By

ROLAND LEIGH JEFFREYS, B. A.

A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty ot Graduate Studies
in Parlial Fulfilment of the Requirements

tor the Degree

Master of Art.s

MoMaster University
October 1968
:f.IJ\STEIl or A1\T$ (1968) MoMASTlai UNIVmSm
(Latin) Hamilton, Ontario

TITLE 1 Seneca fS lisiB

AUTHOlh Roland Leigh Jeffreys, B.A. (London Univers1tl)

SUPERVISalS: Professor A.G. McKay; Ptofessor DII Shepherd

NUMBER or PAGESt
SCOPi AND OOMMENTS s a commentary on MSfJl with an introductory ohapter
disoussing authol'ship, d&tel d11ima.tic tecbnique,
styl$ and phUosopbical elements.

11
 No new commentary on Seneca t s ~el has appeared in English e1nce
Kingery's work, alib! "lmseqieLof, ~!!!II wb10h was onginal~ published in
1900 and :repr.1uted in 1966.. It therefore SEJeIned woJ'thwhUe to produce e.
comment.ar.y that might take into account the valuable work done on the tragedies
since 1900 and might attempt to interpret 11.~~.i 1ft more detaU than the
soope of Kinge17' i S book pemtted him, 1 have paid particular attention to
l1teral7, dramatic and philosophical. questions and have kept metr.1cal,
syntactical and textw'al comment to a sd.nimum" Except where otheMIliG in-
dicated I have tollowed the text of Medea in Theodor Thomann, .~'AA

i&mt)J&he T~,q91~n (Z~ch and Stuttgart, 1961) 1., 240-310. Thomann t •

J .:

disparaged unduly ..
-
text pays more note of the A tradition that teo, and 'eipe" and. tichter

I wish to express r«9' gratitude to Proleasors McKay and Shepherd for

their patience, helpful advice and stimulating eneoungeJ.1\tmt.

'.\
".

iii
Par3ACE 111
CHAPl'ER mE 1
CHAPI'm TWO 46
OHAPTEft THR.EiE 92
CHAP!'IR FOTlt 137
CHmER FIVE 176
BIBLlOCllAPHY 190

iv
 ClIAPTER ONE

A¢.h;orshin .and,J)a.\k!i
There can be little doubt that )[edea 18 the work of Seneoa the
phUosopher. The manuscripts attribute the tragedies to Seneca,l and in
. Quint .. 9~ 2, 9 a quotation from Me~. v" 451 1s a.ttributed to Seneoa,,2 Senecats
poetry 18 mentioned in Quint .. 10" 1, '28J Plln. j£. 5, " ,; and Ta.o .. S!i.
14, 52. It is true that there is no specific mention of Seneca.te tragedies
in these passages, but Tacitus uses the same word", "oamina" to desoribe
the tra.gedies of ;ompon,ius Secundus" (am. 11, 3)~
The arguments against Seneoan authol"ehip are tr1tling. Seneca him-
selt d06sn tt mention the tragedies but no stress should be placed on this
dangel'G1..1s argtJ,lllent as1!enti2f> The rH.st:tnotion made by the fUth century

writer Sidonius (9, 230 ft.) between Seneca the philosopher and Seneca. the
tragedian mJJ.Y' well be due to a. misunderstanding of Mart. ll1 61.
The internal evidence of Hedea and. most ot the other nine tra.gedies
suppoP'tte -$eneean-authoJ'!Ship ~ As-J ..W-. -Duf~ obse%"V'es,- ffThe -short; -pointed - - - -
J!El&teatiae both in tom and in expression resemble his prose ~ and there are
frequent parallels in thought, especially it, as often occurs, the thought
assumes a Stoic cast."
____________________________________•___________
.w_____._w_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _

1
It is true that the majority (though not aU) of the manuscripts attribute
their authorship to a lofarcus Seneca but mistakes of this kind are common enough.
2
When Quint. speaks of Seneca, he means Seneca. the philosopher, exoept perha.ps
in 9, 2, 98, when the Elder Seneca. may be meant.

1
 Of the other plays I the octavj,! is a.lmost certainly not the work

'of Seneca" That play is not included in j. Seneca himself a.ppears as a

cha.racter and there are important difi'erences in metre and language tN-In

the other tx·agedies. 1 HOe. authenticity has also been doubted" 'beca.use of
its gre<A.t length l:.I.ud the number or borrowings tronl the rest of the Senecan

con'ey may be right in raising the possibility tha.t "genuine tNgments by

Seneca have been enormously inflated by an imitator who is very close in

etyle and. da.te"n 2

... .,:'

It WQuld" otiose to provide a. sketcb of Seneca t a career here. IUs

~lconsistencies have often been condenmed. The strain caused by the conflict
between his moral ideals a.rG the political exigencies of bis association
with Nero must have been immerasEl and bas probably left ita mark on the

tragedies (see pp. 22-3 below).

It is quite inpossible to date a~ of the tragedies with confidence,3
though £led. is probably later than 45-6 4\,,1) .. (see on w. 374-9). Seneca's
argwllent with Pomponius a.bout tragic diction (Quint. S, :3, 31) fi'L(1rely sbo\"1S

...

In. Helm, "Die P~atexta qctav~n, Sitz.-Ber. (Uer1in, 1931,.). ppo 283-347,
makes out a.n impressive case against authenticityo

2nseneca, Tragedies 1922-1955", L'1-S1(rum" 2 (1957), 142 ..

.3L• HerrJrJann's attempts at dating (Le ,TheatrCluie Seneriue (Paris, 1924), pp.
78-147 are confused and quite unsoundi 0 .. Herzog, uDatierung del' Tragodien
des SeneC<1.s", Rb~ ~\l'lt... , '17 (1928), 51-104 relies on historical arguments that
are highly conjectural. w. strzelecki, "Aluzje Pol1tyczne W lIllektorycn
Tragoo.1ac.h ~)eneki", ~, 4'/,2 (1954-5), 97-100, is more cautious, but still
too dogma.tic.
 3

tbat 5enlJca was 1ntaftste<i 1n the topic about 51 UX9 J S$G C" Qienoriu8 ~
~.

Rom1eche Stud1en (Leipz1g, 1922), pp. 426-9.. It one accepts that "oar.dna
crebrlu8 tactitareft (Tae. s. 1A, ;2) refers to tragedies, lllout of the
traged1ee 'AlaY well date t'rom. Nerots relan - _ period when S6n@06 IDUwt h&v~

heen under a ~t deal ot S~~S$~

~....ih,e. '!21
l$uripides t .~ became the aooopted venion of l~.ata ac1#ivitiee a.t Corinth
and directly or ind1rec'tly it 18 th.0 main source of $@nteoa'e plot" Miller's
parall~}l outl.ine8 of tho pla;y$l reveal how Ie Seneca has depal'ted. from
gur1pid~ ... nOfi.e.$aus acme; t.he briet$ot. of 1~!esfllMger speeches & no
cOn'espondence b~tn~n too prolOg'U.e8 or the choNna. The f">lOat obvious addition
in SWlDeea's plq is tht; Jr~e 8e~(vv. 670,...648).. th(\tX"~ aft) several other
lJiinor differences in detail (e .. g .. s~o on w .. 179...00; 255-6; 283; 570...4,)" Tb~
Creon scenE! in Sen~oa ifl baMd on li.,'ul'1p1d*st $Cml$~ Seneca'a Jason SCene

shows the Wlucncf~ ot the two JalOn scenes in lSur1p1d(f$ $ end th~ {ilfVen1a.; ot
&mecri's finaf aeene,'- an rOughly-baud ciftKuripide•• - though-in -seneca, }1eae-a, -
kills her chl1dnm. on. the stage. Verbal echoes end @choe, of lWrlpid.ea t i@as
an; diSQU8Sftd in p.. below.

There were several later Oreek plays on the Jj,MA them~. 2 but it se~8

l
Seneca's Tragedies (London, 1917), 1. 546-55.
2
lJ.eted by H.L o CleasbYJ tIThe ll'~ of Senecaft • ti~1...b lb (1907), 40.
 4

find P1"Ot()typ1tUJ for Seineca t a '&l'4g00itu. in t.he tragedi~8 of Crates and. Diogl9lles
is ll.'d.$&U1dd .. 2 Nor I 1n new ot Seneoa t $ 41staate to:r the early lAtin writers
(0611. 12. 2), ieit 11k6ly that. h~ 1r1&de much tUJe of the !:te4@l tnpti1o$ by
liinniull and -%.C"itu~J 1n ~ Oa$el the t01"m(lr at least eaems to bave tol.1.OM'ea
t.."'llripide8 fail"ly' cloaelJr ..

A mo:re pl'Olmbl~1i! 1ntluencf.) is CNid'. ~it It he.d a bi" reputation

in antiquit.y (of" Quint .. 10.. 1, 9B, Tao" ~II 12) and in v1$W of the mtmt
of &.meca'. borrowings ~ Ovid, he must ~ly have made "lie or bhe latter'e

n14911 8evenl. of thfJ d1£t(llnDCtiS in plot betmen Eunpides and &meea me::}f be

due to OV1d~ bu.t $!nce Md'" !..ep!l 18 103t., 8peculation if!) tru1t.1Q6$. It
seems improbable that ~ could have followed OVid too olo@6ly" OVid.'s
othe~ treatInent.s of the tilifAu theme may have Wl'i.mncelJi &necats plott W ..
!lE. 12), 13,-,8 Wl"JI have 8pUft'eU the marriage cho~ (w. ;6-115) and !'i~,1r. 7"
1'19-321 mq hav~ sp~ Seneca's lf~ Helle (vv. 6?()...848).

R~aMt!a
.&meca.!a pJ,aya (ap&rtt tmnthe incomplete ~.l were dividadinto fiVfJ_&QU _

by the f$ditoft of the .11th.nth centut.",1, 1n t.he b@l1~t t.hat. Seneca wat) follow-

ing Horace'e dictum 'tneve m1nOl" neu ait quinto p~etior aotu/ tabula" <Aal"
w.. 19()"'1).. It t,h(t poriod be~ chol'al t.lCiGa i8 maMt by act, lmt. conto"ns

1.
"ThE: Prototypes ot Senecata Tragedioe", .Ql, 42 (1947), 1-16.
2
S~G the ecmments by 11. CoIEeY'" "Seneca,. 'faged1ea 1922-1955"" lBoiM :2
(1951), 1;8-9.
 5
. 1
to th~ pat.trf)Bl, bu.t severe difficulties adlll 1n the ease ot lAui. and .Q.d.
1\nl1~1'2 MOWS that on tha whole the corresponding acta ot the vari.oua t~e4i\i8
cover ~ stAge. in the development ot the plot.
~, have lelt that Sanega in hi. ctmet.lm to make individual. 3OanC's

metorlcuU.ly attftlCt1ve has neglected dramAtic unity in ll!I.tlY ot the tragedies,.

5el'1eollt.'eempbasis on the individual episode i8 certainly gf't'tatbut io·Med. at
least I there &nJ no import.ant inc0MI1Btenc1o$/+ What 1s more the play 18
t1~ l1nked together by t.ho subtle tonshad~ ot Medea'_ ntm."den, in
the l.!llmY ~A.'~ (listed on p. 2 ~ ) and 1n the ~ (often b'onio)
r~t1t1ons ot 'WOrd. and motife that hayti oc~d u~lier in the plAq.!i
'lhe 1nd1vidU$l. "!!JUSfj &1'. dlecussud 1n the OOmll\elltu'.1 bat some genenl
obaervatione mrq be _d~ here to 1'he prologue all in MOst of the other p1q& 115

on the emotional sltuatim" lt1~" th49 proloiJie aleo plays on the audience's
kMwl~ of the plot in a sene8 of ingenious 19»RJ&::!n.,t."fl!EDI. that bint at

1
~ K. Anlikerl lt9~_j!l!t~~'~~. m·§.!l!!QU II:Y~.!I! (f3em an4
St.uttprt..t 1960}" pp. 93-7"
:2
29. Si. pp .. 49-103.

3
E"g. W.H .. Friedrioh .. Y.UtDY!b!m_La. J~'ll!eH, !Jr.!mI'~!IR.b!l~ :l~..9Jmk (Leipeig,
19"). pp. 13;-6, thQugh Vriedrioh does allow that $\lOh 41&cnpancies are
114lUmal in Hd.
4
See on vv. 542-3 J 847 It.. tor som~ minor difficult.ies.

S
See on w. 26; 56-11;; 29SJ 401-6J 408; 849-18; 945...6; 970; l013; 1015 ..
 6

ata.na.point is that by presenting "l~e~ in a parox,ysm of.' rage at the outset.

it dixninishes the effect ot hoI' later outbursts. Most of the other scenes

long description of Hedaa t s mgic (vv. 67CJ-S48) that replaces Euripides'

tine messenger-sp'",E,'Ich and throws the tlhole play out of balance. Action and
tbe dramatic cont'lict that depends on the interplay ot personality is

largely lacking.l In the Creon· scene (vvo 119-300), l:or instance, Seneca·

does not make tbe outcome (the gra.nting of a. t"l~yfs dela.y to Medea) the result

or a. dramatic duel, but trioks out the scene with !!!!.t-en~.!!! and set speeches"

His di~tlogue is wooden, fOl' there is no real contact between hie characters

except at a. very superfioial verbal lavel. The same is true ot' the Jason

scene (vv .. 4.31-578), though there tbe cli.ma.x ubene est tenetur; vulne:t·,t

$eneca by the sta.lldards of Greek tragedy 01' the modern stage. He is not

interested in dr~tic action, but. in passionate emotions and t.he verbal.ly

impressive eKpreSSioll of them.
~eneaa -does- n.ot follow flora-cetts exnorl.ation t;"o -ffiWt~ the choruapiay
the role or an actor (A;.f'" v. 195). Apart from the odes, the chorus merely
asks the Messenger toux' brief' questions (v g8l rt.). 0

-
In Moo. at least
Seneca does accord with Uorace's denand thl:.l.t the chol"'.d.l odes be relevant to

so.ng~ if) a calm contrast to ~'~oo.·s frenzied prologue and pt'ovides a concrete

------------.-,~--.~--------------------------------------------.~.--.---~~~~----.-, ----
 1

imagery of the epithalamiumo The second a.nd third choruses ooth fore-

sn.l.dow i1ooe~' s vengeance with their comments about the rt&stmess of" the

first mriners (vv. 301-64), their description or t~1e f~tes of the

Ar'goMuts (vv. 6\fl-69):I their tI.rarninge .,.bout. the ferocity ot a aoserted

\-lite (vv. 519···l J4) and the fllEmaCe of Mf,mea herself (vv. 362....3)(0 Tbus these

t.tJO choruses a.re cle:u'ly l'elevant to the Uleme of the pla.y, lrJhile the

i'lrst and ust odes ot".ar d,irectly on the act.ion. 1 2 a.rgues that in
EJjal'x

;;}eneca dH't'erent lsric metres have d1:t'fel'ent functions. This is not readlly

apparent in the choruses of !2,t!.,1 though the matres in the magic scene do

It would seam strange in a etudy of '-tny play to mldt a. discussion

of the cl1a,ractel'S" Yet in a study of SeneCt1.,t such a. c:lisc'Usrdon could

e..lmont lie dispemHoo vdtb.. J1.& ,G .. Garton

J l'eminds us" "Chara.cter is s:'unply

the whole iJnpreeslon tlhien a R,rsona m3.ites and hot-) he makes it, depends on

the playu e ~~elleca is XflUch leas interested than modern pla.ywrights or even

imporwnt to him is tneuse of his cba.racter to l'eveal his ideas and \'JOrk

upon his a.udience" :·~edea. in a sense is the pereol1if;1,cation of a.n emotion"

rftOulded by rhetoric and the exigencies of the tra.ditiona.l story.. Herrmann's

lSee J ..n.. Bil3hop, the Choral Odes oi: Seneca.. Theme a.nd Davalo ment (Dies.
Uru.varsi'liy of Pennsylvania, 1904 I p .. 239 rt .. for a. discussion of the
relat:tons between chorus a.nd theme of the pl~ ..

2.1."urlktion u.r.d li'o:rm dar Chorlieder in den Seneca. - 'l'x·a.trouion (Hiss. Heid€loerg,
1932).. p."-rd tt. ~)aa-aiso Oishop, -p:
32 :ri:-' - . . ~-
.3"'rhe i3ackground to ChiJ,ructel~ Ponra.va.l in ;;}elleca /I ~ 54 (1'159) D :3.
lengthy discuasion1 of' the characters in l.solati.of; S68M quite misgatdeti..

(;of'Xey i5Qea to the other wd:.l";'-lmt~ ilOJ;.1 a::lserts (po 155).t I~the rhat,orica.l

techni;].ue ot ~enecats plays lnakes eontinui.ty of pe:t~~H)~lity :tmposslble"!#

and di5mis~es (p. 13i~)~i)(!dea.1s af1\')ctiQn-~to at,titude in v. b.1.7 ';19 a-

rhet.orieal trick.. No doub't it is, but this and th~ aimfr.:l.r att,itude in

v.. 1.37 rr.. are ~rt of the overall :Utlpressi{)n ;:ooea mill{t~s on us a.nd she
is at l~Ult lIeonsistcnt in hm" inconsiatenoytt. In thj.s lir~gering love

for Jason <.l.ud in tha emphasis 01'1 her witchoraft, ~h.',lneca.'s ~1efje<i. diffars

l'roza lil.U'i}lidea' cha.ra.cter ..

It would be trJ1"ong to see In ur-Jedea, Ji'iamtl (v.. 171) a.nd "i"E11li&:l nunc

sum" (v. 910) evid.ence that Senoca. int.ended ~4edea. tOl be a developing

char,lcter (see on v. 910). Her rage am desire f.()1' r~venge are stroi/g

from -t.he Qutset of the plq.. It is merely that at v" 910 she is deciding

on a Jiloredreadtul I'evenge tbau aha had yet hit upon - a revefl.ge t.h.at will

make her the Netiea. of tradition ..

Seneca does suggest ..11th sonw subtlety the gradual emergence ot~

the idea of kUling the chi1.drerl" At first the idea. is buried in Ned~'s

SJ.lbc!JnsciQua, and -Dna gives. voleato it, withQut Wlders~ing what. she

means (vv. 26; 39; 40; 22), 289; 421-2; 523)" 'then in a dr'.:~natic aside
(v II 550) she d@cides to seek vengeance throub~h the children, though the

mwras are not yet fixli!d. In w. 009-10 there is another unconscious fore-

cast '-1.00 it is or&l.y in v .. 910 1:t. that tJiedea clearly hits on the child....
murder; note especially, "nescio quid foroxi' decrevit animus intus at
nondurtl sibi <.!uJet r",tcri" (w. 917-8).
'Eha othex' characters in the pla.y are shadowy ['!gures ~ Sttncca

--------------------------------------------------.~-•. -------------
t\iould boe (;r90n'e p;dt-l.ce @,rn~;<,;e<:i~~.5 hOnSffo ~... ~);1 tile Gtctlon ~:mld ttil{e place
.2
in front of 'the~e& ',ilil:ls doe8t'~ds0 th(1! (tiJ:rit'ult;y that"<J!l<'Z!;!h~, Ili<14r.i.e

Ii). t'Jtag'~ pr(id.u(Jtion!i¥t~$r~:j®d~ hilloo i"ier e!'U.ldl.'an "c()1"&r'fl1}'(}pui.on fI but.

- 4 .
would Mli~ hJl.V~'l wJduly Ml',}cklCld an d.W ienet) of NGJl'O t $I day: uth@rs see

2For ~reon ~mert:~ei! fl\)!d tile f.:alaca-dool' in v II Id~.~ 9 W.,Ue:(l ~ij~)(!ea cliff,bs
(,n. to the roof o.r he't' nwn ho!.W~: h: th~ Xln':il aC({;'i;~ (ci' .. YV 4 995-7) a-
 10

Howevsx' in view of the la.ck of drama:tic action. the ;:;ubtl~)ty

of the auaE~9ioDes and the assumption that the audience know the story,

it does seem unlikely tha.t the plays were intended for the public stage •

.[lilies l;Jieber1 discussing the }tiedea painting in the Gaaa del Cent.urio at

Pompali, where Medea is chow .killing the children, sug~ests tha.t this rray
be a representation of a staged performance of Seneca.'s play rather than
that of U;uripides 1-mere the children are not killed on the eta.ge e 'there

is however a tutol' in the picture a.nd this enaraetex' does not appe:al' in

Seneca. In attr case precise conclusions canllot be dl"<l\i'l1 from such tenout'l

evid(;Jnce.
2

eVIlr it is dif1'icult to soe 'Wil~At one tleela.itaer C01.ll!l have ITlilde (')t vv. 168-

~11;4 tm)1'6 thar/. one sp$i;l.ker nay of course have been used"

'l'hf": tC~lp·t;ing a.lternative is that the pla.ys iflilJ,' have been iotend~>d

for a.cting in a private theatI'e5 t..here Seneca could be ssure of an a.udionce

thi'.l.t. would sha.re his tastes and appreciate his flit and rhetorica.l skill.

_. t

2~~iss Bieber how€Wt::r does a serviet~ in thu:;l l'(~lnindlng us that iVle:lea '>$l.S
a favourite subjeot in the pe.inting~ 0.1." the Pompeii region. See K"
~chefeld, Di~ ~~nJe fOlllE\:jis (derl:L."l, 195'1), pp. 121; 196; 247; 261; 262,
for further intorn~tion.

3 Gf• Tao. ~. 2-11, for tragedies designed tor decu~n~tion.

4(;£" CeJ. Herington, "$enec<.if1 Tragedy", l,ttlpJ! 5 (1966), 41+4-5.
5Seneca himself refers to such a theatre (~~ .. q. 7, 32, 3). l\loto also
the GXistenca of' a. privJ.te theatre in a.n Iupsrial villa. at Pos:Uippo.
 11

In thtl Cq. 01' . ., gX'~' woriee ot art. it. " M.gbl¥ untsa\UfAOt.017

t,o diMllH 1Il uolaUon Uu.i.. .t'M6nlng 01' 1\01'41 luaou. 1A Q~" t.~edJ,

10,. Utlt.Vt••, utlon,P"tnr .t\l¥l ~, an OM aoniatt. whole. S. . .••

~.,hWev.rf 1av1t.. _.,. pl"~ t.r"~f> It 1a ftOifA....l1 that thq

are the It!'Odt of a ,:ro1Ul0 ..11.. . .r 5t'01o ,roe. tret1G1. t t.he pl•• \tl.....
eelv.. M8 atw.ttted wittl ap~~hegU a.nd Nft thl'oUj),b w1tb a»lt.-aR motit••1
H,,..
,I

fbe 't'&rloWJ v1•• expreJsed&f' 1lIpl.lci\ ia will f'lret b.

Uit.BiI1fte4 aftd cOIlP~r.-J. w1tb \-he vi.... ot $\01. orth~ &R4 thO" or ~~en••a'.
prOd wn.{$9'l1len an at.tapt will b(t llWi. t.c ciGOtde wether t.n. play u ..

• 010 we wrltt.en _t.n •••1tieallJ stoic P~tI

At, t1r.' stg}it. tn. tn-lou .tt1;$ci. ee..
W1 Stoie. It d.cld~

1. 'rue tha.t. 'the l"ftp~cttu1 .\\It.we toWtU"'da tne b._vent, bNl...2 (ot. w.
30J 402, 1026. aft4 IS. on p • ""if) . . . to retllDCt the $tvlc idea that tn.
$\4..3 eOM11J\. of the . . . pwe tir. biod (or. ;ivll.. 16,)", However thfll
t.~1t.loftlilllflMi~_ ~ ~."nt. _1ft &1.\ t.be ~;repp1n&. of mytbolof:Y" In the
pr... WCN'k., Sen•• _ • .v_a]. Gc_·lcme "J-t.. til• • goal of fabl4lf. of.
'StIlI. lS(h 19, 41 lUI, Ill. 16, ,. I&.\t... ~. 26, 6. In !lee tober u.
fHQ,ll_lJ add. . . . . 1ft prqen or bpma, while 1D IL~. 2. lS. 1 .uab ,raren
are t ••ect Yfa~• .auntle aolac,w tl • Til... , - . bo*"er, l1ke 'ho•• of ttl.
3., 11 'II • • Jb_f .•••, 1M. IITt till 111.4J .M It_tN' I li'.·~ IA t • I Milt 1 tAt t J "af, • lIP) I

1
ct. D. H-lU7 ~ 8. rMlker, -$. . . . and the Ag~. 5. .e'thought. on
1",,10 1JoOa'*, cr, 51 (190') .. 1-3.
a
5-.. of tb1a is <iu. to M_N'. own d",um\.
 12

A.~.. ~ ptiI.It of th~ trad1tt!.QtlQl poetic ~~17. '$dlaps ~ w.

202-3 _ be te.kG u ~~ hDillcafS.-.l attitude. "Vana1eta d~

~ a.IOivlt wJldl '~JI'1~J ~ ftltd.t .~ fdO\t.a 4ej:tt. 7he steiG.

had 1-8 ~~ suoh allqorleal Ulte~ioM of tlwt ~ ,oda"l
:fa .\b18 ~ :It. U !n\,,~~ to note t.ha\ 1ft " .ill: 2. '5, S,. the
tnw f~ of ~r b Uk~ t~ thepoeta) d$H~.$ ot 'he Put:'i1.ee (1Kfe

nok _ w. l3-$). 'Th$~. ot tho ~ !n ~ an tbi} ~1\le.

of ~o ami ~ ~~ld 1. ~ enOll8h.

ra~ and toft~ . . u.r.t,U1(l(t in !It W 'J.2J!J-12. The
If ~e.

ot ton~ U &thHed,ty ~ (w. 21,...22; 286, ~9) an4 \he huel1Jl.GIUIl

ot t.~ bW' q~ (v. 431). !M. ue ~II DOt ~~ stolo dews.

Cl.ear~ 8k4c ~Yf4'I 10 the a'tlt~ \0 to~ ~ "7 Hedea 1n V'f'. 159,
176 (~~. 4'11\ ttl~$G ~$) _1ft v. S~. hftlcu.lu:Qr 1nteJ'e~ i.
v. 176•••~ ~a.,~ thu Stoic ~ tbG.\. fmune ~e.1n th~
~ao,. ~ m"ft.olr WiU fttOftllfta • • ~~ non ~t poteet".
v~ the 1$ ~ b1 .. &ot of td.UJ ct. ~ bpudte(l13 '..cere •
. . tlU1 tol~t."- (~. 7l,S)•

• et&te of IIOUl ~ b1 th. ao1cs . . cLbn t~qu1ll1tr .f'ree

~ the ~~$ ot~. ~l\\l t.1m.ea ite4. 18 ul'Pd to briAg hel'-

".

0$11' to tb10 CMlIM1t4_ of ~e (of. 'W. ~J m....a, ,,,-,)'11 ~ -"JA$~

peace of mind f)&,n ~ ~ ~~d by' the ~ ptI'&Ot1oe of ~.»~.deats

~t ......,.l pote.ot Mn .~ vlrbut1 locuo" ~NB_. the stoic att.itude

well dOUSb, .v. thoup her OOMept ot~. U mo3\~. Justice

1
Qt. ;E:.V. Amold, ~J.t~ (Cambridge, 1911), pp" 3)...1.
 13

1& onQ a,p~t of v1l"\."." III ~,. UJ, )1, 1\ ,. t.~ PM«No 1'_~ ana
ft. 439...40 a(:,ord with tnt. 3t010 vtew. "-.nota 81 catlum 1neoll./luet1t1a~

ItWl4!fl 1• •0 QO t.st,or t.UlIa. ft In VY. '29 tt.. we aN .;:;1v_ a. ~lblp •• or the

Gol4_ Ag., •• ft an pr~et18. J.1',108 3M 11.... in ba~* H~ld& noatl'1
__14& patr", yWere, pl'O('Aul fraUd. ~.":

It 11 .. false viw of on...,.l. tU\ upaeta the t.nn..1u1ll1t.r .r "'.

aottl. It 1. too:U.* t,o priNt ld.r.v,8hJ.p tot' 1n.t~.. FOri-wa8 {vv. 219",.20)

OJl' lnJ_tl•• (v. 1,6) oan brin& 1\ to' an *. Aia1ft ttl. t.t'UiJ' WfJ.\n, . .
1. "",f'VQ div••tt • Med_ (v. '41) ah~ the rlsb.\ .t.\ltUdo "~tr ~

waltll. "cont..-v. an~ I'ft&taa, ut. ••bt/opft po'.\'. 801et.que. tt U*""""

flVV aha b W1abl. to 'ak. the $1it9 Stol. v1$'" or tn. '""_t.lon oft_84 .,
Ja."'a 11ft marriq_ &.n<l fall. ,1'., to "QS~" ""1't$0\_ .u tllfAXlIl. ex ~

teet.rwn ac 1"abld.'. (de In 1, 1, .1)0

Hea_ if above aU. 4\ .t\td1 11\ Y101~ ~.JI'J the ph,y*., atttlt.W1t»

to ~ (btpht,1on of Med.'" ~.t' MOON m. . ~1nt. with the vi. . a-

FItS_. in. ttel In.. M_.'a ~t1on to "'. hllUtt.Mi !!! a~.or4. with the an&17fd.5
of t.he QIlI~ 9f_ allier 1ft de 11"& 2, 1, ,.., ( • • aoi. ('1. w. U6-24). In this
••rmHtioa) t.h• • • 'Or ·pl"Q\ult.tt 1Jl v.. m iJI iJlt.....t1n&.. fer Hpl"inoipia

,f'Olwlcmtl& afffltot,lbU" an tn. !mf.. 1JwQl~l bMplils.. that o{~CI\U'" in

_pcmee "" .\.IaoIli (de x... 2. 2, ,). (

Senea 4et1aetl rArIIe... U '-oupld.ltit.8 ul.lao*n4ae :ln1uria.e" (Uioot .. ,
i
I

de lr& Dei 17), ~ tb1a fiUWt.t.1nly f1" MedtJa t

• ett.tlfe. Tho v$,olenee 0(' euch
Ulger t.i.nUe upl.1.e1t. ellpr._lon in "IV. l~S-1J 591-4, .~nd i$ cleat" rrVla
N.$dea t • lwm4vlouJ- tbr~Qut t.tl. tJ.q. hbat. is pe.l't.lculuo17 dang.nNe .u.~

angel" 1a tn••pHd w1t11 whicn it . .en_ its tull power ("&1.1& paul&t1ra
 14

lnt.rMt I 1'~.t.tM 4t unlv$:r.a vi, lnl1'4s .et"; 4t) Ira 2, )6, 6) am it ia

noY~b¥ til"t f~~_ iii &.1.1".&41' &JijtJ7 a\ tn. out.'" o£ the play (ea. uote
011 VYo l ....SS).. A~.r, 11ke ttl. other _tiona,. UJ b11l'1d (s_ v .. 591 and. not.e)
and ft_. ~.fUI (We 123 ~nd not., de Ira 3." 1, 3. eto.). en.Retera in
ttl. ,rip of if.lllel' do not, mind p.rt"h1ll pro1'Ue4 tll., ,an <10"1"C1 \helr en."
( ••• "IV. 426...8 aB4 notA) ;93...4 •. de Ira. 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2). To aat1_t,y then-

luat tor l'wuge ttl., riU even dest'~ tfte ooo3"t. ot their love (ef.. de 11".
1, 5, 21 3,. 3, 3).
Aftgor ca.n become & dlseas. (ote Sir " 424) and gain a more ,enttamtnt
arip on tho lfWld (J19_ 7', 11). M«Iea bas t.pfit.u.y .,uttered. tita of anger
(v. 394) and ba, abown nf) re"train't. in 1311. or bate (vv. 397-1, S66--1).
Tbe imponaMo ot bab1t. Wile $t~".ed by the St~10. (d. Ira 2, 40, 2J Tt'&ft.

---- 10, 1...

An.
.
2).1". i>l1U .tlect.a on M.ta are clettl" (cf. VY. 4S-;v. ~3w4J

908...10). An.g:er and ithe lU'OBpect ot' rwengfJ bring pl.aur$ (or. v. )89; de
11"& 4, ,21)" ~op..t_ 1ndu.lsenoe in a4ger ean lead to a. Ci.UOld titltliiht in

the cR~~ter1a. (ot. vv. 991-2 .aU not-e, 911-41 1016. 4. Ir.. 2, S_ 1).
1'he ;~t~le. 't)\t11ft'_ tn&t .. clOG. l'elatlortenip u.tat.. 'fiwetm -"h. body a. eoul
(Ep. 6S. 24) &.rIG t.b1. conMfilon 18 cllM1" tl'OJl th. detaU_ descript,loM of
the pnyaloal JMn1tat,a\1tu,. of emotion in Medea (ct. VYIl 1$6-7; 382-90;
44~-6J .S.3....6l.). The "u.J.'1ptlons of Me4e&-'1 physical .,fBP\- are l"flliAriCab17

11ke t.ilat. ot t.he ~q u.n ~ de Ira 1, 1, ) (quoted. on \IV. 382-90). It.,1.&

'~-.

eaa1er to uelude ang4r than to oontrol it (tie Ira 1, 1, 2). Medea. knoWtl
thi. in tneorl (w. 203-4), but; 1n ,ran1•• taU. to attept 1t. It r.son
do.. not aUCfUNJ8ftAly ...ailt. t.h. flJIIICt.lott at the ou.t••t., it t.~.c_u aub-
 15

.~, k) itt, ~ ez'd.m __1· _ ~ ~ Il4 _Wit que ~ll1tur~ ..

'-.,...1m 1, 1$ '). ~_ ~ . . . . . I~ that & ti\ of ~ . . he

~ by ~J nm .u~\lm __ ~ ~ Am pot&s\ uti]_ W_

VU4 _ Mlu~ ~~ latt ~~ ~,. (,i4S" 1. 8 .. 2).
1\ 1# ~ that r~t. ~ bd\:t.. 1fi t~ Mh$l' ~_ ~~

e.n4~~.~~~_~. ~~.w1th._

1" 11, Ut ~ ~ ~oNla ~ cA.'"- ~ haw 1.1t that t.h~

~~otAIIU.tbo~f$a~~otU:~

r.t~. ~i t4 th6 dl~ $OUl~ It.w.l ~ ~ to ftIi4 \00

~ .to *' U i\ 11~ _.~ ~tka (He., v. 41). ~.
~ ••• ,a" 1 ~ ~ ~~.t~» k,.-' 1. 6", '~~M,1rf1)
.. ~~ -.d ~ ~* that. ~ ~ 1$ ~;4 ato the ~.

~J_~H~~_ ..t.trre~ot~1a~,~•• l
1*0 ~ ~ 1. _ ~ ~ of ~,f .. \bEl> ~• .mfJ ~. in ~
~ . . ~·fr;t ~.~ •.~ do ~ ~_a .lo~ ~mb~

to ~ ~ &\". \';1 ~ Ja a...:&IA \0 ~,. ~ ~ ~t.*.$

~.. ~ ~ ~~ ,tI.
<aJD a, ~, 1J , .. 1. 2, 3, 4, ot. v. 150 tt.)
.". ~~ to a.td.ta\ tbtl..". p6~ tk.lD'1i ", " , .. 40. 11
.t_'\f. 1;0 ft.). It \bb t~ to ~ ld.u,. OM ~4 ,_ to ~ ·l~l

.,~ ~AJ. 1, 2) ,,, Ji, 41 14. W6 ~,; 429), W --- Ukwlm

,. 1, 2} ,_ " , 4) of. v. 111). , . . ~ b t.be ''If ~ of ~
 16

the anger of some (.sl~ 1ra " 40> 5), but Medea is unresPQn,sive tor she knows
she is more l>0wel"ful than. her enemies !Ie Sueb anger will ceas~ only whet! the
des1r~ tor vengeance is sa.ted; ttnonnumquam., lSi plures aunt qui parire meruerunt,
post duorum tnumve sa.uguinem Gocidere desinit" (9-$ IrA 1, 17i 6) I>

.ki, end the reated concepts ~t andSSlQ.£ run through Medea as

powerful motifs and seem to have an independent distenoe of their own. Of

these d~le.£ is perhaps the most interesting.. As Regenbogen observes,ftet

fonnas dQ~!or/ el'Wat p~r,.omne8N(ml.v. 245») might be taken as the theme of aU
the plqs .. l Delo, suggests the m.elltal pain that constant~ nourishes pastdon.

l!9.~l has caused Medea's pre'doue cri.;mes" th~ these pale 1n oomparison

with its present urginp (w .. 49J 907). Its inability tohlde itseU
1s stressed by Medea. (v~ 1,55h Jason $ees it on her face (v .. 446) and the
nti~se vialla.'li.Zf!!S it e:qmnd:btg inside J.ledea t $ mind (y~ 671)!' Medea. addresses
golol"._1n attempts to calm it when under the influenoe of ~ (v. 139) 01"_

Rlatal (v. 944)~ and at other times to encQurage it (W1! 914; 1016). In the
grip of !olo,r Medeald.lls the ehildren(vv .. 951; 1011; 1019), and the use of
the 'W'f#rd 1tJJ.~Jt m v;.
1020- suggests how real and powe~l this lorce-is..
1r8; ad .tu.r:or are e~ p:rondnent .. 2 Medea.' s passion is so strong and at
t1lnee gam. 80 eomplete a grip on her soUl that she herselt seems to be a con-
cret. man1i'est,ation of the emotion; Jhtultu:m. f\:I.roris oerno"; as the nurse puts

.- . . . . ' r ... s. ~

1
.Schmerz und '.rod in den TNOdten Senecas (2nd ed.J Darmstadt, 196,)" p. 31.
2
w. ,1; 203; ,81, 394J 1+63, 494; ,06, 5;6; 591,; 8;31 866J 868;
J,m...l o t ..
902;- 9Zl; 938; 943; 944; 989. f!aEqrt VV'~ ;2; 386; 392; 396; 406; 8;2;
909; 930.
 17

it. (v .. "')_
(1. 7. '1)
j,1~_'. "!lit-lone iIIr4

a"v1dfJb1e eaedea .,.ana .t .... vb1um

~e ~d... •. ."
a.im.Uar to Uloa.... et'ib~to ange.. in de
.u.bll!.t....
tra

Tb~ 1ntlu.nce o.i~ 3\;;;10 thMitiht t.ben 1n L~QM 1& olu1" and in J.W.n1ou1~ul·

tit-. p~J:'il,1l.4. i~lt.h u. Ira 141". etl"lld.ng. Ja. "t~O further end .~. tnia &M tn.
&tbw pl.y-, ii.$ $tro~ll d1.daGtif;h )11($5 i(anl ~"ent. tbiG ,,1ew in lta most
ut.nae tOl"lA. For hv the tl"li.,edl•• Art' uph'u'oaoprd••l pr~arldlA play.",l
d.illbol'~t.ell tl.1aned \0 ,lve moral lnstNetlQn ttl ~ElIO-St.o!Clsm" But. wt.
~Qrt of proplll~ 18 it. ~Uln t.be c~ om, ••oap__ 1\:;\lt. 1s bo~ 1ft
t.
ftGt

\n.,n t.kttO\\t;b t.tl. h_veU? ~ ••au in 5Y.thT with M....rtl viw &ftd

b7 .... ~thel" .iro\ll.~.. .f'. .()n~ .,l.al.ne (,.. 2'9) th. le.lIJoa or the ~fiAU

liTttu pla,. then, 1s _ obJ~et. 1"80n tn the awful ooueqwm.cJee of anae1" " ..
~~_ U tile !M~~tlon <'Jt a c&plt;al __t.lon.. Afi e-ueb ~ must. l03.the her.
Other_a. til. mara]. oJ!' tn$ dr~ lfiS iU'Jpel•••l l Qt..oW"." U iiowwtlr l:!fJU....

M. Mt totall1 alt~\c~ Hedea t.f'Gm Uti. sliwa t.he drama 1. COnQent.-&tt.tt

Oft he~ J.at,~rM1 wwld. "IJ ••CorM uftpll !Ayol"u .tn AU)' ttUiiW,!ht. ant t ••l~••
, and. a tb·~ soenes :w1tb G..«tOD ~ ,JAson, ~~.MiP M$. given ber ij"rgUfle;fite ttw.t.

appm to oUt' ~t.1ons ~ StllUlCt of Juoti••"

~ (fl'~ 291) 40" oono.t. that SflAHa. ha4 a. litv_rt purpose aa

,I"
J
1
Tl\PA, '6 (194'>' 21.7.
 18

to ~}(1n~~ca'. prQleworks c, ttl" evidenee tnat ;;.nl~oa believed that the ooe pur-
pose of lit.er,.;tur~ eh;)uld be mural 1natl"U(~tion..l In several paB!$agee Seneca
d<~e. (!\1Jclare t.ha.t poetl'1 should h"ve an eth.icAl. .tu.netir.}r.A.. iifJ'\,jeYel" the wealth

of peat.le quotation in t.he Pt'OSiit \forks and the tact th,~t t.nesfl1 '.:l,ot,f.itions

ott.en aerve a purely' 11ter'&17 purpose show that ;';enec& had a deep and abiding
love of poetq_ 2 To il. certain extent hU atreilUlI 'On ,U.s etbi.c$.l value ••"ea
as a jutfU'ic(1l.tion of hiB own love of pootra'.. A stwt· of Medea. itself $hows

th~t Mise Martita Yi.ew ie a crurJe over-JimplUicet.,i.on. for aU it. t~ulta

the play reveal. & powerful imag1nat1on and a love ot words and wit for their

In the COlltlll" of an. eloq,uent -\l'tiel., aerlngtt.ln temm the play,

"religious dra,maJI' ..'BradY (POI 298), d901are, that tiley al'"ii1 1l.l:UI~lt1ally

answer to provQCAtion and calWllitl eho,w.d be. aut wh... 40 we riM this
expressed in Heel_:? IJnly in th.mouth of tle.1.a harsel! ~ when $11. miSChievously

quoto stoic doctrine to prove a. poin.t. It it! enarel$ b~ crlt.icimt1 to UB.

the fll"oae~rks to pnxtuce iAn interpretation o! tbf! P~. the.} i~ tt)tal17 a.t
var1&ncG v.i'1th the evidence of the plq itself Q

Ob8.~~ th~ a1m.ilal'1.ill in v1s10n b6tw6en the exempl& of the pros •

t; .. H U L fI I ; lilt r .R W .L

1
Ib1d. pp. 217-9.
2
S@e l;.S. Maguinn••• , "Seneoa. and the Poets" .. lief'1ftll.th. a8 (19"). 81.... ,8.
 19
1
wor1l:8 lind thl't tl'a.g~1.1, tlerJ.n&ton nas termt'td the latter u-'ended. ..... ~".

'fhe .Wl&r'1~7 u real, 'but. .egWit. . . . . an \lntol'tunat. teN to u... atM. it'
tooeuU1 .UBI"ft. da.t HAn! . .M bJ the to... "" that )ie_tor UJitlPle 11
1nt.fJ1lGN to sene as M Uluatr&\lon of the op1rt1olw upre... in. d. Ira. 2
It 1s rathe¥" that. the 1t,1':11dn& aM $tIlIUt.iraea ltOJ'id.ti :lIbagil'l&t.lon rwea1M
Dr1ens in th••• _empla bas round IS'Mt*r tr__ in the t1"a'ecu.•••
In the pro•• works ther. aN -nt eloqum _ _la that s~~:ao.t. tbtl'

S.neea 1. faso1aa.\ed b'f the vC7 ~lt1 ke $OAd... Regenholen lightly

OD5e"_ (p. ~4) tftat lleU•• T~Od;1en n1cbt ander. al. die ProaafScbritten elo
~14SfJOl1l.a1 li_ nut.. ac1\wtUttl .. 'l'be 4. Ira cQltte.1.nat . . . ~loul exattpl.J -
pemapa WONt, of' aU 1$ the tAt. of Teleaphorus t.he ~{b"t."Q (:3, 17, 3...4).'
Ree_17 at".Jlpta MY. Doell_eli· to det., Sene.'. t .....ged.1•• apWt the

"VAen.. It••lf _ mucb ..e he mlsht. What u rep.u.nt in $911• .,. 1s the cold8

blOOtlet.t brtlt&U,\7 wit.h wblch o~etv. 1n&1at on p(trtomag their oritles

betor. 11ft• .,.•• of their v lot.111 , 8 parent., to the accoaprt.nlment 'Of wit.tlc~o'

I¢, If $, _IfPll t " =.!I' it _ fl1 "JIM", 1 : 11 r J LIn lJ -.'*t± J! j '._10r 110 It 1M; rt I 1 . r f

2
t4PA, 16 (194'>. 229.
J
3M also in 4. Ira alOft., 2, 33 (C&l1gula. and Paet.er)t 2, ;, 4 (Hannibal).
2. 5, 5 (Vol. . . ) J " 1_. 1..2 (camby• • li\nd PR~Upes h " lS, 1 (Aatr&$••
and ti&rpa&ua). ), 16, :3 (Darius and f)eobasUl); " 16, 4 (Xerxes and pyttd.ulh
,. 17, 3. (Al~.r &nc1 Cl~tUlh ), 18.1' 1-2 (SlIlla, (;&tl1ln8 u.d ~-arll3)J ),
lS, 3-19, , (Caligula); J, 40, 2 (Vwd,\iils Pollio).

4
~.&. b,Y Hel'in3ton, pp. 421..... Ii. HetU;",f a.nd B. walker, "Loss ot Identltl •
...4Mtea. Sup=r*=t. t 1 tl , CP, 62 (1907) j 169...11..

