Patel PhD);
Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health,
Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India (S K
Trieste, Italy (L Monasta DSc, L Ronfani PhD); Department of Biomedical and
Patel PhD); Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia (Prof D M Pereira PhD);
Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina,
Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Prof M
Italy (S Mondello MD); Department of Neurology, Oasi Research Institute,
Petzold PhD); School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand,
Troina, Italy (S Mondello MD); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G
Johannesburg, South Africa (Prof M Petzold PhD); Basic Medical Sciences
Moradi PhD), Social Determinants of Health Research Center (G Moradi PhD),
Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa (J D Pillay
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Lancaster University,
PhD); Department of Economics and Business (Prof M J Postma PhD),
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PhD), Department of Medicine (A Ranta PhD), University of Otago, Dunedin,
of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
New Zealand; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute
(K Musa PhD); Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan,
of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India (S Prakash PhD); Askok & Rita Patel MD); Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW,
Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Australia (Prof P S Sachdev MD); Medical Department, University of Sharjah,
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Barcelona, Spain (A Radfar MD); Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center (A Sahebkar PhD), Biotechnology
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Evaluation Division, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh (M Rahman PhD); Mashhad, Iran; School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health,
Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies (M Rahman PhD), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada (Prof P Salamati MD); Research Deputy,
Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies (Prof U Ram PhD), Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran (S Salehi Zahabi PhD); Department of
International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A M Samy PhD); Department
Neurology, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand (A of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA (Prof J Sanabria MD);
Ranta PhD); University College London Hospitals, London, UK (D L Rawaf Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve
MD); Public Health England, London, UK (Prof S Rawaf PhD); Department of University, Cleveland, OH, USA (Prof J Sanabria MD); Cardiovascular Research
Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (Prof N
Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA (C Reis MD); School of Social Sciences Sarrafzadegan MD); Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha,
and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia (Prof A M Qatar (B Sathian PhD); Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth
N Renzaho PhD); Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof S University, Bournemouth, UK (B Sathian PhD); UGC Centre of Advanced Study
Resnikoff MD); Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France (Prof in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India (M Satpathy PhD); Udyam-
S Resnikoff MD); Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando De Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India (M
La Mora, Paraguay (C M Rios González M Ed); Department of Clinical Research, Satpathy PhD); Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India (A R Sawant MD);
Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil (L Roever PhD); Golestan Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte,
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University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia (Prof P S Sachdev

III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health
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PhD), Department of Basic Sciences (Prof M Sharif PhD), Islamic Azad
Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Prof P R Valdez M Ed); UKK
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Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health,
Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa (Prof C S Wiysonge
Mumbai, India (D N Sinha PhD); Pediatric Department, King Khalid University
MD); Biomedical Research Council, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation
Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (S Sobhani MD); Hull York Medical School,
Trust, London, UK (Prof C D A Wolfe MD); School of Medicine, Nanjing
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MD); Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California
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Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Prof B L Sykes PhD); Department of Medicine (Prof R
(Y Yano MD); Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Toyoake,
Tabarés-Seisdedos PhD), Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology
Japan (Prof H Yatsuya PhD); Department of Public Health and Health Systems,
(Prof M Tortajada-Girbés PhD), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan (Prof H Yatsuya PhD); Department of ASK reports grants from SanBio and Biogen, personal fees from Neuravi, and
Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, other financial support from Sanofi, outside the submitted work. SLo reports
Japan (N Yonemoto MPH); Global Health Institute (Prof C Yu PhD), personal fees from Amgen, Berlin-Chemie, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis,
Department of Preventive Medicine (Y Zhang MPH), Department of Synlab, Unilever, and non-financial support from Preventicus, outside the
Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Prof C Yu PhD), Wuhan University, Wuhan, submitted work; SLo is a member of the Scientific Board of the German Nutrition
China; Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria Society and a co-author of the evidence-based guideline Fat Intake and
(Prof Z Zaidi DrPH); and Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Prevention of Nutrition-Related Diseases published by the German Nutrition
Ardebil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran (H Zandian PhD). Society. WMä reports grants and personal fees from Siemens Diagnostics,
Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Danone Research, Pfizer,
Contributors VLF and TL prepared the first draft. EN, VLF, and TV analysed BASF, Numares AG, and Berlin-Chemie, personal fees from Hoffmann LaRoche,
the data and edited the first draft and final versions of the manuscript. VLF and MSD, Sanofi, and Synageva, grants from Abbott Diagnostics, and other financial
TL finalised all drafts and approved the final version of the manuscript. All support from Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, outside the submitted work.
other authors provided data, developed models, reviewed results, provided GVP reports personal fees from Shire, Teva, Medice, and Editora Manole, outside
guidance on methodology, or reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final the submitted work. MJP reports grants and personal fees from Sigma Tau, MSD,
version of the manuscript. GSK, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novavax, Ingress Health, AbbVie, and
Declaration of interests CATA reports personal fees from Johnson & Johnson Sanofi, grants from AstraZeneca, ARTEG, Mundipharma, Bayer, and BMS;
(Philippines), outside the submitted work. JÄ reports lecturing fees from personal fees from Quintiles, Astellas, Mapi, OptumInsight, Novartis, Swedish
AstraZeneca, outside the submitted work. YB reports personal fees from Orphan, Innoval, Janssen, Intercept, and Pharmerit, other financial relationships
AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Bristol-Myers Squibb with Ingress Health and PAG Ltd, and grants, personal fees, non-financial
(BMS), Pfizer, Medtronic, Bayer, Novex Pharma, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), support, and other relationships with Asc Academics, outside the submitted work.
and grants from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted RAS is the Chair of the ICD11 Neuroscience Topic Advisory Group and the past
work. CC reports personal fees from Alliance for Better Bone Health, Amgen, Eli president of the World Federation of Neurology. JAS reports consulting activities
Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, with Horizon, Fidia, UBM LLC, Medscape, WebMD, the National Institutes of
Servier, Takeda, and UCB, outside the submitted work. JJJ reports grants and Health and the American College of Rheumatology, serves as the principal
personal fees from Valeant, personal fees from ALAB Laboratoria and Amgen, investigator
and non-financial support from Microlife and Servier, outside the submitted work.

