23/07/2018

Outline of objectives – students to understand …

BUSINESS DATA
COMMUNICATIONS & • Why Networks are Important
NETWORKING • Basic Network Components
• Network Types
• Network Layers
Chapter 1 • Network Standards
Introduction to Data Communications • Trends
• Implications for Management

FitzGerald ● Dennis ● Durcikova

Prepared by Taylor M. Wells: College of Business Administration, California State University, Sacramento 1-1 1-2
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why Networks are Important Why Networks are Important

Modern organizations rely on the efficient transmission of data • By 2016, Cisco estimates that over 3,000 Petabytes of
• Networks enables information will be transferred over the Internet DAILY!
• Netflix accounts for around 1/3 of primetime downstream
– data transmission traffic
– distributed systems • During the holiday 2013 season, Amazon sold an average of
– real-time communication 426 items per SECOND!
– electronic commerce – an estimated 636 items per second for the 2016
– social media
– Web • As of 2012, every DAY on Facebook there are:
– 3.2 billion likes and comments every day
– 300 Million Photos uploaded
– >500 Terabytes of data transmitted
1-3 1-4
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1
 23/07/2018

Data Communications Basic Network Components

• Data Communications is the movement of computer • Client is a user device to access network and receive data
information from one point to another by means of from server
electrical or optical transmission systems – e.g., desktops, laptops, tablets, cell phones, etc.
• Telecommunications is a broader term and includes the • Server is a device that stores and transmits data to a client
transmission of voice and video (images and graphics) as – e.g., Web server, mail server, file server
well as data and usually implies longer distances
• Circuit is a pathway or connection between client and
server
– e.g., copper wire, fiber optic cable, wireless

1-5 1-6
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic Network Components Types of Networks

One way to categorize networks is in terms of geographic scope:

• Local Area Networks (LANs)

– Covers a small, clearly defined area
– Might cover a single floor or work area or single building
– When LANs use wireless circuits, they are called Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLAN)
• Backbone Networks (BNs)
– High-speed networks connecting other networks together
– Coverage span across several networks (connects) and service area
Note: Backbone Circuit – what is the difference?
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)
– Largest geographic scope
– Often composed of leased circuits
– Coverage spans across several networks and comprises of the other smaller
networks

1-7 1-8
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2
 23/07/2018

Types of Networks Types of Networks

Another way to categorize networks is in terms of access:

• Intranet
– A network (often a LAN; more effective within an organizational WAN) that
uses the Internet technologies to share information within an organization
– Open only those inside the organization
– Purpose:
• employees accessing budgets, calendars, and payroll information
available through the organization’s intranet

• Extranet
– A network that uses the Internet technologies to share information between
organizations
– Open only those invited users outside the organization
– Accessible through the Internet
– Purpose:
• suppliers and customers accessing the inventory information of a
company over an extranet

1-9 1-10
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Models Network Models

OSI Model Internet Model
• Network Models divide communication functions into Application
layers
– Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Presentation Application
Application
model)
Session
– Internet Model (or TCP/IP model) Some versions of the Internet
Transport
model combine layers. Transport
Internetwork
• In practice, the Internet Model “won”
Network Network
Transport + Network =
Internetwork
Data Link Data Link
Data Link + Physical = Hardware
Physical
Hardware Physical

1-11 1-12
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

3
 23/07/2018

Network Models Network Models

• Protocol defines the language of transmission Layer Purpose Example Protocols / PDU
Standards
– It specifies the rules, functionality, and messages for
5. Application User’s access to network, software to HTTP, SMTP, DNS, FTP, Packet (or Data)
communication at the layer perform work DHCP, IMAP, POP, SSL

• Protocol Data Unit (PDU) contains layer-specific 4. Transport End-to-End Management

1. Link application layer to network
TCP, UDP Segment

information necessary for a message to be transmitted 2. Segmenting and tracking

3. Flow control
through a network
3. Network Deciding where the message goes IP, ICMP Packet
– Each layer adds a PDU 1. Addressing
2. Routing
– PDUs act like nested envelopes 2. Data Link Move a message from one device to the next Ethernet Frame
1. Controls hardware
– Encapsulation occurs when a higher level PDU is 2. Formats the message
placed inside of a lower level PDU 3. Error checking