5
£.g. ~ vv. 991-1020, 'fb,y. w. 1021-). 1030...1. cr. Oed. v. 952 tt ..
 20

Mor. ,f;~rM.d1o.el1 Gf'M4fu). are a.v~ pT._ de8Qtlptlone of tile end

of the i-iO¥-lA,l An w.nt 1!lhi.oil ;a.._•. 8eee M ua• .c b1 anktwl t. _~al taUUl"'flle 2-
H~ fi~OM. 6ftd tlle end 01' ttl. ~rld &r. t.m1tional stol0 taMe. but
,s9lu,.te inte..eot 1ft the is peeuliAvll cbl._lye. It. rKurB W chIAo. 1& aleo
atrcquem. trl'u•• 10 tM t.r~.l_.) Itt 1a peri'lapa l&O.t clear~ ltnk9d wltth
b~ evil 1D fbJ.. w. 719-18,,, wbe... fbl'mH 18 _t~ hilS etdldren. B1&t
~\ &U of 5.no~t. pl.8 dell w1t.il dlerupted "latlM8hlp. and tbe .....,Ml.
of no~l _1'&1 v~luee.. a.M thl. _I'll. dl.1nt~I"&'lon 1a ott. parallelle4
b,f & _1).&))•• 01 \n. p~1Al l~w. of tM Ul\i.'1._.
In ...ea, \bQ taU t~ the 011••r\4 jJ~. . . of the (told_ ,4&- 1-
aUM • the tim e~""'I07~. tbat upaet tb. pbJelP1 bala.~ 01' the ."lA
(**t• •n.ta pontl lura.u .... v. (14)" uEd&lt p~. UN ,¥"OVocate" (v. 616).

or thought In \tle play ~ to B•• Noel_ q ;a ISfmbQl of all tlie tort.H.IOf

palliafJm$ ~_ and um"~on in the " ..lde4 It. U ~ __tlJJi to not.. iMt.
n1p~t\l. (i~fIfl. w. ;40-2) ••,.. __or (al.G". with ~r_ and lU5t) as
mal".id.,,& the e. or tile GolAItftA,••

II.! j

].
E.,. H"Q .. 'J
71, 12...,. t;t. Ben.
27...)0; 6, .f!, 9; COn•• ~'" 24, 6. COM. Fogb.. ]"
6. 22.
2.,,_

:2
Ae H.rln~'ft.'ill reminds \11 (p. ~l), !,hme. \!It\fS at.:rcnglJ lntlueMe4 b1 the
St.el. b.ai\ or viewing Itall phenQllt.tJll& u bel~_ to tbllll . . . ordm:- 0 f "bi. it

4-
cr. MOtl.t. 1*J'Ofi7 (w. 46--8) ot Aneb1l_ (v..,. A.fl. 6, 124-7), tha't.~elta
a olalla to _~d;y '\be foro.. ot WU"-.on ~mi violtmOeJ the nun.... GOlJIlom.
llvultwa fUt'Oria ._no" (y. 196) I Mttldea' 8 IIwwp1Dg c1a1ra tor the pww6" .ii1 en-
ctw.'Uoe of hel" ..._ (v.. 400 it .. ) ..
 21

)ted_ htt~.lf look, baok tdGtfull¥ to ill . .~iod of pOMJo.l happln••

_.d'ore dbe fled with .la.em (ft'. 2U-9).,. low in her mQt.al!l1flt.l'*he. &h.

anlyell' ••ka w ,.rtom .v11. Hv ttw-.t. of dire ",. . .nee OIl her _-.1...
al'. _tclic hI hel." "11'41 ~o a8cul.\llt- the phyadal world. In ttv. wdclinl
1I"Ullb .. are liven another piet.\lH of M iMOGenee that. let to b. d•• t.",•.
SWIWal ~o "p.1\1ou of ,.I'a... am s..a- $tl'• • the unMf1l.lllertt
of tue 8."" oo_ent,l~ 3Nd .hu~ 1 'the ~ .'r1k1n& 4ucIM!Aple of t.he
..ev__l or tloftlal ""4viWl'" . . ., rit.h ttl. ebU~doi". -7 not. the
U_.'.
ft.

paJ:"&llel !£i.t.v~_ of .t.v. in r ..~ ot pbya1ca.llaw8 (w_

752""'t), ~ in Ute ta.11ur. ~t _tel" to -'h1&\d.* the Dli&1. l1" (w. -*90).
At \ho itM Gt t.tl" pl31, M.a_ ~. lm.o the .u~v<UW 1n bfir -.g1, chari.,

and viol.no. Mid tlle 11'1'&t,10na1 . _ apoth.ailHCl. "aeon's ftM1 )«)Nft

dol.. wttil t~utl'1oul stol0 rev.~e'" tot' U. au-vens It.nd t..b.$ ~n __ ami
iu,our1t.l ttl.., a"ootat.w lid.ttl th.. 6ut tile _tv hat lin. ~Ml. \h.
tale.... fit tht. .oeu~l\7 and th. pow.,l..llao.ull of the 1t5ven. b"o".
m-nfl'Ut fI~l'. nt4lo8 fl••• q,ta v-'I'U d._".
H_ al'G Q t.o aco<.NRt tor thie .,ut18 on moral dl.1nt*4t~tl$\ am.
f.»oitation wltb Cl'tiBt,,'1 to aft _-teat. &\ l."ttt.the anewer 11_ 1ft tn.

nr" ncrt "X

1
Sd 08 n. 56....11'.
 22

~ftll ~. c ~ .... 1a ..mich ~ 11M1 • ia ld..... ~I'_

~ ~~m ~ .... An __ of ~.~.. --al1tJ aM
a ~ft&1t1 tbAt . . ,..~ • tba bft\&l JIliJ~ of ~ ~tlhoatre.

Walk4)~ • • S. ~ $f~ 'ta fA'OI0un4 ~~ a ~ ___ ~.2 ~

~ ~ the tfdhw of ~ • • ~ 1M 'h~ u wU" 8fiM., ~.
Sat t.b$ ~lr1~ .aM aft .lte~ \4'1\1\ ~ _ l~ _ _. ' lWt.-.tJ.oM
of tbt'f vo_ m tN~l~ .". ~..... thtt ·wall ~ .~ ot
~u (~.,. ~ or ~ V~}1t
• ~ '~to 41.,_ tbG ~..,. of ~ .. kl
fbD.U*~ 1~. b ...ata .. ~ " . .... Ulk .~ ~ with tlle
~. . . . . . M~ b.,. ~\ tab. . .:t.. ~'. ~I' ~~. -the

~l _ ~hol~l ~ftI Qt t4Pofft0(9.4 PbUo~ ~ Slv~

1
.~ <JiP-~Got.~
lWJ) ~ that . . . . . t~ ha,'Q - - ~

f!'_.. ...,It ..
~.., !At ~ioMl_ p41UHl~. HflI~
(,. 461)poSrlh _ \bat ,~ ~ of. ~ hh . . .
a k "'t~ .t.Mt.~q a
IGla..N ___~....t·~ ..
~~ ~Ml tit ~ta ~l_" ~·soma
~~ . .W" _
~
i.~'.aft1~,~~,,1}
OIl"
....
. . . ot·~b¥i~ . . -'tm·M•• ' ,t.UrGjiu
~ $I ~'. . (*-h. 19M). !he . . . . MW \he f
~~~ ... m ....t.~wm.~~lato!a
,~ ,,~.

11
It.
,
~ ~:

~# auo.
~ ,~ftlcl.ft,

~~
If2 (19Jel. 170.

p:d;Qtw to tbfl ~ t4 ~l ftluea !rl tb18

PQ'.i.~b tJt. . . . 4~
14.. U, " 14, 151 '.
.».14,6.644. "'.,"
1 ,.1'. SO,.:I, 4
4. 12, ill, ,. 13. 12, 2,14, " 75
. ,
4
ct. !~~. W. ~l~
 2.3

placed OD Seneca. b1 Nero and Agr1ppiM forced Seneca. to comp:rom1(J. hie

principle. repea.t~. The t'ascmatlon with oruelty 4\1'1<1 crime that appears
not Wl'1lqu.nt~ in the prose workB and runs througbout the t rag"iea 1'8'"

veals the invasion or Seneca' 8 phUo8ophlc~ world b1 the real world of the

Early _11'••
In Meet_ we have an oven link with Seneca. t. own day in the Second.
OhOrul. In 118tlng the ciangera raced by the Argonauts, the chorue hwl ended

by asking what had been the reward of that first 1101,1&8. "Gold and Medea"

(w. ,361...3) come_ the repl1,'_ . \'111;11 "nllJne lam aesett pont-Uti et omnu/ patltur

1",8.". (w. 363...4), Seneca. abruptly tume to his own t1m.B,. wit.b tke1J1'
ea•• of travel"atld. £oreoa.ate tut.1U'e discoveri.s. The implication _eem.
clear. Han hae conquered the _-'$ but has Nerots Rome conquered what Medea

Ull;!
There had. alWtlTs cun 8. strong rhetorl~ eleel'lt in DlOst Roman

poatr.y, but at the end or the Aucwstan period. the attempts to amaze and.
amu•• an audience be00llle more dom1nant in literature and there is a .)1'.
intense use of rhetorical davie... Od4 1& the herald of the new _t,rle
and 1\ is 81gnUioant Sene.'. tra.gec11. contain more echoes of OVid than

of anr other writer.

'rh. raa1ft cause of the rhetorioal tone in litera.ture 1Sl" 1ft the
educational syetem.. wbicll put increased atres. on oratol7 at a time when
the losl ot polltlea.l freedom had cUmu1sbed the sphere 1n which ora.tory
ooW be sero18ecl.1 As a result -lV continued to decla.im the unr_l scmool
• •1"0180 such as .-.oria. alld oQnttC:If&rsiae in adult life. The . .hasis
was on diap1a1 and tOUl'.,§'de..fol"oe\, that would win frequent applause trom
the audiences. Sene. the elder (Cont,~. 9, prI..f. 1) aptly d_crlbes the
meter as OM "qui d.ecl.aaaat:Lonam. par&t 8ol'iblt non ut. vineat led u1', pla.oeat
••• cupit. endm: •• adprobare non causam. U
the younger Seneoa received a th.ro~h rhetorical training under
such ,leading teachers as MaMrcus soaurvr; Gallio, MUla. a.nd Julius kailua" 2
The eon of a connouseur of rhetoric, the 70\U'tler Seneca. t'Jpent much t1me
'With hls father and bNthers li.tening to the dec1&1men3 and it 1s clear
that the bo,y_ too loved fhetor1c. 4 It 1s not Surp1"i81ng that Seneca'. prose
works and tra,aedlea show ample evidenoe of rhetorical influences.

the l'hetors botb directlT, and indireotly through the intense speeches of
some of OVid's hero1nes.' Seneca's monologuea are replete with rhetor1cal

1.,_.

1
Cf. WeC. SUIUleft, Sele!!t L-xlietft of' ~e,nee (London, 1910), p. xxx1v.
2
See Son .• Contr. 10, 2ra!~. 2, 8, 9, 12•
.:;
Sen. Qoatr. 1, pra.et. 41 10, met. 2.

4
"Nolo aut.. V08 iuvenes met eontristar1 quod a declamatoribua ad hiatorloOB
transect' •

S
E.g. ~ 7, 11 ff~J $, 44 ft., a, 473 ft.J 9, 143 tt •• 9, 473 tt.; 9,
726 tt.; 10, .320 ft. EUripides had of oours. shown the wayJ e.g. Med.
v. 102l ft. --
 25

dfWicefJ"aa 1ndhd ~ ntoat of hi. long $pef$chos (;a).g_ w. 236...51, 447....$9).

Such ap<teohc;$ would give thi} d.cl.tdmel"'. h1etd.on1e abll.ity 6q)le ~~7

to e.»sp....IJ It_lt with INdd.Em ohImgd of mood. (e.s. w. as. 138-40; 910-21)
93.3-5, 988 tt.) paad,au.te entreaties (e.lI_ w. 1-19, 24)..,:;, )a..6; 28'. .90:;
476-82" ,,1-', 740--') _ ~ and the like (n.401-6). An intenatms
teat~ of f.kmeca'. longer ~{goh(tl& 1$ bi~ skill and eubt,let7 111 dep1ettns
the tndn of thought of the • •01'. For mtereat1ng ~" of this et~

of contml~Bs teobnique, .~e w. 26-;.361 US ft •• 391-9.

~
A "~ t_ture ct the tieolamat:1M& was ~. Some OJatOft lfOl.l14
e~ th&.t the au<i1enc" h~ theh pm.- by int~ns them wi\h "4ucrJ.batn
D'I:.Ille esoft or Ill. 81I1:t11u· phJl'aao (&en.gm'K' 2, ;.. 6; 2, 1, 26)" Thoro ..1'0
l~ 11l01"e un~tlc delcFlpUone in SeMU's !it.4, ttum ~ Eur1p1u@/&. plq
and th1e 1- p~ly ~ in l.arSe part; to the ~e of the deoJ..amati«ls.
~ven in w. 615-TJ9, whM'e the 11Uol'Ge deHnbtlle l~edea'fJmai1c pt"eparatione.
tim del1criptlen 18 elltiJ&nt1ally ~t1c tor much 01 the $pHch 1a devoted
to list. of the places wheft end the oeetllrd.Oons when Medea pthere her anak~.

(w. 680-1(4) aM plante (w. 1CfI-36). MaD)" of ~oate descriptions tend

to rriuC0 themnl... to such lists (e.g. w. 211-6; 228-,,; 4'1-7, 465-761
753-69 J 771-84; 820-37.. Oenenlly he give. ~&.Oh i t . a \Quell of colourtul
deta1l .m ~ mows on.. In w.. 714...9. however, there is eo ai?~l(f)
,., ftlation
between the wccess1va 1'ems that ~t. a trlpten1ng pictua-e of a "Pring-
tlm8 made poi.moua aAd defo~ b7 f<1edea'. magic. Ql the whole the desoript-

10ne 1n too choNa are more dUtul$ and "poet-10ft , though here too the tendency
twarcls 11.d~$ is evident (e.g. vv. 75-89; 311...7; 616-69) ..
 26

Sac. his desoriptions of paort.ioular people or things are not ulual.lJ'

extended, Seneca min h_V117 on epithet, to add colour and emphaall )&1 we

shall eM, be has a part.lcular fondness for geographic adjectivu, aome qUite
conventional but. others (e.g. "Gangetioumf." v. 86S) add:1Dg romantic oolour.
Seneca. a180 haa a penchant for adJeotives w1th an archaic ring. Thus w find
adJect!v" 1n .. ,tel'" ynlter, v. 34. eceptrUer. v. '91 a.mter v. 468; ,l

,aguaad.ter, v. 68,s ,&emJllUer, v. 723. ,lucifer v, S42J 2.1'1 - sera beUiger v. 64J
thl1"sker v. 110, 1n ... flowu ,let.:1f1cUJ v. 5Th niditicus v. 687. "Sena'
t,ni&!n& v. 410. 14081; :tnterest.ing of the.. U rdtlUlous which is only found
in v. 710, where it. 18 UeO. 80 ettect1:vel1 with.m.t

Not 1nfrequent17 1n or4$1' to str888 hie point, Seneca pU.s up

adjectives that. an rtrtua.ll1 .Ymm;yJUOus with the words to wb100 they are
a.tt4fl1rut<h "Fu:t>oJ"ilil ue l..vmphatl- (Ve )86); "vaSUt) tlrra.t't (Ve S86) and

"niva11 us ,el.u1t {v. 716} are effect.ive in their contmcts.. Ev'en ttuatul
aocenso Pelias aenol anitn (We 666-1) mq be justified by the context. tor
}lelia. 18 a.n island of' ftl's 1n a. e. of,;;wa.ter,"'image17'·. But fluee"a
(
vaaCors mem. •. vauana teroz·n (Ve 123), ulel14jlPisl'1 fl'igorle gla.lea"
(v. '136) and. "caecUll ••• opacwa ... umbro81',' (v. 741) are 8he.~ boaRst.
Another oharact.eri.tlc t.ture of Seneca'. tl"&iedie8 1s their love
of periphratl:i.e. Seep. ctel!&bis in avoid1:ng the stra1&httorward MIl. . of
people and th1n&s. Such aUueiv.... can be the veq "tuff of poet17 (ot.
" . ",...al) .. but too often the periphra... 8._ menl.T intended to ell.pl.
Seneoa's If;nqwled.ge of myth and geography FOr same of the more notable uaBlpl••

10 Medea.. 8n vv. 59, 6a t&oJ 67 tt.; 11 ttl 7S t£J 82 tti lOS; UO, 1311 2l2,
226; 24.34 31), 3.36. 342. 3SO. 3551 45S. 6OB, 6101 62,.
 rW
~
H~.· I.: l;&
..'·'·
. (I
> -A
,1'=-- I
!-
i
1
~ .lI. .· I8 I'".~
.'. "'1·. i· . . ~
ll·.··· ':' ,..' .~.". Ii. ,~".,

fit "'1
·,l
-
i I
110
,

pt' ! .. :: ~ .~. ." .> =- f '. ..! i' I

:;
, ,...Jf..
q,
I ~Ir ',!
~ . (. it."
I r
'...;
i : i~ :
1
!. . r:. I. ~i. ·. I. •. r -. t.•·
~ I I , r r f : if· , ~
I ':.' I.'.".' ,-'

& • e 1 ~ ! I r (.• r - I I
~l I. ~1lt51.. It~.
I"
· . .,. . •. b'£

~Ii!!~fi:~i~ lEI.
t:) _.'."
-, .,1I. g-f: i

.- I ~It 1
'if
Is r
is
f
If II I t ~ t: i ; Jj
'lo t
·J(i\rl
13 ~
i
f
!lot:
!i r f ~
«J'IiI '
'1.' ,.
~, .f .
11
i I I '. '. i r 1.' . _.'. t r
'I ~. t ~ i ~ ! Ii: f! i ~ i ~
~.
Oi i
::r i s".= . I.·.·

II~
I~t L 1
G3 ~ :
!,

t ~
........ ~
 28

to the groves 01' the Qe.nge$ in the .at. trom nult1ma 'l'hu1.e" (Va J79) and

1'5"0\)&. nobUee n in the north 110 "dint. AMb•• n (v. '113) and l\lnblU"tled
Indtwu (v. 484). fl ce.-vro..;Yj c.o-ye./,z!>Sl1e.ss w~ ck r-j,jueoW (.-1 vv ~2); 7 13;7 20 ),

Astr011.OJi\1 1s a. favoUil"1te top10 in N.\1. altd seYer-al of' the t1"&led1.,.

It PWa a le.8f1r ~ole in Kedea but. note 11",. 309....1'.

M,ytbolo.lcallore, otten in esoteric detail, 1& another' feature of
mnell. '11vti' poet:ry. It 10 nAtural that there &re frequ.tmt ...tereneee to or11er
1neldent. 1ft the advtmtures of Medea. and Jason, tlloup the rep_ted retereno••
to the deatluJ of Ab8,.rtUS and reliaepall a. 11ttle. The de8o:dptiona of the

.rUst -."'V01&&$ in the second enol*1.Ut and of. the fat. of the Argonauts 1n the

third &re ple&aing enOllift an4 are _0 relevant to' the th._ or the pl..,. More
tedioul are such COmlnOnpj.i.>.<1G. 3$ the Furies (V1r. 1)-6) am the Great S~el"

(We 744-,(/). LMstacCe'lpt&\1:tl,f' ~re the o1a.bc.r&te description of t.he ofterings

to ae.te (V.,. 771....S4) and tho liet of cont:rlbutoH -ho Medea'e _sie fire
(lTV. 820-12). i: . ., /1 1
y/-!.&lt}(.cJ r?.y'/""t;j-", S-e.< vv· {s:2-3; C5>" .

Ha,10 and tn. supernatural are also belOVed thttmljS in Silver p0et17.

Quint. (2, 10.. 1) 1rdloat•• that _aie was a. t'l"eqllent topic in the declamat.~u

of his dal. We ha.ve in MNea a long _Sic scene (vv. 670.e42) and the :4.,n.
tl'Oductlon to tha.t. soene should be cotll/ulted tor a dieell.s1on of the 11t9ra17
tradition and of the extent. t.o which Sen• .,a r,ellects -sieal prae1;1... we
alao bave the brier appearance of a gholt in w. ',....71, .eD Medea e•• \b.
mangled 1"emaw of her brother AbeynU6. 3uch pa88ll,e. of course provide an
excellent opportun1t,y tor rhet.od.eal. ,Uapla7, but the d!eproportionate amount
of tSme d.evoted to Medea' .. magic WHkens ita effect and t.hl"OW8 the whole ,1&1
 29

Sent.enttae
A enaraot.enatl0 feature of the declamations wr. the a~ntentia... Qu1nt..
(', s. 2) WOf'fl$ \1.8 that. the ancients uaed the word for thQugbts in seneral
whereas in hie own da.y by sententiae were meant "lumina. praeeipue in olaululla
po.itan • 'l'he older tne or .entent1&. -was akin to the proverb in that 1t
briet17 and aptly iiXPr••eed some general obael"Yat:ion on 11te. Thee. are COll:lllOft

enovah :Ln the tragedies, but are generall1' given partioular point by their
eonta:t. They OCQUl' frequently 1ft at1chonwt,hia. ,wtl1cb in tact is otten little
more than a contest in quoting ••ntent-lae (e.,. w. 159-7)1 192-200J 5O~-S).

More 8t1"1k:1ni are those Bent.nt.1a. whloh are coined tOft the part1culaf' tllt_-
tion a.nd gain their effect from antithesis, &ll:lt8l'at:1on and ingenious &11\\11".-
n.... Some of the more impressive exampl.s a" "parta taa" pa.rta ultio est.
I peper1ll (VII. 25...0)1 ftdalJina ream! sed 1""4. oriaen" (v. 245-6). Itnon re-
vlctvl aellisn (v. 416), but the Medea is tull of tn_ and the reader JIlust. be

constantly alert for ambiguities of t.houpt and subtle hints or tlupicd.one,

(Quint. 9, 2~ 6'). The extent to mich aa audienoe O&IU to . EiYpect frequent

10) .0
Bubtl. and w1tty een\ent1&. 1s shown by the storr otLat.J"t), (Sen. Contr. 7, I.,
! .l

deliberately ended .a. sentence with the towering 'but"poat.l... phrase

I/:tnter sep\alcbra mon_onts. aunt.n, aM was greeted with til\md.~u. appla'WJe.
For doubl....ntendre. in Med. lIee w. 26; 17J 38. 39, 40; 60) 611 66; 87. 95,
283. 289; 293, 295, 381} 421...2; S52; lOU..,. 101).

Rhetorical Devioes
SOllie of Seneca' IS other rhet.orical devices may be b:d.etl7
 30

V~ ~. ·'td.th 1\$ ~ ~ ~ i.e ~ a:r¥l . , :1.

~st«lr. a ~h ~ in ~omtor.$~. l~ of ~'.
~. ~ a ~ V0c~ "'fie1~1 w. ln, ~J 419; 450, 6.1» 1.0ffI-B.
~ .. . . , of ~'. ~ AM W$i~l.. ~ ~~ bJf
..~ ~" ~~::W d Ii ~ of ~ .but l1\Uiit ~ in the plar""
~ ". ~ t.Jm t.~~ S1l~ • conOfdt otthe . . tbAt ~ ~

~(W.~J).

~IIO_~ U 'Ot ~ a ~ umw to 81ft v1\"Gfd.tr 8fld.

~. ~~. ~ ~~ ~ Ga_ (6.8. w. 116" 8'13 89') e4
ott.. ~ haft an ~ ("'.19 w. JJ...4J ~" 561) 929-30• • _ t~ ~~.

~ tllfi ~~ of the ~~J _ w. l31-9, 933-4, ~ft the

~li~·8 ~t \l:w .il.~fd. QWl.~ ~ u.tMd \fJ ~. ~nt

(e.,* v. llU tt.)f.t ,. ~ ~ ($,,8. 119'.. 451-9) . . in .It·...bo''''\~

(*~&. w. 09$. rJ? _)c\I Oft,m *'~ ~a~ toJ.kM tD~t.r. Thus
\'ft1I ba_ .~. . m v. 4'1 ft•• t<m.... ln v. 'SO ft. t4&'I.4 ~ Ul w. ll.S
It.; S60 It.
~ __ ~ ~o of ~ ~ 1n w. J.....12J
74OJ1, *~ ~ ch.1t4m. tD1 ~n are~. _ ~ t_~

of ~ ~d <_ .. tbat ~ ~ to tM d.~.) 11 the ~

"....1_ of ~ ~'. 0WIa iiOUlW~. ~. ~ ia t.b1a
 31

ea.q .,.e1' of p••lldo-pathoal an1muea " . 41u49', 9'71 976, 988. dolorl
n. l)'s 9l4J 944; 1016, 1019. furor: v. 930. 1ral w. 916. 9".
JSx:c~tion 1e generally 1ntrod.uoed by interJeot1ona. Note .!.. .
(~r.8.1ng pain) v. 139• .!!!! (surprise etoh ". 44S. ?lBJ 992, ..!! <_oit....
• ent) 'V'V. 966, 99' • .!'!!! (SOlTOW) v. 649.!!. vv. 4'1) '9'1 'SO. 9a, (twioe>"
986. Ot.her .triid.ng u:etamatioM OOC\U" with bene fit w. SSO, 1019. and ~
toUowed by the imperative vv. 191, 6SO, 1007.
Cl.1malt (termed tlineranentwan in Q4I ~3) ie not very ettectlve in the
traae41.. since as c.ntt):r (p. 149) observes the -.otion 11'1 these work. 1&
unU'ormlT hiab... The most !mpHssive exampl_ 1s .uraq 11\ n. 837.'. For

othera, ee. ". 45""'J 207-91 2l7! 249-50. 277-8, 445-6, 462-41 4"_ 592-4;
837...9; 8SS...7.
Ant1thesi,e* (eo) single words not closely Juxtaposeds w. 55. 94;
176. 421J 437) SU" (1;) e1nttLe words of opposite m_nina in immfJdlate juxta-

posit1oxu w. 288; "~'I .354. (0) pairs of words or clauses: w. 1,,-6.

1;9. 194; 471. 492; 6S4J '179.
Anaphora 1. ver, cOlll.IIlOn, particularly w1th interrogative. (J It also
occurs with relatives (e.g. " . 707-17), personal pronoUM (VVe 'fl. 426-1,
487....$; 771-3J 797..ao;), verbs (w. 181) ;51...2. 828). negative, (e.g. v. 316);
adjectives (w. '02) and prepol1tione (w. 285...0; 478-81). There are two in-
stance. in Med • •ere the anaphora ia six-fold (w. 707-17s 797-007). Certain
. I
varieties ot anaphora were recognized by the theor1atlu (a) red.dltlo (tne
sa•• word occurrina at, the beg1nnlng ant! end of a sentence or elauee)a
VY. 922....3. 947...a. 984; (D) eomreral0 (suGces8ive .entencee or ver._ ending 1n
the same word) vv. S04-!) (a atr11d.ng ex.ample), (o)dilJ{ l(J(.fiJ/' (repetition a.t
 32

the beg1un1na of a. new clau•• or vel'ae or the same word. ending the preceedlng)
n. 25""_ (d) 7T AoKl{ (repetition of the 8am. WQr4 a.t. intervale in Gon3unct1on
w.Ltlt other t1gur•• ). n. 932....4, 943, 989....9' (e) f Tlv<-;;oj() 5 (1'ems mentioned
before, repeateci aM d.1ff'erent;U&.ted)>> w. 69,-7. Clo.ol;y related to ana.phora
is the 1:1pM in wIlleh the s_e wori 1. 1uD.ediatelJ rep_t.ed tor the sake of
emphasis (t..mea comi!l}?11oat1o 1n Auet. Her. 4; 28. )3). TM•• 18 muon oonmone:r
in the tracedi•• than in most othw Lat.in 11teratWl'e. In Ked. it occurs with
verbs (w. 2'. 32, 42', 447. S27. 845) 911), adverb. <We 131 90. 139J 692)
949) 980. 982), pronouns (vv. 266J ;00) and adJeotives (w. 614; 990).
P&roil()ll9.8Ja, (woN-play) a figure muon fa.vwred. bJ the deel.a:brte"$
(.ee S'Wt'tfters ~ 'Seleot Letter. of Seneca. p. lxxldl), is Go_on 1n the tragea1es.
Sene. th.'1iJAOl' tell. that it _IS an overufied affeotation (StU_ e.g- 3....
7, U). In It'\lKi. ~r~ the CQllo'w1,f13 examplee~ (a) the same word (i) chang@ 1n
galle of tiOl!n81VV. ~.#~j ,11; '12, ~63J (11) cna.nge in \en~. aeod or voice of
ve:rltss n. 28... 2lS, ~l; 563, 950. (0) 4Utereat words ~~,ol~1ea1:1! r ....
la.t«h w. 28; 11....'. 128, 16.:,. 261J 4", 472J SO:;.
m-i;t.~&tion, a type of p&l"GllfMMlsl,a, is VflJr'¥ -Q emmon -in Heel_. A

few of the more notable instanoes are found in w. u, (fh 283 (ph 362 {m}J

462 (f)J 64.5 ~)j 935 (O)i 9SO w-

Ch1umue 18 an .ttect.ive devi•• for prov1d.~ empha.sis or contra.t 0

Ihe most notable example of verbal Oh1a.SIIlU5 in Me4ea 18 1It&8 omne oedat, abeat
expuleu pWilor" (v. 900). For other example., ee. vy" 17~ 42; 91. 132. 186,
235, 2lS; 381, 424; 431; S09. '27-8, 532. 578; 673J 69$J 123; 7441 9'9, 943.
947; 9941 997 J 1oo.2J 1007.
 33

Wta\1on
fbe 4Vle1f4\t ~~ of orla1Nll1t7 wu quik d1tt"Mlt f'rom 0lW

CMl.wri.t$a ""l;y took phase. and Uau ~ ems anottw. . . .11u plot.",
In the 6Uvol"Ap ~e <Xl ..-liel' writen trfU 1nc~ _ tb......
• 10. ._ tbflt a .,....t ... 01 11t..\\l.ft bad pnoecle4 ...s __ ~. ftftlH OIl
WtaUo 1a tbo. d'1etor.t.oal 8Ohoo18.
III lip. 79# 6 s.eoa. &tyea vlla' ~n (ltlea..le:illlb p. 273)
......bee Al& ~ thQ 1108\ :1n~ ~UoD of t)h.~t,.ap. ot
Jl!i9!t Q~ in all LaU. 11~~·. ~ b.fA$ be_ ~

z.uo1lJ.ua· to deal ld.th ~ 1n hi. ~*'Jfa ~ , . ~ '_Ill., 0v:1d eD4

Comol1u ~el'Wl have &l~ ~hN em w. ~ eboUld J'lOt. d1aco~
b1i4. ~~ ~cio opt!r.. _, \lltW, ~ ftlba ~t, ~ aliter
~l\1eta ~ fMie~. tl~ 111" .mam.m 1nioi' ~ ali.nta. Sunt
~ JjMbl1c.*'. Itt 18 ~ tGr \0 fiwa ~t. ~a1. on ~

iibe wotda _
..tt_UWly point. out
ab~ WktioDB of
alv1ns ~

~
t. wa :I!!!...(~..J!.
~N

ot sauuet*.
of 8l4vieh ~
lA It. 114. 11...20 he

atJ'~_. .'d.o:1td.!J••
VlIl'¥

or 11atins AWUfttlus t

In,la. 84~ to _l&bl hi. vit* Gt tMi riaht u_ of ~rel ~.,

~a vee _vJlI8l ~. ot wbj.ob ~ the molt helptullb that. ot

thili btlcl . . . ~ bu . . ~~ 1Ji1t1Ar:1 ot ~!3 .. Qi.vena

lmltd.~ ooapeehlJwa, CMpa.ll).·ll$# mea_ ~ ~a ""'.tur, deSl\chl

. adb1blt1i ~ noatri. OUR. fit taOUltate 1tl uman tIIpOl'Wm VU"l.a 11.1& ~4U1lt.a
~~ ...
~. ut _'iam a1 ~e~iit) t.al1de ~,_ eit, aliutt~!l . . quart;

Uild.e ~t\w .at. ~tt.

to at -.\_~ il&o ~ toll~ 1110 own p~.'? When bo~

~ ()J10 _thoi:" be ~11 &t~t,. to alve b1$ Un.. 1t!I....fItJ.u. OJ.'ten.

 34

he , . . . ~1ou. cl'laqd 1ft tho ~\1cal ~la\lon.blp betwen e~

~ OJ" ~ ,be ~rt of worda, ~ or 14eu• .ot. w. l.6-Bj 26"

3OJ, ,81, 62" 641-9. 71). At \1.8 ho Mpua\ea el.--'_ 111 . . pae-. 1ft
hi. ~ (ot. v. 4) w. '7 tm4 141-9. ,"it ?e-Bl _4 94. VY. 57942 aD4
59,...). at ethoftl he w.t.ee v~ ~. that . . ..-'$ 1ft tho ~ L
(01.. w. »4. ;301-2. S09-12). ~"b$ ~ . . ~ \be

o~ (th&. w. 97...9, '09, 6'51 6'5-9). 10118 ott. he ~ hi. ~l

(w. :JOl~, '49-51.1 252 tf.).
~ it a tddltul ~lu.o... of tM Wbe~~~. mar
W$
ptl~ d1~1. ~4!J. when YaI'loue ~lG aucee$d . . ~.. m
qu1U fNCC~ (e.c .. Yv. :tl ft., '4tt*J~7J JOl-8. ~l?, 329-39)
"9; ~to .. )J ~r PM. . . . . ~ tna1n ~ 18 vari..t _til 4atdl. hom
e~N (~f!«. ft. 116.-049, 301-6,. '79"",94» .~ bo~ ~ one
fIOUNe ie Yal'1Gid \d.tb ~ ~ tll!l~i$'ft ($ftl. w. ~, ~'" '74-5.
490-1, fIJ~). ld_l~ tl~ b~ GbGul,4 bo HetlooUft tIhat ~~.
aN no .toa,p)t vlfd.ble (sp. 84, ,. ". .Sa, ¢bue qt 4d1utWl, UMOn.'''.).
:.fa _ C&IU$ bow. . 1t t.a ~e tbat. ~ ~ ua to ~I" 'tIbe

fJO\UI'Q~: of. ()ft w. 5-71 ~J 46-1, 61 tt.J e6J..4, $66.

~ ~ &neoa'. Wl at~e 'to d1Igld.M lWs ~, ~

dUt1oul'r 0.1 dcc1dU1g his ~ ~18 is ~eed bJ hie p~:J.1.o\lm

.tor ~. ~. tbat. "~ur fflqumt.~ 1ft ~ poet17. lf~

*~•• "" the ~.. (Y. 13 ft .. ), a ftd ... Wi'e blUISh (We 99-1(0),
SoyllA (w. "()..4). dAt~t$ of tnt) ~M1ble (ft. 401...0); ~t)U8' ,I)OW6re
of GOI'J4 (v. 62S ft.,. t.h~ o..t ~. ev. 143 tt.). '_"'_
81Doe tl'w plot. of ~•• ~ 18 bue4 on EUI'lp1dMt pltfU. it 1.
not «m.J:prie.t.ns tbat o@rta1n ~H in ~C6 .,~ to eobo ~i t.he
 35

e1td'Lal"1tl*J. ~v. aft noi uu.a.1l1 Oc~jO , . plMee who,. • __ . .

~ ~ b7 ~J fH)f) w. 3?J 347-9J Ut.J.",*2J :w.6 U.I 192)

249-!iO, 2SJ It., ~5J WI...,. 4'1-60. 490-1, WlJ S121 ~lJ S')""7, ~1J

519-4) ,?£)..6J 0,...'. S4~1 S19-OOJ '~'1. 1a IiOA tjf ~ ~e . . .~

~bU~~~~.a.
'-'

.·t ".
~ of ot.Mr . . . ~ aft r-.,. It 1. pl'd»lbl~ that ~

hu Theoc. 1D. ~ w. ~J 94 $Ad ~ 1D w. 96-e. ~ llVItI be: M

=
;1a

~ of .~.a. \1'. 62, Wb~ a. v", 1+ ~ . . . to haw :to ~, hi•.01m,

~t1on of tUuntheClf;,

0Vi4 h .~ ~t• .fa~to t.\1a ~l ,... emI thie ~

the to....t. ~ ~ not ~'ft~ fil*3 moft ~lJ' il'd.ta\ed ~ aft

tJlO1'$ 1a vbl'Ob ~ 1. P~-.t..J'3l.' aooHeJl. U. , . p~ illlita\~_

of rdit '1,. . . Ie. Iiti- w. ' ....7. w.....a; ~3" ,61-,,470 It.; 70.1h 1111
1Sli, tor It£. 12 ~i1 ~. ~" w .. J..!l, 21, )J.6..,.1J lS;. ~"(1)J ago. ~J
501-3, 9S'. ~. a..~ ech"e of 01>. _ . MOUl" ' " w. 'at 6.s-6} 100)
2aJ ""~ :J!Kl-41 314-S, S'l) "1. &)If 6)0; "" 644. 779. 8631 ,., 939,
_ of Ov.u.. at w. ~; :J36...~11 S6$. F. ~ t)f - .• • • w. 30);

100, ''', t_lsI.\• •• -w. 305, 33eJ t . w- -- n" ,,;...60} '''lOr•• 6473
66aJ M a .•• v. 709J tOf' liI\.••e v. ;alJ tOI" Oy.. !ta.... v. l~
(-.d DOW).
J:~ 18 also pop.tw. ~ are l~
Mboe" of hi. Ode. in w ..
'*'J 62$ 10. 72. 8~9J 8!)J 99-100(?>' 226, 301-6"
<.
,,1-4.
SJiJ S9Sf'~2$J -629.
668.
'or .oboes Qf Vel'g. Ata• •~ w.-46-e. )11...2; "4-', 491, tOf' 2tK.
~ 'n'. '19, 694, m; to.. m. aGO W. ,~(?). Por ea'•••ft w. 6'. 72)
 36

vv. 99-100; 673. For Pub" ~" ilea vv .. 153; 4309 Th~r~ tl'.a.y be: echoes of
the ~arly dramat18ta, though none is at all ceJ't,&in; Me w .. 297-9; 451 tor
EM .. J V'I. 20 it .. J 176 tor ACe ..
There aI''' clear Nmin1$cencea of C1th Qat. in w., 26.5; 266; 269-71. It

1s J.ikely that Seneca was int1ue}ftced by various declaimer. 1n v.173. 306;

4'3-4; 1017 ..
In epitt ;} at his 1ngenUit;r in altering bie models, Seneca 18 far too
dep~'l1dont on them.. He lacks th~ sift of a Vel'gil or Yeats tor tlWlSmuting his
various soured into fresh and sup~rb PMtry. He i& eatiati€ld with &!.i
lu..~§. alone 0

Imag{el7

Seneca fs tragedies are rieh in the quantity 01 their 1mag~s and

t1gu~1S of BptJGCh ..
1
However Seneca. l'$l1es 100ft on the repet.ition of weL1.-
wo~.·'irl.iagcs to hanml0l' hoo.~ .. point rath$r th&.n conjure up MW liken4:tfJses. It
is trlle that he do~s make & ,few etrild.nJJ innovations but tbese are alflloat all
intflnded to impress the audience with their wit :rather than bave the subtl~

and evocative effect of a true poet's imager,y.

i!n~l!

This appears M.lOh leas otten in tbe tragedies then 1J16tapbor tor it i8 at

quieter. lees motorical figure. lihen aud.l~ does ocour .. Senoca. otten gives
a Mriee of compariacms in quiok sucoession .. thus pining force, sOim:~t1mes

at the ~nee or clarity..

1
J\gain Cantor (pp. 100-35) i8 very UHtul.. )"01" imagery in the pl'OS0 workS,.
806 D. Steyn8~ ~tUd~._.'1l~._1<il8~~t!llh~U"C8 t't t!t G.9!!:a~4.~U dm,p, ~~.B
g,~!Y£aI.,~n,JD.I!_S!!.. §.m!Q~ ";t.2.b~loso»h!. (G~andl 19(7)..
 37

~ ~ ~. ~l&t3 ~ found. m tb@ ohoruh.. h ... 1. &

pl-.iq &rOUP of a1td.lft. in w. 95-J01. fl\~~. t;~. (w. $6,...,) 1.

~o. ~ . . \~ ~Ue 1. fill itl"hatiq ~ Qf 0w:W.. ct.!»r
aars~. Ue ~A ~"ul. ~~. ItdmUe(vv_ ~) 1. . . ~r1.d
t..-tMlt; ot " el14b(aa4 the ~.. air4le (w. 940-Z) 18 ba4lN.•~. !L
Th~ ~ a.t41n o'h$~ ~. wb1ch Uf) vl~ ~. thoup
AD tlwm. .. ~ .. ~ 1. ~ t.o ~ , .... to wtdeh l' 11 ~.

!huO"UIl (w. '6.011) _ I . . (w. t4-9) ~ .w to ~ ~

~ma $1 b..". hre ~ ~ two paaa•• (w. 4f17..:J.4; S79J1O) ~h

a ~tCJ ~. (~o1~ ~af$ 1ft w. 4f1l-1l.) 1. . . .4 to ~.. the

~(f\ ~ft'ul ~ ~'it 'OJ' w. t:fPe ot ~, of. w. 940--2 an4
_~ ~"fJ ~ ~~ 8 (')1 (4) ~low.

Tn. ~Ii will " uJ4ad.t1_ 4~ to tJ~ IIplHtft t,." which ~ ~

~ _ tb.~ _~ ortlSMl ~. 14ll 00 poi~ .. flO

A.~

(1) !1f)!t.!1J).'~. W. ~..1Q!" ~ a:l.- ~c. of pu.....u1aat1on.

~t. t~ •• t011 pe~Mt.i. If! ~ doubt. ~ ~ to b1s lil~t"1ca1

~1l2fJ1. t~ 1\ bu A\ ~i. bUie 1n the bGll~t \hat. tile .tvc~ 1. . .

.-1J_to _tt,. PBmape tb~ ~ eft",lve ~~. 'If" c~ (v. (;Uf);

ttaV1dwJ ... 11,1iU" tv. sash ~ ....~e'" (Wit ~). VOl" other
~lf.\s ~. n. 'J 572-4J 941. )05, 942; :JQ2.

(2) l1li.. Apia ~ all ~$. (.c~pt. 1tttte.1dwl't t. 171) ~lvil PO'"
~1on. Ca) . . .' ..... v. 722J ~••• 2l.a1 _ . v. 384*
(b) ~._~9 ~ the ~ ttal of ~ with 11 place-
 38
a~ u "J•• 1e _~le (w. 44. 45, l4B. 2l2). It~..,. *H a tAt.
vldet" (v. 212) itt a dri.k1aI~.t.oL ... oi;he.~G aue w.
r/. 43l.. UO, t.J1J ~J 6'Z1; 424; 116.
(,) ~JfJI!l~. In ft." of tM ~ 01 au.eh !maid jn ~
~ wo*' .. ~t. ~ ~ (. . ~ til 43)..4). "
~bI ~ ~., ~ld m the~. BtIlIl.
1. l
_. (a) I
~, ';t.

w. '91,741.
~fi
---1
aa" .....,
48 too . . .
"I. 16,. ~1 v+ JS6. (b) ~. . . . .)
v. a69, _ , v• .!J4e. !h11 la.ett
,.~ t~ ~ ~h.
~ ~ 01

Note Al.1IO ~ pttJoatlve ~

'" .s 1lIlI) v. lfO· of pe. . . .~ (.) ~.t ~1 v. w.

of . . , . , v.
(4) .....,.;td.l.U.tltt (al ~t ~,. v. ~J 4fIat, v. 11;6 (tor

v. 904 ($$6 .~ .Jaa

tbil ~ ~. ~ .~ . . loA .. ). (b) _ . tlltM.D, v. 171, QI.vDa.J
~ ~~ 4Ut~ 1ft ~ ~~

- ' JiIIG.D); JR1&r v. 906. ro. ~ ~ • w. 371t-4, ~ ~ (e).

U$lf) of k~

(0) ~_. ~ v. Sl.~, 43$ 1S1) . .Ill v. 281.

(,) ltItal~,It_. (.)~. laiD1 v. ~a 1ItIII, w. 606~ (149.
(b).. h _~. tift. .itda ~~ to. __ ·atd the~ aft f. ~ r.om
tbiI ~ ill tbQ ~ waa or t.~.. ~ J~~ at vv. ~Oi ?U.
IJW1. Aft.tap.hOR a . . . . . t&i3f., v. 1).4" _ , VV'. lSi. ,.n.
Pl9l!ftt v. '16.' (0) ~_,~~t~ y. W'I.
~, Y. m. ~ wlM1d. patutt ~ v. Sso.
. •
frobabl¥
I
~J

'f'. J30'" ~) v. S6S ~ aleO ~ Dom the ~~I'e. ,.,. a

d1~. ot ~t$ a\\1~ to the 1l~l'Ul ~, . . ~. v. &94.
(6)"., i1'IIJ!iaa, v. '30. ~, V't. 2. 506, iYB, v. 41.+2, ~j
v.650. ~l'fIt v. 296; -l!b, v. :lb.
 39

(1) ~« . . . . 1. toJad of ~ ~ tJltl bJ'l4lei - . ,

w. " a66J taD!I., v. "2, ~, v. 101 _ , v. 'J1;.7. ~ ~

~-f v. "1; ~, '114 ilJ.

(s) ~JIIl.~* (a) a8ll9A- Ae Oo.Mv .~ (~ on V!l $ )
ha~ bu,. ~ t . a\lf.tb~. ~.,. tlw\ . . ~.

---1
r

~.~ h ~. itlrllll)" ~T t'. ;04. ~t v. 3M _',,.,

VI! 363. v. 66a - ~, '*I. 663.. }~ Ilao a......)v. 4IfiJ
. . . . . .)v~ 14, _ , , , . 9UI. ~IV. lQ1S. Pol'the molt ,...~
~ ..,u 110' ~ '~f ure ~ . . ott.e\1v~ :1n ~ .....
~fi (b) ~"~l ~--r v. 40lJ " ' " v. '91. (0) ~~
~, v. 6141 II1II\1 rv. 060, ~ 40, 162, 3&1.
(9) _ _.~. (a).J;a_~, v~ 562,_."".262, a6s, ~

w~ "" 606, a, v. 6lS. 1181L~f w. J19-.201 J.a, v. 365. t. 1.h~J!'G

~ ~ 1~1t8'l ~ Sn W. 19!-3'i2 d w. as-6, but 1t 1..... realll
./"
~J.~ ~.l~ ... ~.~ b.«Jr ~m$W vJ.\h c~ SAto
l-.u.~ .. (b) ~t ~, v. 716 (• •~
~h ~f v. r/4. (0) ~l . . . ., v. il»J Ida. v.4C1J.
(10) ICLlftt 41" ~.t ~ m ~ .u.~ ~ P.JAut!l& _ "
lD~. w .w~, v. 940. ~, v. 70'. ~, w. S59. 943,
~1 v. 6101 ~tV. a". ~, v. 6l6J ~, v. _
~. v. 911, ~, w. 1S. 131. to.,. ~)Vlt 161 anti
. . . . ., v. ·168 &leo havo .. ~~. ~,w. lS4. 49118
~17 a ~ -t.op...
(11) ~ (a ~ bag of ~r wll-wom ~tOft tM\ ... not ~ to
to olua1t)" ~fV. as. ~)v. 9€l9. ~,w. 56l, Sb2;
 40

. . . . . ., v. t.9J ~, v. 902J ~t v. 294} _~, w. 132,

a36. 461. m •...., v. :rYla ~, w.1S'_ 82. 4'2; ~""
~,v.
't. IM.tJ D~f v. m.

n. IA\m
(1) ~. Cal ~..Ja.""; 'fI,. " . ftd.e ia a ~ ~. 10.-
~ of ..... ( __ - . &-1.".). , . ot;.b,.Ji~,$$ or 1~.17 ~
ll~ Me A(4'.,(7) "'$., (b) tA1&I.I4DJI, •• 6J$J IIM!'!II, v. 136
klJ!U, v. $.19.
Ca) .D!IAb; AlI),v.. a6, AII"tlIr "ft. S6ll ~1' v. 261, 8fI.tI, v. "s.
(J) DIa. !hOft i. A walth 0.1 ~t'f ~ tibie ~.., almoet. au of it
(_.. v. 547) ~ to ~ Ii.Nell. ~ ~ at'e not v~ ~
b\lt b7 ~ tMt!~ft .,,~t tt~ toN1bl1 ~ ~f. ~. ~o

_ . .~ft v. 39Cht ~ ~IU ~4!!t v. 672, ~, y. ~;

.a. .a1 Y" 3tfI, ~, v. "aJ ~, v. '56. ~, v. e5S. laM

Y. '91) ~. v. 547.
(4) tIM.ttI. (a) ItA. .~ 1iJ &leo ~~ bF the ~or 4 ••

seal ~T 'Y. m(Rft Meh ~) v. '92. A.VI) v. 392J ~

v. 918. $eo. aleO . . . altdf v,. 3W1. (b) . . .~ at~)v. ~ ,$4.
w. 113, .""
(,) ~t _."'1.
~IY. 946,
8;4.
~~IV. bJ11.

(6) Iidllt ...... ,'"'. 9; 414.

(7) .~. ~J v. 4l. So, note t. ~ of ~. bold Jbe~
~*
(I) ~t . .ttu, ft. 29a. 1011.
 41

~
~c~ (put. or no. WftrA> . . ,~ .tb~ cU.tt. ao
tt1Il ~

.u.8\\lJ lion _~~ ot ~ ~ ~ to'll ~ to 'Wid. 1t U

Olo$e~ ftlAt.d) tba\ 1\ 1a 8f.Il~ _ Ute \M woN ~ to «ttl. all
... .a....... 1

(1) ~-l•.JJl.td.!. Tn. ~•• in . . . . Qh aU ""1~ _ do ROt.

lI
i

_dt ~ m tull. 2 . . WItl or . . to ~ ~ lID (v. W) and

. . (w. 649, 6f:Il. etW) *-...~ ~~t ~ ~ JaW~. ~

~ ~ of . . . , . ~ ~1.8 1m.. bJuWi\7 (... "'.ll~ w.

l2.S, 909J 9'2, 1(09).
(2) ~ 's.JIiD- ~ IN! the ~ ~ 11~ iJ) (0) below. ~l~.
Sal th18 QlaBa ~ t. butt d"I••1vel Ca) ~c . - , ~. . . . (lew
~ WA~~) w. 713-41 ~ (t. '1i4 --> v. 590J 9dI (few ."l'hlQS'
~) v. ",,, (b) ~OJ!.~.$ b.~ tOO uu 0.' ... ,. '- ~taN1t
~ (_hI" V. SO, ~ v. QO) _~ pCa\ to ~ lA"_ ~~. l~ote
~ _ r....,.... v.9i3. (0) ~~~"Wl ~_
T. ~ toJ! fa, 41~ of tbt.$ ~, (lO ~ 1ft. ~ ,~. ~lP

~••t w. 142. V11& al6, 242. Zl6J 4l4.'54, ,56. not S1', 169. S08,
906, 100).
") ~':',JIQ.l."'AAi1 . . (vua.) v. _. A1l\R (p*ll.i$ ~)
v. 6lJJ ..... (Wla) v. n9J ttlR (..u) w. 126. ~J llltJ j1IJJ 2f4.
7~J tlO9J loath lOU. ~ <_1&) v.-'20. . . . (ta). v. J8, w, ~
(..rie) v. Jl6J ~ (t.). v. t62. ot tb~ ~ . . of l a 18 ~ ~\

1
~ pvelV f'~ ..,,18 ~ ~n uat\Gd.
2
Stle ~ (p. ~ It.).
 42

o~ (CMe , . . _ v. Jl\O). Apa ~ ~ of \btl MI1$ ~ ~) w1th

t.wo ~ t. ~.i"~.

(4) ~!U_I" (~) v. tr" . . (.md.lJ.wt) v. 149.

'S) 1ta4to___~.Jf. .. f~ Aftld.q ~~ u' • ~ or ~ tov
d&1llO'4 ia
~ 6ft
~ob~te)
V. 2il6. AlJIo to~
I»I!Il (~)
-r. ?Z.
v.
.... It&t! v. J41 aM .at v. ,16.
4$, . . (. . . of ~) .... " .
~

149. ~ I
(~O ~1K..~t4mt fIISS£ v. 4l', ~ v. 1", ia v. 463.
~v. an. (,r{
(1) ~~.JtU~""'dMst~.-..··... '...'~~ . ~
(.) . .' IJaII v. lS,. ~\B v. 710, . . . 'i'. )12) ID.! •• lZ/. (b) Yal
.... vv. aa:sj /tel ~J "149. i1aI Y. 7Ot1.
(8) .bIIrA.•jAa'~~~1 fa (~) w. &1# mt lat (~)
w .. a" _. 41fJ,; IIW ~'-lw~) v. 9., ~_ (. . .) v.. 450;
~ (~) w_ litJ, 25a; "982~ .~ (~) v. 581, ~

(~) w. ", ", Il.t. 299.. J,43, 743, lttalJ fdI:II (~) v. 1"
·;\110 to be o~ ~ i. ~ ~ in w .. Yl2.w4, ~. ft~ft 1l\ •.~
fil. is ...~ 1rt ~... f4 ~ the ~.. of \lw .m ..... of ~,

b-"II"

(9) 1DAtr~,~a CA)~'At~k,~~~~

~~$ ~ v. ue. ~ 'If_ 114, ~ "I. SI.. (b)
Ma~.~'__~. .\lMJtMIB..H..~.It\,"'~ ~
(~) v. 6,St), ~ (~) v. 60$. (.) ~!!.L~'1;LM •

~"m. ~. .<.!lt,~~".irMtl__",<~ . i.LBll._,~~.~

~.Atf:~l ~. v. 675. ~ v. 691 ~ v. e6i.s 1AY1\\W v. 104;
 43

t i . PltV lc ~8d ~ all wJ.tb illl) ~.1eG of ~ . .

~, 0(Ift~ .,.. ~t. m ~'. 0t\Il fMMl I1.ld ihil Wd.~ .. 6\
~" Much of tlw 1f~ ~ ~ wlth~·~. ~ ~\
t;;ho ~'~ Md IMllaw . . pmi*.t aft WliC4 to ~.. ~. Nottil
alCJo ~. v. 447. cd ~~ v.~. ~. ~ of ~ ~~....
~\,.... 1n that ~ ~.a \h(.t .~ fit UQl\JQl, \be .~ of

~~ Ol' the ~ tor ~l.l h d~ ~G I&P~~'"

~ ~ ~ and ~~,2 ~ thq ~ ofhn blMJhd to ~_
tbti ~ of !~t. ~_ (4m"C. w. 387-9:lJ 4()&...14; 5~j 942). SUOh
ft.-t..l1.fU U-" .,. ~- .,.. B1~ ~ ~ioant~ b7 ~ ......
t.~w~.3 .~tmt~~~ot_ '1.67._
~, "I. 1lO t~ bt~ tt~ br . , ~ fit tf~ ~ !n w. lS ... 38.
-.d th~dQ~~ ct· ~ .~vo .~ or ~ 1.!1~ Ql~ in w. 6.36-9"
'~Md .. plq~~a~a~r4tbe ~UW_

~ ~ too by (W~ "~:t~~. !he. M\U of t~

U ~ in ~ ~ ~.' .'bull& (w. al. ~). UlG i~ of
hllu (w. l3f..11 4?U# &66) • • b~ (If~, h1a ~ _pelao~
- - -

(Wlf 600. -)-6). &4.~ t.Inel ~t. . m ,,_ ~ of Ci'eUla

1
Ifi ~ 18 tbe;.U4m of ~ y.,
"l'Jb. ~~ 1. ~ In
~t~~~hua,.JoaU-~. I
.a
~ B.T. P.ftAt., ~.. ~. . of ~'VfJ ~ h ~ ~~ft,

,
~

~
t4 (1963).

P.ra". ~itI
~.

p. :w.. to~ u. o.t tdto_ ~••

'.-
, I !i.f 11!!!!I.,li!JifI1r-!tt!'
~ ! " , ,. t f i .. 1$ ... • .. ~... to:

7 ~ ! f , : I •; I i j ~ ~ : I ! ! I ~ : •
I I. IIg ..~ f" ! ~.' i.
y. I~. • is I t~ !....: ~r
'9' t. l fi. '. :.

Ii·!: &, I J ~ I I -
I .....
· .'
> it

>

w P • . . -r I· II f•.". ·,.
. 1. . I.-
.1·..,.., ..
'."

t
1
f·t-
.. i_~ 5 i·· 11 f
·l~r:·· .1.,.9 .
f I ' f • 1 r ... 1
f
80
& ::

i ~I. . . .I···'·~.i. ~.. ~

J.

i
I'
t.. t.. " r
1
(,t!. f~i
I... 5.; r.·... I i
if,. s'i
e
1;
i J:! , f t ~ f ·
11
....
 45

QaM1Utd.oft
au qtd.h·~ __ ~t• •~. . . ~Mw~"'~
a.-. b ~ ~ flo . . . . \bo aw.t&~ b~~. It.
~ to luk w. 6~). \0 ~ 1Mb-
of ~ 1ft p~.....lGft(d.
.~ 01 ......... -1IIt~ _~. mav of . . .t • •~. ~
at d1~ ~~. ~.. MB"
I.a. ~.lltlb u. p~ of I
~t~""U~b __ "t_~1lON __ ~Jleal1_

~ itlf. !biG ill a 11~ _AU-I tN.9. ~'.'" do . . ~

~.J but ~ ~ ~ . , . . ~ ~ . . . tn th. ~tu-

~~_ of U. ~ . . m ~ 'f1ltII!I 'dol... aDd ~ of

tbt~ .etol'1o~ ~ ta. hu _t t_ I .... ~~ into ~. play....
~ 1\ ~ , . ~ ~ ~ , . .•• W . ..aklT ~_t. ~

10 uawalll'. ~ ~ of ~ atUJ1 ~ . . .~ to ~ aft4.

~ ~ ~t1.. -roo mtCh ~ _ be ~lId_ tOr! ~.t. ,_~_.
t_ t«>r ~ • lov., wtt ... o~. tid . . _ ~ -'b_ thin ft-
~lW __ .~ ~", . . . UtI..n to ott..r. k MatktA.. \ht}