Council Future Fellowship (FT3 140100085). KD is supported by a Wellcome
Articles Trust [Grant Number 201900] as part of his International Intermediate
Fellowship. EF is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds
POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National
Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and Ministério da
Educação e Ciência) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020
UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. SMSI is funded by
the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University and
received funding from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. YKa
is a DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow in Public Health. YJK is
supported by the Office of Research and Innovation at Xiamen University
for an investigator-initiated study funded by Horizon pharmaceuticals through a
Malaysia. BL acknowledges funding from the National Institute for Health
grant to DINORA Inc, a 501c3 entity, and is on the steering committee of
Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. WDL is supported in part
OMERACT, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical
by U10NS086484 NINDS. SLo is funded by the German Federal Ministry of
trials and receives funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies (Amgen, Janssen,
Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1411A).
Novartis, Roche, UCB Group, Ardea/AstraZeneca, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly,
RML is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
Horizon Pharma, Pfizer, and Centrexion). AGT reports grants from National
of Australia Senior Research Fellowship. AMa and the Imperial College London
Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia, during the conduct
are grateful for support from the NW London NIHR Collaboration for Leadership
of the study, and grants from NHMRC, outside the submitted work. All other
in Applied Health Research and Care. JJM is supported by the Danish National
authors declare no competing interests.
Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the John Cade Fellowship
Acknowledgments ROA is funded by the National Institutes of Health (APP1056929) from NHMRC. TMei acknowledges additional institutional
(U01HG010273). SMA acknowledges the International Centre for Casemix and support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health
Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig. IMV is supported by the Sistema Nacional de
Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait Investigación ( Panama). MOO is supported by SIREN U54 U54HG007479 and
University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. SIBS Genomics R01NS107900 grants. AMS was supported by a fellowship from
AAw acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. MMSM acknowledges the support from
Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through INSPIRE Faculty scheme. the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of
TBA acknowledges partial funding from the Institute of Medical Research and Serbia (contract no 175087). AShe is supported by Health Data Research UK.
Medicinal Plant Studies. ABa is supported by the Public Health Agency of MBS’ work on traumatic brain injury is supported by grants NIH U01 NS086090
Canada. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (PI G Manley) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and DoD W81XWH-
through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor Award, funded by the Federal 14–2-0176 (PI G Manley) from the United States Department of Defense. RTS is
Ministry of Education and Research. MSBS acknowledges support from the supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat
Australian Government Research and Training Program scholarship for a PhD Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. AGT was
degree at the Australian National University, Australia. JJC is supported by the supported by a Fellowship from the NHMRC (Australia; 1042600. KBT
Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation. FCar is supported by the European Union acknowledges funding supports from the Maurice Wilkins Centre for
(FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and Biodiscovery,
POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundação para Cancer a Society of New Zealand, Health Research Council, Gut Cancer
Ciência e a Tecnologia and Ministério da Educação e Ciência) under the Foundation, and the University of Auckland. CY acknowledges support from
Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552)
PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. EC is supported by an Australian Research and the Chinese NSFC International Cooperation and Exchange Program
(grant number 71661167007). 97. 9 GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators. Global, regional, and
national burden of multiple sclerosis, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the
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Articles

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Articles dedicated to making data sources comparable—eg, by mapping

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