1. Physical Transmits the message 100BASE-T, 802.11n

1-13 1-14
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sender PDU Receiver Sender PDU Receiver

Packet
HTTP Request Packet HTTP Request Application HTTP Request HTTP Request
Application

Transport TCP HTTP

HTTP Request Segment TCP HTTP Request
Transport TCP HTTP Request Segment TCP HTTP Request

Network IP TCP HTTP Request Packet IP TCP HTTP Request

Network IP TCP HTTP Request Packet IP TCP HTTP Request

Data
Data Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Request Frame Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Request
Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Request Frame Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Request Link
Link

Physical
Physical

1-15 1-16
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4
 23/07/2018

The actual transmission between the sender

and receiver
Example
• Conceptualise this is a real network (Internet) environment • What would be the PDU structure at each of the layer
1. A PC in a LAN environment sends a request for a website when an FTP client request for a file transfer from an FTP
(located on a websever) server?
2. The PC is in a LAN hence a switch would relay the request
3. The websever is locate in another LAN across the world
4. The requester’s LAN would require a router to send the request
across the world to the webserver’s LAN
4.There would be multiple routers involved
5. The website’s LAN’s switch would finally received the request
6. The request is then sent to the website’s server
webpage from a website

1-17 1-18
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Models Network Standards

• Advantages of Layers • Standards ensure that hardware and software from

– Networking functionality is modular and the different vendors work together and “speak the same
software/hardware at any layer can be more easily
substituted language”
• E.g., substitute wired for wireless at the physical layer • De jure standards
– Easier to troubleshoot or make changes to one layer at a – Formalized by an industry or government body
time
– Application developers only need to worry about the – e.g. HTTP, IEEE 802.3, 802.11n
application layer in their programs • De facto standards
• Disadvantages of Layers
– Inefficient because the encapsulation/de-encapsulation at
– Widely accepted, but not formalized
each layer requires processing – e.g. Microsoft Windows
– Inefficient because encapsulation in a PDU increases – Often become de jure standards eventually
overhead at each layer

1-19 1-20
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

5
 23/07/2018

Network Standards Network Standards

• De jure standardization process • Common Network Standards

Identification
Specification Acceptance
of Choices

1-21 1-22
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Trends Trends

• Bring your own device (BYOD) • The Web of Things

– Huge demand for employees to connect their personal – Everything connects to the network!
smartphones, tablets, and other devices to • e.g., cars, refrigerators, thermostats, shoes, doors,
organizational networks etc.
– Security challenges – Networks need to support the increased demands of
– Who is responsible for support? these devices

1-23 1-24
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

6
 23/07/2018

Trends Implications for Management

• Massively Online • Networks and the Internet change (almost) everything

– Not just multiplayer online games • Today’s networking is driven by standards
– Massive open online courses (MOOC) • As network demand increases, so will storage demands
– Millions online participating is social media and other • Etc.
activities
– Will require greater network infrastructure (Read to find more implication issues for management)

1-25 1-26
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Example of a question Example of a question

• Explain how a message is transmitted from one computer to • The application layer is the application software used by the network user.
another using layers. • The transport layer is responsible for obtaining the address of the end user
(if needed), breaking a large data transmission into smaller packets (if
needed), ensuring that all the packets have been received, eliminating
duplicate packets, and performing flow control to ensure that no computer
is overwhelmed by the number of messages it receives.
• The network layer takes the message generated by the application layer
and if necessary, breaks it into several smaller messages. It then addresses
the message(s) and determines their route through the network, and
records message accounting information before passing it to the data link
layer.
• The data link layer formats the message to indicate where it starts and
ends, decides when to transmit it over the physical media, and detects and
corrects any errors that occur in transmission.
• The physical layer is the physical connection between the sender and
receiver, including the hardware devices (e.g., computers, terminals, and
modems) and physical media (e.g., cables, and satellites).
1-27 1-28
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

7
 23/07/2018

Reading to complete….

• The different types of networks and how they build upon

each other – LAN, BN, WAN, MAN, CAN, PAN, etc.
• The functions of each of the common components of each
of the types of networks
• How the functions of the layers of the network models
inter operate in the sending device as against in the
receiving device
• Read chapter 1 of the prescribed textbook

1-29
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.