~~~ __~ lV' pu~. of ~te »>Ot,S7' 1ft ~obo~.

(o.a*, w. 1~) _ 1I4\b ~ .t .. ~ ~ton (-.8- w. 7'l4-
9).
 CIiAPrfa M

Jb!.,.,lrP~"J'ftf. .. kj~L.
Medea ~ .. ~ h~J* ~ ~~. W@ ~ ~11
~~ wlt.h a ~ ~, tb1M~ tor ..... ud ~~

r~

not, ~
to ~
ttw ~
-J.t... Likti$ ~ of . . .
.... pl4G$ of \be Mt1«l,
t. t.ftlo.,..,
DOl'
that of ~
to llM ..-
...
doe. 1t. -.k to help tho
ad.~ ~ ~ plot bQ ;p.~ ftl(~vant ~ s.ato~.
~~ no ~ ~ iG st•• to~ ~t. ()!j\~.

~t ~ bttaiM quite dUl.,.t17. ~, \be ff~ ~$

tbtl ~~ of t~t. pt.ft ~VG. . . ~tg Mr p~~ pli4lt. Bu.t.,

.~ ~ ~ of }~at p:lAq was ~lt.al" to b1$ aw.t1~ ..
p&. . . . ~ 1~~ ~~@ti bJ bUt (.,~ D~ ~. ~~ (f;WcJ'd4t

19J5). p., ~U). t~t• • • at Codath • •t haft ~ -rt ~~

. 1
to ·all ~~ ~. of ~t.. dar. ~,t tbBmo~ ~. tAl.
Jmovl~ a w.. ~~ and ~. ~ prolop to a'~ tlw t~
~.Qtw..~~.

fbi., p~\1. of . . . 1ft tuU ~ at, tbe ou\Get tends to

rob llol' lat." ~ of aucb of tJwd.. ett~1~. f\1UkO"a &t~e
toO .t~ ~ br q.lO~ ~ *.1IJl 3, 1. 't ttcet,ea'l d.m atfeotue
d.UA~ ~um. fit ~ taJdi_ ~t, hulU$ (1-..) 1M1tata fit. M

1pea mplemt vlol~ IDl ~Mla ~t.* aa4 4um 1ac!pJ.t \ota _".
However p d ~UJIloal obMwat1eh b _ ~11 . . ~o

1
~_ ~ not oak~ to a ~ob1o (MI". SO; 52) or a calv1e1us
8ttblau (ill. Zi, ~)1

::'10.
p. ,.
una ,~llg in ~IU ~«t (&tm und stU'bt.~. 1960).

46
 47

~.

QIh"...l have mad$ .. ~ ~ ~ obJ~ to th(l\ PfOltJ.- ..

ftbq _YO felt \.bat _ ,it ~ betnelt ~la t,be ~ of be. pl.eI&a

t . ~ at14 U-t th'wJ ~ 18 • ~n with the .sa 'bcMtv of tM plA17* i

f
*1'$ Bl<it _ . aot ~~ .. ~ ~ tmUl v. 917 tt. ~ OIlt1e. l
~_tf1$ tb0 ~t1 .a ~fIU~ of ~.t. _'1~ \0 hi.
~. ~v wae·"" p~. "at; . . e. ~ 1u~. -.m
~ ~ ~t~ ~~"'oIl ~~emf qu.W ~t,v,. .tal

~ !l.pa .~1e hQc ~ ~t,.. tta tJJd.q the ~"t. kncwl~.

~. pu.ta _to ~'. ~b ~ \bait 'OF ~ bave . . . . .ghtfo~
l~,' but. tow the ~$ t~ h$r alt. of ·~I ~pe.lI
(".26»> ~ ~ ('n. 31-Sh ftMOJ1'1ftou ~~ (v. Je)J ~
. )

v1ct1t~ (v@ '9)~ ~~. ~.ft (v* k1J)* Sitld,laI' dm.Jbl~~. O(lOu!"

(~lMt)vti~ In ~ p,.. TtwlM ~ h!ate d~ tho clc. &t\ent1oft of

~ ....u.~l+ _~ ... tM 11~' Jaded t.mftl t . b.1iJ -U...~ ~,

1
li.. g •
~l.k
'ft Loot
a
L. Annas! Seneeae Trs.godiae (Leyden, 1861), note ad. 1;00.
 48

bJ ~lJ' ~h~ theU' ~ . . ~ , _ to ~ with

pl~l. ~ 4t «&Ob halt~_ N&~ W \M ~~.

~ doUb~. would ~ boUt • ~10 Illd .. ~u

~l\lCiNill .,ttefitr. ~ ~ .. m ell Ma ~ . . . . -.It'.t7ff ~

of ~ ot.bel' ~al ~. . 'awmJ!ld bi' the thol. . . or trhe 4a7. 'l?1e

t1n4 _~lea (8.,. w. 1..191 a;....S. 'a..6). w1'h ~ il'iG'f1tablu '-roph&a
(~*'. w. 1-12. 41). ~ t~,~ (e.s. w. 2SJ 26). ~lc ~~
\
(0.1* w.26-,l). ~ (w. ao. 4S), aa1tb.d.a (~.S. y" SS). ~
(0.1_ w ....." .30) M4 ~ ~ of r.~ ('Y. 4).Sl1oh ~.
ot~.M~•• d:.~"~_~~ __ ~l1. h
~lctllO Ili4p ~ b~ ~~\t.Qd b7 ,~. 1d it. ~. tu.t__
....:d4 doa• •toh ~'. h.l~H aM violet p$'~t¥.
l-lS. iludea 1n~ ~ JlOWOl'O of May. and the· ~ld tie dlaebft;)"
~ . . hie ~t.r. ~~ U ItO ~lIb 1n~~ ~. !U1•• ~

~ in .. b~t p~~ to fiu.ta __ .~~ (.'Y. 160 ft.)

In
~ &Ilk tl_
..... ad h1e b~ ~ ~_~if t'b.eft ~ ~. of Odd-. ~o .sa
w.;...$. ~ ~ ~.~ ~ ~ to tdat &\ 1~'. ~(Jtlf;

b1o\ol7 . . .t. lwl" ~ -.ctl-. ldWl the <.ti.tf$N\\ ft~ of the

wor14.
1....,.. !be4)$ tiM tour ~ ~ ~.~. ~.. in each tl» ~'"

ul~~ woN. ~ tour a;rl1abl. . . . ~ la8\ wftl two Cf7llabl.a. Not.c

(

01. that ~ .,J.1a.hl~ ..... ~ ill ~ ~ pl)fd.tlon of w. 2-4~""'1Snch

Jte~twf l~ tbe ~$ _~tq.
(
1. ~.I1 ~blJ . . .")to tM mowl~le aud1.nofit, tJ;w

C&U8G 01 ~te~. ct.-GOfOr Tommt.ia". 11: v.l. It, 18 Uk~lJ' that.

 49

Jupiter and J\U1O ~ twarl';. fh~ ~ reprthtl Zeus and H~m a. the tute ...
lary god$ 01 r~ and Plutafch(QuaGIt. b . 2. 264) ..... th_ tuet
1ft b1a l1at of baa ~ soda. !h~ inQ' be Ii del1b@me recolleotion

of A.a. 4, 95 ft •• where Jaaon IImOft to ~ }Wea, b7 Zeue and Heft,

s~. of ma~. ~~J1t tM fluptl41 40tlCh dect1eat«l \0 the Bllii
of a marri.ed couple 8Jld pla.Oe4 ill· the _.ai~~. Note the peoul1aJt GOUad

.tfeet ~ by ~ ~tlt1_ 1ft a d1tt.J1'Ct. ONw 1ft the eeoond ~ of

tbflJ lJ.n0 of mrum ot th$(1Oft~a ueed 1a the ~ ~.

2. l.adrAIt a rt4nor cie1t1, oormecW with ohUdb1rtb, who was Ml'17 a.siJI);tatA4
A ~J Juno. LatQI' ~1Btll1enCed b7 tM ~ eontlatlon of Il1thyla with ~.,

the ~ idefttU1ed tucina ard Juno ~lna with DJlma (9£. tat. S4. 13-4) ..
In v. 61J ,A&.v. 346 lAlo1aa 1. ol.uo:b' \0 be :f.cient1t1e4 wlt.h Diana.. ~

.Iii.; Pall.aa A~, ~o bQlped buUd ~ (Qt~ w. 365-7) and taugbt f1ph;yi\
the arts ot _~ (A.a. 1, 1(9). ~tr\\IIIllt a ~lJ....wom metapbGI" but

1nte~1n& 0da1.tH of the ~ m~. of 'he 14-'9 of hstra1nt and

'i.i.'ilftlltftdat.. Of. ~"J 'ft. 3. !he sea ha.e been ~ (ot. Wit ,64-S),
but not ~a.'!' Gplrit Cv. ;(6)J abipa can bocont!'Olled, bu' ft~ nescit
i1l&$/ f"', flOft amo~.tt (w. 866-1).
, . ~I the at"~ fit \be Al'go. Ct. w. 318-28J 616-24 •. D9Y.fSt
kIfI,O • • ~~ 8$ the tint eea-iOS.ns eblP.l ~. See_
18 tOll4 of met.tphon hom the bridle J 8G$ p. 3 c/ above tor other ~e••

1
Ot. 8Chol .. C!Il A.a. 1, 4. !,fost. B.oman poets who wate on the ArgonaU.t.s 1Jp.
alM v. ,18
t:rod.uoQ th18 motU (e.g.. Cat. 64, 11» 0,. Bt.\.. 6, 721J Manll. 1, 412). Ct.
tt.
 50

. . .t alao ww4 with ~ 1n Manil. 4. 281; su. 14. 489.

4. Penpbratde loX" tteptuxw. ~, oceu.n onl7 tw:1ce in cluei.cal
Latin ou'.1~ ~Qaf. potltt1'. whe~ it 10 tctlftd ftVG tiM. 1ft tho t~0.

and a.lIo .in &neo.". tft\nSlat1on of Cleanth.s. (II.. JJ1l" n), the fiftt, thfte
J.:bles or ~h m.rit ClUOtation h$l'U
clue, 0 ~J ~e181que dom1nator poli
quoeumquc plaouitt nulla parendi mora. eat
adswa 1mp1~I", tac nolle.
S~ftl (Jm.Gl...~D. p. ",) CMlttlmta 6 ftIt 1& mtenaUng to ocmpaN the
at.y1e otthese :1amb1es with t.hose of the B~ fJ."agGd1~fU 'W1th. tbe 11m
l1n.0 Ie cf... 1!!Sl.. 4 '" .... ~. 1159 ..... • wlth the SGocnd, !I: U''(l. fl'nl.lll4
pugnandi mea oat.tt , vith \he tblrd .. ~. 200. "Velle tao." Not" lUlO that
tho f11"et l.:ine 0.1 \hl$ tranflllat:f.on 18 ~ 1n t.h$ 3fAffWJ way u~. v. 4"
s. ~fl.c. tM awn, ott$pring of the T1tan fb'penon .... a. cornman use in
Ovid and t.he tragad1eD.

'1.. ~~s iwcat.e was 1dm'.\tlf1ecl with DJ.ana on eal'th~ and J..una
4Uo-q (ct. y. 751J Dafd. v. 412). UON uht1 1e in'V11ked. U llel' capaci,t, lI.S
1Au:l&.. tor tb~ moft'l plqed m h'porhant put .in the magical pl'act1ces

associated with Ueca\. (of. v. 7et1 fl.).

1~. !S..1J.Sl' ~\!l7;\.5\, ~ ,dtiL~.!1!t probablg Seneca has 1n m1m twP
:\
~$ in OVid, wbeJ'le Jum 6WCh to Madea by the eun, b:.r the flt,l'1ple goddeSAltt

and with Ii vagu~ ~bGD&1ve pbraee (111. 1, 94 ft •• Her. 12, 71-80). Such
~ral phraBM waN cmwntional in pftlj'Gl'8, to avoid td8Ml.dJlg a deity
(at. Cat. 34, 21). .QYS!91\fi...l!!!tJU .!1i! .. : tor Medea 1$ a witch and the pown
now named wre ~ invoked 1n magic (of. v. 140 ft .. ). !totel th~ ob1a&t1c .
 51

9. ~...td§.mJ\!~' 01'. v. 741. ~ ~tt. 'Whewe •• ofteD

obMa 1. mWlk~ m __cal. paotU•• (of. Vera. . . 4. '10, Iuo. 6, 696).
Iii 1e ~1'1 JMprded as • ~ ~f' SA tb3 ~JJld _ ~ v1tb

the lWe~~1 a1-. _ epf.\het of . . U W. v. 464J Vlil'&"

izU:. 1, US. Asm. 10. 146. The same phrase as in !it v. 610.

10. _ . Ios' .. ~ of dtiw@l~ 1ft \be u. of th1$ ~. ~

c.
kp»"
Da1l~J ~.a_V~ (o.totd.

~abb' ~fJ. '" 19'5), W. 2J6...62. ~ ~e n.

the ~ ~n"# ~ ·br ~ in v. 143
ft. (ot. ~ ~.... ~. v. 1219). ~ ~ !a v. m. ~
~e"Mb~ot~.

~. ~J!~~:
biG ~ (ct. Ov.
t~f,l ~ l..t\
t"'.
~t. lw~
S" J~24).

w1U.
_I
~ bad ~ calY1~ otllq Phlto but
h1)l1~$. quite ~lS' t.hat,
waa ~

13-a. !h~ ~~W of ~'. put ~1)1* Wis.on l1ta. heldnd w .. 1-12,
~telJ mm ~~ ~... fOlf ~ ancl her ~t1on of th~

tbo_ )\ft(l\8 (All~o, f1lJ1phon~J ~~) batt ~OOJ!W a athol" bMk-

~1fKl t.h~ In ~ ~. Odd ha4. bMn ~~q tCl'lfS 01 \hm.,,. S~

"~ 18 _ ~ a mot.!f ill a.€lO&. th. J\lv.tol r.4ol ~ ~CQ.l

.... ~l" lJ.ke ~ ohoJ'WlJ-~lt a 11"~ woor'3 aM ~ jaded. tilQ
nonot,OOlt)H ~ ~11 ott to \M ~ ~ too th~~ 1& p~ed, ;,

~ at~1 to 11ft hU ~ pa~a '¥'Ado" 'by IU~ e~a in

dttta1l.

1
ct. HiJ.ler, 2; SAO.
 52

f~ ~ ~b~ iu~ too ~ to halp characterize Medea.,'s

~rff ~t• • •f'1pt£. <k~ 2, 'S, S) of the ,~ ~ ot ftt\Pr u

. ..,. ~1 ~ poet. iflte--.~. ~ WHinOta M~1bue

~ tanGO ~. fPll- $4 tnJlla..t~ ~ m PJJNl-.~

1
~ ~~,~ 1Dt~ -~J tal_~a 1.ftD ~*".

.'ft v. 9111. aa. v. 964&.

~~~..Ul'
t4M ,. at
t.h~J' __
~

~ ~~
_ ~ft:tOQ

·to ..,..
ts, i....
Ab~t bUt
fbe~ ~ bas in
tit. tAlq ft~ (v. ,Jti ft.),
tw ~ Medea _ \he
'

:QhU~.1. . . 1$~. ·Soo v. 9.S8 ft. ~t ~.

:14...........t...~_. fault (1, 28" 6) .~ft. tba\ ~lU (gb.

v. 10,0) . . th(J ;ft.. . to wp~nt the ftirl•• w1t,b ~. in ~ ~.
~ ~ ~t~ tA~ t1)1. ~;c ~~m$. !litatiq 'Umt t.h.
~. _ft __ ell ~e4 in ibd.,p balr C••I- 011. &A. 4~ 4")# CD . .
~ (fib. 1" " 69) s-t ~ ~ "~8 30ft. . of baU-. but ~JJ3'J
. . . . tm\ p~ ~, lM~ tfu ~ in doubt. . . . . . a akU-
It.lll7 ~ _l'd. _IN.
u GO ~ ~ of ~• .2 that, '1..,.~ft .jJ)
~ ~ed, 7.t it aptlJ ~ the \mfd,NlW wri.tldna or make••
~t AlflO ~ of ~. ill AI- Y. 159' itfJOM'418 .,.u.6le" ald 1&
'if. l.OO4. ~..dbt.la . . . . . .lldl.". lD IQ •• l.2S4 1~ la WMd of a ~'.
I~ the b1~"f'" s:1V\m th18 lJa\e b¥ the A1l1t.a\1OA of .lit
1'. I.tJaL"'A.&,~t tM Ftatl_ Wa41ti,onf)'_ ..mGd to~ Ala: 18 1D
~ _ ol~.. " ~ .~ of tJd.ap W.l"Mrl . . 'bu. ~••
1
a. ~O, p1ct~ of ~" \ba\ follows ~ quoted ~. b wttll
~lU1otl 'bJ i~'. ~0tW ~\Q'lb_ the plIq.

201• v. 7;2J !it v. aia, gu.. 'V It 262.

 53

.8 Iwft. U ~""~4 h l~.l Tn. ~ __adl0\1on b ~~

b1 ~ po~ of ~ io the . - of th6 l.tr1e. ~..~,
~... ~ ~ .tM~ of ~ ~.t ~e.2 th$ blOOd
~lJ,.'q ~'l' ~1on U ~ft'..
16-11.. t~ 1dtA of $b. ~ ~~ ~. ~ . . 1ft plMe of the UCtual

~ 1fIllda,' u .. f __JiSt. ..,.1\ of 0dA and. ~ 'trw... J..

.".ft1
~_•• ~. _ $a QI\. thb QOMdt. vu pelhapl ~"d tw the

rut. that, ~.oam«t ~e. d ~fI. Wtift. oarr.t..t a\ a ~.

II.." , . ~ t.h4t th$ ltlI'1ea Wl'O p~_' at be.,~. wb1lili ~

a ftultonul .~t 01 the ~ tat. 'Of he.r ~.t doe. haft ~

baAo. ~ th$ ~~ of -(b""1Io. tl. ~•• baG ~ J~_ _ ~

A.I.4 cl~. ~ flUte lw1. ~.t ho.r i»toro ~ ~ 1ft Pba~t

$~oa eil~l1 "'lJ no\ ~ thi• •~ (.t. v. 95S It.).
17. .~# the _~r ~t C~, ~ OftWla bJ 8~ (w. 49', SCS,
1$),1. '21)."01' ~ ~ ot.Aft •• 7491 ...nl\ll1 ~ ~.ff

1
Ct. ~ at~ (M. v. US). "'l'O/l~(J.J'I~ _.1, 456-1) •
.2
a. v. 12. OR. Vto "4.
,.i•• ,.,

Ct. '1.31. Itw. ~71~t ga. w. 14, 202, S9) ft.,

7J2J Of. _.2, 111-29,
6, u.-61 1. 9J-6J U,l 101-4,"*'.. 6, 4....
~. 4. lSI 11, 491. Val Pl. 2, 17J. C~.
32'.
v", 24" ttl'h Sj 90. A4t.
. .• v. 40, Jut. 1, S3.
KOk ala> ttv. 30. 13. 12, t.bouah iMl'8 tM ~ 1. "".- • Fvi.
4
Ih "~J 700-17 ..
S
Hot ~ 1>7 i'~"'. Paua. (2, " 6) .u.. her tJlau.Oit. oth-. (e.l.
1fT•• l.. 2;), ~.
 54

18. 1!9!1!' O~cm. nt.& of Ool'Uitb" In 17-18, bOk the uapnoa w1th
fflet~ Uld the eld.alllllUs.
1,...26. ~a pl'q8 that iuon Wl7 11" on in m1~le «td.l.e . . be pur4ahed.
thJ!Ouab hie eb1ldNll.
19. J&W.. ~t.1o. fa. 1Il1pli_tlon 1. that ~ 1; ~ 'eM-ble thM l
th~ Furies. lRSI.\.ai JalOll...... note omtus.cm of eat. It 1. al_ omttiwd
1ft tmlte ...'81\108 11\ .w. '79, 604.
1

20. xaa't tn. Wea that 1n .e~ c1n~e.J death is pfttenble to

lU., 1CI ~l¥ found 1A the t~&1J of ~ft.. It t1ada Vfift!3 a.bd.lal'
. .nsfl1oft 1ft lAta. v. '19. "1u'bent. te vel vivat ... ~171n tb& pnsent

pi\.~. SeaeM, hatJ· in ~ Or. 18. 6, l641 WV1v1t.e, devote nuptaque ~

toft", ad w:L'Ul delibel"ate ~ puts !Ato ~'. mouth a sWlv PDT_I"

2()..n. ct. ACo. H;j. hg.415 (I), ~ul inter hoitea, ~.t ~""
4~, va&Ua.tt ~~ 1ft ~ of ~t. dl~ent of the e....4r
Ro.ms ~t.18t..,,21t 1e pemap. more l1ke.l;r that he ie ~ heft too of
OIF~.fIs. '1II-1Sth -.~ et toto qt.tatlM 1n orbe- tupm.tti md. 1.62l erret,
4t

1Mpe, ~att • •h H1pdwle 1. ~ tllat ld.toltUDti mq befall Medea..

Nok the q'W!lera'lv~ u1fld~ton 1n t.h&. lift••) arqndeton ia ve't7 ~ 1n

1
It. atop ie pnterable to fhomam" OCBlll\ afte", "date" (v. lfj); v.Um the
latter punatat1_, trmths." (v. 19) 11 v• .,. weak. teo ~ to ~tft
- .........l'il7 in v1w ot tho example. ot \h. ~.a1on 01 _ he pnwidel
(1, 1,0).
2
cr. Gell. 12" 2.
 55

~, a.1m1$ed in all 01 hneca'a '~H.

21. iMm! ~I lAt 111 ~. .~ tUSed, b1 .t~. to ~ "hems" :in
boih poet17 &lid prose,. (ct. w. 224) 478 and the uee ot'l'«lat1bu8" 111. v. 450).
Tb1s ,",f)" make. ~t8 ploa to JlI.fIOn.. '*per ... cerhm. luem" (v" 478) all
the more 1.ro%d.c. JW.'. Z'ete~e. to 4 -'1;1$4 .... (of. also #tldo lan".
v .. ~) ftflect. a wiattul ~'!cG of all Mtl ~ 10. by leari.q Colohla
(o.a. y .. :i!11 ft .. ).
22. _.ai!!I. ~I.$ merea•• ·to the paet aa weU WI the flatUl'tJ C~

~ b7 110 • __ tu tiM plaC$ at wbloh JaGOft ha.d .~ ho.tal!.\,-"

Ri.. ~. . .!#.al!1 .lr1t "'.. t'tpl'n~ Or'e8t.e8 .vd.U." (M. v. 196) It It
._ t.Nd1t1oMl at we~s to wilh to.. a &on who ...__ 1_ h1.t.th~r (ct.
Cat. 61, 214). "At $\tO 1f1m1lU patatf )1I ~. 'When hneca wme the
pr.~ ~e; he ha4 !n ~, Ov .. !W;:.. 6, l~' "at tuM.ci::J, tV4 fd.nt
\) t1btU.e, tlol8OsIma uael t~~ Mn norun1; Metra. pat,rifI habent:'
2S .. a\.!i* pemapa Aftl1k$J,t(p. 36) is riiht..~:ben b~ euueM8 that Mecl_
t~ firet of UI'l!U\tI., but thea euAdertly ae•• \he ~evance 01 hu ~

\0. ~lt __ ~~8 W. in tfpafta ......p0peft..*'. -

25-26. _ ..i,U ~I a pam1 0J1 the 11te.l'al ad _~ ~ o.f
mdQ. witb ttpeperitt. the au.dt-.oe M~ ~ of 'he ~ of t.he
obUd.hn, 'but Wea need IltUlI1 oa:Qr that. 1&-='. woM punishment would be
to hAve tftaChe~ aM lW~l'OUfJ cniltb"eft" Not. tbe .-.pet:1t.lon of a in
w. i4-26" the ~m and J1llsle in tt.tm1l1. pat'd./ e1m1lieque maiiri· and
the ~ Ja ~ ... pa~a· .. Note echo in Itpeperi" (v. 957).

1
The elder Seeoa ~OH to tbla ~ of ~i4s1& aa MiNt OWiftlM in
:M.s own 447' "hl.d.wJ vitl1 quod . - ~1oiw uniu.u wm! pluta .~ti.
naac1turu (CoatI". 7. " 9).
 56

26-:;6. Aftel" tJl\l -rikina oUmax of "PcPeri.ft J a nIN begiMtng must be ~ ..

Me4ea scad- beft0lt U) aoUcm.. but action doe. not :1mtood1ate:ty relNlt. in-
stead .. mere extra~ metori.c fOllows. Anl1kes- (p. 43) baa pointed out
tJteoomwot:l.on3 Unk1ng the thouahte which flash tJll'OUP ,~t8 m1nd w1\b
such bewil_naa np1d1ty. ,.tNt the thl'e&t. . to anatch the torches hom
the ~ of tn. ~gue.t.J thie ~a\" the srantiOH idea. of
snatching the "boNh" .trom heaveD - a teat $he • • quite capable oEper...
tol'm1ng (01,. w40 '",..,4).. It ~ et.l'1kea her u deplorable that he..
ano~tJtoJ."" \he Sun) baa not. al~: ~Gd the ~le of her mietftat.ment
h1 RltUl'lllng b~ in hi. ohar1ot. Nell' b1tteme"$ lead. bGI' \0 demand the
Sun '8 obar1ot tOf:' hel'Rlt that • rdght dest:ro:l Corinth :tn a mightl f1ft
llk~ that Phaethon oau~. A IdmUv -aft-1m of conse1ousneaa" te~

VY. U.s ttl '91 tl.

The materlal m ttwse llneG haa been ot.LUe4 hom So variety of
8OUftJtJa, Y$\ thell' tJtyle ard tone 18 SeneGa'. own.. Here alS el$eWheh Seneca
geEmi8 to be- put.~ into ,.ct1c~ til. v1~ ~.G04-1n -a. ~.f 5.
26. .u,m. ~ Be" (mum) Mhezt ttl;'; -:ro (aeRum) '* t'J.1.e [email protected] 1. a
COI~ oneJ ct. !JIItud. v.. 494, Kp. 104. 12 and hfi 18 .... ! sero II.
26-30. no'ice \be alliteRt.1on 1ft \beef) line8 .( fim w$.,.til ~,,,' th(Jfl w:1tb I.
then . ..In with I. ..A....a) enel the short qUftat.lons 1ft vv ~ 26-Zl # 30-31.

'emapa here (u 1ft n. 157) S93) &meoa hael :in m1nd Ov. liu. 12. 155.
:0.
"ire
:in ~
~s media. auade'bat 1ft agrnJ.na tm-bae".

weddills »roc.881on. ~ .u...L~t

tis.. the torahe. cam6d
et 4t n. 2lt9-9. tOF lot

81tdlar ~lo of parontxt..s1a. For the idea of ttwa~ flee QU W ..

 992-4..1;s~. the 8UI'l -'8 lWql. gnn4f'ather.
29-31. ~ ill t~ of the Thyeatee ato17 wh.-e the sun M~ h~

at the
, • •t. of tn.. temble feast, (ct. lbl. w .. ",6-7. 784-5. 189 ft.)
892 tI.) m tt.J 10lS. 1095-6). H~e 'th0Ulb that tb1f1 llOtU alJIo oeoun m
Md'. VQlnion of the ~thoft tAo.,. (am. 2. '29-31)• •e en w. ,1-4,
Not. also~. "IV. 67s...9. jJr.E9""'III.~\,l ~e 1. stven tbtt
pIll'VJlOlM.rd.a b,y the tao\ that the worda ocw" a fdrdlal" l.1r&e....poa1tloA.

32. .", . ' anoth3l' ~le of .t9A~ to cony., _elt~.

3~1 an allutdon to the ~hcm .t.~ (Ov. JIi. a, 1-'29. ct. aleo "IV.

599-602. He... ~ed tv tbe chariot torealUL4.ows her eacape at the end or
the ~ 1ft Mr d~$ (&1'9'*1\ htl.. \:.7 the am .. ueoN:1ns to I. !!!t.
n. 1321-2). Phaethon'_.n.re bad d.at~ geat dUe. (Or. . . . 2. 214-6).
Note th••th.a em tU'e iRftt~ti'bu81 igni.tera"'. and tbe clear fOh-
~ en ..

whol~ 01ty (w.

,J..;.6) of the t:t.ftI tbat d$$'t,ny$ t.he
as,....7). ~_'tor

'5. SPRPMIMUMtrJ!i S~n (k,la\ lS~e.Dh p. 218) ~8' "Allua1otla

pala~f) and \hftat.eM thE;

adjectives in -fer and ....gel""J .0 p.

to .~~ mo~ _of the Ietbmws ue popt.ilar w.li;h t.h* tatj,n .,ottu ( __ asp§>
1 .
c_.mon 1ft Ieri~. tftl~.).... ~17 (p" 269) ret..... to U$&lOt. abo",1"•
.att.empt to haVtf a oanal cut. a.~. tlw ItJtbmu (Suet. ti.U. 19).

'1""'. mitr t'eteJ'ring in wnbiguoue ~ to ce~ oeftmOll1es oonneeted

.\ ',., td.th the nw t~. (w. 37-40), ~a urge. fieJ'IMlt W . . ~~tdi,al~ ber $arU.er
m1~••

37. !otedea retUJ.'M to ~he atari,~pl.'d.nt of her doman4 tor the -~t -
the wedd1ltg torehea (ct. v. :11). llIs. D..us. ~, ~ probab17 UH8 tilt)
,.~Y""

pbras& ~1~ (ct. v. 491:l~ but. thtJ audience would &leo understand it

1.
E.g. fhaed, v. lO~; ~. V'V'" 628-9.
 58

a8 a stM&ht,to~ 8t.ata)Rmt of inta&tt ~ 1.t p""elved the ~

a~! m tile tollow:1ng Unea.. lTatt (J.DmI.1~t p .. (7) 1.

aurel1 wron.e 1n teellrag that ~ 1. h$~ eonteuplatmg acquleecaoe.
37....tl.. 1mIlI~ •.u .... .dIl!!!- Q in Ik. v. 439. 'bhe ~ p1ne-tonll. The
aud1om;e w1U think of Medea. ae a Jtdo-lt-y~lP ,.., (16tl on w. 16-7).
Tho dUlst,ruet1ve t~ 1e ap.1n toft~d.

38. JH~Rl!t9!ll palt of the ~ ce~1I but alllo tore-

8~ lWeate aGNGI'3.

39. X~t on tWea'_ ~II 4llOtber rettllJ'Ebca to the wedd1ng lJaOI'1ticesJ

the ~ wUl tb1nk of CI\lOn. (""CUM and the children (of. th$ uee in

v .. VlO). For a .~ plq on 'he 11teftJ. &nd ~l"leal un., ct. 1m

v. 148c ~ n\3pti&li v1cthle.rn teriat d:Ut.fi sll..uL.l.t,Jl,.~l WUld

,9-42. Notf.) all.:1teRtloa ot I..

40. ~,~Il'l QllO~r str11dr.ll ~~. The audience wUl
think ot the cbU~.l 1>!edeat .. tftUn of thou,&bt.,md.tcbes from tbe
acr.S.t1c1al. viot1maJl We would be di~f)d, w- th~ idea 41 -~ ~­
$WOm thl'OUgh h+)r ~1e.t ~tm18 (ct. E. ~.. v. 379)" tJot~ the

~1t1Gn of "'ri.8cemft 1ft v.. 1013.

41. »......:Gm"._~!!S loS" euch ~1'tat1ou to the soul, or the ~tlcn tel~.

~ pp.:s c --I ; thq are VtJJJq ~ 111 the tra,sed1ea. Brady (p. 78) obseives
\

1
'or ~ m~ ·ch11~1\n~ of. M. v. Zl; ov. M@t~ 6. 6;lJ 8. 4781 10. 465.
 59

43. 2MlMlJm;~~,~' "bold ~... m4ta$~ is ~m~ U$d

w1th ab*'~t no•• but here ffOauoa8Um." ~ tor fthawmcl'U.l~. i'b$

~H1c'4\ 1. Slven ~ by tile rut that Medea oame mm that reston!

abe 1. to Mum to trJKtv ~ conm;l'UCtlon is ~ tv tbe filPJanat,Q17
f\~e"J ot. n~ mGIlM pat,.." (Claud. m §SWf..lfen. v. lS1). ~~
a 1km.lt1an touch, ct.. 94R 1, 22, 6, ltBIt. 1, 12. tho 1ea atemB tl'Om the
wl1dncaa of the mo\atd.na(et. Verg. _ . 4, 367) __ th~ allel~d barbu1t7

of the p~ or tbat ~on(ot. 7l'a. v. ll.4.V.J tbid. VIl! 9(6).

44. fta\!iI....t to.. RbIfdIt Med. hA<l h$lped kill heJ' bJ'otber in the late.- Mar
the Black ha (eooo~ to A.i. 4_ 461), and at Colohie nfi~ tlili nV$S"

Phas16• • had ~~e4 he~ tathel' (ot. Ov" !i.U. 6'113') .Qftd helped datiOn
steal th$ goldtm tleec0 (c;t.. Med. v. 912).. Sae alJlo _ ~sp1ta1.e:rntf
(v", U)..
44-4S. ~,.u ~. thi. use et !istG ot place. ia VIa.,.. C~ 1n
&neCA• .2 l'J.d§ba& ~« atNllll' ~$1Hd. btlt" FO_U't1oD..
J.5-46. Note, ...Su tOO UN of a~toa witb a4jectrivlfIs \0 b~l;, con~

mt~t7 of emotion. Ct.. vv. 20-1.

1
E.g. "dtml. an1me. dut:wlJ hel"1 tonier efta", (Sen. fl.tA\t. 2,. 3, 1).
2
E.g. on vv. 148, 2l2. 756.
 60

46-.48. 81.U"ely in these Unsea, Seneoa has in ndnd Verg .. a. 6, 724-7:

"Principl0 eaelum ac terrae camposq...e Tiquentes

spiritus ~!aal alit) totamque 1ntuaa QIl·IDI,

.".IS,.t molem."
The phrases underli:ned above occur in Seneca with but little 'alteration. '
Perhaps Seneca's reminiMenees have a deliberate purpose and tWea is meant
t.o pel'sonity the torces that work in opposition to hi-ahises' div1r.\e ttmenstt

47-48. !.lHIIJf!!l f.YnYlIt!l"mg' v1v:ldly evokes the dismemberment of

Abqf'tus and hl1aslll 1 1,9D!!!t "tomb", 1$ frequently used in poetJ7 to ex.-
press a violent death, but. in the present context; the metaphor is at111 forcible.
49. JJt,.. v .. 124 is rather a1milar, ftaoror ieta leoltJt e deoet maio¥' ne.tas"$
but there two people are involved.
SO. There U'e ~ cases 1». the traged1*s, where here characters look
0.8
2
forward. to cOll.'l!l.itt1ng a orime with a celtain pleasure, and seem to revel
in their ()Wfa $yil. As the 1magina1"1 objector in S9 .m. -JUts .1\, "ira habet
al1quwn voluptatem at dUlce eet ciolorem reddere" (2, 32, 1). Medea in her
pain is here concerned to emphasise her power to .parm1n the future by dwelling
on her past miadeede ... Yet. her attitude to these earller acts 1e ambivalent,
later, she cltd.ms that her motive was to Rve Jason (vv. 136) 23C-1J.) w1th
his comrades (w. ~5-3.3), and that Jason must share responsibility tor her

4 ' .... f

1
ct. on vv. 131; 133-4.
2
ct. neft'mann,p" 491.
 61

orimes (vv. S00-501: "tua Ula" tua sunt 1lla.; cui prodest seelus/ is teclt.").
52-5.. Note the &harp antitheses. "repud1a thalamie" "wtl.1nques !I". &ecuta

,4.. DPQRe. ,,,a8De§'Jl1~m: pel'hap$ an eoho of Verge 98 9£. 3" 42-3. Mo..J.'a,. .1

DWJl!r.t 1s a. common metaphor; see' LS.a. mt.m 11\; rumpo II.

SS. Another £kmBJ:e"'§'ltm4!lb tor the line ls applicable to Oreuea.'s

marriage as well as to MAldea. t So

Atter the wild. threats of Medea,/il there is a sudden change ot atmosphere.

The chorus ot CorinthiMs. (their sex 1$ uncertain) "dn.gs e. jo7ful wedding-
song in honour of Jason and OreuQ) unlike Eurlpides t chorus, that of Seneca

is hostile to Medea (ot. "IV q 102...;4. 114-5)"

Seneca bas clearly been influenced by the traditions of wedding....poetry
and. its earlier &lql'ila....r:_;..~).l but. .it weB probably Ovidts influence that led him

to include such a ehorus in hie tn~ '" There is no tn.ce of a wed.c'l1ng...

eong in ]1,;" l'!Ii.$ tor the marriage has taken place betore that play begins.
HOwever -OVid 1ntfOdlices- tllis motU 1ftto Bit" 12, 137 ft II - (ftedea t III -letter to·
Jason) and there several reminiscences ot this passage in Sen. !.S"
U'$

2
(see on vv 10 Z7 J 116. 117; 157; 593) .. Seneca ha.s however used a wide range
of sources for the details of his chONa. On the whole these bol"1'OWings are

:i ........ Ii .......

1
See)A.t.. WheelerJ. Cr,;;ullusand the Traditions of Ancient Poeta (Bel'kelezr,
19.34 • pp. 183-21"(; tor a good discuesion of the genre.·
2
F. Leo (1, 169) suggests that this theme in the letter was elaborated in Ov e
Mad", and that Seneca is heN following the lost p1q.. He may be right,
~
-~-
an'lIh ......... ,"'.'1 ... +_4 ............ #'_,04+.1..,.
"W!oV." 'WJf'~.-~w- ..... 'W... ..... ... ... ""
~1iiiJ"""VWW"
 62

not obtruoive and Seneca blonds them into pleasing pon17_

.Like Catullus (in 61, 62) I Senaca has blended Greek aru1 Roman wedding
traditions, though, since both areas shared li'l8n,J wedding eu.stoms# one ehould
not be too dogmatic in differentiating be~ween them. Clearly Roman however
i8 the :reference to the rescenn1ne verses (v. 113). The praise of Hymenaeus
as the god of lawf'ul marriage (v. 67), the encornitun of the bride and groom.
J/

and the (:' k tf,l. tT, \ ot the bride a.re among the standard. themes ot tlelleniet1c
1
ep1deict1c rhetorio.
E .. A.. MtmgelsGorr (supported by C.. lt. Kapnukajas)' po:1nted to vv~ 105,
107, 108, as evidence that Seneoa viewed this wedding song a8 being sung
directly before the ~ei§ct!.2" It is true that at Boman weddings the bride-
groom clasped the bride fa hand just before the pl'Oces8i~n and that at this
time too the Fescellrd.ne verses were uttered.. noweVer in both Greek and Roman
wedd1ngs, the procession to the bridegroom's house took place aft,er the
wedd1ng feast at the house of the bride's fa.ther. But it is clear that 'When

Creon (vv.. 299-300) declares, "sacra me thalami vacantI vocat precari teetus
Hymenaeo dies" I the oeremonies betore the S!siuct10 are 8~ill taldnl plac~,.

Further, vv" 879-886 reveal that the br1de and her lathes> have perished in
the royal palace.. It seems therefore better to reject the idea ot a ~u2t!o

here. This song, while a part. of the wedding celebrations, (ct. Medea' Ii

1
See A.t. Wheeler, ~rdt~~1n.:lh! i.Stbi~l, ~, 5l (1930), 205 tt.
2 .
!?As llr.i..sqhe HgghzeittWd be! !lm GGechm. YnSI R2mem (DislS. Oieaaen, 1913) j

p. 44 tt.
l
Die NanqahlTlungsteohr.1.lc Seneoa: in den Chozolietiaffl des ftHeryples i'lJl"eil,ii
.und del' "Medea" (Diss. la1psig, 1930).t p. 9[.
 63

l'tJaction in v'. 116) is a general trib\1te to the ooc&$ion, and it 1s tutUe

to attempt to synchro:nize the traditional featu.res mentioned he" with
1
the actual performance of these details at this wedd1nl"
'the calm and happy chorus p:rcv1~s a at:r1ld.ng change of atlrlOsphers

alter Medea's wild ranMngo The contrast 1. :1.nteneUled bT the tact that
the chorus 1nvokes the gods of marriap whom Medea her.elf had invoked to
2
panish the Wl\1ckera of her own man"iage" The illusory :nature of the ohoJ'U.s'
p1c1iure ot happiness i . ell\Phasized b7 the repetition later 1ft the pla.,v s in
a grim conte:&:t" of various motU. and phrases found. he.... See note on
vv. 849-18/1 and cf~ "lat.ex ... saoe'" (vv. 849-78) with --sacrum lat1cem"
('IT. 8l0h "'liripodu moftt" (v" 86) with 'l't1'1podaa ,<H' commotos" (vv. 785-6>.
the moon and its "solidum $.. orbem" (w. 97...s) with th~ picture in vv 4f 787-90.
Tile c:bONS begin" in &sclepiads (vv. 56-74). lUOV8S to glyconics

(w~ 75-92). Ntums to aecleptJIda (WII> 93-1(9) and ends with hexameten
(vv. 11Q...5).

;6. Da* Jason and Oreuaa.. The ma8euUne plural is sometimes wsed with
reterel!c.8 to a. ~.,d ~ou~le l c~ II! ttTonIint1bus" (v" 59) 1 . "lIl9Ceg.". (,,-~ lQ6)~' _
SemU8 ftauctus" ~ts on Verg .. As. 2, 4;7 .. ftmeliori RXU1 ftspondit, 1d
est mascuUno".. .
57. ot. w. 4. S where Neptune and Sol are 1nvok9d by Medea.
58. l1\!"ff!lYmUlSI' "I'e~ 41YW8, (,tUM publ1ce n....., ut. ;ttavena\
linguist impembat~ (Oic. J!!.. 1, 1(2). In practioe this can:~ to mean a
_.__________,t_._._____,_,. ________--__________________ 1__' _____
• _______
. _ . _ ._ _, _ , _ ._ _

1
Of. Oat. 61 and the comments in C.J, Fordyce, Cja~y! (Oxtoni, 1961), p. 236.
2.fI!lA P'b..._ , • ..L,,:(:. tr.!o. •• __ .... M. -".-..

\1.1" ITaliv, ~lM& ~I!. p. 0'1.

solemn silence. Of. Hor. ~. 3 D ID 2; Verge Aen, 5, 71.
59-66: subtle and suggestive lines. i"1'o:wmtibusn (v. 59) corresponds to

"d1 coniugales" (v. 1) and note the repetition of IDeina (v. 2) 62). The
lines contain veiled references to Medea's revenge. Behind the bull1 to be
sacr1ticed "sceptriferis ..... Tona.ntibu~" (v. 59) we 'IDa::! perhaps detect
Creon, "soeptro :1Jnpotensn (v. 143)9 The "mve! famina corporls/intemptata.
iugo" certainly suggests the virgin (v. 105), Creusa" with her nfemineo

• ". ohoron (v. 93) and 'tniveus color" (v. 99) & "Tenere..... hostia" fore-
shadows the child-m.urder. Note also the use of plaoare in 'VV. 62; 971 and
of victima in ~vv. 39; 970.
59. ~.ceujirl,f~l!is TO!?§4t~bus. Juno is also regarded a.s !!eRtr1t.~ in .Alt.
v .. 3M3; !i2 v. 1509.. strictly, only Jove was l'onans (for the present idiom
see on "regumtt 6 v ~ 56) D but Juno is a.ssociated w.1.th the thunderbolt in

!!Q. v. 880 J 1510.

60.. !ia.yrug t Sew. (on Verg. !:m.. :3" 21) and Macrob" ({$at. .3 p 10 D :;)

asser'h that heifers not bulls should be sa.orificed to Jupiter. But of.
Ov,,_ Met" 4" 726: _"tltut'U.!3 t~bi ,II Sl11YlIn6 deorumtl "
61. Lyg;}.naqu in view of v.. S9"to be identified with Diana." Kingel'7 is
'2
surely wrong in identifying Lucina here and in v. '2 with Juno (pp. 267, Z70).

---------------------------------------------------------------
1
For a precedent tor the allegorical use ot a bull and white cow; see Ov ..
Aen. 3, 5.
2
As Kapnukajas (p. 9.3) points out, because of her earlier identification
with Juno, Lucina receives a.s her victim a white cow,. even when she is
identified with Diana.
 65
Plut .. (.9.Y§.§st! ·igman 264) declares·that Artemis was one of the five marriage
gods of the Romans.
62-5. He%"e we have an interesting example of Senecats imitative teohnique.
In v .. 62 we ha.ve an echo of Hor. Qq. I, 5 with overtones of the lovely
Pyrrha. In v .. 62~ there is a brief but unmistakable suggestion of luoretius'

Venus, before Pax emerges" complete with cornucopia~

62. Yltmnptata: ct. Har. 21. 1,1 5, 130 .a a!J}era: ct. Hol'. $lt. 1" 5, 6"
Further, this· line recalls Horace's verse-technique 111 that the end of the
line and the· end of the clause do not coincide. inten!RtAt.",~ ~uso: probably

a 90YBJ.5t:§nt!As%'e. In one sense the phrase echoes A.R.. 4, 1186 where the
Phs.eacian peasants sacrifice ft ~ c e'1;.( tll~ v' ., 7T;f {" I
V n atter the ma.m.a.ge of

Medea and Ja.son.. But the phra.se can also bea.r a sexual meaning that is also

applioable to Creues.. !.t, ameri ...~.conia.m: deScription of Pax. Kingery

(p. Z17) observes that she is pictured with this ,comp copi,s on coins Qf
G..-/ Augustus and VespaSi~. For Pea.ce as a marria.ge-god, of Q Ar. fg v. 974.

Note again Seneca t e love of periphra.sis; examples in this chorus and in the

play as. a ldlo::t.e l!re 'lioo :tr§lqu~nt. to bear further comm.ent.

63-4* an echo of wcr. 1, 31 if.

63. ,§J.M!rl.neas 9\YJ.~LP..Qhibet !!!!PY!: but the audience will remember "cruentis
manibus" (v. 1').
67-70. Hymenaeus is invoked ..

1
The description of Pax is probably based on Ov • .H!1. 9" 88, but the
existenoe of two quite silnilar passages in Hora,ce(Qd. 1,11 17, 14.... 6; !L!-
v. 59 if 0) warns against excess!va dogmatism in identifying Sense t s sources;,
 66
67. faci'.!us legitimise of. Ca.t. 61 .. 44",SJ 61-4, but IJtac1bus" might recaU
the Furies llfaeemtt (v. 15).
61. Metem d1eout,1ens. but. of. "llOQt18 aeterna.e Qhaos" (v. 9). auaptce
d~.r&s the Romans genera.l.l1 cone1del'eci the ri,',ht hand luclqr. Her. B-

turther point 1a that t.he torch blJ.mtng in t be r:1gbt hand w. a sign ot luok,
but it it Wfil."e ex.t1ngu1sned, of 1U-luek (cf. OVa ~ 10, 4 ft.).
69. hue inceden of" cat. 61, 9...10, libel'e th6t'e is aleo a. participle in'
assooiation with the iJaperat1ve.,radu marcidus ebrio: ~ (lat. 61, l-1S,
thfire i8 no .~gelttion of drunkenness, bu.t Seneca reaal"dlt Hyaenaeus && the
son of BaccmU$ (v. 110) 80m has given the son the a:ttr1butes ot the tather.

70: baaed on HoI'. ~ " 2S, 20s nolnaentemv1r1ui t.,o~ pampinon,

which has two words v1rtuallJ the $" as in our passage.. a colour adjective
in tbe a.blative, a. similar word...o:rtJer and the same nuetrClre The Hora.eo passage
comes from a hymn to tlacelius and Kapnukajae (p. 97) leI. tttu context of

the Hora-tun lue as the reason for the tntroduot,lon of the idea or drunken-
nes. 1n v. 69. C1" • ectlo of ·'ro8eo ••• v1aoulo" 1n YV'. 771-2.
71-14. -SeSpeNlJ---1s invoked, also without. ~1ng ~ lnarq.tQnet.rical
arra.ngement, tour lines are devoted to Hy.m.enaeua and four to He.perus and
-en invooa.tlotJ. begins witb net tu" and a. relative ola.ue. HespeNS 1. in-
voked in most marrias- songs but Kapnukajas (PS! 97) goes too tar 1n eaU.in;

1t a "locus communi. fur alle HochzeitlliedertlJ there is no mention of

Heaperus in catullua 61.
72. praevia gEtiUni t_or18: "herald of night and dalft. As Fordyoe

points out, "That the evening .tar and the morning star are the sam... 1.e.
that the planet Venus 1s visible sometim.. in the morning and a_atimea in the
 67

~ .. Alr~ kftowa in the ftftth e.ntUl7 B.C., anA tthe fMV of

later ~t8 ~_ .. the ~iOl'l or thtdr ~t.7 witb vari.ed ~t7.1
lot. that _ttu is WJe4 in ~ s1t4l.v OCllteD 1rl tilt. Ie. ltl, m.
13. h .. ,,,,.Mt ~ ~r.1f1 Q~ 1n mvotat.1. . . . . ~.
14. ~I ~~ ~~ '-_h (ot. sa. 2, l:t, 5').
",,...,:uaa _~j;i,.1.1W. of ttw bridAl pd.r in ~ t:t.ftt. CftUM. tbMl l.eon
aft ~ t .. ~~ ~"1n~T. Aa _~WA of W. 'DO
ft~ll' ~. ia W41!dttiq ~ (e*l_ Cat. 61 1 6M).
75-31. the be."t.)' of tb~ ~ 1. t&~~ (i~tl td."h that 'Of th$
..,. ot ~ ~ ~ ~ilf;l.1n ~ece • •~ s.e.'aallued.ve .t.ylel;
'tdv. 1t& ~ -u_ ot ~~ M4tb~ ~e ta,. .t ~ _1(1.,
_1ewe .. d&l1cate to~t1 Jt.

71-'" 'tte ~~. 1R:s!'1= • ftl'Ii.., mal' ~.

78. ~~I ~lJ'~", and u w. 80-11 ~ had m JdiI4
~c. 18, ~3, llhtl~ ill. ~ ~ of 1.1\ ~ t~ Hf6leJt aa4 I-fenel&\UIJ
the· ~~".~.;;5 Jr:>c'[~,O~ ..v'vT~~/ Xf'O-~t{f't7""S ;o/;:.0· td " -Ttd(' [';{:)JTC/~
'"
,iocO ,(OiS'
.
a.~ hu.,...\e4 the 1~ of ba~ ~ ~ it to
\he ~ at ~~. . . ~. He haa p$~ Wl~ v. as fit ~. 16
~ v. 94.
'19. 1i8lH... Us..~1 tI." ___ at ~ \0 ~ 2A Plut..lU,.

19, 52.
 68

80. !\ SYMV ae in v. "17. Pro'ba.b17 the 'WOnUlln of Theb•• a.,..e lIle&nt$ rather

than Boeot.ia a. a. whole$ tor SenMa eeome 1n thia atanza to be reternllg to

famous Greek ettieG. ~qn1!!11 .. learM4 equivalent tor Boeotian. The Aone,
we... a pr.oooGl'..k tribe in that area. (accord'" to str. 9.1 4(1). &its'
there w.e several famoua Bo.eotian springe (e.g. Diree, Agardpp., Hlppocrene)
a.nd. perMp. Seneoa did not intend to be specUie.
Sl. Alph.,que ea.ce:r$ the river flowed pa.~ the great, t.ple of ZeuD at
O:bap:t.a. TAe Ill• • pbra•• 008\1re !nIhZ. w. 116-7.
82...90. Jaeon'. handsomene,. 18 pr&U~.

82.e&. "t. xliit * a hero might p1"e1'er to be 3udged by q;u.alltle. other than
beautT.
84-90. Seneca. . . . to bave
at tt. whet'e they are
j

HQrace '. referenoe to Uerelll_,

1:l'~e4
borr'~wed hifJ list 0;[' gods from Hor. ,24. 1, 12..

in tbe same or4M" 6XOtllJit that S••ca

,oroap. becaus. be was not regardM as
_t. ~

~ple of Jl1llAnl.l b_ut7.

'I.. Iw,e! t'~t BaOchU8$ torn fr_ tbe womb of his mother Seatel. b7
J1lP1ter f iJthUndirbOlt (cf. OV.H.,. 3, 2;3-315, til' v. 451'; -
". Bal':chu· te. of fila.,.. tint appear. in the AlIguEltan poet. {e.g. He.-.
1
951- " ,:'jJ 13, ov. A.A. 1, '49. Verge Jan. (6, S04), and 1s a180 mentione4
in ttt.fS. v. 7". In.2lS. v. 42S .. he 18 given fA teaa or 11ona.
ab. qui tripoda.l movet: Apollo, who.e priestess at velphl uttered her
oracles trQII a three-lege4 .tool. ct. the echo in w. 785-6.
87. ""!'linUalU!~.1 D1a~; godd ••• of the hunt and wUd oountrysWe.

r I - J_, f J 1 ! 111[1_. ILl.' :s ,

1
Seneoata description 18 closeat to th.,t of Horace fthoc te merent., Baoohe
patel" tua.e/ vu.ere tigree 1ndoclli 1~ oollo tranentes".
 69

perhaps 1ftt,"oduo. hera b@c&uo$ she 1e mentlont;Dd in similar t.eru in 94. 1,

22, 22-,3 (Ii.. note on w. 8~90). !r.\!tU nm~qi!aD~f.tJI ldgbt dugse.t

Medea' • •,roW' of Ab81rt.U$ (8$. on w. 130....2).

88. -!!d.t~# ct. tfcedentti (v. ttl).

89. Pollul wa. tradit:1onaU7 Ii b.tt... of. e.s. H. J1. ,~ 237$ Tbeoc. 22,
2; Hor• .9l. 1, 12, 26.
90. 1!!!1I t-9&l°Ol!!1 "hoed bJr SUe 16~ 12S.
93-l01; itk.appearance of the brldo ie {etcribe<l in lov a:lmUe••
94: perhaps an_ho of Tn_c. 18. 2S.
", In spite of the chorus' coafidenee that G.:reusa t • beaut1 ia to be linked
with the sun. the s:llflUanty with "Yir,lnfJWl 4ecor" (v. 15) would make the
audleno8 auoe1at. CX-8U8& w1tJl tl$ld.ereus deQor" and .ems. a tors.badowil'Jg of

1\o!!4:e'l>'.aterp1t4f_ probably a preposition.

96.$3 the:J.d_ .~8 to $tem u1.t:iutelq from Sappb. 11"&. 4 (D1.bl), but
SeneGa. ft&tll UB'\'! OVid. in bis description of the 1I00n.
,6~ _ P*~&H!'II ~.f._ v._~J t~r goth~u" colourful uae_ot'the particular for-
the general. sr.ea; aJ.aQ of etare in 1!! v. 10. N.Q. 7, 27, ,. Ov • .f!!ie

" 104» ManU. S, 313.

914: motieUed Ol'lOV. I!i. 7, 179:
t.re8 a\)el"&nt no~t .., ut coruua. tots. co1rent
eft1cerentque OrDBm, postquam plenisaima fuls1t
et 8011<180 terrae speotavlt !magine luma.
Seneca. bas hCW'4nrer attempt to concentrate Ovid •• rao:re «titus. pictul"e. Seneca

baa 1.110 uaed the OVid p&8Sa.g. in fha!!1. 743 ft.

9? • lho.b~ I aocorci1n& t.o H... Til. 'VY. 136 J) 404 fl. 8. Tita.n, the g:t"andmotJle1'"
 70

of Anemi8, out later she 18 vegw.ar17 Went.Ul64 w1th the moon, (ct. v. 'no).
~~!lJ!.s a freql.l.ently mentioned d.etaUJ a.g. hucr. " '7!h cat. 34, 15.
98. C~:rS!a1 treq,uGntl.y ued of the moon'. horm ( •• ~. l!'t.!e1. v. 74', OV'.
le\. 7, 179). !ilait~4 ot. Mat't. S, ;1, 7 for another example of alJ:l&a".
reterrlDs to the moon t • homs. Thll iI tli.rivet, example or th1& uaage,
antlacoul to that of 1'1"1"8 allrl'OW'ld1ng la•• (tis-at in LUI. 2, 50).
98-9. There 18 no nced to o_.a a 1aol.U'la toet;we. t.b••• lines, 3, Let) did.
Tbe traia ot thought 1. olear e~. Laat r.d.nu.t.e -bUM•• wa. fAXPeotGf1 in a
brl,de (cr. Gat. 61. 79) and thu WOUld. naturalll £1_ .,r8slIioD 1ft a blush
{of" 'f1l.». " 4. :;0 !f.}. Contra.st between wh1te and. red, espeeial11 in
,/
c1eeu:r1b1n& a complu1on, bad. \tee._ SODt(itblng of a ellche in Lath '"txl'"
Peliiaplseneca had in. mind '1'1b. " 4, lOll »color in D1veo co~r. PUlpureu·i •

Soe J. imdl7(, ,111E~ I. loU lU:'r.i(l$ 20.".1£ dall .1I.&!r!Ff WW'l (Pane.
1949), pp. 346-7 tor rurthv ~lu.

100. l!\i!a &llW!t also of tn. dawn'. re8, l;i.ght 18 \lir. I.•• lS, 186 tt.
1010 r08cldue pastor: I}.O:l.8t with dw. The stu.pbfi'd repre.ente ,Jason ,ard.ng
in a.~ i\l.t,-~'s -bfl#fmtr. The---wa.y;1a thus prepare4tor-\he- &A".,. to

JQOft 1n the follOwing linn.

102...0. The chon.' hoatS':U.tf to Mt4_ 1s ~. clear. but the pioture 11ven . I

ot Jason. 18 eea.re~ herc10 (n. 102-4).

104. \rep1411$: Jaaon t • tear ifl a :reourrifte motU 1D the plaJ' of. w. 414-9.

10;.• AUiiBJ CHU8& waa the grea.tgrand4aughte.. of Aeolus. arras'

,emapa & 8Ug$ention of the arriaa- b1 violence whieh was ftUpposed to ha.ve
left tra.e.. in Roman arrage pract.10 ••• ct. cat. 61, lJ 621! 21.
106. Isceria. r. II, W11JntibUt unlike his marr1age to Med.. a~o.l'Us u,I84

tor the oouple 48 in tro. v. 1002, OV II Hn. 3, 132) Verge AGfl. 2, 457. Sn
aleo on urepm" (v. 'b).
lOS. tab! U1iJtc,: 1ft alternate VerseD.

uo. IE..... tJ"z,aflt&t Hyaenaellai 80n, Of aaeohua. am.ts mEta1u 1ft

R!i. v. 110 WU!id of BacchU$ h:1mael£. ~ml!iv!. ,.map. coiraed h, Seneca,

U.t alao OCOl.U'8 inppa!i. v. 153) WKle.. the influence of OVa AI .. " 1" 113
tlcom1ger increpuit th.yVio ,~vlore lqaeuatJ •
111. ;..,ID.\11iiE,1clel trayed, to make it bum lIOn O'J.IUy (ot. OVa )!D. 7~ 2'9).
U2. marcent;Ums; ct. t~1dU8It~ '11.69.
UJ-4_ . an echo or cat. 61, U9"'20a une diu tauea.to proca:tt/ Feso(tnn1:na ioeat:l.ott •
'e.cerminuiu these fii_1d v..... were a regular .feature of Homan wedd.ings.
F.stue (p. 76 L.) gtves two 4envat1oWJJ one ilug._ted. the word came 11'01'1

the tom of li'eaeemdwn, the other and more probable explanation connected·'
it with £4801nUll anci saw the Vera.a as an attempt to overt the wU q. at. a
moment of happlne•• fJ S" FOrOTce (p. ~48) tor a gQ04 tiiaou••1on. other
Rcmantama.DeClU' .in t.WLtraged1u&t-HF- YV& 48, l'4J-l72~-J139.J ,ilhoene W'f4-
103. ·390.. ~. w. 396-400. lWl<1&tu often used of speech. Note Gspeolally

"(louie" tund..el'eu (OV. Met. 13,,306). Note the all1teration ot t in ttli.

/
11ne, perhaps an attempt to capt.ure the spirit of the Fescennine". ~t. too
tho epond&1c hexameter.

U4. 111&: Meelea" once again associated with darkness ("tenebriett ).

U5* a hit at Medea's past conduct :In foUowlng .J.r;t(~iflli\l'ad pemapa a SUggestion
that she 1. acOuatOlled to act thue (et. the _. of 801er. 1n v. S41). It eo,

there may ba a hint or £'Ul"ipide.· Atl,iJ,$U1J Icane.

 72

"et .I!m.. {VV',.!. 1l~-.3Q91

§c.en~~ One (vv.M.ll~7S)

The scene found :in several ot the plqs is perhaps

g9~"'l!ut!l&
1
seen at its simplest here u
I
First, there is a. speech by the :impa.ssioned

woman, then a speech in which the Nurse attempts to calm her. An exchange

of views follows, part. of which is expressed in .tm+9holIl.Y!Jl.ia, but the scene

ends with the woman confirmed in her passion.
116-49. Medea. hea.ring the !!.tlllenaeus wildly threatens revenge. As she re-
calls her past orimes» the love for Jason that inspired them returns, and

she absolves him from blame, concentrating her wrath on Greon to Medea t s

reaction to the ~en.at?!!! is also depicted :in Ov .. !!!t. 12, 137-42; 153 ft.)
and thAre too Medea lists the erimes she ha.s committed for Jason.
116-24. Anliker (p. ,8) sees 1n these lines an excellent illustration of
Seneca.' s theory of iihe origin and nature of anger as outlined in ~e ,Ira.
2, 1-2. There Seneca distinguishes true anger which arises only with the
mind's approval from the first instinctive reaction to injur,y which not

even the wise-man can escape. The b'lIDenit~Y.i prondes"epecletif olilata· -

iniuriae" (~. 2, 1, 3). Medea's first stunned reaction <"ille ictus

a.ni:mi", ib;t.d. 2, 2, 2) ls, conveyed by "pepulitff and in v. 117. In the
three angr.v questions that follow she makes herself' tully aware of the
enozmity of Jason t s beha.viour and in vv. 123-4, her anger is unlea.shed and

then her lust :tor revenge ("intellexit aliquid,l! indignatU8 est, damnav1t,

uleiscitur") •

1
- - _.. - a ____ 00ll ~ d . .t - !'II C7l ~....I ~ r.
cr. IS. HanSen, me t:l'liSMung er lY!.LeKJirege J.ll Qen "J:ragouJ.en (les ~enecA.l,
40ft • !II __

(Diss. Berlin, 1934), p. 5. Perhaps the closest parallel to this scene

is fhaed. v. 99 ff.
 73

ll6. Of. Ov. Hu. 12" 137.

117. The repetition of ''v'ix'' is ef'f'ective~ not even that veteran in
crime" }'ladea (1' vU ipsa"), ia so steeped in evil as 1et (ttvix tantumft
foreshadows her later orimes) that she· oan und.erstand Ja.son's perfidy.
This line too echoes Ov. H~E. 12: "'nec adhue tantwtl. seelus esse putabamtt
(v. lAl) ..
118-9. Note word-plq "erepto patre/ patr1a" and the suocessive a.lliteration

of 11, 11. g" mand Xe

120-1. !!le.p.ta ~.u.,.,!oeler~'H Medea's lavours to Jason we;re crimes against
others; see on vv. ;0 and 136.
121. ~s: the fiery breath of the bulls whom Medea enabled Jason to
subdues ot'. w. 241~ 466" mtF..!.t a reference to the murder ot Absyrtus
(see on w" lal-2)~
12.3. This line1 is reminisoent of the fragment of Ov. Mad., quoted by
Seneca the Elder (!Bi!- .3" ;).. "£eror hue iUue ut plena deo" e To judge
from th~s fragment" Ovid t s Medea. was more like Seneca t s frenzied oharacter
- tUm -that-of Euripia.e:s-" -YJ.~qo~..mer$.~ :mf)lBm!ls- - Sene-ca,uviewed-anger-as --a
form of tempor~ insanity (de' irA 1, 1, 1).:2
125. B~~ easej:. mi !lJ:te,l!1 to be murdered like Ab:syrtue. Of'.. vv e
954-6 tor a similar though even more ~ravaga.nt wish.

127-8. Note the personification ot "urbes~ and "manus" and the paronomasia.
("novere .". ignorent") •

...
1
Cf. also vv • .382-3; 8;1-2; 862.
2
Of. vv .. 174; 382-3; /;;06-7; 851-2.
:;
Thomann's "urbis" is a misprint.
 74

l.)Ow.a. hte ~ ~•• loVG of ~~. 8Il!'•. _ . ' " too

401" tl"(J$1I\~t ~•• b~r:; I~ call_Aba7ttu
~ he b tIGt ~ 18 tn. plIq. ~ are v~ au~. of bU

~atlh. lh .i."" 4,
t-.. Cokb1a .-4 18 l~ tv
~502* ~.b~\l. 18

~ ato _
i'mG l~

~ ~
of \he,.. Who ~
"MOD kilW ad
J.
41~ ~4f .... ~. . tol.l.ow'a a ~. v~ ~rd1nI to wb:1eh

Ab.,~ . . ~•• 10lm£ bNtMl' who ~ Mr - ~ ArIOJ 110m

tMlt- t~.. i~..t_ .... in hot ~'# • out thia bo:r \9 p1~ .and . .t~
1
hi. lttiba to ~ heN t4~r ~ he p&U~ ~ .t.be.. the. ~ autbcn
~ tb1, ~ oalwt4, G~" at. $JI&.2 Sen. . M" (~tdt v. 13l)
t~ the It.t.Uf)1' wNt., but 1a v. 4'2 (~fl) _._ to ha~ th$ l.and.

ato17 10 ¥4ad. 1~.~ O*~ with h,'i" bJO~t. m~. abe htehl t~

it. a w. 41, 1131 4'2-'. 413-4. i#l-9J 9U..2, "~! 951 and fie __ to 3@6

hi. IhoA k\ w. 963-11.

132. AlI1t!: ~ M 11\ v.M. 1iq_J:7t. "..1. (p. 21') .. tIb18 burJal
~ .... 141 ta~~ 13 .-ltkGlN1!O . ~~ 18 U_ Mfti la the» ~ ot
~a. PoE 14~1'__~~~. "-~ ytlJ!_2'J-'J461lL - -- -
lJa...,. ttok the~. IIIII\Ilf 1Ao (1. 15') _.» he;,. ... Mho ot
tmd.. the ~torta' ftt~~ \0 ~ (n.. fidl. 9. 6, 9)= ttq\I.W 1lla.
quae ft'at.~ • ~ _qu-u. ,.tftS .,.,.lt1 tt• and ~ _veal other

2
AfOllo4. 1, 9, 24. fhe~. (~to CIIOhol. on A.I. 4. 223) 226).

~ri.u~S.~~~·~
 75

a.lleged examples1 of imitations of Triarius' use of "spar"it". However

SI;H!t'So is not an unnatural word to use in this oontext. and in tact occurs
in some lines on Absyrtus' murder, quoted by Cicero (ij.D$ 3, 'Z7 _ 67). See
v. 173 tor another possible use of Triarius' comment.
133~-4. !j,;;..r~ !.t.... meI,qbrAt by pretending that she would thus restore
Pelil).s to youth (as she had Aason, Jasonts father)" Medea. persuaded his
daughters to cut him up and boil him in a oauldron (of. vv. 201J 258-61;
276J .47;....6; 664-7). It was Pelia., Ja.s~'s unelei'WhO had sent him in search
of the fleece (of'. v. 664,). Atter his death" his son Acastus droVe Jaaon
and Medea. from 101008 to Corinth and was still seeking to punish them (of ..
'VV. 25.6-7; 41;; 526). lyneD.Ym= echoes the sound of "tunus ingestum"
(v. ]32). For simuar tricks, see 011 vv. 486; 548.
335-6. These lines again shOl" Seneca.'s skill :in hinting at a oha.raoter's .
train of thought (of, note on y. 26 ££.) and. at the reasons tor Ii sudden
change of mood. ~t,nl!Ul.pl.\ .f:l,celu@'""tr~;hA.t.~9!s Medea. begins with the implied
threat that if she ha.$ committed so m.a.ny erimes when. not angry, her present
al'lWO.J.' JdJl. ca.JUe ~ven mo1'e_ qreadf!.tl ~r~efS_'_ !aant ;i.p.fe:&.i.a& w£: __ ~~ r!~ls_

moved to provide an explanation of the pa.st with overtones of self-defence.

The asyndeton and the positions of "!ra.ta" and "amort' emphasime the
. opposition between wn.th and love and the irony or the fact that love ca.used
so much bloodshed. For the Stoic,of course, love, like the other emotions,
is viewed-as wrong and potentia.llY destructive beoause ot the distorted sense
ot values it 1mpartis.

1
E.g. lhaeg.. v. 1208;.112 v. 1394; Ov'. !!U- 6, 129; l1et. 7, M2; Luc. 8" 98.
 76

13"/-42. ~r 'lut akU1'ullI'-Pl.ac04 "'J"ft~ tbtt .,.er ~ ~~ pawie

to aJJ.ow ~ to ~ GDee mft t4 twtr old l#Ie. ~.';~ tu
no GUiOh l.f.ap.r.i.q atteett()P to.~.. ttl v. US, fmI. b~ fofth ~it
but tJwa 18 01Ie~ b.r love.. flwa.~ ~t.1oml, tJl$ uee of . .~e
. . c_lMiatlon would. ~ full ftm to ~ ~... Wet-.. A ~
~ 13 ~l.ed _ a ~**.~ 1ft tim ~, bet.• ..,,, . .
i:~l"-love (w• 910,..7lJ 9$1-92).

J:¥1. s.Nkl~~~ _hoe. v. lltf.

139. ot* v. 930, ~ltt.ls a ~~. dtltI; ~ ewm apoatnpttea.
~'.ft p. 3 I ~J , . sIt1Il &$ a I_it in &It.. ~ p. f G * la the Gtb&.
'~e~ ~ ~ to th<t~ ~ at 1Ja. w. l41I. "~'I .AI. v. 649,
ml w. iWSJ 300. 144f;.
14c)"'1. Not.e tile pAZ'&Uuli,a1 of ~ .... ~~.. t&YO'tIl'.U.. de'd.Otf oE tM

~~J ~. (1)). 61"./J) ~ ~ ~hJf; fltGm the E~ &meoa.

.
It u of ~ &1. C~ .. ~f. ~ W01'ka1 .nd eleo 1n
ill t;!w y~

the ~. (~ w. 194, 434 ft •• It vv. lJ..».4. fa. w. Sl()"'2J a:,..

- "-~-'-U _tfl.~ - - - - -- - - - - - - - --- - . - - -

J

l4Q....l. 'dtJIa' th8pt.~ ~t. eb.atlp, of t.l:m.i. thf:fI au.d.i..cc" ~

;/
ftU

&NOt ~ til(J 'WJ.17 t.Ut1&Nnt Dv1va." of v.. !O.

l42. ~• •A~ of. y. "56• . . , . , tI&ftOA'.lU~ (of. ~ U<lI of
1ilDM1.in w. Zla. ;00). ~""'-1 8UOh ~ou ~ 1lOt..~.
144-,., ~ p~ pb~ baa ~ ~ \0 ahow \hat 1f~ hfI.& ~

1
&0 ~" ~" Wi!l'1b p. ~:iaJ) to. ~ a$3pl.ee"
 77

1
b~ ~ ~ n-l'- ob1ld~. f~vq ~ ehUdNl ~ With ~ .1n tilt)
t1na1 _ ...... heN ~ P~17 onl;r ~ ~, the banl~ Ofthr

haa be_ ~ (el. v. 119ft.)_ \he ~1on~". In aJ)"V OaM

he ~ 1. Mt to &tv. WOft!a\1ob but, to ~ • p,te\Uft of a ON$l.

,~C.....

l46. ~t tWao at ~ U\ Ol!ld. v. 222.

147..." ~. ~'. pa1~ (of. it. ltd. v. '18). The p~~t

linea ~ " HWO~ ot ~~ ~ = ~ J)I'Ologu.= cf."~_

tlaMdfl' tv.">' ~ ...- (v. "h ~1' 1• •1.~ (v" 4S).

14'. ~: at td~ ~. tip of t.hG '~M, III ~ ml.lea ~fl
Co~. A~~t (\ bo14 ~1i'm em the ~ t._•
. . . .ltD!a.'"~ (of. CiA" Ja all 4~. 94J A\l. 5. 9. 1).

&twmco thtB pltJt. ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M a aom ~:ut \\h1cb w

0Ul ~ o~lJ' ~ tb~ . - _ of ~ta ~h. A~ or ~ ~r

~t ~ .k\ moA of tho PllO'SJ ~all3' too.. ~.,. ~t a

maJOl'--~»• •o---le~1A\t.ac-_ ~ aot1«t,w1tb-~ moal ie~r- - --

~U Me t~ tIu~ 8\010 ~. 2 ~ ~t. Nt.\N0 18 BIQJ'e

pR&1W" 1;;. pbilo..,t.cal 1A ~ \haD. tor ~. tho ~. in tb&

1 "
':ie~·l=;-:: r.~''',,~~.l.,~~ (~.
:t
8. ~ ~~. p, ;ea, fJUIIIeAe that the cont1dant.G. 3ft
~ ~a of theM· . ~ of the M\ll U 1\ cl&eh$8 ld.th t.he
~0Aal.
 78

P~.

1;()""4. Brady (p. as) £eels that the Nurse is here pretending to side with
Medea's aims in omer to oalm her and compares sa ..Ia 3" 39, 3. However
that :may be, Medea (v. 1;5 ft.) firmJ.y rejects the Nvse's advi136 to :'t'~Y
on deceit - she is thus very different from Eur.i.pides' Medea (of. E. lied.
vv, 260.,3) ..
150. Note the emphatic juxtaposition ot "seoreto" # ltabditos".
1.51-4. Note the repetition ot the same idea. :in different words - 8.

characteristic ot $«necats prose style also.

153.. This line recalls Pub.. Syr. hg, .510 (8) t "qui bene dissl.mulat II
ettills intmioo nocet. tt
1;'-4~ Note the effective use of ant1thesis - a t~equent feature ot .§.entrem~

(at. w. 15'-6; 159; et(4)~

1.54.. »,emYnt pd11V such personitications of abstracts are common in semi-

proverbial expressions (ct. vv. 155; 1;9 etc.).
1;6. cMmel~1 an archaic verb, usuall;y memdng Dtio stealtt but used reflexively
.. in.. the .sense .of -".congeal onesel£ft-ber-e anQ -inHl ¥~ 'lSf9..·- - .
157_ UR~im satt's aga1n reminiscent ot Ov, Her" 12, 155. Ct. vv. 27;
593" _~Ym' reters not to the first :instinctive impulse but to the
considered emotion (see on 'VV. 116"'29) and note .s!e Iri 2. 1, 5: ttD.J.es:bnp1ex
est, hie compositus et plura eontinenslt • Ct. v. 381; !Jl v .. 97;; fhe.ed.
vv. 255; 263 J AI. v. 20; tor other ca.ses 'Where a nurse or confidant urges her
charge to .check his or her metue_
158. ~oit§.. M mSefU~ Seneca. is tond ot the oommon Latin idioml whereby
-. P',p ...-

1
See Fordyoe, p. 209 (on Oat .. ;6, 1) for examples.
 79

aD wlJeeti'\!'& l\1Wo~. a MUD. of ~ ~J ct .. 1n Id.. ~"furorls

~titJ (v. '86» "pl1da &lac16aff (v. $). See , . ),~ abat~ tor otbf.l)r
tautolo~al ep1tbfata.
159-73* stichomythia, ~~ by Swle. to a con~" in .levelness. tlote
hOW Modea pick. 'OJ) the ~'. WOIde and. in rebut,t4l lnco• •tfj$ them 1n &
~ of h.~ Ctm. "loeum ~uatt (v. 160) 1. ~4 by "vlftuti 100\1,,"

(v. 161). ,... null.e.tt (v. 162) b7 "'aU "u ape~ • •,..M n1hU" (v. 16,h
Jt~hatft (v. 165) by ttatlpeftatft (v. 166) in SI.\M u..w~t1onJ ,,~. by

~~ (v. 168)& "P~" h7 fftupe" (v. 1.70)J ~ft h7 fttugUtf11t

(v.. 112), ft~, .. (v .. 17') h7 ~. ." (v. 176).
159. ~~= ~ prov-eJ'b1al ~fll/d.oJl. lifote tt4 plal on
'WONS:tn."l.9~ ~ (of. ~.. tJM xabrll", NJ,.. v", 46'}1I 'lhe
~1'b is quoted with Idnor var1at~ by lWl1 Lattin wr1te", ~l T_•
.b.Ia. 1. 4. 26 on. v~t. ve~
1
10, <a.
1$ lncorponte4 by.>
Seneca (II. 94, 28) ~ a ftffi ct his ~ .. ft&U4eatelll tmurta iuftto. pip$,"
ipse etbl olu.lu,ttt, :Ln a ~ where he 1. drtJlsh1l the val.uo of «Judi
ma.wJma ,,_ Hd__ ~1LJ\ GmilRr~ ~ ~1~~\'LlOJ't,un~m V'L_ 176L
2
;20. It wst luwe been piqwmt t .. the audience to hear tW. of aU people
takJ,q 80 sto1c a vifi'tliP01nt.. As M.edea,f. 1'6Pll" in v. 161 ~3t. Ul.-to#ltl.in$
otten til ~ ~UD1t7 to dlspl., OMta ~.. ct. J!Iu. 4, 2t
"~ue m ee; sed Wlf1e .clo, cd. t,1bl fOJ't,Wla non 4a' taoultat.mm ~dae

1
Ct. 18.8. ~~ nA. tOI" further ~e.
2
Ct. Ca$~'$ ~ (AI. v. 69a) GJ'Id Jocmatata advice (2d. v. &6).
 81

m, .a ltWut MUlar'. ~rp~t.ion "b7 whom. t,hw ~It (1. 24l)

acoo-l'da nth \M pomt wAde 1n w. 920-2, and 1. mGft pJ,autd.ble thAn tingel7 t a
".foU eee whoa. m(,tth... I -.tf l~.ra& ~t8 (p. :tI6).
11'" ! . . . . ~•...b_l1~i!• •miu Leo (1, lS5) Ul4,Y be d§lt 1ft
aeeifta heft 1m .chG 01 ~f ~ Oft Me4ea (Mt) Oft v. 133) .. Ce~

the l'efiltftlftCle 18 to the .,. VtG4ea. ~J.eI;r$d. hw tathitJ'..

176. he OIl v. 1'91lf flvj ~sent 11M lWte$ 01. . . the S\o1c vi_ that
tol'tune • •to. 1ft the ~ of tho _~Iio.. no~ tn. tAt.nor lU~ (ct. 5.
66, .23)" Seneoa mI7 h&w had m rd.mi .b\tft Ace", ~ VI, 619-20 (lh

"nua u .. u "~ FoRUM a,,"~ • •/ \1~ qulY1tJ at, v.t~i ~

qu1'ri.tft., .9111' Madell ~w k be ~ back to thl' 1Ul".t. ~ta

(w. 1&4-5)$
\ -' "
rrl.. . . ' COft'eiJpOJ'l$'~ t~ k c{ { {-r '1 v' ~ ~ J\ Ao. ~ .. j wit..1t 'Wbicb tl~ ~
t_pd1'ans • •oiall¥ ~., (lIl.g.. 1ta v. 392) 80 olton bftak ott conVGl"aat-
10u or . .olol'leG ~ • new ~ .teft. ~. !\r.a!\: as Qnseq
(p. :t16) point" out i the .~ d.oo~wt 1. oR. eqtl07ed. bl' flant'tW
_ _n' _and~~~anT&O~~-~e-oI-a.~;'-"~"-U t'aN ift-- ----
SeMCaJ the onq o~ ~l.e. ~ 2S. w. 911, 99'J J& v. 254.
Ai
11S. ~: thh _.,_ot1ve
otten hae a ~ of ~ (of. fa. v. 753.
AI. v. 6". Vtt;ra• .Maw 2, 106t 1'2. ~. ttaI: aml1ta unvaUvetJ
oo~v t~l¥ 1ft tl1.e tt\lpdi•• , a. 1n other wthoJ'8~ to depict ~ and
pas.io nate UPI'. ~ uRge baa a ~ bue 1n ~ stoie b~l.tet

that the soW. upamla __ oontl'Oll.e4 by de.uv 01' paee1tm (et. m 1, 209,
 82

0__ ~_ .s ~ ... 'tI.tt ~a ball ~ :wit ~ as ~

hst1 o~. ~ det. . . MIIM!lf' . . ~ C~ ~ bel' a ~te

ot~ ..,.
~ ~ ~ 1n At;. ~. w. Z11!""356 b&I Wl\l~ ~ca

to a ~~. The ~ of ~ __ 1$ ~ _~ d a lew

~. iA ~j ~~ .. tJ\(t ~ _ WI4 o.t thtl ~" St::r_

~ by ~~.tf* But ~ U'e ~veal d!Ltt~s of ~*l

_ ~ ~ ~ bw ~t. ~ 4Ut6c1' .tmm tbo.ae 3.n ~ide.1I

both in ~ and a the ~al ~er.4On _'1_ tben bJ~. Mdt.

~.f# ie ~t. SA p'lMd.

, .

1lCll"'~CIl .m a ~ ~lt ~ uae a ~t. of

1& ~. ~ ~ C~_
a ~ . . ~ ~.2 c~ 1s ~ ~ (~ ~call3' v. 3$2
tt.) .... ~ of ~lt (fl.,. ~ tSt'llO.-. v. 494) to ho aft etf~lvli

-~"'i~i~~ ___~~~~~-------

nod ~ ~ v.~U1q. Y4 tbt# ~ 10 not diiV'OU of lato~. ~t.

1. ..., .~€}a (ft. a:G-'2J ~OO) • • • fdfGOt1w blond of ~*

~~~"~aW~.iI 14gaSa.~~m

~, ~ ~ "b1to" in w. 19~J ~. ~ 1n\~~ing ~Dt1on

of ",.-db111_ (~w. :tI,It.).

1
5a$ on w. l~J 2,5-6; a1.3.
2
n. l~ and B. tif~., 9l 62 (1967). 112.
 119-80. !iok tl*t. 1ft f. .. as. w. ZIl-6 9 O~ ~. ~ ~ . , ...

at the ~mdRi ot ~ ~.
l1ll...;l. Hot. ~ t.1W. w • •a-S. tJ~ thtlft C. .t • t~ aft mGft

fPi,lJ.Ac • •_s "~~t a f~ ~ aft. 8M p. 3S abovt~. ~

~.

16'. luan ~tfJ tt4e point (w. 490-1). ~,. ~s.om. 1\ QOlJ 1n

b1s ~ . . . <!al. w. 45).0.4).

16'" ~~; t . ~lAW ~.I ~ w" :no, ffl2J lE.. Y. SSl.
116 ft. 13i." tttelt ~ ~... Cr«m ~. l~ ~.,~ ,1
point_ GU.t ~ ~t. ~ in ttw. f~ l~fl ~OauJ to a
~l«w pa'ttte_l ., .m,~v- ~ .. _t0N, QOj,~ QI ~ ~~

or OM ~ ~. tbllft ~8IQ. !lirA and ccw. .t.on le~. Ct.

M. v. 922 fl., k. v. SOJ f'.• Bl '!i4v. It. ~ •• ~ ft. 4tft.n Sa
tha\~~~~~.

l8£.,.;1. €Uta_., e,. 49) ~ I. IS. v .. m .. \be . . . . of ~. 1.... but

l·
E.C. !f:,•• ~ ~ __ ad ~ ~ pJItir" s... ~ awb lftJIif,(lr
. eJ~_~_~~'rUIa_~ ~ fJt ~ ~ ~Jl!JJ t~~~. _ __ _
b~tblsto"~~.~ft._.puttot~1n

~ ~ of tbct Pw~I8Wf (,. 17S) _ cltM ~ ~. ~

~t. ~ ~ to ~ tlU. ~. ~ p1~. of tbQ tacS4l

~~ ot l'W.f. . . . . ~ .. w. ~J IJd-6J .a49-6l. ~
 84

eh~ 10 ft'. JS6....1.

1.....1}O. Tho,. ~ to ~.~ ~ ~ .. ~ of !l. Ill. v. "Sf}
190. ~l I. . . hId~. bU' t~. ~ aw.~ of .I-
19a-iOa, l~ ~I t;O ellA' ~ ~ • ~ ~ t- bwr . n t h1
.. " ~ . . b . . ~ ~ (w. ~7. &6), b.ta oW_tila, ~
. . Me ~'W bw~. trw J~ . . .~ ~. (w.....,Si $ ,
241), the~tr to-, ttwm tit ao\ hoft ~ (w. ZI~J 01. w. ~l)
_ ~ C. . Dw." ..... h. tim· ~ , .. hs1UVti.'8 ~

'-.a ~(w. 24"4).

.drIII'
~.. ~~ ....2
192.
~ ... ,.....=tb..~ ••
,.~ ~ tbt.\ the ~ M~ . . . ~". but. the
w _ _ _ _ ~~w
(w. 935-6, k. v. 'al# a y.. l2Ol) do - . ~ \h1G w.~. Tbe~
.u- ~1_ in Bt! iit4", v. m,. ~ ~ ~ ~. mt ~ tJlf~
18 ..
~.
:1".
..=
l\ifJM7~"
.~ up ftf\aa&",. ". 190.

194. ~ ~ to ~ ~ te~loBf. • plo. up c~••

-~-(Y-4i----ml- at .~ i\--ahl'\l ~u.oa,-tOJt~.~~ --
a~"Im -M1os ~ a"'" ~*
19'. ~ ~_ ~ (v.
the ~ 1'5), ~ft!·(v. 194)J (•• 196).
OftCft•• .'h
~'k ~ ~ m ~ of~.. ~. the t~e

1
For o~. ~_ lo\ltdob ~t4 slw,a • lepl ~t ~ Ul 'W. 17a-4J
1l!a. v. 6tS, lata. 'f'. '59, ~w.. Z'fl.Jl!lJ.
2
JA. a (1%). 49G.
 85

(ot.1l v. 502~ k. v. al4. atm. v. 654 ft.).

196. ct. Bmta. 't. 660, Ja. v. $ . tor VfIq a1~ ~'-. Not.$
al,tto ,b. v. au tt.
191. ~ of. w. 6SO, If:lJ1l, m dldl.&t' ~. . . . . . . ~
(p. :u.s) t. ~lM. m ~ o\bM- t~_. AI eou. (p.. U6) .~:ti.,
~Ji (p. 1£7) 1ft WfODI to . . he" U. ~ 01 ~ .u~. thA\l
~ . . . Mt ~ ' " etb.f' ~ (o.g, 0.. ~ 2, 222).
len . ~. cfaWl. ct. ft. 246, zn-" 489.
199....aoa. . . . . (p. 90) ~le ~ tttq ~ a ftto~ to Cl~. hG~J

vt. ~. 1IQ 2$ "elha ~ ~ ~fi. 'fhe ~ ~Wl' 1. ~

. . . . ot. ~9 v. 42J. I. BIml. v. 119.

••

~l ~ ~ 0. . \bat, • too U ot ~ birth.

204.. .-.u..~ ~ l.S.b loft (~. w. ua-4) ~. be ~ 1ft ~
~_11~1t . . . . <ala" 10. 2).
2(11-',. . . ~'- . . 01. w. »-1.
20). llalt&t .. in v. m. For,. ~lu ~ . . . .ltion of fAl....

kt .. e~, ~~~ Wl.th__ .soletl (v~;no)~~~~,,-~~~ ~t ttle' Ut~ftl.l

of.

~ot~,.

alO. MId.., _ ' t . tlto ltUM, of.. ClV.lIl\. 6, oce.

ala. l«&B~JJL"t.u...JL~t a vivid ~ (et. ~d k.,.,...
Y'~~ ~f. JA. V:. as). A.~. . . . . lWea ~ '~ et th~
bomeIlIa4 Gbo ... l_YSns. ct.. v .. )OJ.

al3. ~t ~ five. flov :SatiG the SlaG ha, mtkiol tbl!l

shore. ~ (~~) ... ~ did ... ~ah ~.. to out '0 au
(ot. Plb. 4~ 41-2, 3W.. 1" SO. P.U.a~·Lli. 4, 12. 79). ~"'t ~ hen

lOur Seneca (New Haven, 1941).

 86

111 ~ca'. ~., but ~ . ina aWla¥' ~ 1n ntn. LIi. 3.

. .
la, 12l.
2l4. ~amt,""l!.t~.!~ the ~., ~I * touob of btlOOUr
Sa the "80 of \b!.$ ~ m1l1tu7 t.rm .tor lUCh ..uc ~. Jl91,.t..HJ
.t~.la ~t:tv ~ to theD .l'r"'c_~ ~lda (ot. III Y .. S4S;
DlfItd. v. 40. j&. v. alaI Vera. _ . 1,. 490, 11, 66,).

21'. Ddl.' et. BE. v. 24'. fAt~t ~ 11ft4 aeu" the ri.ve~
Tbo~ at the UtNtt~ of the Blaok So (fJI. R v. at.'J 'va. .Ala. 11.
6'9).
as. 1Jl!l?JGi. AU. ~, b1\tes-l¥ eob.oe4ia v. 10rt7. ~t. ,*,S.t.

.~J to.,. tb3.s ~ of ~, 01. "IV_ zt..8.

%1.9-22. HGtl. ~ 1t cl~ \hat hUt t.u baa ~licat1on. tal" ~J
1
teRun. OM humble SJ:I' k1ng OJ» maot waltb. Tbe t1ekl.... of toritune
(ot. w. 2S6. S6a-9. DiIfl. v. 1.J.2....') artd the consequont ~~e of
l{irAleb1p (or. w. 2SO-? Ill. w. 1....0. 911. v. 11; .AI. w. '7-9) t1ad treqwmt
«lip"". in the t~.i!
222-S. ~ ~ .mow ." htIml. an4 ~ta~ . .t (.tit n. 252-7)
9l.Ia. 1. ;U. 4-S • ... 90. 5), thus tllq
----------------
'1:JIfq ~t$ _~ tort~ 01"
- - - - - - - - _ . _ - - - - - - - - - -
.learn
- - - - - -

to wlth~ 11$»: blow (d. lrs.. w. 259-6', 694--7). Medea;18 ~ the

war r. her own l"eqUe. (VV'. 249-51) ..
28-". III E. Ill. w. 476 t., 515. ~ a180 po1wta'M that «413 saM
 S7

I.... 1
ii't.ftJ ~~ aN \wo pa..... a OYld ~ ~.~ it....
-It also th£I4el1~ 01 the ~e <14. 1, s" k. la. ao) . . . . . .
~~ wJba1 ~\1tJ. U'$ .:up' eM ~. ,~ ~ th. . at ~\tC'

l~. . . . . . . \h$ _ ~ 11\ v. 4A It. a

226-,. HeI'e _ ...... ~~ ....~ of Wbl~. .". We

haVe a. ~ of ~. ,_~~ at ~ ad.. b~f alluai-.

to ~ ~,..it ~ of _ _ poe_ _ ~ ..- . ~oSl\I Or. Ill.
11, ~2. IIM....t.u•..aIJP...il1Ia- of. IW. 91. 1. 1. 2. lJR.....u.&..l. . .
. ',fIlIMII fSt. 0&\. 64. 4. ,1I.14M""• • f. Cd. 64, Ie. ~ the
-~ ... u.. ~J . . ti ••• .Au. n.
231.
"1. -.. ~ tv hi. ~. ·114 v1tioa.
aD. _ ....~t tort .110 ~_ .t ~S)·.l I
.. w. ,n. 512.
a.. ~..t~l MI. (p. :un) "lNf).~.t. t~
~J7 ~ Me tm;. " ' 1 . of 1l~ ...... --.l ~,.k
~ Ja4a~'" GA. ~., 1& ~ .~. ~•• , . . . - -

~ bave A~ tor ~f41 ~.,.p ... ~_wba.t ta _0"- taMP _______ _

mthe ~ c_. A.V."' ~ p. ;:q ~ tor·~ ItI'UOh ~ 1ft 1'k4•

.ror ~ of. 1JIIId. ,..144, ~. v. 6l6.

;G't I1iJtttttUw u.e of ~.

m"'"'" ~;"'.ht! Mlllrt~~t tor tb1. ~ on

• • ~.. ~a 01.. w. 471...$.

].
ct. a.l.I'IO Ov. Utz.. 12, 7' ft., l1.5J 1971 lid. tq. 1 •
.2
tit~
.,.-- _
l-... ~ha A\.A,. ....
... _
1_ A~'\f'!L.tn\
- . - ,." •• _1"""<#7, ""I
"- .4_
;11_.'1.1 __
"~~I
"~ii l~~_
. . . . . """.._ I I
 88

~t ~ ... W __ "(M~~now).butb.~

~up tor: JaflOD' ~ ~ him W ~~ Cftont.~. ~ Obi....'.

~ and aU1~'!I.lb r4 a. ~I }~•.• ptl'Obl~ U pat 1ft teas

ot"~lI!

~'41\ .. ~ to ~ ....11 t~ t.M ~. Ie ~tq

tbat ~ Clt.Su.a !a w. ~S.

4\4. ~: 4,...
ar.6. ~~. ~. fo.r ~ tll\l "'lf3$ web ~~. Thea 1$ nD
~ ~~l to ttd.e bQtd ~ ot mu~.l ~ .~ has ~ tha
~ tv ttoW.o1.... ~ H.I <~ _1N....' (w• .P$'1....e). ~h
~it in~. ~ Wif :w.,...S _~ it. el.... tba\ ~ • • "... in
zdAd~. ~ (,. 496) . . . a ~+~ ~,! t~ t.b&t
~o.~UQ~tolthe~~~.~,
/
_ ,~. ~ l'~lOn t~" ~ _1ft.. fbfIletJil,
. .tiaa Lo.. ~ ~".taU_ batt __ ~~ b7 ...... fta,~ff tot.. w.
19a...aoa). ~ thl.. ~ ~ well wUl \be ~lMU. ot w.
_u __ 241....fJt_ ()~ ~ ~ , . . _~ ty ~ hO$Jl~1trJ WlW ~ 18 .~ ___ _
~ ~ l'101It? "Itatlll' of. Mr -.lMtGl. of tbh pb~ in 'fl. alO•
. 24,....,1# ~ .. ·echo of ~. M. w. :U.,.·-i.. ~ picked up by
~ (Y. 2U).. lIIIllaD~ot# M. v. 998. ~t~ m ftgd.~. ~untM~

(~"hn. ,. 1(5) ~ out that. ~ I~ ~ woN in tl»

~

.as2-6.
Wl'kfJ •
~ the _Wdd ~tq ot ibGfM ~ wl.tb tb. ~n. ~
 89
•
()~j .. ~ U8It of ~ _Md_ ·ot ~ c:taa~. CNUft to
~~ to ~~t. ~ (ft. ""'lJ -..,). l'a ll. ad. w. ~,

CIVlIM ~... GUdlar ~i. .

2$2-,. ~,u.t~t..:u .. lId!!!. _Mol \1. ~.

eJ-.6. 1I!Idl.!dfIlB't.~J Gt'. III v. 104. ~. doee . . ~
~ a\ a.ll in his ~ . . , . . 1& __ . . of J~'. ~W» t. l_~
~(t

259. Ullil AulMa1 ~ ... tbR Ja ~t8 ~. ~ 18 WM4

~ ot~• .-oI . . ~~ ~ ao~l ~ (u MJfe"
ill Dil. v. 1"").
a61t .. ~u.. of o.t. lIlil 7. "', ~ ut ~ pta eA., ~
SJ'l9ia ~ dttu Jo ~ d~~ ~ ~~.
26J..4. In 0\1. Ill. '1, m...a. IU(I:l tak_ laO paJt, 1u tb~ l~r of hl.W.
tRIll- ~ n.~ dMlti u. ~lOlf<&1d4. w. ~') •
.:a6,. _ . ~. (pp. ~~ Oft 0&\. "~, 3) • •ft'G8 . . t. ~.

__~ \0 • 4ft ol.MlSoal Lat4a..... lIfIitr, . . . 1' ~ _ l'lN

_ __ ~ to_.~~_.~ot., ~all7_~ . . .~~_f§!!~ ••• _. ___
· __ ~u~~ot~SU·~tboplUl\ll~t"'.Q_~

~"H ft."" ~~ ~ ••• ood.u" ~$ ~ta unwl\u.as

a~~, t.be ~ of hl1aa. 1\ 18 l.:t.bl.'J tba\ the dUtlOUltq of

tb18 ~ U ... \0 tiM fut; *' .~ .. ~ 1\, ~thei' ~
~ other ~a (-. on w. 269-71) ~ 010. Qal. 1. 10, w.l.tboU\
~~ ~~ It Wto 148 own . .~.
 90

2~1l1 ~.~ Md ~ ·helpGW~ 0...,'" ~u...

266. ~t oal¥ MR ill .l~ Lttift, ~ 01. . . v. 1SO~

"0 __~» ~ ft' .-h... uUt_.. u Cllf al.110 etc. fill. ,. 6.

~ ~

20~ ft.~ .. .
'itloI ••• w._.,
269-711 d. Cu. !ill. 1. 101

~
~~.

It
tf~. . ~

llbeJa
~ ~t . . .

M:I p;Ab~ __till'

- ~ .....

~,A..U.,~!
~
JM4. 1,

thMo ~ in . . ~ (of. v. 106 ft.).

m. ~!1JM' b7 M'f' w1~ (ot. w. 4fl4l flI) . . b7 betr

wJ.~. SA ~ (ot~ v. 10Z1).

2'1~1 for> ~. . . . . . . . .t. w. JQO...6.
It1:r4. • •• - . ~14a .Yell b7 ~ ftP»tlt1on of ~..... ~~

:rra. 1BIt. . ~1 tt. VtI 489 lop .. ~ ~ h ~ ~

u.. pod,\1tM.
m. .... ~. of. w. &6. 489.
Zl4. B1li* 1.~. w;S.th ~.

___ _ __::tI$-9~ ~..~~ ._'- \b- ~ ~L!'f# _lft1l. Ml- v,. l'lk _ _
~'t -.u" h \ ~ ~__ tho ~. d wll . . ~tiaa tJiam

281. ""'lJ' It........ i. ,... ~ ftk 30m ~• •\bd' \Nm

.... ~ ....,8. ~ la.d" 2 . . II ..

28a_ ~l a poUt ..,~ b7 ~~ the HGQGJ 01. w. 20SJ
 91

the ~M.t. . . . . that ~ tbe ~ . . bo ~ IlWla

~ b, tho ~._ oo~* .0\0 that tho ahilv.. aN_ aI'$

in-

~ in .\be. ~~ (unlike B. liU!. w. ttl" ",). J

as,....? ,.. \btl ~ of aIL ct. n. 47&-81. , . tb6t ~~ of
Wit ~7., 01. w. 219-22J 56&-9.

~. ct. Ja. w. 1tl)..Jf

bIG". ...... ~J .. ~ ~

aato ~ ~.\ ~ UlU.

a~ dolOft$ UUo.
2$9. ~~t ~. of haw. J.. 39$$ V.... iIB. a. ~.

290. ~I the~. ~ ~ tJte ~9

290-" ~ ~ ~ tq the . . . . . en p1~ up ~ ~0" •

..... 10k ~ ~ (v. ~),t ~ I!H ~~ ('?~ 291)~

~ C•• 292)_ ~If (V. ~).

~""f ~ I.
JIit. w. 'Sf)...l. ~t plGke lIP ~ (v. ~).
lkG7 . . W~l. . . . \he ~ poirlt that -.slid' ott.,. ft.
_________ . ~tm~R~---~• •udllo to _Me. Ja-vJJ.iw-Ot ~eque
in tlld~ p.1Ilft,ft (v.. ,1)11 ~. .u.JII.!JJ" of. w. '99; W, atd note en v.
1011.
:1}6. ,~t \b1a ~r t'-1 AII'1O'Ql~ 0C0tUW el.~ m th~
,~•••.~ at 1ft. v. l123.
:trI-3. ct.. It" Dd. 'IY" 'S2w4. and Qa. as. VII, 224-S (8). "ad. k ~
lw1ne hie ott~"1 ~•• tt
300.. tt!8WL-u.LAi!.It U. ~ ~ echo • v. 98'.

).

~"Il'.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - -
- - - -- - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -
 92
- - - - - - ------
 93

Di.$taet$ for nav1gatitm ie t:3tJ'1"e$sed tb:ooughout ell¢if)lnt l,.tt~ratuwe fl"am.

n~a1od ~. (,2R .. 'I/V .. 2~6-1); 1 and" under th~ nQD~ Empire waa,s a e:Li~h( of ttl"')
rh,~;tor1~al $CnoollS (cf,,~.:n .. 2J~!" 1).. ~trm'f$ natural diatl'!l~t of the
tl'@tlchal"o'Us a~). W"a~ gi lr""....l1 a, ntot"Q.li~tin ba.si~ by tbJ~ vi{;w ¢rth~ Oyn1Jt$ and
e

<;ll/irtain of the ~'t.lo1~s that. l'tdUl is dQWJ;'lf'all hat~ b\}~"1 b~{!tlt. about :maiJlly b'JY

kd,$ t;iW(l invontiana, Md in pli\1."itieular tihat by vGmt.uri~ on t.b'S ~a.jil;~ ha;:;

d~@t~ ;t':rom his :r1gil'i;.£lll pl~c~ in th~ div1n~ order i'!)f thing~ (Itt!' ~ ~w~~n"est4""";;
anhliU homon If CQltf,(ll.,. 1" ~"fj)" In the Gol.dtm Age the~ 'Wm:rt~ no ~hipl,l£
(~.f", llraii" w" l~o-l; V>!!;rg,,~q J~3; S2~ ~!!.t:.. 1., 1;30j Ot/", I~!. l.~ 94; n~l"J
,Q!. 1,. 'il n; Tib.. I, 3,:3S tt"j i!.~ v .. 3:a9 IT,,; lh§..~!1 .~~ ''0) .. :ti~;t1~6
13'I;..ro.ng di,8a.ppl"'QVal i~ !r~qu.~ll' expresse.d for the f'int $aa voyage (IT:t:',, Ro:£"1'

~'" 1,\1 j~ 9 ft,,; Ov. . ." 2~ ll~ 1",,6$ iTop" l~ 17,., 13 ft~g :tuo q ,~ 19')"

Th1:s f~t p&1"t of the ~ho:t"IW 16 ~&tly :1ntluel'tCed by' H"l~ ~ 9j" 1~

S!J 9-241> Tb~N ar~ WJl.e olear t~~al lJ"l1.tationl3 ot th1~ odl'f; afl{l it$ ;1l1'~

fluene~ ~~ ~ trtleed th~ghout." ~ecat$ 'litr_tlll;m.t, 0:1: n()l.~oe in th1~

~Ql"U$ a.cc.Qa~ W'~ll Y.ltht~ views oo1mitati<m that. h~ ~r0$8ee :in M.!tO
u_ - - - - p;roS('l- work~ 1iQ~pp-; ~~-~-:-z,~ abwe}~~~a$ 4il~\i~~-n1smoaer,li by-alqla!l¢tng

1~~1i (c~g~ :tn Via",. 3So-60iJl bycbanging th~ omGX' Qt WONS (.$'G:~ ~;l w .. 301-2)~

and ba.$ 'bor:rowed d~tail$ t:rom oth{}l' f;«'Il$$.i~iS (e~Qiallw f~ll1 OVid) ~ud·t:,,"O\I.~

1
$saK<}P'. Smithr .~ ·~~Ii {let oo~~ 19JJ~ Nprlntocl~
D~t"liwtootJi 1904}, pp.; 2A I £Ql~
wm;.r ~pl.@a~
2
This point was particularly e.ppeali.ng to the Rom;m3 19 tmO had X"'~nainGd to:r
$0 long a people or tarn~er$ (el" no~" 1$ 13», 4~ "111..$ 1"u.di$, 111e)
p<tstot'ie1u6 populus II vli}r~que tel"l'osteru'1
94
 95

Ie2\> and ~ei . v~ 530)"

306-S~ :goeminilleent o£ Sen ... Pmmx. 7., 1 .. lOll 1ipa.;rva rj'.atEi~la ~aiU1.ijf,it :r&ta~.,

Of" 4111$4) Ana;hcal"td.s\Y mmt.Y~;nt en the nea.:tne$$ ttl d(fs,th of. uld.:torfJ (:0'1 1 " },J

l03}lJ ~d Ju.v~ 12jJ5'1 ££9& 14" 2S9"

'ffl . iW~..1~l.~.~ et q m: V'i> l24,. !t...qm. v" 304"

309-11 g. The star-sand winds wre!;lot Yfilt know" Thi$ thll'1!"l!(I) ~~lso is f'ott;nd
an HOI",. ia. . 1)1 ,,, 1~6.;i hilt Sen~e.m h;~:s a'lfoid~~d v!ll:~al imitat1Wt ;l/If:'OO@lY~ tQi>"

'lO" .!.~~,~!~"A~161;;i:tf.Yl:~~~~; this ~tapho:r ;is app~e,ntl~j" llWtl'i:,

1
u~ad in IJliI.tin Qf th~ ata~ !ttl Manil" 1" 445 fT 1tCft.!!ll.W.n d~pingitur a~tl"i$~1 ~

lj.~ ifS al$O uhd, ff~tQ,pbcl~l~ally ;in ~,;; v" :311 ~d lel;»~ $trild,ngl;]' in m!
V'll ~l:ll; lhf!~49 v.. 46", Fcf" ano~n~li' 11'k1&1y metapilO~,? f.n:ml art.; cit> v" leI
abO'<I~" ~tapnor~ t~),l p-~in;i}:l.ng roid $~ulptu.l!·;a aJ;"tfj! nrat ¢tiOOr~l!on !U'l thD.)· t;r>8.gfJdlo0
. ---G;r-tnlS -proS'!1r WQl.ir~q~-Cont:a!rtpt-~a.:rt.-md .a~A1Iatn-paaIiruN -iTo:.rfl;}(fU.%'lSO a ------'

~fmu.rd'qg them in· stoie and C~c tb(ll~tt,;d ~ Iu. !U!).l 1$, t\'l.ou ti}UV1!" f'l.ddtll';Ql~

).
Pel',baps S0llt'lca "i1l'afil-l].St) il'ltluek1e~ by ~ont~po~%"J ~pr,.~~l\}ntat.:1.on$ of tbe
$ueh. am tili;il ~1'\"1ng ~i of: the &i.'ti~..~ in tie1."OWl',ll {kYld\~n
IMllt,VIfmSjI
Hot.u;."S (S~~t" ~Jl.. :31)", Note tootMt on !l!m,a oecasiQu tIl!;) if~ri:W.il (aWi1.,'k<>tS)
in a tlleatre bad !}.unted M ::i;t, !1(~ro .Q~ thQ; ~od in a chariot, <%U";Of4'4 st~~
(D"C" 63~ 6$2)"
2
l~ot· ~.j,ple!S in the ·tmg€di~s J! e~ Cant.or (po 1.13) j t~):t.> thf)~~ :in 'i:,hr.~
prese; \'i'Ol"k:s, 1iWi~ St.ejlliS (p". 116)"
 96

ut in nu,l1ertliJ\ libta~Uum a;rt..iwTh p~tores ~eil;da.mtl l'lO'll magia qilM ~ituariDa

1
.aut ml'U'momrlos aut ce'ter,oB lU'~,1;U:'1a~ min1ISt.~ .. tf HO\'f0"<ie:r it i?5 lik.ely that
in thilSl ill.!!ttter 8.$ in O't.nGcs».2 Seneca. ~ ph11osophical tl1eori..ea ~ in QI\m-

tllct with hi$ real (jJr~tionfSi 0 His t~~i~s and pro$&-wo~r;s ri)",eal. a pQ"..j(J~

hl pi0toml 1mag!i.nati~ that la8Y Mve been rCHl)te~d by tbe tine pa,inting.s

of the period (~t" h1$ revealing 1).$e t,f i~"llq'WlM1.~ piator'u in ilt* 113 l1 ;26)"

311-5 ~ As bcf:1:ts th~ author of th~ l71 o(i" ~ 4Sel1e~ ha.$ 1n~~...ti Xl~ s;at.!'Ono=

l,tie~. d.$B@,rtpt~nG irl th('.l t~e~tt~s". Sin,~~ hOilfQ:V(::W b() ~iJeat~ w lT~'ly

t:raditi.onal tea~tUl"atl§ if~ his d.~StUi'1pt1M~ of th~'3 1I'anOUfil ~venly bodieCl J1 it

is (lft.~nd..itf'lcult to deei.de .tb~Z" Ui!4l iG tollo~fing a. datinlt..e IaofiEi}l 01" mlto

UO:tN.li nowuvoil' Ov1(i'ils 1nfloort.<!J0 ~be det0ctedj thGN; is a tirut $tudy of' the

J?~.$Sm.g0S from,Oitld .13li.lem to be b~ vv~ 'l4-!i\>

'1l-2~ ~~q~ of!il Vel"g<t ~!<. lp 7M.; 3 1P 516". "'luviJ.\stS h~r€

:rePN$al'lt.illi !Io~<lM}G:ts§atJ"'i!!Zr~\Sn (Od" l~ :3~ 14).. j,",h.tl nN)ming rla:mg 01 the

. -- --fbt~~--m ____ :a.nd-th~-moml;ng-""tng-in-lhW~tt~~~d-e:t---tlw--tili1o -ef-- - - ---

th~epri,ng aiAd aut'Urltn l~i.ns~

l'
lru:- a liliOOk;1ng pietUl"e or th~ $tri~t Stoic a.nt;i,-a,;msthct(i'JI ct 9. Cic .. ~&~l" l~2(>

2
&~~ M v~ 694 ..

S
~e Herlngton p ~ " 1966 g 1!35-Wil for a rine diSCUSiSion"
t!
But.. as ij(.:mna.;n.n (PI' 51.3) Qba\~FV'e$, in the tl'agedieu!J SGneea. :r.epaat®
tradi tiOft& astrcl'lc.-mici\tl ~1"l"Ol:"$ t,hat h~ r~fttt~~ in ~ii
 97

31'", ~~$.t...i.~~~.: ilr!l4l.u:thea.,l tM goat tllat £7luck~ Z~"J.$ lfiel<ili.t'1

Ol1tmuGl in Ae.bA~ And WtUi s~t .to. the i!lky~ ·.cAlia;1$ Motfn01' h~t"ald oj' rain~

{if Q ~·{n.erd,a.e s1dus pluml~~ Cap~ll3t.!l$t~ (0\1'. M. 'jl 591+),.

.:;nJ.J.-5~ !h:e~ l".hl.e~ M~~ lntluoocedbJl~ (N<)~. 2a 116-1 ~ iijloote/ ~fil"l~

t~ el"a~ $t te 1;,'mt ~stl~ t~bmtn Ii atlm "!'le"'$rat o'01,1q110 t~mollf~

plau$tm llocte,,!lD~. (~. 103 447). ~i~~: 1d.0ntiicaJ. "'4th Ji~t()$, 'the

'kea.t ~ (Q,f .. U.. 119 ~8it 4{i'1) " It 9.ppe~$ und@r th.1$ latter l'la!i1e (It.O~

g~the:r WitJl the te8se:r l~e.aX") in v co 405 9'iitd.le in V'J' 1,9 tber Latin ~r1n WJ1t6IM:\:~~

'''. . at EWlU* l~ 292-300; mt 'VV'a 6-'1~ J\.l$~i t:h1s" tUt3 ~g of ~\!;l ia

$lUe~ p~fl$mble ~Q vf,A;t.t1ean 0,1' lli" With th1~ adjectivif1 Seneca illS ~lib!i;ll:rat.{llj.y

nd.:d,ng the tw@ ~onQepti~s or ~Qr and '~on~ ~f~ n&t~rt<> 874; B.Q 1/" 1523 ..
.,g~.§.: t1:1'& W!l.~on ds1ve;r.. Als€) ,tml.l.ed ~-<t,oph,y~ (~~ Vg BW4.J;l ~3
uinee the eon1,St~llatiGn :1$ $~ neal'" tolls North fol@ ~ it.\iJ ~wlutioo 1$ veJIy

slOW' wd ~$ 1$ its su,gk....ep1th0t (~f.. Cat9 66» 67; Ov" In.,, 2, l'n,
k .. v .. 873) ..·
- u_ ----53ih-a1W!e~-(.lGv~t~Ttw_rJttn___ti~oK orl,;,S*-to'cfie -Windi-(~e-espe~:rally ;---- -----
;;; p 16)., POl' a diaou.$$i~i of Senee~ fa U&l'! or th~ l-rlndl$ in the ly~ie ;passa.ge$

of the tmgedil{:.'ls,t see Cattw (N)~ 81..""BJ*

318-28" it1pb;'y$ t disoClvellY of th€l teehniques of sa.ill..~ &~ d~embed (fo!'

1
Ca'~tin (p.. 16) thinks that this phrasQ re.fera to the Haed1", wbo we:ro
Jultalthf:fa'e children" Ms strained !Jl.terp~tatiQn iguo3Nl$ t.he .relevance of
Ov" k.~" 3;9 594.. rlU"th~r$l #flmlinat ' suggests tile br.:lghtnesa of Arf.althBa.~
l'athe:w than the feeble light of the Jad$ (el .. CiC .. N,Jl9 2.l1 42, 110)0
 98

n~ ~,~ Y,f- "':i" ~ "'" tl!!Je~ .l1~ ~ i"'- ..."--<- .t.L_~..t; ..t: :tfslt m .... ~.t.G- ~"r1-~r">Il I.,~, ('~.\ 1 ~~ l.l'~
l,,'i.t" I4i " .'..,,~ Y!';m.J.$'l-11 ''';;'1&J,..$ aUu ~l.\1i.!,,8 :In vnQ f ..i1~n~~J..u·· J ~ti f'i \ Ji.:;tq.{;) J fJ ~i")<"<.)r." ~
ll\.rho sho-W'$ tha\:t V~Sij:'g11 ts ships ~l'l& Augl1tsta1ili~
 99

&'ii~taphor@' in l~, . . ~ec p" 31 .abwc~ :in tmtlb oth@~ '~:ragedies~ $oe Oahtel';1 11,. lrl;
in tIle pl'O$e t>rork8 J} ~ StGyns pp" $tj...99 " In e'pit~ of Stme~a f 1$ taste fo$'
j\

gj.v:!ng vamous tsituf\!;tiwlli a llfte,wJ. f:lavO'411.' (e",gQ 'If"' .. 192~2(2)~ legal llmtapho;t'a

aro not. ti6U}y as .i\~~quent in the tllag{jdi¢s a$ :in the p:r{j)-~ l<f¢ri,e. ~~

w1th~j/~stiQl1fl (It ~rmat~ln <Ii

3:?J)."JS" li*oUl" t~$ 01 .aailing e~dition6t ~ dl3scnb$d, the £ibt two

(w" l2(}..2) ~ooeemed liI1th wind ti1~et,1on, the $~oond pair 'With l'Jiu,li s>l;.~ngth"
3~lo ~~...m* wen. the~ wt!l.S &. t'oll~g ~d$ thtt sW ~i$ a:!fr',
te~d bJ drawtng on th~ M~et,a ("pGsl1tt~eh@d t() the 'bottQJi!. comer-IS ot' thGl

~ildl).. ifj~£t. 1$ tlJO u~ with ~ in lJ,tc" S#, :til5! ~" '\rq 243.. Not@
alsQ09',. !.l..!l~ 10, 30 awi Verg1> ~l\" 3l\ 26$; hut 1n thel$e pe$~~{1JS ii. if; th,,~

'¥lln.d t'h&'t e.dien.d:s the: ~ilf$", l.1na t on~ m.es¥~ wtla'.t#t II i~ u~a:dCJ;)

~~not0 va.r10u$ Qbjll;Gts r:~ ~'l tlalt~ but. . .~tlJ' o:tlly hf$re (thCj $Ol~'

C}o@tlrr~oe of the ward U th~ t.l~(~dies.) i$ it. u'$ed to'¥:' #~.l~ ~ UQWe"'~:t'p

.t.h~ Qo~ta ~1! i.e b~\l!lintlii .~ wa~ (L8 .. a<} ~ 1m)" &e Pl1nQ
j1J!.. 19;1 ,·,.,6 ffJt; (:~nts 00 the \l.$8 of Unu'ilt :Ul ~l~tdng .,.. al1d th.e~rll

HE v .. l;!~ and LSl's .. ~£1~

321-:a~ 'When t.he%'e ~. a cont~ wind~ ~ of th$ /Sboots \'la;al camt"ied t<rt;..

W'~ and $«c\U"6d to t:!le bow (~t'Ol.ato p~d~ftl 4£"1 Plin" !rJiil 2;\1 128) 'Whil~
'tlhe af'tel"-mlaat waG tri.mtlk,~j thus tb@ sail t1a$ alan~d tor taeld.ng" :this
1
whole ()l»~tiQn Wla~ tmood ~'\.tlllAq~.tt (ct" V0r:~ .&m" 5# 830)fl 11. motMdc

J.
C£;) .Hohler» pp~ 5.3Ji ;5~ wlOre he dis(ll,lsSeS th® pl"'{.1sem. p.a.~eQ
 100

'~

fl"OHl Omt:t~'l.·" l}ro'iri.de$ $. gOfJ'J 1l1'i.lliitl"at:J.<Cl:!''ill

].
l::Llullit:r@,~d by £ .. 1,1~~.Jj;sp ~~E_.~ (ltr,t~}).:d;.! 19(JO), l~lfl.tG ::)~h<>
::it
Cf" C" T1';;)rl"iI,~~.$..!!!~Jib1;ruii (18'1";')' ®{L A" J" pool$~:lr.i (ah:t~go),> 19(,ft.J!l ;p .. 9:;)"

McMASTER UNIVEHSllY UBRl\&)',

 101

;.!~ ;''!l" Plir,.y (yo 19!k- /j.) rt~r$1"$ to t.he to~l withou.t ~g it.. l.t~~Jm~t

Kit,,~~"'t s aSlillia:i:t.im{b'<", tJS'':::) lthat "6.hifi l~~~ l$i) tho\) ~ 8lQtJ of '~e 4JUi:l,"'.

light i~ ll.l!'tlil({-;ly ~ 1'hf;r~; ~" l"afel"t.-nce;$ t() 2.'\-~ topsail$ in :Lu~ian (~i :5 J
<ltrMi Atb~~m.$ U Ii 39). GolQ~ rr.ainaa:ilf:! al$() ~l~ ll.;)t ~(l{r.;;il·a~ (a~f) TOl."4?!i

pp~ ~)~9 fot" ~;lA.J doCUl\IIfi;~df~tion)"

32-9".39.. ee~Qa e&ntr~;t;1J the ~pp1nes@ b@tol"e th@l b~~ of navl~t1ora

'tv"ith th~ nJ.tults ot t»lle £il'trli ~.it.,..voyag~.., Tho tllCtU$l:lt is. QouvantionM ~

nen ~~~ mt~ t..l'<ilndllunt V&da (vv v 21-4)!>

Tilt)! 1!tt~k\ of -t;hfJI p6r:.\-od oot~~sa;iliugli tlm;t it:! irapl1cit in tfQt'iM~Q (f&p;rudo1l5f.g"

ti~aliJtJ) is dt'lVi!Il~~ h3' ~W)~a :Ul 'V"If'.. 32"-34"

'29"",/h Th~ cq$.tlcept !pi thlill Qold~ Ag(J; is found a~ saf'lg' .Q$ U~~.od (~!>

------------y-;-'..tv;- .t'f .. T;--~-6t11~.r [email protected]!bn1$ ~ti.i'a anc[eiit-:rit~i.atuje--ooe -tll~ :!X;':' -- -

troduutoJ.r$ 1"Il:llMl'k~ to tbilff ~hQrue &lfl K.J? S!rd.th~ mf..~:l pp. 2ldJ.-5\t "fr:;.(;

Stoics, who a!iit r~tu~ on. a perklstal., urul~i"St.a.ndablY took up this idea»

pa.rt.imal~l.'Oly PotW.ion1i!.sCS\~H~ ill~ 90J \in&N Seneca c:Citiit¢s l1osi@nj:t,wft ~'ie,,~'

\ ~/-

that ·teeb.ru'~logi~a.l prog~se sioo(~ tooaolden Age ~s dtl~ to thIS .;\ { l C'' ; ot
102
 103

(Ie .. 12; 4).,

334 .. ~~~,$ 4$ ~gar.v (p" 282) !'JOints out ~~ favounte jd~~ in s~~~oc!C

~ ltOl'ae~t.,. lit. .linda l'ahlMilr s1.ani~ ~1?4il$~ion 1n !it 'trq" 16o..1~ ffl~;ta GfJi:'I/

pa.rlT~t:} dool.tls~~1l arid nor.. l2~ 2) 1» 339 1 $t~ieojAe prillUJi.l' tort$~ parwOf~;J1

b.;mti$'. Of~ &4$Q HQir,. Qlv 2, 16.; , .~ 'lib~ 1;; 1,2,,,

ll4~ ~,.,IY/~l&& ~~~lilt~ ~!r,. 1,. 52J 8 9 l$4J ~.. 1, 3, 3;,.

33,....9" Imit&t~ by Ia~ ('p 1~1)<>

33S-&i cl0arll j,ntl~~ed 1'-1 HOJ:l~ 9.&" l~ ~, 21-2"

,'S" ~~t,;L>t~l! K1n~~ (p.. 2tl2) ~~ts that this pb~se{!

i~' /&$$o(jht1o.n ()t ld~aa $'ttggi'$tlft,s tne ~gi_s which und*~~ tboae ~~S?,.t"~~

,~q~ hM b~~lle~'OOd tif'OJl! ~ a~':MytbeJM il Ct", "'f '" 606 f~~ ~foOO$ra
mund.t~"' '.rlw ~pfl(};ti.eal U~ ~,f l_fills ~ c~nti I.md ~i3 ~rl~r se l..utr:«>ot.itm.

th4Zi pb:S-.slst;: ift'0~l"a. rmtum1l11 (1, ;86) 1~ tOtmdll O,fJ>l al~o G~l1> 1$ ~s.t~
6$1 ,~to nattt~M f~e:fe p~ x~v1gi.a$f.~ ~ta lf3!go (;\\3 in QV<t

!jer.. l.8;. 1$$), because it _,. f_~hool Q ~'dnG tel~ on !tlt~ P~11on i.n
ThCS1$aly~

"7" D~~~'i£!!$ Qt" Ovl>. !~" l!, ~1I ttdaX'¢ ve.tbe:ra. p()nton"Dlla!?Jt4t
not Whquently u~ii of (l$X'$; ef" LS"s,!> ~ Imlb,9
338 .. ~~.J1~Umy.!..~UeA~tr!~ etQ Otr~ ~" 4» lO,)2A tt ntT.l.:l.. quota
t~:rrol"i~ pa<t"S so.l~;r~ eSeJe llwi?ttp 'Wbe~~ tb~N 1~ a. ~~tt({1~ce to Scylla in th~)

following :tUfl"
1:19-603 th~l t~lrllylng ttang~l"$ th~~h which AJtlIJ) pj;l.$~OO .s.:re doser;ihsd" Th;:~y

a,:re :btrOOuc~ (w,. 3'9-40) as beulg lil"go-$ punishment, y(;:,(;, the fUllBr
 104

~~mbm~~!j.~,;
<.......... , .. , ... -~.,.,'"... j'<f'"i.....H,<
 105

34!.9..Al."gol$ .f1~-head, ml1d'? trom the telkin,g Qak Of Dodma~ i'lM the ~te~

of speech ( ..\~R" 1» 110)~

350-60" 6eneea htlil ~atly ~anded Ho~eta ftlnen@t:ra l!l!\\tanti!?l.~8 ~" 1:; :3»
IS) :ion th¢a~ M3el"1pt1onB ot Seylla mid thu aben$~ fh~ r~pa<l?too jnt;;;,l"'~

gativi';!\l$ (ml\, '531 35's) aen@ t.h~ ftqumrl1 h , . q\ds Q U q:Ui~9 of U~r\ .Q!", 1» 3~

'50-4~ 8cyll.ao On~.~ beautUul m.a:iden:,l li!I11lfll t-mtl'i tJ:'!anaf'ol'me4 wtQ a llWil$t~r

~Mt l,tved1n tl~€l Ital1&l side of: the strd.t$ of J&e21s~ and h.~m$t1 ~hipp:h.g9

lin a" 92jt 9p $en~cm quote$ thifl 1ii~~~;d.Jl·t1on or S~yl1fi, :in V~l<;g" Mn<l :3jt 426-$"
A ~$cripti¢Jn of SQI'lla. ilSl a£'aV6"lu'it.e liJet-p:J.eQI1i/ hl lAtin poots p> and sin~e
1

theit' a~~Qu\'\ts do nJ~4~ 'Iraq gr.!lmtly It it is d1t:tleruJ:~ to deQidfj i;.gh~ther &~OO

has ~ one s~u:re~ :tn r~~" Owa; !!to )3.., 731..,3J/ sna Ve~Q i!!.. 6$ 71#;; tt~:1 ~
clo$~st. t~ th~ Pft~t pal.ia"t.g~" .il~t1!m11¥!) S~;n~ea had 110 illu~ions ahout

SCYlla} O£Q 1m"

.. 79~. 1~ .~ ~:Lhtnt l!a%tlm 130$0 tilt qu:1d~l non tl1;l"l"it;~!lfJ!

- ---- -- - -

.. -- --,-,o~.- ~~ ·~~!!:-!~~d~ a$:1n()V" ~\." 1>JI 706 Pelo~$ W8.t$ tbll-nG~heil~'{o

Pl"i»l~lltC:ry ot S1cil;r I'

'51~ .nt~..,.J!•.t.s....J1M~$ r,lo€'it writen qree thlt4:t S@ylla had .~ girdl(~ ot
dogs! hfja,ds about her 1,o1ils.. The prefl011t ph!'aae ie 'USf$d. with Nfe;renG~ to

Scylla 1il Lu~1"9 5 .. 892 i.Ud Ov .. Ail. 3;1 12~ 22 ..

J53-4~Mte the alliteration ot 1.

1
E"g" Luer., ,~ 892; Verg .. ~~ 6~ 74 f£; Am.. 3, 426-8; 'lib!} '~4» £\9; (hr"
1~!f... 13, 731 If; ~t.\" 14$ ;9 if q ;,&ni> 3 11 12, 22 tf.d .9.,;1.;,:'1 V'" ;9~
:2
St:lln0filUl did not comG to thie v.i~YW' £l"Gllt pal~$Ol'lll!1..1. q)b$el"".r&ti~ (flee ~Q 79)
i:rm. pr":rhap~ .r~t'a ~ .. M,.. llt., '7'3, or $ome oth~X' such r'ltionmz.:!ltioni>
106
 107

Qceur .at %m" w" 209; 358l Q!!Jl,,, VI> lO.5~ . " v~ 601 (uote that i"" ~ theS1]
paalSa~a ~Ei'Pt ~" v~ 3,e, p~~ttiu.n~ 1$ ~ll'i~ a~sou1ated with 1t) '" Fo;r illF-

atanees in the pmse 1'1Q$$;1. $GIa S~yn~ (P., 1(1) and tot' other titwleial
mataphol"sll see p .. Jet ~Vi;)(l- l.'1b~ collo.;:ation Qf ~oo.lw~~ and ~'lue~a!3~ t<.~ul.d

p~bly ~id..nd the audiene~ of' Sfrllala me~ j th;;; CQlloquial Wl"ln of Ifk,b'il$~

~Ol~mon in Plautu.s (l&f}O 1.$"$,, nwa; UA)" ~~~at QB in "if" 665

and 0'11 ~" 6" 721"
II

:~~79" &lnooa 1.@a,Vl1JJG the perl.Qd.c;i the .~gma:tits an\! lua.$ th0 cllflWflf.i)

Maohl"0fli~1cally Nte~' to the 1!;}8,$ i!}t ~a..,.t:r~~l fmd {It jJ:lt.el:"~ours~ 1:mt;W0Cltl

nat1Mathat, ~too in bltQl own dq (w.. 364../(4) ~ then :to:&'~'t?iJ}11 the

diw:u}vl.i:l~ot new l&"1ds (w q 374-9 j >lI

ditfSlralth sen~1t c.ontinufis th~ ~apwr 1n UC6aS!tf~ {e!' . . W~$l> l.~ X:O~);.l

with the me~ .of peJjM~IS-cond1tiW\$ (c£., te,,~~ 15 1:t!2i2)"

367" .~.~ $(;1i on '1<1 ).69 ..
--.%9--"" -Th~WQ -wf~$a~o-tll$ t~t;1~-ot-~Citla6 md th(il mob:lUty

$quibroeal attltud;tl htl'~ is in accQ.M with hl~ views 01'1 tll(; min.g.Ung ot
p~O}..'\).ti$ 1n Y.t.9.!> 5~ 18$> lh (quoted on p .. cr ,) above)"
'372-3 Q ~J!!.Jf~~~l!e.~~~ r:ltc" ~ this t¥~' of referring to p&tI~)l(i}

~~~ .. ~~---- - _..

 loa

t~J..l{jw,in.4 lr;lU."ghltLl ~f;! ~1l'J iln~ttar;; ~ ~st<l.f;t;!!lil1 l4'.q.>·oJiil'Jt:ia ~lAi)t$':,

ll~f~u.m (hi.~tl\'l!.t(lVlli'li COlr,:'mpalrl'd~tw!f(tj) ~~ U.f92;Sf(/1 &~l{'1<:'~lt:S.Cl$

1
A~ q~~,:;t,;.d hy fuApnU:lS11.ja3 jl p.. 122 Q
 109

379~

by ft~cola~$ fleet

V\,,,·
l)
"1=-Gr,\JR

:2
\:~'C h&.'V8 a r;;ho:r;."'l;,. damin&=Jttf~J;":bt sce>1'J.G f) t,hen t©~lO'trJ8 '~hG (j@0U(i) bd:,i.\i\r,ml If:edoi2.

1
I.:n ~fA no·te on. Sen-aoa .. ~~.~ 37S-382a'1I 1lY:,.!., J:!J (1902) 'vii, Buslm:ell, f).

:ffM:l"l1ng tightly that "re!"'..xm"means the whole 'i.ror~d,a.rgu"e~l t.hat. an j~";1l,...,

IJnsonutent llletaphor is :iJrqJos5ible iii since this ~. . ou1d refe:t~ o:nly to the
inhabitants of t.he KnOWl'1. WOl"l.d.~ HOt\\e'\l~r.l' Ocean:l.l.s irapl'l.SOO$ those (m.t=-
sidg it aa efi'ecti'lfeJ.:y' as '!:.hose l'r.ithin~ Besidos, there is Zl;;. pat'aIlel
.for thf.'l use of ~"g1~ to mean Itdo@:r."~ &
 110

r:!u;.s:1;tu~qu~j; t:t p~>;:llm Hlt4:)lanatis vecibus senne praeruptus .". tmagnasque irae
i''''}J;"~
t>ltiJ.~. q

'j
Dij,d.aniz('?~ -, ~tlS (l~30l!."'ib;t,d f~'

l;b~i~(i\iilbogBn (lOu ';(,9) -g.,~;.rxtB o~x~, '0h~t -~~hJ b(f~t,1l.".1,'(,);"(~d N0d~",'$. ~;"2:wi th{l 1:;.()t,i;;o&i.,~<·c;.G
J){~};ha~li.x~~ fl,~t ·w:i.:r~iftwl1liiT tl:1~;t Satfifd G~lara\«Jt>,~.J1f f) c'~nntJ~ltjJ1f~ 3~~!.ir~ X~~~~$[@;[~Kli~:t~!}3h'ci
'If (l:!"3<Clhwi1l(j!®.J~ d.~L@ j):,-iE;!'i:~j,";r,<n tlUill~©@l1.f;~ Q
 III

prohable that t'1r1O d1fterent gods II 8, Th:raeia:r. 8,nd IE. Ph,1"ygiml de:l.tY,"i'eX'B

c<'Jm.bi\1.~>d in Dionysus Q

386 ¢ JJ~ g th(~ GIJ."eelw belioved that the nYirr[;hs '(;vTle2l1 angl"'Jf could
i /,

l.h'd.V~ llicn mad. ~ 'I"las ©oi1'lcd 1'1"011 JilLll:Qlli& to r<6pr"wen'~ \:' t t t" 1 () ·4 '1 iT T DC

Fwo:m Paeu:dus on (rrg" 122 R~) 11 t~ho '\;foro ig; 'Used i.n comlifH::tion vr1'I;,h
 112

(v" .3}jnote also wtlet@ (v" 5)& Medea'&s grl,n Tttay be a purel;y physical

SpaSl'fiJl but ·inay also. reflect the prospective pleasul'e of wevenge (s6e notes

(!n w ~ ,0; 991=2). '!'he maenad~i.Inage with its connotations of eelaltasy has

. helped. prt':.>pare the wa:jf tor the word. 2!l'JP},s" §p~Cf.llJlE!n a;rf'.~c~u~r.£.~.e!l~ ef $

llil vvi. 2;2...3.11 we·t; ;formas dolor/ ena.t pel' OJlUleSWp a sentence t..rhich Regenbogen

(PQ 31) teel~ epit~ni$es the themesot all Seneca~s playSo ~~@tU!g de=

fined by Seneca. (1m.. 75, 12h vOatfeetus aunt motus animi impl"()babi100,'}

subfti at <u:mci·tat:1J' fI and adds n~qui treque:rr"es neglectiQ.ue te@6l."e l1lorbmn@ $

readings of lip tn~f!l!:irgettll)!l ~iponet~"

;390s or..!!2 v. 253, V'queritur',I) :tmPlora:t JI gemit\i~ 0 i£~! trequeltxt.ly

used of the passiOlflate emotions (ct. !!2.v. 1339 and Ib. .. :a;ul,.. Se !..~~.2 :U 1)9
. " .,

~---It-is-no1:.·a+waY$ pOlSlll1b-l-et;@ clee1aelllret1fe;r~lle sou:rce-ot-tlieUt1eta~Ol"-1..s-- --------

heat or the tSC(lq Sinee in this scene we have eaa-imagery in vv. 392~

ti~aeetuatn Seneca intends to invoke both ideas. The:re is a similar blun"ing

1 . .
of' i.mgery in "1111'" 942-3 (of also vv ~ 408-14)
0 9 .The images of fire ;IDa.
sea-stoJ.'lJl. a.re indeed frequent in Med~.~.a. particular'r 1;0 convey the violence

1
Pratt, 9tSenecan Uelodra.ma o" p~ 215" notes the mixing or meta.phors and
comments, "This is Seneca~s ~4edea.g a flaming stann or pasrid. on.n.e
 113

().f t~tl©h. :;i~~)tQZltAOli.~iiJ 1Yl i1~1i.o

~.0btt JP;g'\')$.li(;) tpl;;lil"I~3it ~'¥{~~J CI:M'j;tj~I'
Ji'fJ1:' G~;;t!."'..i}'~~~~Y2;:/ l> rj*JI\~ Cmnt'(1:1"

:itE'l~itlf ,1$ t~~~'&Wmtl;; u~d ;bl !.nt,:it,~~;Jt>::t:t·l~wjl ~~n.u;;e~;>

tiAVld .Dlek,':!J;!" ~u tJ.~,Wl ,tI;J"

:3
r)jz~~~tj.~ !:~~~;~n~t[1~M.! f,{~~~j,~xl~'n?~~~ ~ p~ ~~t, p tk~f,:)~{~~~"€:1~jt~.i~ Nl~tl;;:~~ ~}y~t€'ttJ1~a ~tilc(p ~]J-t1 t~~>~1H~'l
)titt"$tJ abQu.t '1;,0 bJ;"\1i.!t,.k%!llt tlllt, t,l'w, ll1m~lQ;1 j,tll {l.t"'n~id UM&t I"k-'ld(j~9$ mAt1{~2?' '~':'l.l1 i~l\~
~>f~ i~1\~'~Jkf}tlo
 114

'29'7'
.,J J ')1::
-~ ... ,J'.

----

.;39'7=8g just as Medea'lls love had knO'Wl.t 310 limit;) so now' she should S<8,t no

lim:i:t. to her hate. statuas m.odum~

"

in thj,s phraf?s !ilOanS f91tmit~e not tfmeasu!'0 Vf <the :1ntel"Pl''',lhation of ItOO f} 21'

3"19)" and c:lte$ ae p.al"allels lb;r~ "11"0. 463; III v., 206 and seve~<ll P.tl.SS.;9.geo 1'2"0;;:,'),

(rther auth01;',s ~

:3900 e tll{8.n,e l!.1#

4.
! th~.....
"" phra.se is used to introduce a sharp l"'ejec"tion of tUl

un't1elcome or 'Wll"easonable suggestion 0," coytJ:ll:1!md.,

1
Friedl"ich (pe 12) .find~

1
Cf .. -.
Med~
 115

'tho lJhl'.ase d:tffi@'u.li.c ht?;re.~ tOi;," i.:f' 'W'e tran~la:(,e ~f.ir\dtare amorem.?li at» ~?;1:m.i.t,at~

your love~., th.<o!'\W is 11CYlihing :1.n the to.-'%:t;; ·to spur the a:ngl~-l!tegone out;;f ~
1

HO~H~'lf'el~~· lie haJr€; all"4ilady noted t.he ~~telAt to tmoo Seneca :relies on. 'tlhe:;

skill of his act;or~ lOr decla.1li"lBrs to eOlTlley IJ und the qttl.ck\d:ttednesB (if his

au.dienee to ~,ppr.~c1:,~te l!nldden sillt. . a in ideltJ. or mood. PaI-ticularly '."e..·

400" 1l.¥~J!~~~*~~.,:!!§.n~2.._~: n'P1S·tit.us~ emd 5f,~itullt;) al'';;: bo~h

2
met9.pllol~S !XViJJ. the i3ph~:l'a ~>r politieal C<1liipf.dg:n:!n£:,'.. ~liJ1'!YE!.~ tnt;;;

1
'1'he1"$£o1"0 Friedrich tr~"lsJ..a.tes ffhd.t·;}..I"(J 6;llCll'erJ.?V by ~r€lign lovis v9 and
ascribes ~fsi ql.laecl.s ." al.1l.ore.meQ 'tin tlu,J NUl'1'16 &:~iJ.'lCf,l Medea. nO'tlfhere else
in this scent, shows any fl'llctU3.ti(",n of' recline ..
;~
Sae above p. 3(1 :for nt,her polj.tical ,m~tt~phI'H'L'\ in ~o and Cm:r~';,:t> (p. 11'l)
fOIl" Buell mcl'.aphol'tiJ in tile otth"l" t:cagedloSe
~:;OOF' the relevant. 'USf, of J::'~.?
see Lf.l ~ CD rr..;to IIB2b ..
ft'~~

'.I.~- ___ - - __
 116

~:t -.,~ -~
p" ill ~.M~ n~~f.I ;\\.!..$C) 'ttt:1~l ~~l~~ r-j.'II~ l.n £-k.~.tj) ~'t1I:'" 11' ~Il ~~>1 :;;:';~;l\il~,
_-lOl " __ . ' . . "

t~d iU'~~'-l h~ ~i.$ oJ!' WM~ ~~ti th~~ ljJ~r.lJ ~>i'h~;I~;: ~~l1..~.1t~ tJit0 ~~U.l {lillti&;;'

ir~di\d.~1t~ty of tJilfj ~~tt.~,'J l~M~ ~Jl" V{W~"llJ.J.$a th~~· m~~~~$ ~ l'fl1~iffrti'lt{t~tt:Jt

1'.11' lw·~ ~~~ It U~~"~ili ~~llti~mt. &ll thtJ ~~;i511.~~ fJf~ ~~~j~~tu,~;Q'i;,t8.~;tt ;§t'M;; ~,,"J~foj

bif1i~' .... t~'!'~'~i"'4!1 ~~!~Jj;~ !~ wV{'ii~ fiD,lt"(j ~~~.ll~tu:t ~l~:i U~ 11M4~ iJJl u~tl%~~ (j

~
!!!" 'Ii 30.. 1*'S '\l~J"j .. ,e;."
, ct" 9» tJ.6w 9u
1
HI3!1 <)

i'r:ltbh 'if .. iiJ2:> £!J:t-tl 1#1rf> 'rJ1''''~i~~fi 16a;"..9~ w:i.tJl t1-oo:l.lWrn It.") allltn:i;~* (w" .4~"':'~J)'I {\t<l
"<J"f! II> 1,57~f.; w.1-U~ tJj-(tUl)"f$l(j~fS H " ,"~~if:ll (it ",w" ·15~~,,·~1; w1th ~~trlt4tiill'1-ll ., <H'
~~~~t\l1» ~1\ "#l/J 11,2,1'I t~lylhumerusque im~li'Al1~ ~r1tw (Vf> lir.flJ) l.a~l';e fa
~lJJl1l" ft)~ f'ii'~ !~l ~,;~_tai -mtt ':hffi\ltt. r~"ti~l;1 ll-'it.iA-t1l1d 17; t,h411 1e;~'~PfI~lQZl i;JJt,."
th<&.\ l;J;i'l'-t~$ U\ tl~'~f~~!~ (11'". ~'I$ei) ~ tJ'~(;' t~tt.~ri.ni~ F;.~ t-h~) H;:l~t;j$ (v<I "l~/j) f
 117

"jJ
;U.t'.$;rg,t~r~t/"----t:~t.- 1l;>ij~~m;,J~oo'i\¥t~~Jt-i3, 't,~:)""'!;--~~(rttm't-t.J~~ -.j(,btMj:FJ[lJ\lH~1~;;;jiafili---
 11$

".J.#
t;l11;~(.\l {(',IS;' thil'J €ji'W}m1tl!.h

1
t<)tl~ ~~~ ""'I " j'\Jj.~~ 1~ ~-rlf.;;' {ii1~tflLilil~it:: t i1;wl,$'\',.(;l1b~~
'" "'"~~~""W"->'!i'~~I"1'''~~~~'''''''''''{,;';~o(.~~~-W:1~~ '" Ii-
]f}<$i;,'l, ~~f< ~~];.."'.
.".JI ~ .&~'~ .,;Jf:
J} J,I'

~ ~ m.,r~.wi ~:r~.me1 ':( th$\t t1\~l" ~t~ t~h% ;bU*p~t10\1 f.e)~ 51e-yl-1a it$ifld
(JhlU~~dt1~ :t1~U 'Vo:tl\.'i1m1,G~)f~ irs th~ Lipari isl~$" f~f(1'if'~l\;"' tha;t. mi"V bit' ~
1nln.tot' ~t1qu:lt.i;!·, t~ ~ m~'4d.:i$ W"~:re $1tf~d 1.-n th~ m.~q1t~ t~{t;A1~Clj;1
!t~~v' ~~il S1~j.J4'<l
l~tt3' (~~,,'q Cat/~.irlil ~},' e~) !d~:U'J? Ch&'7~~.~ ¥dtrl~ *i~;!iK'
t,(,1h'a~~ ~u~nt~ «:Itt tb.~ S1c11~ ~~tQ .

2
C1'" ,~tnle,;.~ (.2,!! 5,(,,) r~,)5:' 'iJt<h~,,~~? {1~~'l$l:t{(1$fI
 119-

";-.
120
 1~1

ln t;\i'JIl} ~r~~t,~ ~~1 St)tw@&.'t; ~~l ~~-1(J;~.. .F~ IP l'Mdthi<J~ t.h~;: ~\4W~j t~~~r'
"1
l':~&l\{41, int~~<0riil J~~t nor ~~ )t:w; m.tii'J~lf MI,1.~t;I:tf" "" $~~lW !tit t!hi;',i[~:}d (;I!
:c-"!l;

hl1.6 !i~r..l'~ ~~H[~ii.th!;> I'$t-'&~ ~~m: ~t _~w,(,,~~Mi ~'!!\rltihjlil i;l,!r'\,'\fi .. ~ P~~':lt~idl (~).. Jiif)
~ijludt:~~ tJl:M.1,t 8\$nel~a lMll~ luw t~,l~ 44Q 1nt.,)'pjtt~ J~'al t1\ ~~S;;~ll ~)t() :i;t,~
f,'\!

~Gt~ ~~'it:t;:~/ .l·~\!lVf:?J;· J~t$ ldt~t{!{ ~ ~\\ilY (;llt~t~ ~~ hi~; lfi;"lit~'l~

ail'ld. t~~~fI§ t~miq,t~t t:!ut\1 MljJ~t ~ ~~~~ t~ ~"ii:~i~ !W'i)P!!~t,:u~~ thtii ~~~Upf:~ft;4
~pt~ lllit C~1YJll'$ ~~t~~9

1~~L ~Dl,'''!",,~,ilA, .~~rt:~~:Jl~~~~, t,h~~ld~'{{)~'M'\"~~ii~t m; tl1:t~(~ i."'!. tit".!

tl~~~)U ~~ft ,f,t;)):'it(tili,\dk. ~;(h~~~rlft pt~J~~t2:~ (~;;i(1 ~!I 1;1" 3Jij ~ i}1:\f(~1 t~1;\~;U(

<,
,j.

at '" *1IC4"~i<t)fll' v 1> ltl.t1 ..

")
G~

Cf '" ~;;tt~(:! <m~ Va l.J,W, tt ~

 122

:t\}W,gCi$ 1nth{[l ;p:'~$;c. ~jQ~'ka ($>,;t4, ~Jt13;)tltlJi} ~}1~{,I !'ri.,,/'lO) ~~ j?;xinQ~~fI(;$ ,[lY'~r;1~f,~1t

;tJ":b'M:~~~14f,l 1~ it£! ~~1I¥:'1!d,~~f!, t{~}~ ;ttl:~;t ~{1 t'~0i f,";t-tt'/t:'!p10~~ Jl~ f;;,r~~~ 't,t'ifk~~ljJiNf;'~

<,
~.
U.2r~ ~u ~~~ ,,;

~~
"'~.

i;.~tfJ\\t Bf.!;iJ~~~ (r.)$",. ;.;l'n;;k··..J~) f~~ ~lt> 4J.l.r.l~lJ1$~)j,In.r! t:.Jt: t,h~, 'lJ<1):}'!l~~ {}f tlw) ·.t(,1~R~ :i~}> tr4.U
t,Z".s,\ir.~d;l$1iJ.; .,
 123

1
Medea (New York, 1958).
 124

~-~,

~~,~, ~~lllRS!}f$t 1'>l~~;jft0~~'1~~ 'tirl:hh ~'t<\'t;~\; ~ ~;f~ ~hi$ 1~#i')l~(tiJjl'~':l~t£i\l;'~t{l\;";i\':, ;{1,,rf~, hw:t' ,1i;t;J;;'t 'lf~ul~J'~)" _C)

"~;,l';'F;it4t"illJ\~ ;w.;;'~1~t;,~i,}fa.~ \~d.i~h l~~l~ lw.p,~nn(\1-d '~:V4.,l:'j: ~t> '~~¥it~;;t 'l~ ~~·(~dl~!F. ;)1 ~l~l.';5;~)Ii'jJ.\r

*"''''''''i<'''&'~"~~
If·~~j'~·~M <il~
Jp_
(i.
'''~~~1"t.i!'Jc."..4
l{'l"",",---Ce, ...h" ,~,)l! "S,~
',," '"' ~%- h"_-~ ii -'~l~-
T~¥G {f~~ -"~~_"~~'~~?l~"IJt~V 1~~.t~ T~~, - ~:..{l;~r-;'~ -~#~~~!kll~~l- p~~~~~~\'f
~," v 't' "''''''',/'''
--~. Q ---:X\:ti(,:.~·:'!,}-

3
fiil.ti..'l th1;l ';'l~il~Ml ~~~tl~ r,}lS'i iw~" tl.:ti~ht, :l~"1; vv... £:i://"','};o$ l'~t,l~'!iJ....;di'iJl,~~ q ~ <) .~~~t~'J.m:4~,;;l't;
V;£\~~"l.~'lr&d1l!~ ~ nj:i:t:,fljJL~j\'(~<~1ii f\ t.e!jlt~}~\tif,;r;;;~$'~"

!.~
It§ ~ ~) ~ ;RtlL.'1 t~l~~l.~I:6 X£<t7;} ~./'"' $-

t~j~~n~ -E~L4.~ ~~.~ 5i~lQ

.f
 125

quQt~d h:l t,tf~t<l 9$ ;t» t1# fA) lll;r~~ tbw \.~~ i(~t th10 ~~lj)iliQ!'i!:iJf&l"J> q'.tQ:t~t,i~
. 1
tR1 oo~t, ~u..1ti$'U Qt1 tJJ!r~ P,t}~~ jjli;lc:.bi\}$$-if~~

4S"~!.} ~ul;klV,fH l}~h i:h@l\;1 ~~, M l~~(~ dl$l't<f~wt4i~ i~~$ii~tl~,.~ ~lt'tll'Ju ~?ht!~
'L:!'ll -.;;~
.... *'
"' .... ....-LO."..-".'..
_,11"" ... f1ti?.f.":~,'''.!'
~~4Wl
'-@1CXlfi' ,1t+~~ 'J.r~~'~'ii!i~~.ii""f,J;',.
;P-4,*"WJ~V ~t.&,\, ~ ,. ti-M!'w<'('!'i+' ~.~-ll"il\' a;~~f.,.!Ithi#f>'1~~~
.""""""j
'J((ltfl\,,~
-\,i."" ...
... .;;;,~.*'~ t,. ~..-ll:.l\>.~~ lii'~"-ftWli
mJ~V'i!o' ~11,i'!toj~-~'~~ W?fOo*\~4:.
...-<:,,'i1;il·~<~'''1
...,~~...~ ,... ~

... ~-~~~&t- ,J~$--t~"~_i- -~-fa9-vli-$19~"'i-t -~ -~~~ ~~;-"-ut!'ltl( -

If;;sl~~~f.. _ _;t~~~~ :il1~~l2r ~~~t$ (?tOO ~l:tl '*'t.t.:w lll% t,11\if,t t ..~:tl·',·

~ b<it~~:r-~!) ..Jfl!~1!4~ ~~tl~~ ~ ~ ~k @p:tthtt, .~t1>h :!i.~,k

~.f., H~t·., m..* j'ib 1~ J~~ (~'" ,m:~,;, {.., ;a~~ ~1~~4l~"" ~'tt ,~ ~~~~~ ;~"'4'Jt;~1~~j tQl.~lj

£;(.~~)~,,~ph1~1 t~j;~,b~t..~J t$1lt;{jt p;) d. 7 ~;1$V~"

q,u;tnt* ~tt~btt.t~iUI thi!;'~ \~~ -i;,(il na~~~i~1W.i ~nd ~r:;.~~ ~~~;;t'l¢~f3~1.w

t.1,h'tii~ {jl~~';,,~
~~h!&:'~l :b'l Q~.t~}w:5,th ~)1i1i~ I~bl\lf ~~pt1Ofj~~~l'!."~ to ~J~~ t.h'irJ
rJh1~.~Qri~I'Jj," JJl it ~l~~ V~r".w~ tt;} d~l;;t that tbfl l~M:l4ilii." ~r.w~~{§J l~~~"l
j:~b.®;j;' $1" 1--,) ~x.w~~ ..
126
 127

1~61..;a.. ~dtl~'~Jtd t-h~'i~ l.:1Iil'~~ ~ thle !~'i.~~~ lihilrit. W~ J~'{l if} t'!;; t~~il#{$ 1[~i;
. 1.
'tf", 1~9 ~l 't;fl;> i~6U a glQ'oI\l!i$ ~ V'", 411.;.60 Thl~ 1~} ~ (~I.tbt .t:4 ~.#~:l:t~ttifj; ~1'!'\~-

'~Jr}~tJ b~$,,~d ~ W" l~~ "If! 155# ~~~~~;'in ~~ ~~~ ~,hi

~f~{f. t.llU:~ pa~~~a ~~~~ ,,'0 * ~;n10~',; W$~ 5:n tJ;'>#:~ i!.l~~ .~m(1~!ht;;i.01iJ

fut~~ ~~i@i;pl!l};.jI ~~~}t~!'}l.a1ly 'With ft\i!~<a~4iC~j tt't tJ~ b\r{lvil~1:L:U;,w of dt\';.;~t1<h9

~tMt. i$ It.t .~st ~119lt ~ Q1Wh6' j.lill 6~"1'~1\l~ l1liJ:!.ntl. ~!!Wli :it i~ ~f~l;lsi;:t~ tjwlt O'.il '.

p%r{~V111US ooQal'\il1~~ tblG1 ~'ll~lr~€m in ~$"tj.10;,~ h~ l>~~t_tt){l t1;.'~('; t.b~, lJ~:tJ.l~$i~~Ii.~d

128
 129

w1cle17 adopted ~u.. "BlWltt,.~ UMeoea8U1 ..

486. omatmfJ avo a~nu ,_ gol4$ft fleeoe waG hung on • t.ree. fbU ('fX-

pluatioa ttl1il&iJk. of tbea69DJl! ct the deol.ld.mel'B.

481. aU .~_btllt .. ocho or ft80lum hoc ... mttuli'* (v. 22'). 1br; urge

to ~ .. pcbt 1IlYolvea Wea in • .uan' ~,

~* a. e _ metaphcw" Ct. v. 66, am1 canter, Ih ll4. F• .t'1twloial
-8117 ift the ,,~. . . . p. ,?1 above an4 note Oft ~ v" 231h
4$&-9. ~r h!ah1;r lhetor!.cal~lIt note the antt;pho:ra. ~OD
~Unc 111 .. ~, aWten.t.1.fm 1ft IU ~ (ttpatria ••• pate"")
lAM \he j~ .neat of -,..t.r. tra\e~."

469. iIa.Ub;mm!' pNbabl1' . . ~ of Ott. till- 12, 199-203, ~ .. ~

&.;of. w. 246, Z/2-3J 482• .-.1 1.&. httl"~.

490. Cl~7 (p. !i4) t(J~la tlIat tn., U~D of JLSQllte ~ ind1oa:teB
that. S~. hu not p~l'~ 1aWSl"Ated thfWM l1nea _til the PJeuf.1Id1ng • •h
of Meckm.. But how was 1.1Oft to l"ep11 to such a t1acte' 1i1a caut10us
at.~ to point out that ke baa "8 b18 beat 1e quite tw. to lUe.
~ - ~ -V-.---U4---a4-E. -IfIl. -Wttc-4SS-...6,,-·JlSdlJM ,,~ __t ..-V«tt.-At!!.- -- -_.
4. 546 and *4. v. 184.
4,21 aft .tt._lvo ~'1on of Ov. 111. 2, 99 t "po. . ., Pba~thon~ pI"O

~n 1108018". twa' picked. up by Juonts ~.. (v. 493).

494. &8Jir&.,3D .D&..!~t luon .aka from expel'1ew:m of ~t

,AfHlks .4 Aoaa\us. 'or t,ho aent.~, et. v. 430,.HP vv. 34:a-4, Oed.
v. S19,.!I.!. v. 282, 9lom. 1, 12. Juoa 1e p1ok1q up Medea'. 8ft~ 1atf
1ft v. 46,.
496. IIPD!It 8p~ by ttpael1c.tem", but ~ the aouncl ot "amovesit •
 130

498. am,. _ !I'BlP!= U $A v. 31.

soo-,. a. note Oft vv. Zla..60 (• •,ja1lr w. 218wJ1). ~ here blleet.
the .~ the Ao.ies plMe4 OIl Jllellt. ~'1.ona ami tbe c~ W.
tlult the ftepoaeibil1\7 lor ~ 4", aot; . . . w1\b ual peJlpem\or ,he ..
289, 1m. w. 290-1, 1m Y'. 99/h Note hew *4ea ~
1
alOlUh Ct. itt',
hp"_ Juopt. _ ...., tttu18 ... aOtiWtri.bu .... l\HeUtt (Y. 499) mel retute.
t ..m Olltt b7 ODe", , _ ...... tua.tt (v. sooh ttacelw.a1t (v. 500h ~.tII (v. 503).
sao. t~,~.. ,iJAlf a -ri.1dnI uo of ~ to upn••
l-WtrJaf • ~lt,~ent. fh. ~ tteolWJ "OJ sol.u.tstt (v. 5(2) .we. tho
~~.

SOl-l. OlIlOV. s. U, :CJl. ttut. oulpm'tt al11, t1M Uta ~ ftaCtl)" eat/
pI'O quo tIlUtit tot1••••• ~ta Me_a. ft Of &lItO v. 260 above.
of I'ottl that

in !hBA-- "IV" ~5_ ~_ yoce.tt Cl4 tt1rmoe.-- "ft~:!n the 8ame line-
po31t.1oft ..e heh, ~ the ldwl18 cU..tf".,..
'04-5. m.~ MIIR\u.Rll4l!l' tor other (tho. . leu -'en04) ~tr1t.1on8
. of ~ f8m~ .~ at th(L~ _o{ ~f~V6) ~~_ oj! Jl1 "1___ ~6J_ fm... J~ ,~~ ____ _
Can\e~, p. 1'911
S06-1t _. _ w. 42~ ..

srn. A.W&sQ.~.a'tlm'1 of. hA. v. 342 (a). "to. repud10 nee ftOjp1ct
utuftml abd1eo,t...aa~•• 'cu'" Maia 1ft . .1e of titc'Nn, et. LB ••• ~

IIA. For e1~ 1a .... 80lU1e. uee £ae...IIb. 19. 2. Ja. 6. 4. 2J IB.llh

f.imt 112.
m. tb1a point 1e alao made by J'. . . 1ft E. Jfat. w.. S47-6$. !f,9S.1. Senoee. ('
thou&b has a11Ml1 the 14ea ... dletoricaJ. lIbarplea8 with hie neat ll$$ of~.
 1.31

no. ~ tor t.bis mpt1ve with the juH1w fUbjl.JllOt1w. GO., W~. M~flUJl
on V$q. At.I. 12.. ?S.
SU. ~t U J~" (P. lU) obaorv~s. ~_ ott.n U_II ~..ID

to ~et .CInfI~ mcnatl.'Clle, e.g- !IE v. 3a$. a. v. 98, A&- vv. 36, 20lt
I!&t.. v. 52. B1f.g. v.. 342. ~ 119~' cf. "nepotes iJ" MpOtJ.b~

(v. 512) and canter,p. 161 tor oiIDe~ ~lfl. ot tMD ~ of ~

wh~ tlw ~ word. 1e NpeatecllndUhNlt _"8.

5121 an eoho of E. _ . vv. 404-6. ~ Seneca haG giVtm ~tor1eal

POint. to tho idea (of" on v. 5(9). ~. ~rr (p. 290) teele that

61Cf3Pbua t ottapr.tq duewe the km "toedaft ~u. he (the to~r of

Cor.l.ntrh) W&fJ deac.-.dc4 ~ the 1'1t&n ~ua. 1\ ie fAOl'fA l~ ~.

that. lWea latl~ of Sl~t ale u ~ ot the ~ tlimwnff, ct.

"I" 747 &Dc! ~e (p. 102) '* E. )Sd. v. 40'-
S16. JdDg, .,a, il;Akla. J~ ~ C~ lmd ~ua (ct. v. 521) butt
~at. at.erje8ton . , . he~ ~ ChOn.

517..... ~".l~!'iIm. th1a,. ~'. punet.uat1on of the Mea.

-ftBdiNJ haft-~~Q . . . . a:id-iavo1Vt)$_-~---1n-tlwfOUl'th i\Jot.- --
Hc.'&ft)w.- an plaueible ~tion hu b$oa pl"OpOGieId. III' 1n now of fffd,\
preUum zu.. (v.. '18). tb1. m\Ul't. ftt_ to Medea tm4 Often.
'lSI! . . . gelMll\\8.JA1U' Jason hu no wi. e'Wm W be .. noutal ~M.ur...tt.
520. ct. v. 1S9.
'8. <taede COanat.l AcaaatU8...,.. Jason'. ~. 2

1
Vergi1 Aeneid Book XII (London, 1966)

2
Also another hint at the ohild-murder.
 132

'24. . . . . . t.;'$", wi~ ~ w1trh ~ or ~r~'­

Walk••• iL q (1961). 177 . . ~_ in ~ .. fM"~ With w.

4....1' Utq
wltJ'l

'l.5.
~j
~

the

",ktl~I."~.t
the ~W ~. ad "wm ,.~. It Juaa tleM
~u.. ~ w.
01. VIUI. . . 8, SD.
~? ... 1_. applJ.

,.. ~. ~. to.• ~I" m~. fit tbU Wleot . . . ~~,.b e.

1* .'A1~ II.
,,,,. ~a tJt~ weN 1. \lid 11~ ot ~. . . of , - . of tb~ bod¥
(u ~"17 u z..u••). It ~ ~ h$ '" ~. f'fta -,cal.,. or
pe..,. ~ thcJ _ _~j\\ a U alao 1lI$I et epeoeh iD OM. lirA. lSI

~ ..
At. 2, lJU, Ba. II" 114_ 11.. S$~ 1t.b,bJ., •• Ira1iI IlDJ 1'01' ~..

m-4.. ~ 1\ ~ ~ that. tkunea _ b~ ~'ftal ~. topt..'l••

v. Sll ~.u. ftor. 9l. 3, " 1,1 ~ u. ~t. u .. ~ff am1 ia eN.
iia. lit $ . ~- t __" 1. uuM ct Juppl\Qa-t • ~~,. 1\ ~
~ ~f.t ~ hb ~ ~ . . eN. M. 2. S09 ~ It., (!.cd.a~

"""". fit. v.tll,.

S31...s. JJl&~~-tl~~t ~ w1t.lt··, ~dfts..

!btJ stoic w1Ie l*'l JHMae.ed a '~tq tM.\ ~ I~ t,M .,$fact

health of 1d.a I*ll.l amco Woe ~•.~ _ the d. att!~
~ aternal ~.2 J~•• off... ot ~l . .~ ftJpftUJlte a el1p

1
at.. ~ .. p. 144 end MtM, on w. US-6.
2
ct. k .. w. 4$.70; ra. 7'. 18.
 133

tnm ort.hGdoq that lWea is quiok to set. on (w. 540-1).

"9-9. ". . . Gl.$O fltte1!8 t1nanc1al ~.Qe in I. I!tl. TV. 460-2, 610..6.
540-1. a ~ .-.pN~ of trhe ~ o~ t07 ~~ (ot. ~.

v. W ft.). ~a eo-. "I' \0 ehW heralt ltOW ImlJ. with Itoic

400\1iae than . . . .1 ,lWea al.ao N3ecta JaeontJJ otter ot aid a B. ,lid.
'IV .. 616-8, thOtJlb 'Uwre 18 l1t~le V$1."bal mulM'i\7. ~_= lMQ OIl

542-3., Ja E. Ill. w. 3lIJ..,. ttl!'! ctdldftn are to be ~ ntb We...

Cl~ (p. ,54) c~ that ~t. Medea .eme tto have .~ her
m1t\d &bout ~ the chUdNl w1th ~. dnce w. 282-)4> a.ever tuur
~arl.1er Wl'da _~ v• • and pI'Obabll mt<\Gn tor thoU- 4ruatlc 1f'Gft7..
,~. fM t~ of taibe",,"lOVt; f1Ms ~ri e:lpNtlid_ ill the t~$J

ot. II! V 1246 tt.,

it ~1< v .. 1141 1201 ft.; !bl;. v. 975 ft.; 11'en. vv.
1 It.; 300 tt. S$$ all., W. 437-4lJ l0Q2-J.e. 'No\e &ll1teat.1OIl of 1*
54? ~B!' ~ viv1dn$H from itt WU"u..... WIe of the :m~ (v. 484).

548t. 1<!~$ \l~a -levaff; ~" (.... "9).

- S49-$).--.dA."~,lw.ub. ~-I nth$_~ ot tbe.L~.Lbu - .

~ lMU ~J .1..... tathe...Jove,wh1oh~ "el~lJ qpft~ in

w. §46..9, 8pUJ.'fJ ~t. ~1It1cmina. been·~ earl1ers.n tbr, ~

(of. T'I. 4J7-41) aDd. ~CNIll7 he U~ \hat V. . . . ehues hi. att.1tUde

(v. ;(f1). Thus Soneoa . . no need of A~ue" 4b1ldleeaneu alguate
 134

~~t. ~ of )1$~ Sa ~. 11tj. 'If. 670. ~ 11\ v1w of w. 916-9,

it. ie beet to ~~ tbfJ ~ pes.,~ u ~Miaa \N$ ~ • • to.
tho tim U. ~~ .~~ to ~ J4IOa ~ ~ .f.l4Nl,
btItt Me _ 7- ~ ~ too W1~. a.a~. (fJso ill
2m. v" tao. OI. Yit 101' . . Ct&6lir ('a 141). ~ ~ ~~
a~~·~~~.l Ct. w. SJOJ 165. WI_ 99', . . tor
~p.22~.

SJO-li ~ ~ .... ~j ft1o,quitt M tho ~••

551-1. ~ I.".. ~ 84 . . . I ...~. at SA I. iii., vv. S69-

93. ct••~hl. ~ w. ~D-1" B" &at. w. ~1l.
,,.. »\'Y...~a _ .. w. ai9. 848 tor ~ ~.
"1-9. J.... ~ toJlllw•.~ 4Q i. awl. v. 9()) tftl~ bllt thfll'8 1.

90 ~ .mil~_. ,. J~'. atlYice* . . "' w. 4~~J S31~~

"9. ..~ the awl1~ WU1d 1\0 doubt. ~lec\ ~.,mttlcn ot smiaI
_". • ~ ill w. ~.

S6Q...? .~~ q4dll~~ vq~ _ ~ b~ftII4t to aat1oa. !bSa

- MoU_.1m-1W .o1t,.L~1~-(w.~)-I-J.'. ~_Qf_~J~ _
561... 2, ,6~lJ "", S66) __ ~" wl.mSM~ Sn . . . .__ p&lrd' ....
,1'6..w. (w. SfA-7) W'tdd ~ 81'" ~ 8CO~ to \lMt _~r. fhe
paII~ . . ~-t.ldlta \0 E. *4. w. 4Ol.'j/I09.
560. IIti'LI ~._i a.--.tul echo .,'dti:rlioris Ub1/ ~ aofAiv1

J6l. sraI&\1a.,.~. ..... ift . . ~t4M\ :1a 1iQ'V. l3)2. CI. alao
18. '1l4. for \be ~Mon of iliAdi. ott ... ~. ~.I \naheaU

1
ct. _U.:r. p. 106, ~ 4S ..
 135

mt w. 301...a).
56S. ~~~ . , woNe to" a 'tI1tob ant.l ~.J ct. w. Vl6& ~.

S6).4: a ~-.l. ~ ~ hwol~~. ~s t.

the ue of ~ ~ 1ft ~ ~8. ~ ltMLJ,••• ~ :tml.
"'u't4 .. 1
fi., Altao 1m.
.
w. ~J. ~ ~ .t.i51Nfoitln Gb~
. . . .• . - ,
n1hil ~~,
-l>

~ ~~ tbe ~ 1:f ~ of ~ fNtt~ not. ~~. SQnQ(ta

.~ tl» .~ of .»ab1t in tt~ ._l~ of .w:u tat.taa ($.1_

~ ~ OODfAWt.wio, ~ _ ~. eat~ ..u.\ d~ <*,Ja 2, ac,
a). Po$' ~ 1_ ~ kl the ~~ ~t ct. w. ~J ff.»..10. , .
~ ~ ~ tr_ ~ ~kblr~.~, Gt" ~ v. "I2l,
JI. w. lUs 1;0, 154.
~. ~ ~.w\ b ~ (jft&~)>> \h8 i~elf

~m ~ .~ie ~tb t! pl.", on ~ ( . . ~ pok!l\ u'.O ~ftD)*

~ ~ (v. 564) f(t~ ~ o.f \~ ~ 1ft v. ,SO and l~. ~r

\0 .'*~ ~ the ~ of tale ~ in "* ~;.

Sill. ct.~. fIJI. v. 360. c.,. 16. 16 ro.,. ~ ~Ii$ ~ ~~

-~~~-to.~-f~tIwO~te~~-WM4..--0QJ7

• • of ~ ia Afiotll ~~.k. w. 10J(>.tl 1. ~1w1all\(tdm1la.l' I

·1

1h tOftl~ btlt ~ botb.~ aft Vue.

j69. ~f of. w. m9-32, 2$6.
570-4: pe~ Jatl:u,,,mcmd tf1 E. iI!4. w. 9J.94-$' ~ ~ ~ ~ W$1"(t

~ I~". $It ~. a~ (w. 766, 949); 01117 two MU'ta ~w

_Vtll ' "

~.a~_a
tIfJft.

...... 2

1
ft.)J' ~ u.ee of tbto . . . . ~ in ~ ~.'" . . ~r. p. U2.
2
1.u ~. 1, 9, ~ ~ ~ ~ 1iI f!~
d-.. .. 1n ftr,. f. 25. ~ tM
 1.36

,'ll. ~t • t~~ hid ~ • t..,. :1n v. 130.. .....,~t.U­

~. 1iap'7 (p. 291) ......... ~ ~ . . . . . ~. . of t,lw

aerAlili ~ ,.. th$ _ ~ (Or. 11\. 2_ I).
",6. ~t u~.. (p. ~) .a.WGO IIh1I ~ b:r -~ ~
V~.

-~._____,.A\*AI. . . . . . (Of~ w. WS', 608).1 ~.&E..hJ»J.

..... ~UcMll:f~. It ~ ~ . .~ U 1a.~GU to
_~ & ~ in • ~~ __~ in. y. 1116, but 1t alJaQ J\l......
tdlU .n.. *' ~t, ,.:1- (01 .. v. ffi9tt.).
 Thie chorus has two ma.1n themes. tho nvage17 or a jealous woman
(n. ;79-94) and the "~ d.emande4 b7 the gods tor the tint na voyage
1
(vv" 599-669)" The link betwen the8e themes 1& the danger w1th which
eaCh threatens Jason (w. ;95-BJ 668-9). the implication 1. that Medea i8
the sods t instrument of vengeance on Jaeon - an idea already binted at 1n
Y._ 362. .tfte~, the chorus consists of fourteen Sapphic: stanzas of whioh
the tiM sevc (w. ;79-6(6) are of the usual t;VP6J the rest however (n"
2
60'1-(9) cemsiat of Gight eleven-qllable linea followed by an Adoneus" This
change 1n stanza-struoture heralds a new subct1v:lslon ot the tta.l'lgl7-sea"
theme, in which the fates of various Argonauts are related.
579-94= the violence of & deserted wite'a anger. A similar 1<1ea ie
briet.q alCpl"eJJH(i in E. 1i!4.. vv. 263...6, but Senecata main source here is
Ovid's descript:l.on of the deserted wite (&A. 2, '7,...s2). Note particularly,
-S~e~.; eeh~e; or w-. 377-9;'-
f'em1na quam socii d.eprensa paeliee leoti
ardet et in vult'll pignora mentis habet
1n tem»n tlAmmasque ruit,

II" 'I[ t 1 w ••

1
A theme atressed 1n the seoond chorus (vv. 301-64). There 18 a 81mUa.r
connection between the second and third choruses ot 2.
2
See however on VV \l! 6;7-63.
, Vv. ;81-2 show the Wluence of Ovidts w. '77...8 and "" 593-4 echo
Ovid's v. 379.
137
 138

and. the tact that 1n "" '" 381....2, Ovid. takes l<!edea as the t1J)1cal example 0

As 80 otten Seneca has Nanange4 the ldeas of the original and ha. varied
the details with borrowings INn other source.. In the pre8ent lines the
elemental power of the 'fIlOmImta wath 1s streB.a by compari.sons to the wild
tONes of nature (of", V01 411 If",).. Note pu"b1cularly' the t1" tmaP1"3t
ttvie ~tt (v. 579>. "traetieff (v. '81), til_e." (v. 601). See Her.rmann
(p" 488 f .. ) tor other passages deaacl"ibing the power of love and jealousy •.
579-82. Note the alliteration of :l!. 1n v. '19. of!Jl.!! ill v. 581 an4 of 1
t.h~~t the .tan..
579'11 ~...m.1 aWlar 11ne-c>pen1ns in~ .. V'. 549. 'or the om188ion
of eet,hon and :!.n'v. 604, "$ on v, 19.
saoo 'or the empl'lat1e pos1tiona of tttanta*' and "flU&Utatt, or !fI vt'..
11 841.
848.
581, l!.i~ \I~I probably mod.ell.ed on ()v II lI!1.. 5> 481, "nee v1duae
taedis eaclelll nee nrgin:18 &pta! ttmponu quae nupelt, non diutuma Mt."
rue passage n1&Y' have attracted .Seneca' Ii attention from the mention of
Vfv1duaett-and ~1I",----aml-tbee1m11ar1tr- of -the -ta'be -foftCaat-- tor those
who married on the temur.la to that of CrauM.Note how Seneca has ohanged

the ~tical relation of the bo~d WOmB.

'81...2.:t'!9!aIBB!a,L mit. .. plq on the literal mea.rdn&s ot ~U!Iu

and AJllers.
582. Probab17 "a1'det" 18 used hen in the metaphorlcal sense of love (ot"
"ip1s", v. 591) and Seneca intended a paradoxical antithesis on the linee
ot Oatullus' Uod1 et amo" (8" 1), but. the fact that metaphors bom tire
have been earlier used of anger, blurs the COllt.rut.
 139

584. Catt;in (p. S7) cltes L.Q. S, 16, to show that Auster is the Greek
Notus" However 1n Ji. w. 400-1, theae are tw different winds. 'oJ- Auater
a8 a rain-bear:tng wind, Gee the paBaages cited b7 cattin (lui !~.) II

5as. &G!El the Danube. Note that the ohorus' point i8 proved in
V'II. 763-4. Agd.n, 8S;m11a~8O'I.U\d1ng words \:)ePa w. 584-5 (see w. S80-1).

;smUI' linae1'7f e reference to boats (p" 291) is pe:rverse,

587. Por the pomt liI&de heft"

like the last begins with t'non ubi". '
.8
,B6. X_!I used in a 81m1lar context. at Hol"* 94" 1,2, 18"
at..abo 4, 18'. Note that this atanza.

;88-9" hobab17 an echo of OV'.. ~Ii. " 12, :tl, Iteft mih1 sentitv nix
verno sole soluta"" Of. also 1m w. 729-30.
;90. ~i~'u tine uee of synecdocbe. For It. edmlar, though less
etrild,ng earuple" sse v. 6'911
'91. SU&lin the &to!.:s tra.d1t:1~ $pOke of passion as blind" Of.,
Oie .. lJa. 1" 44; ~BWd. 1, 2J Md in the tragedies, !bz... v. ZlJ lb.i.ti,,'
v. S2S, AI. v'" ns. is!iIs used fl'equently of love (ece IS.s. ignis n A).

~M,,!mJ ct. OV.

- - -
M. 4, 2'J4, ft:J.nvidlt
-- - -- -- - - --
Cl3tiG " .. st1mulataque
- -

pael1cie ira"" fbis metaphor from hone-riding is quite OOlllmOn in Seneca

(ct. v. 833; Canter, p. 113J ateyns. p. 49). Particularly relevant hers1s
91' IrA 1, 7. 1, ffh1nc ira .f'lamma. subdita est et hie ltimulwB pengitavit
misitque in perJ.cula e.udacestt .. Vv. 591-2 are replete with equ1ne image1'7..
Note ttregi" (ct. %£2. VI) :119 and LS .. e. 1!Ba I) and "henoelt • Further..
51! b 2 .. 14, 1, ItAwt .... equos st1mul1s tacibusque aubditia exoitamusft ,
ousgeete that "ignis" (v. 591) also contl'1butes to this image.. -
592. .~~e trs011 perhaps Seneca ha4 1n mind Ovidts tuller pioture
 140

(!!!.E. 4~ 22)~ "ut t~ vix' patitUl" de grege captus equus", though there~

a8 in ~. (v. 574), the reins are those of love .. not self.....ontrol. Fo:r
other metaphors from the bridle, see p .. 31 above.
593-4. For aimilar 14eae end exprelld.ons, ct. fN. W. 2» ''191 a. 1, 6, ".
I!£... i;s (aee Oft 'If'* 'Z1 above).. Note al_ !Ii V,* 593,.
12" "libet 1ft in en"s",
and !II 1lI1, 1, 1. wbeft anaell" 1. desoribed as "in ipsa innerus tela".
'95. !~Dltm w!9.~1 pl"Obab17 an echo of Hw. 9&. 1, 2, 30, "ven1e.e
pre~.

S98~ .£QSW! !!~. for tb!& way of retemng to the sea, ef. !I! v. '99,
lMt4.. v. 904. the 8t0!7 of the lot-casting is given in II.A. lSI lelt. ft..

'99-602& Phaethon1 s fate 1. nt&ntitWKi to support. the ~ntJ cf. the

uea of the ~U$ stor.y 1ft !it v.. .569 if 10
'99. 1Ul1!; of .. the use ot the wnt 10 v. 318" ilAtm .!.uDiifl filS(>
\tBed of fhoebwl t cllarlot in A&. 11.. fJl7 ..
601-2. Pf'obabq &n echo or Cv1d on the mwe topios tteama compeaeu1t
19a1'btas 1atieB" (~. 2, '13).&8ul 111 v1ew of v. ;91, the implication is
tl'i8.t; 41ailOll n¥Q'oe -deR'l'07ed--'by-the-Yel7' -love-he ~. - _..

603-6. Kapl\Ukajas (p. l29) pobts out the tendenq of Seneca to place
philosOphical tMusbta in the rdddle of hie choruses and cOJnP$.ftS w.. 329-

'9, Unes that correspond :1n eubject-matter to the present. passage.

603.!09!tiUl' see Oanter (p. 114) tor other instances ot this metaphor
18 the t.raaed1ee, and see Jh 39 above tor other t1nancial met.apllo:ra 1n Uta.
6oS-6. IlII ~ Hi. t9!!le m ~. ct. VV II ",..,6. ct. also Ov. l1!i.
10, 35'1 Hor. R9,. 1, " 2l It II
607-691 the tate of the Argonauts. Note that the chorus by implication
 141

refutes Metteat • olaim to haw saved the heroes tor ~ece. (v. 225 ff.).
Of eepeo1a1.ly
<I 'If" US t.. aDd v.. 62; It" J v w 231 and v lit 634" Seneca has
Bot followed aDJ' extant paaaa,. aa an overall model he~.

607-15. Note the e~t17' of RNotlUles ttqu1oqu:1.f;tt 1n both vv. 6m and 610
1. followed b7 two volb. each 1ft the perfect t_.. "
601" ~s tjf .. v" '01 etc"
608. ~ell!!99lc tor this t~ of meto~. see P.¥J above. '1'he ~
tor tb1. rather bold expreso1on 18 pa.ved b1 "regt.m:l,Que tetanG ... ., nmoa"

6\j:J ..tI!l.&tYMI.' for: a slmUar use it eee Ov,.: lui." 4~ 7'3.

610. .B2IY19.LY~ltori.g!na.~ distinct from. the 81mPlepdee (w f 341,
4,;6), as Page (on lit Ifdl. v. 2) .boweif' &eneca,l:lke ~ ether wri.tere,aeema
to regard them as the same,
612. ~ •• tt. ma Col(lhis. Hote the ~ teehnlfiUe :In th1. lln&~

613. ~s i.e. the golden neece" Note that -th€t l.1rw conta1ns three
woJlCle with a pe30rative sensei ttn,ptol". ttGttem1", "auri" (8ee on Y.' 361).-
TltJe J~]l~~_'~ _d1sappro!al_~8... ~l11'~a~$e~ by the aW.te~tion or .I.'
614. Note the stress on 1. in this 11M ..
615. ~l a eomm.cm metaphor., 'O'lt other eunplee 1n the tragedies, see

Canter (p. 117). The present ph...els rather 81Jd.lal" to tttoeders. mund1"

(w. "5. 6(6)"

616-24: the ta.te of 'f1pbya.-
616. provooatunu a common enough metaphor (see LS.s. provooo IIA), it
oeOUl"S al.$O 1n..tl9 v.' 155.. IJ:l the present passage however the penordficatioti
 142

of "mare" makes tile exprelU10n more vigorous!)

617. ~o£ Rm~1 rather u.rcaltic here. Ot. v. 3/+6, where Itaudaxtt
1s used e1m1lar17. Note that Neptune ie te1'lll04 UdQ'dnue prohncUtt in
v,. '97» also at the l1n.e...end. There 8efi11i$ a del1be:ra.te oontrast between
the l'eal wler (~ue") and the Nab UWl'pe" ("4om1tortt). ct. vv. 2, 4
tor a tdmilar coatnat.
618. :lndoeto!ll If. maIi.trol either Ancaeus (aooordblg to A.B. 2, 894. Apollod.
1. 126, liTe. 1. 3.4) or EJtg:iml.a (aeco~ to Val. n. ;, €IS)" iDfa9!2s in
oontrast to 'lplvs who had been taught (*'400111st1", v~ ,) by Ath&ne.
619. U,t2Dl &bBl' ac~rUng to !WI .. I. 14, TipbJa died 1n the temtory
of the ~ on the Propontie ..
619....20. .l!mHL.l!8St the schol1ast on A.i. l~ lOS tieoare. that TipllY8
came t1"Olll Sipha.e in Boeotia. See however v.. 622.
622. AlQiI: the ~eate4 peBOnificat1one 1n this stanza (Of~ v. 616,
and tfcal'.t.na8 .... 1/ querente.", VV'.. 623. . 4) make' h~ endeavour 8eem tutile
and stressee tbE) ~v1taW.lity of the tate of the Argonauts. M!~d 'lrfa~

DJUt _ ~o~_ ~~_ c~ ~. Siphe.4!J (~e _or1 "!V_" _6~~...~t A~e t~ \i1UiJ _18
both, and BUver Age posts ,are little tor strlet geographioal &ecuracy
(ot. v. 733).
623. ~J1a revenge? Or teu that the Greeks might share 'l'1phya' ta.te?

At arI¥ rate, Seneca eon3\lree up the 1magfJ ot another '1f'01age that brought

ruin to Ill8DY ot its leadeWi - the Trojan expedition (ct. Yetta. _ . 11, 2~4 ft •.).

623. »9£N.mw lm",,-' of".6&. v. 567.

62'-", the fate of Orpheus.. Orpheus' potters of aong (". 625-9) are a
tavour1te theme in the tragedies I of. vv. 228-9. 3,g...60, Bl vv. '7~;s m
 143

unde vooalem temeN in.outae

Qrphea e:l.lvae,
ano materna rap1do$ morantem
fluminum lapeus oelereeque ventos~

bl.anclum et aur1tu t1d1hu canoria

4uceh quercus.,
Note how Seneca has ingenioue17 eomb1ned HerMs's "ane matOl'lla" an4tttrocalemtt,
in ttvooal1 genitue Cam.eu"tt He hae apin vaded the picture with otnel"
dekUss ttcom1t&nte .11va" ecmoee HQl". 9l1l " U, 14. the mentian of b1lds

1s pemapa an Od.dian toucb (ot", Iti,. 10, 144J U. 44), though this point
is mentioned .s .ar17 $$ S1ulonido (r...g., Zl J Diehl) @

62'" £.~, CaU10pe (ct" 1!1 v'# 1(34).

626. ,~t. !9,rDMc a ~ lbet attributed to Orphells in A.,B.. 1. 26 It"
63o..J.. o,pheus -.s tom ~ br fh:raeiar1 wom.en who were angered at his
ne&leot of them, ct•. Vel'S. i.!.1K. 4, 520-71 Ov. ltli. 11, 1-60", The pnsent
~. Hem· a blend of two lines h1' Odd, ttvaeuosque 1acent d1Dperaa per
qt.'08" -(1!1. -11.- ,,) and-~~t -di~a 10018) -eapu~_Hab"-. ~~~

I ex~ip18" (Met. 11, ,0-1),.

631. OIpheua' head \t'&$ suppoae4 to have been ctm:"1ed down lea to teeboe
(OY'" Jf!i. a, ;,)'"
632.. B2ft.Im Dzat O!phews had earliea!' descended to the Underworld. in eea,roh

of his wite Etu'7d1ce. Ct. <N. MIl. 10, 1 ft.,) Verg. 9.t9.E. 4, 454 ft., 1!Q
v. 1061 ft.l !Il v.. '7; ft.
6"., 1191 ~t!lD!' on the previous occasion.. he had ",ume4 to the
Upper World. See v .. 476 tor a. e1milar' use of the future past,1oiple.
634-0421 He!'CUlee, after kill.ing three other Argonaut., peri.8hecl himtselt.

634. !l!.Wta, Henules t grandfather was Alcaeu.,. ~Wl!. D!to!U Zetee

 144

ad CalAis (01 .. v .. 231). H~. Jd.l.W \hem Oft 1'&08 ~ theT had
wanted to leave RQ"O~ ~ci vhc bG . . ~ tor U71aa (fie w ..
646-'1).1
6'5-6. ~,~t . . .~nen'U§. s.ne. bora p~ baa 1ft m1n4
OV' .. aa. 12_ '56-8. thou&b he bu ~. . . Melt. Ufa,eat
m1a hr:1o~ -n ••t ou1 po_ ft&Ud
.-.-oJ q,uu vel.lAt. ~. . ~~ ~a.

Hept.u.maa 4• •t.
,,6: a twelv....,llable 11la.e td.th roHlutton 1n the am. of ith• .second

toot.. ct.la. w. 8.361i 1051. 8uoh a ""lU.Uon 1. ~ 11\ the

MPPh1cl of tM La_a. wd.te" and iloac••

637.. ~ w..&I!IL:a.afJi' .. ~.~. \0 the labouR ot lieNUle,,. lor
th$ pbft_. ot. K"", aso. 682 ft.) !i2 v. "41 Ov. iIE. 9.. 5. lii tJu.;
t~•• H~nule. U piot\ift4 •• the ~ or ~t. ad . .aten (er.
R v;> 30 It.), _ the 'beaetaoto..- of~.. '.ftd.., st..u p1ctul'c of Hel'Oulea
1a ot ~ allO pre __ in 8_oat a P3lOh wdc, wotllri 4l8p$o1allJ 1Ia. 1.
-13; " . "4.Uli fl.llO_ftt mQljNi1-ho.t.1.~- ~-~ lllU:l1q,\tS- --

paeat.-. Nct.e alUwm10n o.f 11 1ft \be present .lJrle ..

63a. A ret.~ w the theft of C.fteru• • VIM"-
unet:ln a a1m1laJt
o.~ 1D 711. v. 724, it v. 'S.
6l9-421 the t~ of s.s...... U2. When the ~ Nea. . tl'1ed to ab4un
DeialliR, He~t vUo, the hero fJIhot hlnl witb aft ~ t1npd with hydN
poUon. !he ~ C)~ saw Deb:n.1J'a some of hill ~ bl.eOd, cJ.a1m...
_ 1t ._ a loft pb.'Ut.ft (He J19. v. Soo tf.).. lAter De1u1r& save I~Q. '

1
A.B. 1, 1302 ft.
 145

.. robe ...~ ·w1th th1a. WhEm H. .ulel ~alise4 thAt, he wu wf'teriq ..

~rinI death, h. ftised a fulteftl p:J'ft on _. Oeta (bo\w$."~ and.
Aetol1a) and bumt ~w.r alive - a point ~81zed here b, tbe .,lJ.ocation..
ttvivus a~fI.

640. lU1J.L" u..~'1 tbe WOM-oNIlt... ~8t. tluit tJ.ame$ eavelop1r&a

Hel'Oulee' bocJJ.
641. ~, ..... ~j the Jdasled blood of NeaR. and the hI-.
642. ~ ,mmllIt the_ we••, plaoed. jn an ~\lc po81\1oD ~ ~$ut.

the daqerlucm 18 18 fftm M$d.ealt

6.4J...4. ~. u Sa v. 6.34. alllUl there _1"0 t.w ~t. of th1s
~ -.4 Q.Ch . . 1d.l.1ed b7 a boa~. TAu in one ~, Sene.. Idlls ott
M\Caeu$. the ~ (. v:lotim of tJle C~ boar) an4 ....\1.. of Sair.os,
who.. ~N1r., to A.R.. 2, 86,,. ~_ ~u a8 ~t. :r~.~., . l Ie
the p~at lJ.tlea, &l~ UlAJI' haw had :in rdnd Ov. M,. S, '18 ft •• 'Wheh
~ hunt tor th~ C~ boar aad ~ death of ~WJ al"$ ftccUftlfttd.

OVid toe. . the bean ~m Cv. 338) and aG!aE (v_ 376) Md tunher.

att~-tb$ h_trde~t%. the· dea'bh ot~a,p.-{v-..-W t't~)1i

644. 1JMw;.n1 Idlled the ~ 00&1" (0'9'. iJi1. S, 414 tt.). but then

kS.J.lflc! h1I _olea. His motborj ,Al.t~, Sa l'e~ tor t.h\9 JWl'der of h0r
brotheft,bum\ the st14k on wM.ch Mel. . . .,_ 11Ie ~ded. (Ov. iii. a,
4S1 It,,) jO Hote all1~.M.c:m 'Of a in vv. 644-6.
646-9. ~t8 puactuatlon ... a. no, after ~i· aml .. queetion ~

after ttundaeff - 18 lellJ8 aat4.Gtaotol7

.
than the t.l'ad1tlcmal ....
.~ - atte. ttuDdae~
\

1
Se~ .ho].. em A~i. 1. 186 tt)1* the ~le etol'\Y ot hi. death.
 146

6460 m!D!~' be$'li taken in t.he .$!lee ottto~'ft, a. rare use but eI • • 111

1, 5 and Yell. 2 .. 130. '!his interpNtat10n avo1de the c~1on ot thought

that ~ (p. 294) seea.

648. IUEt 111'138" a handsome YO\lih, loved. br Hercules. Near Ciue he waG

dftwn Snto a pool by a Na1ad Who hali tall.en in love v1th b!m (A.R. 1, 1m ft.).
The eto17 was a ta'VO\lr1te of pd,ntel."8 a.ncl poets. ttend non diotus Jtylau

puer1' (Vel"l. !I!K. " 6). In '". 641....9. Seneca bas 1ft r.d.ad Orr. &A. 2,. no"
ttlaiad1.1lllqUe tene~ cr:bd.t'le raptU8 Hylaa"D Note how Seneca haa "'ven Odd'.
trori.nd.ne" a new twist", ~R!lB!1 Heroulea aeaahed tOl' h1m tar and ~

(ot. A.I. 1,. l260 It". fheoo. lS .. 55 t.).

649.. ~A! in.\!~..»mII!1 the wrd oZ'der and the use of "nnw" emphae1me
the 1rorw of Bylae' d&ath. Cl. the tftatm.ent of Peltas' tate (v. (67).
N~v the !ngEfiious fIOUAci-et.f'eet; 1n TV.. ~9. ttpu..~ in ;""ft Qeeue in the

sarna l1ne positlon) we have the plq (Il "1nrepen'Uf5/ -.ptQftJ "tutae pq.ertt
OOftta1ns the same soundaas tf~_".

650.. !.\'.. JlIJ!.I seep. 'lS- abcwe. ~t.ll the metaphon4&l UIM of this
WON wi-th )!'efel."enCe to eeara-riDg ia tim- tOl1lld -hew.· -However !lID i# -
found ~l1er' 1n th1" senD (e ..g .. Vera. _ . 2, 700, ov~ Jtm. 2" 10, "J
~. 1, 2, 76).
6,1. '."'3 Miller (1, 2SS), canter (p... l24) and Hades (p. 29) aU uadeS'-
stand the wid 10 the senti. of ttsea-wat.erU. theft 1e DO real parallel tor
this US&ie and their !nterpretaUon spoils the ~,. llngel7 (P. 295)
18 surely right to take 1t U 8. reference to the apS'J,ng where 117188 drowned.

Thie aocoNs better with the n.naem ot V'if 6,0.,

6;2-'... Seneca seems to bave eonfused the deatbe of ldmon and Mopaus"
 147

Idmon was JdJ.led by a ~ ~ the ~ (A.B. 2, 81' ft •• ApOUod.

1, 126) .. Mopsue wu Jdlled by a snake int1lwa (A.a. 4, 151S tt~)~ llat.
rata nosHt. ct. A.It. 1, W, 2, 816. for the phn.se, ot~ Bms. v. 83.
6541 a lme aatlt.hesie.
6S5. 1!IlS&d&t.1 echoes tfoondidittt at. the begSard,na of y. 653.. _.I!!!. ,,,.01
~I ap.1n Seneca ~ to have erreci,contus1ng the AJ'Sonaut MopsU&

hom !1taN.t t4th the prophet of the eame ~ tl'Om Thebe••

656. ~I HC)psus. s!SMt&t. I»!la.t an .cho ot OY. M. 12, 4,,-6;, "neo
ttl ol"'edideris tatum ceoUdf!lse tutura/ AmpJot4en MopswnD "
",-63s u. thess Ua.e the tatea that HopI't15 propheeied tor var10wt
Ar8OMU\. O~ their l'0ls.t:l.veB ~ ~ed. fbi. passage present SQn\$ seve"
dUt1Cultle84 11..8'. the atan.& (vv. 651-6(6) oonta1nel ten Un•• instead
ot the Ll'1e 1n all t.be other et&.nl&$ 1u vv. 6f11-69. Seem4. the first part.
of v. 660a is nde.illi. 'lbiJd, in V" 661, O1leus 1. g1ven the mod.e of death
ot his eov.. Ajax. fh-Ollllmn .ek. to l~eeen the dUt1oult1es by plaolng v,* 661
(m 'Wb1ch he fte.d$ 1t01leift) betore v. 660& end 611ppOldns the omlSli1on of
two -J.1Jlea -{6'9a-and 662ah WtJ;hua -~fW9J\'-a ftPft-.~nt _~. real . _
pNVement _ the ~rad1tloul Orda~. Perbape hO'!li'e'Ver Leo 18 right to ~

v. 6')7 to presewe the Q'lIIA8t17 of the atansa ~ure.

657. Th.tldS.a mar1tUSI Peleus" 'Who died in exile an the ialet of Ikos ott
1
EubGu.
6,8-9. Na'llpl1u8. an Argonaut (A.I. 1, l34-S) inoenaed by the ~J." of his

e. Palamedee at the b.amiG ot the Greek leaden (ot. VeS',. _ . 2, 82 ft.),

N". i'" 4 1i .... 1~ .. " -... Ht. d. Ud.. I • MP t I , ,...,..,"'" __ •

1
l~ot C08 1 as CqelY (p. 295) assens.
 148

11U"ed the fleet ftt~ ll'Om fro; on to the P~to17 Capha.:reue, at the
tfOUtb of Euboea (eee AI. v. 1)67 It.). SIii-aS2llm!iYmt this b the

cleuest accOWlt o£ 111$ death, but of. ApoUod. 2.. 2), iSml "Uml of,
tfpelfl.da .... faa*tt (41. v, S70).
660&. 180 auppae. i5!!l4!to..mt!1 to com,plete the::t.iJ:le. fl'obabl¥ vv. 660&.
b refer to 'alamedea # alMa thq ooo\U' in tho same et.anzl1I. .. the Une. deal-
sag 1d.th Naupl.1us, thou&h the,- would appl;y' e~ to O11eu (Ajax) 1n v. 661.
~ Sd1!tml' 1_e. ot b$1ng an ~ut (et. v. 641). Note the alUtel"--
atlon of .If
66J.. OUeue 'WlI.8 an A%'&onaut (A.B. l~ 14),. but it wa. hia eonA3ax who
died it~$ at pcm.totf" 1.tl a.v", "5 It., &a1\eoa descmbea how A3ax was
tU'at attt."Uek'by '4llas t lJ.&h~, tben ap1n luuJeke4 into the sea and
~ by a rook dtelods- by NGpt~" Note v. '56, tttewaquEi et ipa
viotua et pelaSo i&oet".. _8$& mun the be ~ the lather's name .. w1th
retercoe to th.son. The tact that this 4Jax waa hSUlaJ";q called A1a.x
on.1 or .Ata:lt OUelie to d1$tJ.qu:1eh him tMl AJ-, eon,. ot Tel.atnoft. makes
thcprdeat -liatl- _1"$ -.cWretandable ,C~h<tl1.i_ -ie-1UIO-ass1-.tGd. by -
the itt. 1ft vv. 660&, b that a eon 'a puQiehed tor a fathElrts or.l.me. Here
then the \lD of OUeue tor Aiax empbaa1s.e that it 1. the tome!"'. crime
that 1. be1ngpun1lhed.
662-3. Admetu, I1ns of Phefte,'who alao had. been en Al'iCMUt (AfB. 1. 49),
. . eaved fnm death by his w:Lte Aleutls, who was allowed to die 1ft hill
stead. Aloest.18' devotlon presents a stntdRg ooMzraR to Medea. 'lbese
l1na8 lDq' be 1nfl.\Wftceti by Or. W. " 19-20, "tata fheret1adae eOD1\1ll)(
PapMe& redem1t/ proqu.e ~ uxor tunere lata v1l"1tf• Note t.he financial
 149

.tmapq in ~".tt~e•••

664w1. tho tate of hltu. lee Oft v~ 1» abMo. ~ \ftlUd.t1<e ~ Pel.1ae

1. no"; ..... Alc..U. . . h1a datq:h\ol'*.
660-7. Note \lw ~ Qt ~ to . .~ P<il1a.teutfClt~.

667. ~. U4 ~; lUI ~l"1 (p. ,296) Obfiwe., an ~.,....

t . . to ~ ~ vo;ASe b.....~. ftll\WI ed4a to tit. 11'Ol\Y b7 .,....
~ up the ~ of the ~riq ~OlM.Ut•• but &1. wle" t,o hl8
eb~up ~$ (at. v. 41 to. a .'JAr u. of th$ lfOJd).
668-91 ~al to tAG gode to RYe I . . . (ftj.ueOU)<a' tam _tll1 this Une-
~ ~ in 1101'. Qd .. 1. 2, 1. 10' ot,b. . l:l.kll!ly ~. of tld.. ode.
ct. vv.,81. ",.
"'III iwsacu ~ke up "1wst4\n (v. 664). 'or 'the 1•• ot. fft; .. w. Itlo...
1, uquid tu... ~ &Ie.? C aucto~ 'Hdt',_celed,& ooact1 culpa-.

At\_l<?H.ju.,Lj1~

fbla aci 18 entiftl1 "'0\114 to .desoript,ion 01 Hed.ea'_'-"

riote..- ~ pu,1lpt_ 1$ to po1. . tbe-SiA.tor~- .
Tlwre . . a lOaa tadS.\ton of t\eao.ripUGWl of Enaalc 11\ IiMlea.t
Ute.itU'e, the fbUOU••t. ~es ~ in the 9iiUll(e.g* C1w$
l
 150

1ft Book 10) .. ~ pl.a.7a .. hl.... wle:b\ ~c1U$1c&l ~ l1te.t~,

thouah the ~ 01 ~le. artd ce~ ~. of Sophnrl weft devoted
\0 thU~. ·lft t. HeU-"U pen., 'hai;m,Gol ~. b~s
~I ~~'. J1l!lBla .... -.. ~ve. b\tt eeeA.I. " lO26 fl.,
1201 tt., 4, l665 tt., 11woe., a. Th$'~ __ 01_ ~ 07 maglo.

hQble palleag•• ~ Veq~ It;L.. 61 _ . 4. 418 It•• Ho1Jt. 1IQSl. 5, 17; Jil.
1. Sf m. 1, 2, 41 ft.) rr.,. Jh " ,....18. ov. It,\.. 7; 179-29.1. BIt. 6, 8.3 ft.
It, 's dU'f1eult; to ~.l"ld.fte the ..._t to vh1Gh . . . . baa ~ use 01 theee
.P~~ ~• ..., of the poibt. ~ ~~ ... ~lu•• of th16
tbflW». ~rl he pi'Obabl1 had Ov. &1. 1,179-29' in mad (,," GIl w ..
71~2a bolow) ~ .. paeup that. de.abfJ. Medea'. I'$jwr~iOl'l of Maon.
»Cscr.tpUon. of ~o welle \0 the Ihetori.oal poet. of the 6Uvtlf'
~W
1
J\I@w1th th$U lltR:l.nins aftftv 'he b1.~ aad ilOmtl0. E~ft 111
hmcata t~~JI we haVG & ~q .G~ U sad. w. ~se and ..

witcm in m v. 4-sa It. 2 !to,. pWeml 1. ~t. ~.~ <huted.p\1_ of

1
Ao E1t,1'efll ~"~8 (pp. 70, 76) \he ftGtori.eal SChool. . .thee used
~ oe~e* ae a th-..
2
Hote that 1ft ~
pro.. wolka we llaft a MhoI' to ~t.UOlUJ Me~e
a. k
9~ 6, "Hooatoft e!t, Bco t,1b1 ~ftibo . .toriwa fd.n.e
maatc Sn
~,1 iWw h$S'ba) ldM t.tl.l1u1 ftM~ eal'1ld.Ml .1 de~,
amat,1
 151

) 1 'etron1us (
ErriohthQ and tM 'Witohe$ 01 fhll1U;llaly (6, 4)4 it".. 134)
....' eooms
to' ~ s_e of the !t<Ore ext:r.vasant f.'ltd.m$ of wttchtUB, and. l1te~

pletuJ'e8 ot magic.
The· 0ld'.mt to lJhich l:tt~~ delcnptions of maSic and Seneca's in
partloular "tleot popula~ beliefs and ,_oties3 1. not i\;Iaq to <i~t.~.

However ~ of the I.tie mentioned 1n 11teht7 pas_sea ~ parall.Ued.

in the If£gic pap;v'_9
2 Cena:Lnl;f in 8ene".. '. dq, ~o pmot1ee8, thou.

no doubt deeplse)ti by inte.lleet'Wlls (ct * Nor. ill. 2,; 2, 208 If ~ neOOJnla.,

t0rrons mas!C06, miracula J 3Eiga., / nutlitumoe lem\U!e81 port~nt841e 'rhe.sale.
1"1des?'-), wer~ w.1.d$ep~d. at ifm..e.'

was the mo.t fM.OU8 witob of utiqu1t7» both 1n llteratuh

;t.led~a.

and populat" taney. 4 Seneca no 40ubt felt he 1llU.t 40 juat1Q$ to her ~e­
pu.tatlon and th:1$ aat would baVit been II"Mt~ to th& taeta of his eontem...
po1'a:r1Eu.~. til$ p~¢ed~ 1$ 1u 1ntel'$eting \lont~e' to that of Jum.pidee
who in hie Kedee. tie.cribes th~ effects of the magic l'&ther than the _ate
ltseU, ther$ ean b$ no dwbt whon vei;*$l~n 1e mol"e d~. .tie and an1s't1c.
WelJSd lor: the modil2tl had$t'.t thiIJ act is pelrhaps tha l(9&R aecept$ble part

of Senecata play. After the ~$ome detalls of l~ed~.s rite., one longs

1
Sea M.P"O. MortoN" The .Pget tuow (QJcford, 1967)~ pp .. 59..,.74, tor u. dl ...
cU8s1on of magic and 41v1,nation in lauoan.
2
Theee paw:ri ant conveniently assembled in 0 .. iTe1endans, f!mJi. {lr.l§B!
~Qci!. (teipalg~ 1928) •

.3
Note tbat Claudius renewed the leg1tla.t.1on of T1ber1us ap1nst sorcerers
(Tae Ann.. 12, 52) and that, undel" NliJro # a &1r1 called Servilia was aCCUhQ
of Hlling p~ <>t her dow'r:l :in the hope otea.v1n1 the Ute of hel" tath~r
by ma.~o (~sl. 16; ,1)10

4
Bee on vv.. 670-739.,
 152

f_ t~ ~'fflt .1i,ntJolpl. (~t~. 1)'). ~Iftho~ ~ao _ tabuloe&

polU(,ii_'bl~ ~t~m'\l$I* _~

'tV. tl/~7)fh

. _...~.,
.~ l«~ d~\MU' ~..

_\~~ • • ell $V."

t.
intp:tMn

tb~
dfJ..'fr~ll. ~~i.tt

pnpa.'l•• of tM
.,,14, \hat •• viU
i~" ~

.Qtl! SA bo~

~c;. ,,1\••• fiWa;i$ h~ I'Tro{f{ 4.tPl{//(of _ 'lftw (11.*'\, .at) aml hv

1)4* f>.t ~_~ ~. 1. eft. ~tlOM' (<<*.,1_'.1. 'J IO'~. 4, S). ,w.
b~~ ImMl utu a'tO~pd.~", tb~ .-"fllm t~ o\bl!1f\ _ttm~'t tt~l.

1m Wit MM. HoI'. JIlf1. 'J 61, Cv'.~ At!. 2t' 10lf C1Rf1. ~. 1. lS,.
~ &1_0 Oft w. ~SOJ 7J1J. A t~ JO'~-e,. ~d be 41 ~Jltlal .~
tb.~ '411 .I.~tlJJ~. Ii"_ p$.~WlJ tblf .a~~ of £o~a. wllO __

.:u.~ ~. _v@ wtK_ 'h~ dAl.tho of C~U ,.4 M~otl. (!." • •'"

U" 66; U. lS).

6t.,~,~ tlifil .u,.t. f~", CI. w .. S" ...,.
(l'l" ~ ..tltt-Qa_\. ~~. (p~ tl86) ~ lfcl'.",. 1, ZI. 6.
tt~t~ ~(iC~l .l!_"patQ aJ.\4 thtl! ~OD \We 01 _ . !nt;he ~ ..,..

61ftli ~I f • •t.~ t~ tl~1 .~{}t»l V'* m. fb~N~ ~~

to be ,ft~ th$;\ ~fjt~ • .,$ ot 1\It. !dst"'.~ (~~~ pa.tttat.w)

'~t .61 .,.nbmt in v. Jea It ~

6~'. fb@ ftUf'Mt, ,~ ami ~t. ~. U~ ~,tiId by th~ .1a~.

aM 3h'i1l& (·~n~ ;;H ~~ftt_.) in 'IVY. t"13-4. by tb9 Joltq b~

in v.614 ad b7 the: ~~ ~l .~u.. ty. 674) .4 tbfJ .:w.t$a\t.M - ;

1
of Ii (w. 674...;).
67J...4. .~~• • t. w. Zll., 424 aboy~.. Not m.hl1
~ ~a\1_ 01 th$ ~ •• l:iaPI7 (p. 296) ,.~8t •• but. til. 4aw1na
~ or tb~ h~.~ bodJ..,fI/I8p0fi.-u, tl'w moe. Tbl., lOY(\) oh~ 1. filiDt
~n\loned. 1h _. IJA. v. 149 and 18 ~~tll1 ftt.~ to h1l4t8S"".
 153

...
to
~ va~W.l
~t ~
w. ~~ 'ib.
• • o~ ~.t._ ~~.'f14i9f.
1, I. 4S• • • ~ ~.td.tn•••
,.#~. WI. of
~ ~ tbia . .~ fit. aud. Wif 410. 191 ~ Qv", . . . 1# lUI. ~ ~

.~~ _ v_ 7'1. _~. Ib&ft 1:1 ~~ du ~~ h~, ,. in

.tlJw;r IQIU~~on. of th'IJ ~ _ . , 1ft ~ ~ ~ 1• ., the on.
hand .. JHUi$1w 'fifl~ of -"Nlii'1 (<tt~!.Mo. 6, ,oa tt.J'. . ~l. 1\Q'!*.ll. ;13
d '* \k. ~.I" baM 1. ~a.W1_ ~ill n~.'. ,.,. v, 'Sl) 'ht anat p&~
ad helper of ~\.~,,,

6';.t1itcmitio •. *1'i4I1 .~Jh

676. ~.a~.1 1m.. ~ '"' ~ ft#Mft fit· v. "8 aad h "'afito
","''''_'lI.""tt.lO,.
~~_ .. ..,. £f1;,...,.
QQVw

I:/I? ~ . .,.~# ~" .."

m v. , 01 o~,. ~ _ .-t)al ~_,~

\tl@ po_ lin "~Jf. 1$4, ~ ~~ ~ pta$fi " ~ fit tnt!! .mh. 'oJ'
tbn ,~nt tl~~\it~rp be tI.a. ~ D2U N\4 DQ~ M w. 113; '54.
6,6. ~""_, ~al. ~~\ pidat. h ... ""~ ~ UN 01
~K,.Q v. 117.
. ' . 2
610. lU.l'.I' ~~. l-A h~ ~ eenD.~ ~~ !n ~ &h$.·· ~t

lttlitl<lr to ~~. ~ tl\u~ t_ ~~ .t I. an4 At• • •11~;

681.....'. ~",,*,;t.I~. plat"" . . ol~~ 4lh. . . '-0 maR\9 tii~ ~.t
of ~_,~ ~l",. Ct••~ m. L'tb;& i. ~l).. l\itt~ '0 _.~I
!.I
{

1
:t.ill *n. (~ '-Ub..30,?). a.l. " "". , ••,. ~. $" "h
!lb. 1, 8. " 4 J. 11B l1....sJ ~* 4, S, 141 ov. " 1. WI)
IfaI. ft••''''''' at. ~~ ,et.Jt. Ut.,t w. ~J HQ ft. pt;...71t $e" flO
JW~,,4*ua.

2
Ct. l1uc. 6, "~'I PllQ.. ldl. 24. 103.
 154
1
an $fil!"penta; 1t was alleBed that 'Ole" had dl1O~ the" t~om the Cicrgen'.
head. Of" Otr II !l!,\. 4# fi'i7 If ..
6u~3. um'~Wl niy,Lb:9l..Y: but maMS.. w. :;82,...., &meaa wntfi}S,
"qualitea!' faun lUll1e/ tepido ~d$$CWlt imbre pe!?u8h nlvae. ft AlIHlI
i.eo m;nb~m" UkG AJ'~riH;)iil the BeU&, eet. VII 40;), Bo\e that Itfrigi,d.o
Ant" ri~ru,n 11 ued ~t Bootm$ 1n,9.U. v. 2)4.
~104. the amtkee eal1e4 by W4IJa. Sn~$...cha~, 1$ mquront17 mentioned
in l1st$ of ma.sto teat.! U14 $Mke ehaf!ll.'4 (e$peo~ from the Pqll1 and
~1) W6~ ta11w 1n th$$'bl'e~t. of .~ (of" l~, l, 41" 7)" JlU\ ()f
(101.lr8fi Medea,t" fGat.. titre l'nOf'(f parlAil••e than &¥fI' 111Gb mil· ~ (of.
v, 69').
6$4; ~sa!til$lt 1.ef! be1l* incantations" Cill .O~~ff (v. 68.S)~
'~ant\t. mo~sft (v-. 699), ~anttbu,$ •• " mi_" (v. 7(4). ·'Yew,,- (v. 7'7)" Such
incantattons wtllr61 empl(IT$d du~ the l&~tOJ'Jn$lCfJ t>t ¥no.t Mg1e li.ks ant!
often W'ttated thii mn.m.eI of .. 4$l8 (ot. F-et~ .. 6') o:r vmOU$ other Oft&tu~.
(J:Mc" 6 t t&~' '4) .. ..
~,. ~'~J!!".", ~~l¥iJ .. .. phue wltb if. Luet1M118ft 3?inS (ot. ~r. 1, -;621
ft8~e1"'W1l pnua-, ot 111h) ~~, only herem the \raIG~.#
tboUib aleC) uSE14 of ~$' 1a Lu.o" 9> 709, jlJaI a\lIfJO of snakes :mIMe. ',60s.
6e611 41.. "hie din _"Penlit ' at beg1J.m1ng of v. l$U in i i . - /
687. iIU14Sl# ot. 8U.6, 222 Htntidoa motus linpeft • Aot~ a$ Autltin

1
Not-$ part.1eularlT Luc. 9, 607 ft. end p& ". 6" allov." Actually howver
onlw one type of .make (•••UI) 18 ~.... in Libra. ~e B.P.O. Mo:rtoJ'd,
"The ~se of LutJIan'. Ninth Iookf'" tat. 26 (1961), lZl.
2
Ill.".
S, .390, flin.· LB.. 7. 14,; 28" 19. 2S.t 30J J.iu<h 9. a".
"G ~11111- W--.__ w_~
45.
£A
'nl'''''J!;f ~. 0'
h-.oa..
f.4.J
:ft.-.-
Q;
.ft
I J
Ni!!A... ~ A........
1;1\1' VV'" . ,• ..ct • .L,
n ~ ,nft': ....

•
 155

oblef"le$ (p. laS) ~ a .w on tttrJ.$lllci$n (V_It. a. I" 47S)~ the tnake t •

t~<tI 1«9 to.~$ not d1n«~4 bito three. UeweVd'. Pliny ('-=1- llt 1(1) ancl
Silver itgfJ poets (see Auat1ntr; Mte tor ~he.. ~les) follow Vt.lt'l&ll en
th1s ~mt!i ~t onlJ he~ in the tnpti~:H'.

6iS. ~~'eat .~t!o&ll¥ placed. Not. how the maliaunertJt the p018on.
1, st.".~d bJ'the ~p_tecl
.
u. . .f the WON ·in the NUi"N t. de.cnptl.on ..
1

6$9 .. ~f "hi. an4 ou~tG word$ are fi>-eqwmt~ "Iect of an&kee ($_1_

Veq_' AS,' 2.. 381j 412JOY. sa,t 'I »)6~' DOtber'trmake"""Worcilf• Qt.
V.; 696. Veri • .iJiU.2, 220; 5, Zl9.
,,0. sa~!-J ~ oS ~, in Vf;JWil• .Mn.. 2, ~.

'~104 ... _ ~l. -of ~ &ft.you:rit. ~ce f)t the o;r~tQl'e

(el, ~. 6~ ash
'90...1. ftl$,~ is giV$l1 "tnt \)1 th~ p~ _ ttt.~lWAft andwtQl1:u$"
and th~ dOllb~~ 01 ~ft (.4"~f\«t. ltb,.••ft) ..

&IS. 1fa,.ist~t p&map$ a .•e~ts eMe of the cm())$.$' ''1aiA t~'tl$

el'!'ltttt ,." 111) ~
694-'~ ~.".~J tbeooneteJla\ton Draoe 'Which 11.a 1n the nonbem
&1qb&tw~ the tw ~th Aeeommg to the usual v~t&lon (g ,# 2; 164$),
tnte _I the dralon Wled b1 .RUl~9 1n thli g~ of 'bhe tt4ll.pel'ide.io ~Il)

however note on ftJ)thQAtt v. 700. ~fla denn.'bu the 4outeUation m

s1mila:t! terms in z.. vv. (Jfll....72. .Ift both PPIlUig6$ he aeems influenced. by
VVl"S_ IM.£. 1, 2AA-!i !mel pemap. by C1c.y. 2. 1061 beth ot which 1n tum
stem h<tm ~&t .. v. 4; it. sm.~!!9~t III pomt made 1ft k. v. 870, Verg.

1
UsfXi heroa ct =take. ,the we~ 1. ~peated in. 'VV.. 717, 731 ot pl..lnt.e.
 156

. . . 1. 24; ( 1tb mer_ .tl.~tiD), \110. N.l).. ·2, 106 &no Aftt. 'If. 45«
6,6w.? an ~l. of ~m$&1~ (~!I 9, J,,). of'll iIF w. ,o,s·.6.
696. ~I' m:t.nor4lUe """ te~: the two Dc"'. Ct. ov. tmetr.4. ,.14.
ffMagn& mt'Aorque '.¥'fie., ~ ~ alta. tn."'/ altsl'a S14onta., utD\'Wil
sleca., _t•••it SM· ~h&~ _ v. )16.
691* note th$ ~t"t.tve ~ &1 $$Jll4.tm ~ ~hia&:m,"$.

698, ~sJlYI!tth~ n.e~""'holde~l1i a . . .t.ellation m tl\f) no~em.'

bem1.1~ft that vae no_ ... a 'lltfttl t~l1na with It. PIke. Ifhi$tmake 1$
not th. Dt"&co(GH $l W;if 694...5),. polnt ~$"" tgnOI'4!iS,.l Hwevear, ~on....
Itt.t_ 1. n-.tw:'al f01( thtJ~ _~ MVEiI'&1 ~~eon$t$llat1_.. kmu$
(U,lI.u••~.tJi 1, . , ) d~~. ~$ . . .t ~~H' in oa$lo~ UfltW f3.U11n
~ttiJn.tri-.e tJst,al.'\w e,ph.t~, ~~1'U3 6\t8'ti'alis~fta ~D.thf.e 13 an
un~nta.t$lU(9nt (see 111e. 1~ 6St)..4).Opld.ttchu# is thu. deecrihd in Ote.
i,ft. 2, 109 (t~8la.t1on. ()' ~. 741: .. )11 "~\etl.etl$1 ~ o'lu'o pet'iltbet
Opbttwhum ~ G~11 h1e.Pl"$ISU dupl1d. ~ c:ontSMet angumntt •
700. lI!!a.t th$~ wr$ .ev~5l veJ'sion$ of the.\(;.., how ApoUokUled
thi. Jll.GGter at hlphi.
---- -------
1h~ lltol"l
-
.h~-
hu in Id;nd, "eems
---------
to" tbat out...
- -

~ by ~h0. of $0101 (46,21 'laM) ~ wlU.ch tete Oatn.$ to Delphl,

e&~1 the twin. Apollo _d AJteltlttll_ !be ",hm attacked h$l" but was

kUled. b7 the Want Apoll(). :It tthould be not. that M~C)rd1n& to .,001$..'

flthon be~thft .olu~telJ.e.t,lon Di'&tlG and it 18 pc$lI1ba t,hat :seneca intends

1
Bee hi. CCl'lfu81n3 reference to "\11. Dfttgonft 1ft h1& note en v. 698 (p. 291)_
2
This southam constellation 1$ Hydm. See on 'V'. 101.
l
S$e Sohol. on Al'at. v" 45.
 157

.. ft.lrth$r ...t,~l t'ef.~. Mre.

701....21 the Ltt~ U,dra lIboH .~ 88 'be ..coM et H8~.t laboura.
SMM"",a r8l§1.!, &1 Wd.tftl' one of 1t. 1\1ae head. were out- ett, two
epl"UnS up in 1\$plaee. ~1_ of \bio point i. ma4e 1D ~ of the ......
1
t,,~.e. to the y~ in the \.~.. 0&.1" $ tot .,M.l'.WI!I' the 1nC:v1du&l
hqd,.'fhe ~ 1. _other llellV&lll1 ,,$ J 1t ._ "lui" ct.mJlt,.l1&t.1on
ot the aoutht"m ti4q (DO C:lc. LJ,. 2, 114).
70)..4. B,,~l the ~ tb&t ~rded the nee". S.e on v .. 41'.
Appro,mte til..\ t-»Goa. ebcml<1 eml with a p~ ~l. of her ~n. the.
u.. ~ to echo Ov. &G. 7, 149 1tpe~1 f.JUpel"GGt heftis ~ dl'aconem"~
10""3()~ . ME. . gatb\'t$l'a t.o.pt\her he~ ;pol1\KmOU8 h.~a. ct. A.I. 'ot 143;
OV'. !Iii. 7. 224J Val. Fl. 1, ,2..1 tt (J I~Q &leo ii'btwe on vv. f:llD-7'9.
70S". !V_I!~J a Jd.l1~ _taphoJt (ct, 18.s. If,I.H III .2 an4 ]).39 above
lor other adJitfU7 _tapbOnt) . . ....J!!~. . .I. ef. Sllt. v. 587#
~ Y1pG~.nua"» b the; . . . lin.. ~.1t1_ aud 81_ 1ft apa.sMoi0 WlfiJ"e
Jd.l1taq metapbo,N ~ ~..... ot $llIk•• c~ __ ~c.

'101-171 &$ the rel!(;)(lted US" of Hat.ive. in etlphat.10 poldtiOllI,;

100 .. ~~.J) ot. 'V .. 682.
709. P~Jhaps &111.110 ot Of. a. 2,16, 40...~ ~-'h~o __ OftlOh

rub_". 4Cco~ to A.i. " 8, 'it •• th(lJ aaly., liven to J~ Wlon ho

tamed the bull., ~ tnm Ii plant. which ~ b'cm. the blood of Pn»m&\heu8

on Cauoa8UO. ~ . ~& a taVOt.\l'1te, ~eaa ph"'"", of. !fl. v. 445,

lJ,I. v. 448, u. Y'. 816.

1
Of .. Ul VY.. ~, 1el, M. v. 835; !iR We 2"_ 1'34.
 158

110-,1) p*l'haps the choice of names • • 1nfluenced by Oat. 11, 4-5.

7ll. s1in.~u.._~J!1 ct. l'liu", v~ 67; 1m 'V" 79311 AN.bh was tamous tor
its $piett. <514. v. 111) and perttw.e OIl v. 793). qulen Leo (1, 2l4) pointe
out that .9.\W1 tor ~ is vel7 rare 1n poet l7" Vera:11 ami Horae. onl7
fImlPlt>7 the to~i" when qu1b,!! metr1oaJ.l1 haposltble.. Other case. in the
tl"aged1ea where $(tneea prefewed &.I when he m1aht have written SbUI aft
Blud. v'* J{JI 9.S.. v.. 6S0. /W,.. v.. 191.
1l0~ ~hi.: this ~el'WCe i. an anacbronilln. l_h mol'e C~~ the
~ a~ tel'mSd ~ (~.g., l'kw. il. 1" 2# 5l, ,. 5, 9) or l!DY. (e.a.
9i. 1 ... 2; 22; ,. 5, 4}o 1I.lus as in Verg. £teE- 4* 314. 1'he 11ght-
Nor.
~ Panhiatl fUlcnerB UtMd. to tire over their shoul4en as they 1"$treated. 1
P~map. th1$ adJee\iv~ would al" Can'7 '" suggoettcm of treacho3\'7.. at",.2t!.
vv'* llS-9, "sagttt:ts/ terga taJ.1u18 nVf$tuen4a ,artJd.ft "
712.. Of.!!Q. v.. 1251 ttquls te sub • • tr1g1dott "
713. *the t~1J tff3u~:bae" is an effective touoh s.n.d the pietUl'e 1& a

colOUl"tul 0Jt\l). but SeMca-. geographf18 Idly aet.~ (but sea on v,. 120)>>
the Suebl were', & Ge:man tri.oo# while t.he l~ lived Oft the south $h()7e

ot the Oaspian Sua.

714" ~sW!!PlSJJj ~.ll~_u..!_~.t!'!.~t otll!i2 v. 28, "quodcumque t.Uua genuitn
~sal found onl3' he~ ia au:w1v1Da au:t,hors. Togethfl" 1d.th "deeD nemorumft
it conveys a atr11d.Dg p1etUl'e of spl'1ng.

715. An eflective $Oho ot Vel"th its!:. 2, 404 "tr1g1du8 et silvis AquUo

deeuss1t honorem." Note $eneca'. 1n,geaioua cbanaeaJ ltd1ecuad.t" tor ftdecues1tJt,

_1:!Jt WI PI

1
Their moet notable $U.eeess was the defeat of Cnaws at, Carma. in ;3 B.C.
 159

ttngida" tor tttrigidus- t Qlld the diflerent grammatical relations between

"decus. and ft'nemofUmtt and 1thonorem" and ".Uvis". ct. also Horll 1Rti. 11"
;-6. "December ~.. dlvi,s honorem "out1t".. Senius (da;)se .. ) decl&r'es
that VergU has bo~ his Une tl'Cm. Yano (01' Atax) ..
115-6. What plants could grow in such weather? Jote the alliteration of
1&•. 1l. J. in 1mme&ta sucemon.
116. ~ UI. 1!lY' 88e Oft v.~. 9Q_r.taSi- this metaphor 18 also
uHd of cold in aa.. v. 517; CUlt. 1. 3. 111 001. 1" 6,. 18. Qalp. 114"
;. lO9.. Note the ett6ctiw WON ONef' w1th "Divali ...... 161utt Ellmbrao1ng
ttouneta conetl'i.lu1tff•
717...22. In compostng these lJ.nea and n. 1:;s....30, Seneca eeem& to have had
two puuaagee f:f!'Om. ov.. iii. 1 in m1ndJ VV III 22;-7 and 264,-5. Both of these
L'fO$ exhftote tX'Ol!l passages describing !Weat Iil berb gatbering. The latter
merits qUotation here. ftUllc ~ .r..d.bu valle rea.ct&s sem1na.que
QR~ et S!lincoqu1t acres". Of,. tt.tJ.Ol'e1t v .. 117; "wellS"" v. 717;
~cibusft v. ?lSI fttlaemonlu8" v. 720" lee alae on vv. 729....30.
?l6. -Again __11M weJ'd...oNer, euggeftUtl the poi... eon'bained -in··the t-oot••

720. ~.......u....AtM@t actua~ !thos . . in Maoed.ema not The.~"

This 1s a poetio affectation rather than an enor, tor in B.Q vv. 1383-4, ~
I
have -qui 'lhl'ac1o$ tluctua Athas/ tl'an&1t". ProbabJ3 Ovid's "Haemon1a u'~
valle" ¥a" 7.264) Wluenoed Seneca here. Tbeesaly waa famous tor its
1
magic plants (01" .B2 vv" 464-S I we 6" 440 It,,) I according to seme2
pm ~ , 11 .. " _ , iii ' , ,

1
And indeed famous tor mag1c in Siinel"al. See on w. 79()"'1 •
.2
E.g. Schol. on Ar. I!.. VI! 749. hlcan however sqs tbe magic plants were
indigenous to Tbessaly (6. 441-2)"
 160

. hev
because Med«la d~ 0. ot befba thel'fh . . .* &tttlC't tor oauee. The
/\-
word 1. ~ tJaed of ~ ob,.ote 1&.Qd. v. lS' 'When 1\ reteft to
~8. ot. also v. '" abt'Ne wbe~ 1t. 1e used of the BUena.
721. Mote that. ~ 1.. %Sllt1one4 in Oy" 11&\. 7, 22S.
1a. fHlII th$ t~ ~bod
..
ot cu.".' ~. bd'ba. or. fheoo. 2. JOJ
Ov'.' l.ID 2.. 577. 1'4. 7 t mJ !:It£. 6, 64J Vers • .Ala. 4. '13. See a.lJso ...

ttt~tt (v. 1f1!). . . .

~...

. . 1
-
~tll
.
.
llIMlcl 1ll
'
poe'' ' of toU.age hom Cat.
. (4~ 12) on. See turt.her ~l•• 10 Om")' (p. 1(8) and W ••• sa 2.
1~1' u 1Ctnp,.,. obee)Nea (P. 29$), t.b.e8~ riven ¥'eP".-t IWibly the
ptdonta of the~. Of ~. w. 37J. 681. 'Note h_ the Wi. of Qh1. . . . in
w. 723-' lMl.4$ clAr1t7 and emphasia.
·7:l3.~t in it. ou13 C~. tbUI rivo.. ia ad..tt-now:tag. (o.t. rtviolentu.
urtdA" 111 v.. 1324) bG 810ws U it t_vo18 WeI' thfl plaiD. Ili..um, ~1
ct. lUl v. SOl1t~ alt1lnl\ll'l1tem ... te1'4flleft • ..... ct. f't~fte.lt~,

v. 71:4.
72S. In'MRU. a tftbut.e.1.7 of the l'rldue. hOW the Jhelum. The d.'VfU" was
~toJ~e_~ i1! ~J ct.lR v. 6al ftdivfSa .. H7d....
- -- - --- -- - - -
to
-

".~
-".

\.-
--
e.·.
--

726. ~t a ave.. in South.m 8pa:1.n. I'lOW ~ Oua4a.'Lquiv .,r.1¥IIIl •••

i

~, tho ~1a Daetica wafS ~ aft.,.. 1t. Ccmluba., &mecat • b.'S.r'tb-

plMe,llq 1n tnta ~ ••

7Z1. ~I trw. . . . afttJr ~fU&. to Vergtlt& 'l~Jan. the 'WON ((~~-.

1'flGaftt lt~. !he Roman. ofttel\ uee4 :1.\ of Spain (e.g. Hor. 91. 1.)6.4).
Honoo (11.1!1. s. 22) kama Ipa1n nv...,rum td'aK". .J.ISltt ottenot rive",
el.. v .. 762J Caater p. l24.
728-,0: the plant. 1rlfIre ptbel'64 at dUt(;lftil:ftt thlee and 1ft dUte-rent wqa.
 161

'26. t.ua.lt \b1a 1.~. x.., ~ later ~,. . ~ taboo

m ~ "~B. t,,... ~ uad~.
,~

?__JO.-
• 4 ~l'el

~
_
lUilt• •~
~ ~ ld.~ ~.

Wl~ bJ Or. M. 7,
_w
~lf ttfom." H ~
on tOO ~.

~7J ~ plaoS.tuJ

pat,ta ~. ~ ftWll1t/ ~. lA\OOi4l' curvWne talde~. In

~-t we haw a ~~ ~ • UUl1ua ••• but,...., and ~
~ or tf. . .~" ~ ~ _ w_ ?l1-21l. Il. . . . .s ot~~. 2. 301;
Or. M. 1, ~. lUi. te, '77 #. 4, '13. fl1a. LB. 14. U.
'~.,aa. "~'I
tor tb0 ~ or tiDIe...s.la U ~t ct• flop. 4. ,,. 16s t:t..a. w-
28, ~J _ • .a.l. ;to.
~l tt.~· ~.~. h"r ~__ .... ~ .. ~1_. at. ~.

7'1-2. .t. ~t• •eml . . ~ <11.1&. ',6 ft.) .. ~ ~"wb1@ b$

bu ~w._'a ~. 1R ~..
T3a..4l Mi. lQwl ~_ tOO tuM of ~ ~I ~ _~ ~

~ a tb!JlI wall ~)$ lf~ lS.k4~ 1\ . . '0 be tlM4 ~ 'be ~w tb~

v1~. ~ \0 it- b1 tbtil ~~c1Gu.tl ~ 18 ~1~ "~.

Ot. htc.. 6. S~. Ull~. "iJ(,jlllow ~ ~ 'f~:fad', to t.t.M llrwo.
m. ~m.a.c w. Ott. M,. 7. 269 (...~ W~})-a74 t~ ~
OI'OW) .. For \he ~. 01. Verg. a. 12. (ff6 "ob. . . . 'VOlucre... '
.//'

1.». Ma aft c~..a ~ IDt ~ PO"'__ b1 tIlat poople•• et.

e.g. "It . . tl'i$ owl ttat ehdokt4, I \be fatal bellat.n_ 'Wh1oh gl.~ the

ehmt • ~" ~ 2. 2. 3-4)~ ~t tJle ~ owl. ~

(U. 10, 3/+) hal an ~t& and !.rc~w ~.I':l.pti.u 1tbubQ ~ et.

~ ~t.ua publ10u p~ ~ ~ inool1t WtO ~

c1eeolata aed dS.ft\ et.iam. fA SM.ooeua ~ ~1Um mo oarttu aliquo vooalis

1
J.5~ ~,~JaJ"._~JAi!iDbl:l (Cldcml. 1929), p. 31.
 162

Bed gem1tu"ft ftte poets (e.,ec1al.ly Ovid) irequ.ntl3 1ntroduee 1t as an 111

om.cm. 1 .id&\I' the 8creeeh 01' bam. owl" Ale WtJ1t1one4 as an 1n.gred1ent..
m e magic llL'btt~ 1n Ov. Ma. 7, 268; hop. 3, ,~ 28, Hor. 1194. 5, 20. N.
owl haa a parW.c~l¥ we1m appearance) tor it has gboetlt whit. un4e~••

& h_rt-llhaped 'ace, .. vavel'1n. moth-like tl.t.Pt and the most; bloo4-curdling
voioe..Itld.eeG in ancient ii1mea the. birds we" thoushi of &8 witches that
BUcked the blood. of 10una eh1lcWea' (of" OV' ~ l:.I&.. 6, 131 It 1# J Prop. 4, 5, 17) ')
and uda in poptlJ.ar ~e became the WON 10f: .. 1d.toh(ot, fetr. 134 and
'note the modem Italian, . .II). Aooorclinsto.lll VV'. 687..8, both owls
htwnt the unfiel"WOl"ld..
134. mUDI .e OA v.. 40. W! I!t1tm~t alec uttere4 b1
H1PPOlltus (b•• v" 559) in denouncing wom.et\j2 he cites Ke4ea (w. 563-6)
to prove hie point. Ct. also !a.. "It 750 artti As. v. 9SJ<t Of.. Creon'. 4e.
Ilunciatlm of Ked_ (v. 266 above)"
735-011 "':l. 19niumff 18 leri&inla' a re8'Ult or the potion" but 1t 13 &1Il10
an ~ent (ct" V',. 818 tf.), .albe1t a hidden one" '01' host ae a magic,
~ellt.._se$_ Or:. IIl'L 7, 26a~ a_passage _aoa prc~ bad in mind.-, Canter-
(,. 19) r1ghtl3" cdtic1" the tautololll' 1.n \hie; bombastic l1ne.
737. Da' ber itlcarttation. Ct. 'ferg. ii2E~ 3, 2S3 ttm1souel'Ua'que helb••
at non im.u. verbaU .aad Oy,. !G. 7, 248. /

139. M~--u..t.. :t~. tor a s~ l'eaCti01\ to -110 :1i1cantat1oa, ct.

Ov.. &!.. 7, 20;. 14. 4f1lJ Verg• .Ala. 4, 490-1. 'lib. 1, 2, 45.

1
E.g. Ov'.
10, 4"s
!tfi..
~c.
5, ~J '50. 6, 4'2, 10, 4", Am. 1, 12, 19. Vel'S. AID. 4. 462J
S, 396; 6, 689.
2
Though 1ft ltw!s&. v. '59, "haec" 1$ tera1n1ne e1ngul.ar.
 163

. 740--848. ~ eatel'. and invoke. the powra of the unal'WOl"lci and above
au Hecate, 1dGDtlf1e4 with t,heMoon" to ate! her maalClJ Satl1fl1e4 that bel"

prqel"ft are annel"Gd ••h~ sends her 80mB to 01'61.1." 'bearing the deadly g1ft,a.
1
P.W. Hush c _ t . on the metr.lcal varlaUooia this pUlMle. "She
eaten with excited t~o. [ "IV.. 746-'iJ. lilt. her magical ~ocompl1lh­
menta il'l _taid 1anibic$ (wll. eu1ted. to the ~ of .taa.) fjv. 7S~70].
$bUts to lyri.c iambiea Sn :ma1dng her otte~ [w" 7'11-86] _4 then to
- . . t a for heJt "Pn:tenft[vv". 781....842]." Her _gic 1'1t.8 ewer, she re-
tum. to the uaual iambic. in w. 843-8.
740. ~,~t.: et.Ov'. lui. ?, W. ttmo& euam 1~8 animas
d.Sxere eUentumtt• OhOn-..ra.131ng wal one of the talenta of aD7 selt.;.te-
spectirlg ma.g1cian.Ct. B2 v. 4)8 ttfi' 9!4. Tit S59 fts 0.. !1ti. '1# 206,
14, 411. lAlc .. 6, 728 1 he1Ile~, 4, l4l8-20) 1454-94$ 1949, 20'9-56.
(

741. 9bU.! .9!!91Bt as 1ft C.eel. v. '72. Theot;~4e. ~ 1ft ~ Chaos

the o~ of all th.iq.s (of•. Hee. a. v.n6, ~.?;...J1U.. 1,4) and f$ thu
adclreasefl Sa the p&p7l"1 ("lOa. Pn1~ 1. l2O).1I!!!R ,,'0* ,,-0•.,.,&
11lilDIl'
-
another un...t.le .ttempt to
-
~f$u. & point by piling up ad.-
jectlve.. Note also po~cl.ton in w. 740-1.
742. ~: the ana of the \l!lul'tlOr14!rl *oh eY1~. dwlt~ GDUI
accol'd1ng to Plato (B:ul. 113) the rivera CoC)'tWl ancl lJriphle,e'thon sur.tound
Ta1.'tafta. l1\ lb.afi, v. l2Zl, ..,. have ftPhleptbcm 11Hent.es 1peo e1ngen$
vadof'. Ct. Vera. Am. 6) "1. lU9!1" to~ this 11ee 01.1110 (- sun'Oun4),

ot riven, see the fdm11ar use of ,11'&2. reter:red to in note on v. 98..

1
~@""gt 9"~ (stanford, 1944) p. 419.
 164

743-91 Medea :1nvokee t~ of the f:Lve taI'llOlUJ ~les. of .uttering evU-

d.oel'S in Had.e.a. Tityos 18 omitted.. This ls a tavoun.te tbGme in Iatm
1
poetl7 and abwe all 1ft 1eneea. hmaps clonet to the pftHlst paesage is
.m. v" 1068 tt,.. tor the:re too the a1M.en ue tenporari~ relieved ot their
puaiabmtmte (by the ml.l8io of Ol'pheue),. In tbe oaM of .. oommon-plaoe theme

auoh u tbi. it 1$ vert dUfloult to ucl. :It Boneca. had alW particular
2
model 11'1 mndll He matV also have been WlueJlced 'tq paint1nae of the theme.
14''/1 BYI!I al~ tiIlg.tcl with the ~ "novel, .'range" of'hougb this
,
idea 18 not as $trong ... in "., 894.
744. Ill.. A& a pt.mi~ for Ulfmlt1ng Heta,; he was bound to a nvolv:l.rJg

. e l (first mentioned in Pi. l. 2, 21). In P1n~ the ,l8." of purdabment

1& 1n the upper air, bu.t b7 AlUilUldl'1a.n t1mee (tint :In A"R. :;, 62), the
punlshm.eltt was regarded as ha~ 111 Hade••

74'. lap~v' pm.hed 1l1. Jfe.dea tv s.~ his eon 'elope a8 a feast
to \he soda. Here Seneca meftti.ona oal7 0'l'l9 of the th... puniabmenta
acrlba<l to h1m - the _te.. that he can neVel' drink,.' This 1s t~tly
- - - - -- - - - -- - - -

mentloned.,together with the teut he can see but not ...t. 4 'the thiN.
pm1lbm4mt, more ~ menttoned 1n ~ek pf)t&tJ7, _* t.hat of the ove;p...

1 !
Ct. !IE v. 750 ft., DMsl. v. 1229 tt.;...J&. v. 12 ff., Dl. v. 4 tt.; v. 74 It., f
!!Q "" 150 tg., J 942 It. J 1061 It. Notable pa811a1e8 1n other authore are Verg.
a. 6, 595 ft.; HoI'.... J, 11, 2lJ 09'. M. 10" 41 ft.
2
See tor instanoe the pel f'I"om the ~s~rfrieze, Uluetmted 1n J.M.C. fC'f/Dbee •

,
.Ill.. m; 2' tb! ~ .1tDndon. 196,)" plate 66.

Qf. As. vo.r. 19, 769. 2U.. v. 621, fib. 1, " 78J H()r. Iii. 1, 1, 6Sj etc.
 165

hanging rock (ct. ~. v. 76). The famous pioture of the Underworld by

fO~gnOtU8 Chua. 10, 31, 12) depiotGd all threo pun1lJ1hment.s. su!lAt!!ll
perhaps a reference to the ovema.na1ng !'Ook. lJlM! Mol ~. the
waters of ~ a famous spring at Corinth. Th1a then i. an Snvitation tor
Tant.alws to come to Cori.nth. Df!!d.dM= a rare adject.ive occumng only
hero and three times .in Md.
746. '99m= Creon} but "unitt, "_a.'Vior .... poena" augaeat that Seneca
baa SiQPhu8 ill mind 1ft this line .a well u the next. the aon aet.lWS

e.l.m.oat id.ent1t1ed with the lather. This 1" a rather I1mUar a1t.uat1on to
that 111 v.. 661, though the:re ttl. fatheS" 18 named tor the son. The use of
"SOC8ro" make. clear the reason tor lWeats elUdt1 to S181PhUI. It &lao
enables the line to be understood in anothor wq a8 toreahadowlng the tate
or Creon.
, . 1
741. Sisnmue pun1~t tor d180bed1~ to tho gods 1s n.nt men\ione4
in Han. Od. .. U .. '9,-600. He 'tf,t.a tONe4 to roll up a hUl 1ft Hades a JIQOk

that.' alwat. roned·baOk &pin. he alao on v.. 512.

of

748-9= the Ii.tt.y l:Jenaidea were toned to maft7' their f1fty couiJ1n8J all ave
I~st.ramurde~ their husbanda CD the ~ n1pt. 2 !he!;'" pUld;'hment
:1ft the underworld vas to t11l a bottomleUl c1at.m wlth water carried in
&deves. This purd.8hment 18 not however ucr.lbed. to the Danaide. untU the
thbd oentur.y B.C. The Ilmaidee, sugge8Ung temWne violenoe within the

1
S1zqphue waG sentenced to d1e by Zeus tor bet~ hi. 1ntr1suo with
Aig:1u.. :,lie escaped death by a trick. but when later he diod a natural
death autism this etomal puniahto.ent.

2
De:1an1ra (Ill v. 948) otten to make up their number.
 166

family, tom. an effeotive end to this invocation of the G:reat sinners.

750-1. Heoate i. invoked as goddess of the moan. ~ IS! Y!!I: see on

"tritouda" v .. 7., QlISItR,pI .imi!!tia yYl\y.!: tor a 81mUar use of the metaphor,
see Ai. v.. 7CfI, "in4u1t vul:wa taros"" See also note on v., 43 above.
l
752-701 Medea list. her magic teata .. Ie tb18 a 11"t of past achievements
01" has she just performed them 418 a part. ot the present magic rite..? '!'he

latter 1nterpretatlon is cel't.a1nIy tho more dra.tnat1c.. Note too that "adesse
saon. tempus est, Pboebe, tul." (v. 770) 81.lgea\ that the teats were a
necessary pnrequiaite tor turt.her rites to ftlOSbe/ Hecate. .Aga1n nt.lhitt

(v.. 752) would have gl'eaiier mea.n:1ng tor the goddess i t f.1edea had just pel'-
t01'!lwd these feat.a. FuJt.ber we have Uedea'. earlier threats, ttst.emam at
evertatll omnia" (v .. 414) and "1nvadam deeD/ et cuncta quat1am", (n .. 424-5).
See on v. 401 it.. tor a discussion of the tact that Medea here reverses the
conditione listed there.
7,2-3. 100100, tlow.i.ng hair and ban teet were ouatomar.r at maglc rites.
Both points are mentioned :1.n 0\1. ~. 7, 182} Hor~. 1, 8 .. a ft; stat.

:r.Jlik.. 9, 572. The tlow1n.g hall' i8 also mentioned. 1n Ov. lI!E. 6. 89.
753-4. l\!ltav&: ~f1lle"'8 tttrod" (p. 293) oonveys the Wrong- ~re8.1on.
'1'heV'elb contUn& the idea of quick and ropeate4 lnovemento In lllOst countries
popular BUperat,ltions have ex1eted that the wather can be CCIltl'Olled by
/

witobea. The Roman poste trequentlf introduce thie into thelr lists of ,
Daglc feate~ For the particular point in this llne, ct. Ov. m. 1, 8, 9~

1
SUch catalogue. involving teats of this t1J)e U'e e«nmon in latin poetry:
e.g. OVa JQ. 1, S, 5 ft., 2, 1, 23 tt.; !1!.E.. 6, BlJ IG,. 7. 199; Ser. !l2
v. 452 tf., Tib. 1~ 2, 43 tt .. ; 1, S, 17 tf.; Vera. !SOl ·4, 487 tt.; Plop.
4~ 5. 9 tt.J blc. 6 ~ 431 If.. J Petro l34.. See furliher note on vv.. 670-848.
 167

iii.. 7, 201; 424; 14, 368 ft.; fib. 1, 49; Luc .. 6, 461 ft. Val. n. 8» 351;
eto. See also on We 159-61 below.
155-6: as lC1ngeX7 (p. 300) observe.: tfJ.'wo opposite movements of the lea are

described"" ggSll!t the Atlantio. The Med1terranean is t1deles8. ~e,!1it1bH

!,icU!.= the retreating t1des a.re forced back and over the land.. aPtedusl
1nland.. ct. !B.s. 3.nk~ B. For other instances of magic power over the
sea, see on VII. 766-7 below.
751-89. For witches' influence over the heavenly' bodies, ot .. Luc. 6, 462-5.
A.. B. 3, 5"; Verg. Am.. 4, 489J w" 673-4 abovej We 760-9 below. §.9lem 61
IstUlI tor this point, of", JiQ v" 462; 471. Ieti!twll3 see note on "siceae"
v. 404. tet14tl!eil, Yrl!~n sae lR. VII .. S61-8 for a propheoythat this will
happen SOl'l'le dq.

For power to change the seasons, cf .. HO

759...61.
-
videat"h fib. 1, 2, 50; Pet. 134 (W •..l, 3).. See
'We 456, 469 (ftbrun,lmeS8eS
fu~er on v .. 754 above ..

161. rus power to make rivers flow backwards 1s another stock Ulustration
ot the power of magic.. ct. A..R. :;, 532; Verg. Atm. 4, 4S9; fib. 1, 2, 44;
Prop. 1,11 1, 23) 0'1 .. M. 1, 8, 6; 2, 1, 26. Her_ 6, S7; Met .. 7, 154J Petro
- ---- - -

134 (v~ 6); Claud. :1n W. 1, w. 159-60; Preisencianz 4, 3052-4 ..

762. polenta! probably predicative, tor in v .. 2ll we have "Placidis
tlex1bue fhu1s".
763,. H16!lJ.:: tho lower Danube. lP,t gms Kinger.r is W1"Ong when he auggests
(p .. 300) that this is an inaccurate reflection ot the tact that the NUe had
\

seven IOOUills. The Danube has three main mc'uths and several lesser outlets.
Tacitus' ueseript10n CShum. 1.1) 18 fairly sound;' DanUyiU8 .... plures populos
ad1t, donee in Ponticum more sex h1satibus el"Umpat, sept1Jnum os paludibu8
hauritur. "
 168

765-6: tor a raging sea tfhCDugb the winds are calm, ct. !!Q. vv. 455-6; Luc ..
6, 469-70~ For power to raise or calm the sea at wUl, aee also Ov'@ M ..
7, 200-1, Petr. 134 (w. 4-6) 1wtJU1t :1nNYaJl!ll!t ct.!!Q Ve 552, "'lumuit
et mbidum mare" (though there "deus" is subject).. ilpsanunu aleo used of
the sea in Baed .. We 351; 700, J&e vv .. 540; 599. ct. Verg. 19l. 9, 43; Ov.

HOE. 1, 6.. Seneca. also used the word ot w.1nds '(see Canter p. 107) ..
766-11 Thomann rightly has a stop after "meaett .. l.I.!! Kingel"3' (p .. 301) there
would be shadows m the heart ot the woods whether cllql1gbt retumed or not.
The reterence 18 surely to the phenomenon at the waJJd.ng rarest.. a. common
enough teatU1"e ot magic lists, ct. Verg .. AmCi 4, 491; Oi' .. l:f!!... 7, 205; 14,

406; Her. 6, as; Petr. 134 (Ve 1S);' stat .. ~ .. 7, llS; Claud .. in BYAD 1, 1S8"
This was one ot orpheus' powers'too (8ee above vv. 229; 629). mmor.L§.. !mtigu1
~ msit .~'S a bold expreasion, yet one that has echoes elsewhere
in the tragedies" 4omus: according to 11M !u~e (so 4w!!I1 IA2b)· this
strildng uee ot dQl!i3li with ftiel'ence to woods 1$ confined to Seneca.. at.. m:
v.. 239 6 "nemoris opulent! domostt , and RS.. v.. 22S (though here Leo emends
to ''comamtr ).. Note too the collocation "u.nU>l"08i domum" in v. 741. For the
idea of loss of shade, see vv. 608-9 ..
768. Thomann :retains tsM,1g,tg,the difficult l'es.ding ot the ~S. teots Cducto
is much more plausible; aee LS.s. ndugo IUb tor Eatalllples ot its use in this
context. 'rhe word here, with "imperio" in the previous line, mi~t have 8"

military touch to it (see IS." .. l'eduCO IA3». S;\.e £!!lueto: ct. 0\1'. lml.
2. 1 .. 24 and less specifically .. Ov. Het. 7 .. 20; Petr. l34 (n. 9-10).

769. Ib'W': see on v. 312.

770. E40!:R~1 orig1na.lly a Titan, m.other ot Leta, but in Latin poetry freely
identitied with Luna, Diana or Hecate.
 169
771....86' f.fedea lists her offerings 1ft alt.ernate iambic ·t:r.i.meteN and d1metenlll
TIl. ~t as 111 w. '152. 713 end 797-8(11. Such anaphora 1& obaac\erJ.etlc
Qtth0~le.

772. ~I a. hundred....tuaaded monster who at~s4 to dethnlne ZeWi.

Jvw9 TU ~s ~ giant. had feet l1ke enakes (ct. ov. TAG. 4, 7, 1'1
and H2 v. 169). Boo also on vv. 409....10 above ..
775-6. tor I4e••us, see on w. 639-42. ~s i.e. to Jmianin.
171-8.. Sktdwl&!, ~.!Ymt Gee on". 6'9-42. DJw; ije~1 i.e.
Herculeat poteoned. blood.• RAl&l2 tor the metaphorioal UN of ~ in t.i'w
tmgedie$, see above p • .:s,g and Canter (p. 111). Closest, to the pre8ant
~le ~ !it v. 488; 1m. 'V. 1164; I!S.. v. 700, wheN tombs or altus drink
blood.
m...sO: tor Althaea's ato1'7. see on V!II 646. D1:!!. ,~!L.imJiae: matris:
surely 1nfl.uenced b7 0'11. J5!i. a,l 475-7, "!nolpit elM ~n ~11or ~

parente/ et ... / 1np:J.etate pia eat..

781-2. the hup1es, halt~l' halt-blrd had been robbing the tood of the

bl1nd seer Pb1neua Cot. k,. v.. 153) but Z~e8 ,~ Cala1s (8f!Je on vv 41 2,31,
634) l~ cha.eed them awa;y a8 tar as the st,ropk~ •. Se~ A.R. 2.- 176-300.
183-4: the st~ bUds lived 1n a swamp near ~O$ in .b'ca.di.a.
Hercules killed these m.onaters as his s1xth labour. IaftJltia his al'I'OWS

were poieoned with th9 gall of the ~.ft1aean H3'cira.

78;-6. 91~ ..:1~.L C~Of\¥01iI: a deliberat6 ~Cbo of tttl'1podaa movat"
(v. 86) that ~u Medea's ~r and the Mll1tQ of tha chorua' hope••

787-8421 Medea'. pftqon.

781. ~~I Hecate, who was worshipped at the cl'08a-roads, wllioh.t;, all
 170

ages have been centres of magical activity. The epithet ~jj.y!'~ is found ~.n

Latin "as early as Ennius (tr. 25, R:ibbeck 1, 68) and occurs elsewhere in the
tragedies at Jj&. v. 382 and 9.9t.. v.. 978. Hecate appears as both moon-goddess
and goddess ot the cross-roads as early as Sophocles (Rhisotomo:t" f'rg. 492

in Nauck" !rag. "Graec .. fJ:fl8.).

789-92: another reterence to the chosen of' drawing down the moon. See on
v. 676 above. Apparently this charm was a. popular explanation of' eclipses
(see Schol. on A.B. 3. 533).
790-1. ihesW:i.ci.!....!..U. min!.!: Thessa,ly' was the most famous centre ot magic
, 1
in ancient times, (see Plin. N."H. 30, 1) and was particularly known for the

moon charm. 2 Menander wrote a play, Ihetta,le (Plin. N,l!. 30" 7) with this .
theme. See also Hor. ~ .. 5.45. "quae siders. excantate voce Thessa,la/
lunamque caelo
. .
dedpitn, i:lli!:ed. vv. 420; 791..
.
t~en2: continues idea ot

792. Jaegit: nskirt.str - a nautical metaphor; see La. s. 1ego IB 7"

793. lunse:, also used of light in !Jl v. 1058, (as is Mungo in;t1'laeg. v .. 154)..
See ,ntIL.L~ s .• £undo IBb for other examples.. For other metaphorical uses of'
tl¥ldo, see on v. llJ. f'ac~: also used of the moon, in v. 842; l'.bI,. v. 8.36 ..
see !h.L.L. s. fax III 2 tor oth,er examples.
795. 1?ic~: originally a name of' a Cretan god~ess Britorna.rtis, called.
./
Dictynna. because in fleeing Minos she fell into a. fisherman t s net (it k HI (I V ) It

Britomartis was identitied with Artemis and hence here with Hecate . .
796. sonent atxl; during an eclipse it was customar.v to bea.t drums, clash

1
See on v. 720 abov8o
2
See Ar. HY.. w. 749-50.
 171

cymbals ~te. to a1d the moon. ct. Or. !St. 4, ",. 1.1v. 26, 5,. 9; Tao. a.
1.23. Rcaan wrlteN ( t _ not appa~tly ~ earlior tban t-h. ~
~) &lao ~ th1.e practice 'm connuo\1on with the ~ dow of the
~ b¥ witches, e.g. Ba. v. mJ 017. !&t. '1, ;J:/l'j ~ .lM. 41J 'llb. 1, S,
22J J.Iaft.. 12, 57, 16; stat. D1*.. 6, 6a'J Juv. 6. 442. iSm' ~~
mua.t1cIlod in ibis ~co. BNlS0 wae b~l1oved to ba~ maglo poweN'
s~J«~ abovG on "fOft'W'lift (v. 731).
'196, ~k!.U,...HD..9.~. the moat tmnoua t1J)O of bronze :in P..oman
&V., ~17 (I'. 3(3) Gef/imS to haY'e ~ FJJ.nJfa &tot7 (H,III. 34" l; 6)
that Cor.t.ntbSan b~ wae d1aoovCJ1"ed aoo1d~ vhtJn ~ was nd.nglf3d
with gold &'ltd eUvtlr wesela dur'JIlg the tire at the _It of Colinth tv
~ !n 146 ».0.1 Hoven... COl"Jnth was an Upztet ctmtre tor tile
pl'Oduct1on of b~8 u ear17 u the seventh oon\UI7. 2 Tbe use of Co~
bl'OtV&. he.. 18 ~ur.1eUo ot ~'. ~ of -,o1l\t".
79'l-f!Qlt note ap.1n'tAw anapbora of tttibift •

m. ~:!til - altar made of t~. as in OV'.lG. 7, '40.

798-9. ~_~t 'tf1\(1bee tS\\d1t:S.onalJ.:' hauxlte4 grave-
7aNtJ1 theft tbq ~t herb., pGlt;a or bodif)", 01; ObJect,8 u.001ated With
tb0 d~ad, oRen m oomlect1on with nea~q. l1A):t1chtho und to steal torch@s
~ f\meral PIres (Ille. 6.52;; "5) and We pmeUco 1. moDt1oned too :1n
tb~ ~ ~ jn .2!s!. v. 5S0. The present. phase, toS$tbel' 'With

1
Tr.S.t\Qlchio (Potr. SO) knew betteI"
2

,Sae W. lAamb, ~. and. RcIwm ~.* pp. 77; 00-9, ete.

Ct. HoI'. ~. 17, lill 5, 100 ft •• §al. 1, 6, 17 tt•• Ov. lW.E. 6, 89J fib.
1, 2.. 46, tuc. 6, S»-".
 172

"tunereo de more" (v" 802) and ''Styg1a/ ramus ab unda" {v. 804-5),apart
from its appropriateness to the rites of Hecate, also foreshadows the death
of Creon and. CreuSQ.$ lst in this scene, there is a play on the word of

much the same type as that in the idea of Furies as bridesmaids implies in
vv. 15-7 and v. 38. 1 Instead ,of the wedding torches (cr. Vo 67) we have a
torch from a funeral pyre and the 'ttnstem lucemft of the moon t 8 "tace"
(v.. 792) <I At the end of the scene' the contrast becomes brutally explicit;
ttvmcatque SUJ1s/ flagrante coma. nova nupta faceslt (vv.. 838-9).. poctun19s
lsn6s: foreshadows the palace tire ..
802-3. the nt~aJ a woollen hair-band, was wom by priests, priestesses and
others making sacrifice (see vv .. 797-8), tunereo de 1Il9.!'!' i.e. with flowing
locks (ct\ Plu.Quaest .. !\9m. 11) bound only with a simple v1tta. Leo

(1.22l) points out that with de more, it is highly unusual for an adjective
to be used, except. one that itself contains the idea of ·'customar.v" G The
only other exception being "intando de more" (Stat" Thebe 4, 243) ..
Moen!: "17:lng flat"; i .. e .. without an elaborate hairdo ..
804-5.. st~g!a/:ramU! §b undas Kinge17 (Po> 303) suggests tha.t this is the
- - - - -

"fax" of v.. 799.. but mDl'e probably it is a new offering. It was eustw.ary
i
to deok saorifioial altars with boughs and foliage, these were termed IerbW!. ,
(ct. Serv .. 111 VerB ••A~~. 12, 120). Probllloly Medea's "ramus" would be, of
2
cypress, yew or pitch-pine, trees traditionally associated with death.

I. . . . . . . . . . 1M'" _ _ ... _ _ _~

1 .f -,:

Note that the Furies too COIllllOn1y,it~~ torches from pyres2 e.g • .Hl v. 103,;
Ov. Hat. 6, 430.. .
2
Branches ot these trees were attached to the door ot & house where a
death had occurred ..
 173

806. lPIenas: see on Yo ,a,., For their practice of selt""'lllll1ming, of" il:2..
vv .. 674-6.
809-10$ ca.re.,!, t,",o cruores: a hint at the child murder, though Medea has not
yet clearly acknowledged this. (see on w. 917-22).
810. laticem: Medea's blood. Usually the wol'drefel"s to water (see Canter)

p. 126), though in Oed,. v. 492 it is used of wine.

814.. Persei: 1oe. Hecate, daughter of PeJ"8es (and granddaughter of Perea
and. 801) Of .. A.11. .. 3, 467. 478; 1035; 4, 1020; OV" !!ill 7!) 74; Jlm1, Aln. v. 263 ..
81;.. Preys: according to ramell (Cults I, 518) Hecate "does not seem to
have taken to hunting or the how"" Here then she is identified with

Artemis ..

816. AAson: i.e .. she had. inVOked Hecate when she had helped Jason :in Colohi.
and in the rejuvenation of Aason e (of.. Ov )1et.. 1, 241). It

817.. tu: probably Medea is addressing a phial; tor this would be somewhat

abrupt as an address to Hecate!) and besides she is invoked to help the

poison in v. 832.

818-9__ NnasL urat ,Lt" ~ medu+l,!= again an i_l'OI!ic· ~f('lre~ce ~ :the_

marr1age-night, for these are standard words to express love. semens: this

word is frequently used ot tire (e.g. ct. Q,W. v. 284; and ts.s. earp> 113),

but here recalls Medea's gathering ot tmake poison (n. 684-704).

820. um: two ot 14edea t s gifts to the bride were made of gold (n. 572-4) ..
Since Medea has alread.v melltioned the "vestee", "aurott is surely a reference
to these other gifts, not to a. casket as Macias (p • .3,) and !.filler (p. ;!J7)
have it ..

820-.31. Medea lists the magic fires that she has obtained from experts in

this fielde A rather otiose bit of JlG1thological lors.

822-4. As a punishment tor giving tire to mortals, Prometheus was bound at

 174

Zeus t command to a crag in the Caucusus whe:re an eagle kept eating his ever-
growing vitals. For other references to his fate, see H[ v. 1206; HQ v. 1378.
825. Mulciber: a sur.name of Vuloan that refers to the power of tire to
melt metals.

827 $ S2gnato: both Medea and Phaethon were descendants of the Sun. See on
v. 32 ft.; 599 tf.
828 & Ohimaera: a monster whioh consisted of a lion in tront, a goat in the

middle and a dragon a.t the rear. The goat pa.rt vomited fire. Iucz:e (5.
901 £t) points out the practica.l diffioulties enta.iled in this picture.!

829. ~~uri: a reference to the bulle of ColoMs. See vv. 121; 241; 466.
831. lelle Medusae. perhaps Seneca is thinking of the story (see Apollod.
:3, 120) that after the Gorgon was killed by PerseusJ blood sprang trom two
veins; Asclepius used the blood from one vein to revive the dea.d and from
the other to ham men.. tacitum: for this use ("secret") see LS.s·.

:!tacitus A2b.
833. st1mu1os2 used metaphorica1.ly a.lsoat Ag. vv. 133; 720; Phoen. v. 207.

See further note on "stimula.tus", v. .591 above.

834. semina tlmnmae: there is a. Lucretian ring about this phrase; §emen is
one of the latter's words for "atom" (1.,59) cf'. particularly "ignis semina"
(6" 160; 200). Perhaps though Seneca.'s immedia.te source is Vergil's
"semina fla.nuna.e" (.&me 6.6).
83.5-398 perhaps this concentrated picture of horror has benn influenced by
Euripides' more diffuse and subtle treatment in his Messenger's speech

(Eur. ~. w. 1186-1201). Note the effective use of chia.smus in vv. 835-6;

837-8.
 175

838. vincat: perhaps an ironic echo ot the "v1ncit" of Vo 75~

839. faces! see note on v. 799.

840-2. In these lines, l1edea stresses the power of Hecate by echoing words

and ideas used earlier in the play: "audaxft has ironic echoes ofvv" 301,
318, '46, 607; "11.101£era". so frequently used of the mom1ng etarj emphaaiz'3S
the vanity of the chorus' invocation of "gemini praevia temporis", v. 71;
"latratus" links Hecate with the danger that Argo had earlier faced (see

840. HE: three is a magic number is most folklores.. ere e.g • .Q!5l.. v .. 569;
0.., .. 1!e"' .. 7, 261; 'lib. 1, 2, 54" latm.t;q!U Hecate is accompanied by a paok
ot hounds; ct. A.. B. 3, 1216; Theoc .. 2, '5; Verg. Am. 6, 257; HoI' .. kt ..
1, 8, 35; fib. 1, 2, 52; Sen .. Oed .. Vo 569; ~.. Vo 67'; tuc. 6, 733; stat.

842. iugi'ema tor the reasons given in the note on w. 84<>-2, th1s,the
reading of ifs perhaps preferable to "luctitera" of A, which Thomann
adopts 0 Miller (1, 299) reads "luc1tera", but translates "luc.titera."
843 .. Ji§fllQYt yis !It: cmmi,u in view oltha chorus' description ~vv .. 849-'18)
and I'ladea's subsequent actions, it is better to take this phrase' as meaning
"all my power is marshalled" (Miller 1, 299), rather than accept Kingery's
idea (p. 3(4) that her violence is spent. huc nlto. VOCAl addressed to
the Nurse.

845-8. ct., E. }'fed. w .. 969....75, though there the gifts are supposed to :-.:....: ~

persuade Creus& not to allow the children to be banished, while in Seneca

her alleged purpose ie, lees specifically, to win her lavour tor the children.

845. it§! :J,.te: another instance of ,conduplicatio in excited speech.

See p. 3;;( a.bove ..
 In these fine lines the Chorus describe the w1ld appearance of Medea,
expresses its tears as to her intentions and prays for night. to tall
fJw1ttly and bring reliet"
There are l11Ill'l7 similarities with the Nurae'$ description of }.{edea
(n .. 3$0 tt).
1 See too the passage from ~e kll, 1, 3..,6 quoted on
V'\I'" 382-90.
TheN ie also a sardonic reprise of several ideas contained in the
first chorus. 2 The tiger. formerly associated with Bacchu& 1n a joyous
picture (v. 85)" is now a dangerous beast Unked. with l.[edea (v. 864) and
the savage aspect of Baochus passed over in the earlier passage emerges in
ttmaenas" (v" B49h the red and white complexion of a fair bride bluah1ng
(n. 99-101) reappears in Medea's ·t1"eMied appearance (vv .. 858-9); earlier
(w,,71-4) t.he eyen1ng-etar wa.8 eagerlY awa1t~ by l,overs and_ bybJ4des_ and
their mothers, but it is now urged to hasten so as to end the dqts horrors.
There are few obvious borrowings :in thie short chorus. The IOOtw
18 p"bably iambic d1met.er catalectie though some (e.g., Kapnukajas, p .. 146)
treat it as anacreont1c ..

... 1i,1 $I' I ."........ 'J " tl bE . . .

1
Cf. "qu.or~pis ... pedem" v'" ,eo,
and "quonam rap1tur, vv. 849-51; "gres8Us
tull.t.tt v. 362 and "sttent " .. vv.. 870-2J "hue et huett· v.. 3SS. and
(0 g:l"eS8um."
tt
"hue .. It.. 111uc v. 862, "motu eltere" v.. 385, and ttferoci ...... motu" vv. 854-;;
t.tlammata faciestt v. 387; and tttlqrant ganaeft v. S;8; tt01ta1;tt v. 387 and
"citatue" v. 85'. "m1naturtt in v. 390 and v. 856; and more gene~ v. 389
and vv.. 860-1J v" 393 and vv 8'1-2. IJ

2
See n. Henr.r anti 8. Walker, il, 62 (1967), 175 •
.176
 177

849. c..meniil ct. w. 810-1", MlBf... ct .. vv" 3a,. 006, '1'h18 is a

favourite !.mage in the tragedies) e.g" 1m. v" 673; bO!!!!!> v. 365; 112 v, 243;
v. 700.
850...1. MU!! i'" am;tu£t of .. Ov" 1..i!i. 2, 762. net oaeco raptus amora
turl:litJ I) D~. et,,"Quo raperie amen.?" (.1&. v.. 244)"
851-2. ~tat3- a, 1I,. ~. note the ad3ect1ve at. end of one line, W'lth

its noun at the end of the 1lQlt$. Of. VY.. SS4-S. 870-1.
tl,S4. ~J or1g.inally"to be stitt with coldtJ • this word is frequently
used m0l"e wme~" See Canter pp. 121-2 and U.s" GUS Ii>
858-61.. a tine d.escription of Medea's features" For such altemations of
red and paleness 2.8 manifestations of emotions. d. Ov M~ 1 j 76 ()1edea'"
II \I

love to'¥! Jaean); 1!1. 8, 465 (Altha_fs eontlioti1'lg mnot1one)!f there are
several such changes in faoe colour in the tragedies. closem:. to the prehnt
passage being ~ ....~!l. vv .. 2'1-3.
nunc iMrdcscunt genae #
pallor ruborem psillt at fomas dolor
errat per ~S.

Ct. also IUleSlt. v. 376; 9.!!l" v. 849; Me v. 237, ll2 v. 1722, si! k! 3; 4. 1.
858. .V&G'I.ll:l: onl3' here of pil7s1cal appee.rance :in the tragedies; tor its

uae of the emotions, fie Canter p. -l2O. For metaphors £:rom lire .. see on
v. 390.
8;~.. .f1l&,'5' tor a eWlar use of the metaphor with abstraots, cf. VII 943.
See also p.. 3 c/ above tor this and other metaphors from warfare.
859-61. note the homoeoteleuton, "ruborem • u eoloremtf •
860. mlDi!.l tor this metaphor ct. ffmors ... vagaturff (211. v. 322h
 178

ttp.enagatU$ H. tu:rort' tAl. v. 115) and LS.e. ~m£ II.

862. bl9 Ist£!!~! Ii.m..t of. the ~ 01 Md'. M!1Ju quotd by

the elcte,. Seneca (19iI- ".1). "t.J'O!' hue 11lutl, vae, pJ.ena cleolt• See on

e6)-,. '!'hi) soUJ'Oe of tbie $1le may be (N" 111. 6, 636"'7, "voluti
Ganget"oa e'/j'l!'(ae/lactentfm\ tetum pel" aU._ tigris opacaa"" where hocne
1. about to kill her son Itl.. Of. Wo k. vv .. 1C1l-8, wheN the vengeful
AtftUI ia l1k.med to Ii hoogl7 t~r -silvi•••• in Ganpt:1cbft ,l 4\l1d
.H!a.., QJ!. w. 243-5, whe~ the jealous De1.anUa 1. oempam to III titP"C88.
Note that 111 E. Mfid. v.. JJ42, U'" ie tfi)l\Ud a l1onelllJ.. U!A .MMls not
careless ~ or tb$ Cndle (Olea.$bf. p .. 61) but d:ran'l&tic irony, tha obortle
feels p;ledea 1. di.1ItntllM .t the pl'Oapeeii 01 eepantion from her ~

(cf. ¥v .. ;41....9).

864-5. ~Lu.."!.~1 t.tlfll fd.m11e 1a attached mere clonlr to ~a by

th& taft that Me ufMXl th~ 'WOrds of heftJelt in v. 754.

S6S. ~~i an effective use of too part,iculaJ'fI
866-7.'.1'-1.fef1_'s laek- or fMlt....oontrol" of.,. w. 397~"

866. SDDI.t!t Gee on w" " 592.

868-9: ot. w. ,82, "1 above. NGt.e also IiJ'plJiwl$te WOR. to Jaaon (0".
JlU:. 6. 76), ttcor dolet &tque 1m rdxt.ua llbua.a.t 8P-l.Or'*.
eoo. !l.Ulit It, Ji.1fjtaphor .trGn the law cOUl'ta, \UMd with the moaning 01:

ana.. Seo lB ..... oauaa II E2 tor parallels.

872....' . ~. am\L J".UAWi: ., .. v .. ;(70"

813.. l'iIMtCl'&On and Jason ..

1
•• ~.. v .. 4S8, tor anotbel" Ganges ti..r.
 179

874 fft there 1$ an inconsisttmq heJ>el Meclea's ~ot graoe wu to e.nd at

dawn noi at $l.U\$$t (8ee w .. ;297-9). Theft is an 1nvocation to the sun in E.
It.s- v. 12.58 tflll, but theJ'$ the sun is urged to drive away Medea ..
876. a~.t.... u, l;y'·e~, of lA\!.t. 4, 4".. ~t aG lingery (p. 305) observes
\I

otton applied to .!U.!!, ~, _ etc. Alect _ in Tro. v .. 438J Ji. v.. 73 ..

Note that the present 11M studs a.t the centre of a tncolQll of which the
first. and last parts oonslst of two l1nes J again Seneca reveals a love of
f'raming (He Kapnukajas, p", 148).

fY17 l' Ea-· for other e:ta.l!tples of tb1e metaphol'1oal use ot the word :in
the traaedies see Canter (p. 12l).. For the use of the word in this context.
see Bardon. Mit, 241 (1946);, 10&.1.
ffl6. et.. v .. 71.

/At J;i,:mJ:n.•..~
Scene ~e (vv" 879"'91) ,
A messen&er enters and annotm.eea that Oreon and his daughter have
perl.shed in flamea.. He elaborates a little 1n a1ltJWel'to the chorus'. questions,.
but then apparentl;r leaves the .tage) at least he plqa no turt.her paR in
the plq.

In luripide.. HI"!h the me.sengel" :S.ntoms Ned.a of the calam1ti, and

a.tt.r reproaobina her tor her unconcealed 30)" launches into a tun acoount
(IS. 1Ifl. w. 1136-l2.30). This pathetic desoription is one of the tinest
P413s,ages in Eudp1os ..
1
Butler severely or1t1cues Seneca'. Dl$SHn&el"'-8Cene tor awkwafdneee
and obscurity. But Medea (vv. 817-39) made quite clev the ccnneot1on between
_... _ . _ ,_._._"___ -_0_.____._, .___"_._._."'_.". .
cw_·_, _,~l\._ a'" ~ _._..,,- ,

1
l..U14Wm1iag,l9.!t a (Qd'ont, 19(9), pp. 46-7.
 180

1
the gUts and the fire, which Butler t1nds so difficult. As BJtowne observe_AI
Seneca t. br1eter treatment 1s caused by the desiN tor dl'amatio econ01rt1.
After the long desoription of Medea fa 11l8.810 pJ"OpU'at1one, an equall;.r elaborate
desoript1on of the effeet. of the magic would 'be quite out of place. SUch a
duori.ption WOiIld also rob the scenes in which Medea kills ~ children
ttcoram populott of much of thetr inJpact.. The tlat tone of the oonvereat1on
_til ott by contrast the hort'Ol" of what bas happened.

879-801 ot. E.. tit VVt 112,...6 ..

881. Its three bri-et questions in this scene are the only occae1ons .in
Medea where the ehorua eqs anythin!b apart. fl'Om the ohoral odea. St.! 'I"!

.u»ll agajn. oonversation p:roceeda b7 one speaker Up1cldng up" WOKS uttered
by the other. Ct .. Ifpotuit u. potui8le" (w. 882-4); ttUnda fla:lntllas" Un
vv .. 887 and S89) and see on vv. 15'...73 a'bov0!i1
883-4.. Medea '$ vengeance 1e stressed by the l-iesPIlger t $ \laing ve'l!¥ similar

wol'ds to those w.1.th which Medea expressecl her disbelief at hearing the
wed.ding song (vv. 117....s).
884.. sm1J!~§.~t ct" w. 397...a~ For the omUsion oL!D.J see_on

ass. AlWmlt tor other examples 01 the use of the word of t1n, see l'lltL.lu
8. avidlAe IV.. It is frequent.ly used. metaphorieal.l3r in the tragedies. see
Canter (P. 107). ~. tor other examples of the metaphorical u. of this
word and others from 81oknes8. see Canter (p. no). OI;h&r instances of tire

t .• III
• '" 'Ii ... ...,.""alauca
 181

"raging" ue !![ v" 106. 112 w. 2SSJ 195B.

881. lDJAt water, as in v.. 649 etc ..
888-90. Tlle tire image.,. uud. of M$dea (ct. vv.. 38?J 390; 4l0J S79-82J
591-4) makes the audience think be" of her lust tor revenge and the pan.dox

"!pea prasad. dia occ~ttt eugelte the unnaturalnes. of chil4~1'..

890. i!~~ 88e Canter (p. 116) tor other inetan.e. of this !ll$taphor and

others from wal"taft in the tragect1ea. Here with ttpr&ea1diaft , the m1l1ta17

flavour remains atrc:mger than in most ~e8 ..

Th1s seene 1s vi~ually a monologue by Medealj for the Nurse.. after

advising her rd.stN8. at the outset to flee, pl.qs no further part. The
climax of the scene .. where VI8dea" goaQeQ by the apparit.ion of her brother,
ld.lls one Bon is psychologically etfective II but the impaot of VV II 895-915
suffers trom »-fedeats havJng said the sam.e sort of thing betoh, and the con...
.tl1ot between revenge anct mother-love is too draw.n-outfl Medea's speech is
or course replete with rhetol'1cal devices and effects.
891-2. These lines echo E.. Hd,4 VVfl 1121.-3, though there they are apoken
by the MessengerII nott the Nurse.,

893. !I.9tW, l:i\,ng~: see note on v. 398 and ct. v. 929.

894.. !R!P~i Anliker (p" 120, n. 246) notes the stress :in the trage<liea on·
the iclea of watch:lng')eapecia~,ae here, in the context of watching the torments
/ .
of an eIlell\V (ct... .61. VY. 758, 8'1;; ~.. v. 50S fill; 712 t.) or where the
victim is made to see his own punishment (see on v if 992 t.. below).. Anliker
 182

plausibly 8~8t$ the 1nfluenoe on Seneca of the slacUator:ia1 ~8.1 Though

Seneca oondemns the orueltyof the gaJlWa and the epeetatora (e.8. 1m!> 7, ' ....51
90, 4SJ 95, "J lUI'" Vii. 13, 6), one cannot help leellis avena the proae
works that he hi.:mMlt is fascinated ae well ae repelled. 01 bl.ood.ahed. and
2
cNeltl". 10 tbe tzrage41es this tenGerlC7 i.a c1ven freer J'e1n. Seneca'a
attitude seemB that of the ol'OWd in 1m- v. ll28 f,,1 ~ pal'S vul.g11evis/

od1t Boelus, apeetatque,tt D2!II1 see on v. 14'.

895-91,5; Medea urges berselt to conun1t more unnatural c~.. ct. vv. 4()...55J
397-414; 562--7\1 A a1m1J.ar theme exists 111 E. &4. w 401-9; l24o..;o, but <i

then is handled 1ft a more restrained. manner.

( 89;* SJ44~.,!'8.Blt tor the invocation of ,an1me, l!Iee P.j above. The
present phrase ocour. at beglnning of 'If. 842 in • and very lri.m1lar phrases
oecWl" at th~ fUltlle line position in lid,. v~ 931J 9!!l.. Vt> l024! Ai.. v. 198.
~.,. v. 423; 1& v. l.S2S. Cf. alec VI> 98B below.. ~t see on v" 157.
896. is' lUi" sm9i1. as jn B[VV. 3S'J 1191.
900. Note the stl"1lc1Ds chiasmu.. SUitJR!M'Y, RWili!:s echoed. in RQ
v. 1417, ttabeat ~ dolortt, also at the line-end",
901. aYl.I! m.t.m:l1!# expla1ned by wqU1dquid admissum est adhuc ~ p1etae vocetu.l'fJ,
,"-- .

vv. 904-5.
902. ~YTa: the ~ example 1n the tragediea of the metaphorical use of

904. lMmdt see Canter (p. 111) tor examples ot the metaphorical uee of
this word. Note that Seneca uses mw.r.u metaphor1oall1 ot the emotiona,
. . T'. ", •• PilU _"'8 ." H L 12' . . . """ . • ,. ¢ ew

1
See M vv. S'O, '50! 9C17~· Ct. fro .. vv. 100'1; 112S. 1128 t. See Regenbogen
(p. 53) tor a discussion of the i:Dtluence of the amphitheatre on the prose work,,.
 183

whereas ~metaphcrs are of inanimate obJects absorbing 11qu1d8 (as in

'V'1t 778). Note that the drink-.image 18 cont1nue4 1n v. 906lt with "vulgaris

906. I.YJ:Bil.D8. D!'IlI~' see on. v. 394. For this metaphor tt'tlm the wine-
oeJ.lar (ot It !lor. !Ii. 1, 10. 24, "nota Pa.'l.emi) # see Canter p. lll. Of.

aleo Sell. Is.. :;.. " 11 ftquaedAm non sunt $X hac Wlgari. nota sed mel1ore".

907, 2BiiAMV!s "lentff III a~lml emphat1cal~ place4 aft. rather uneapected
aft".. ftcommodavi". ~a the word also occurs in the trapd1es at 1f[
'V. 222, lm. v. 182; bs. v. 1061. It 1$ lntereniq that Seneca UHa
the word ... a technical tes:m in hi. tbeo11' or emotionl "pri.nclp1a prolu4entia
att.ctibue" (it1u 2, 2, S) a:re the tir.t involuntary hrpulS6S that occur
in response to .timuU ,(see on w. ll,6...2lJ,). See Ganter (p. 112) tor other
metaphoi:$ .t~om. amusemtmtsJ p6~" again the alnpu1tbeatre ie 1n Seneca's mind.
909. 8)!ellt.rU J'irB: a nioe touch, suge8t1tag a gi..liab tantrum. Ct.

910. ~,mm.~ _t
"haec virgo te.c1" (v," 49). alJ!1Jam§.s occunonl3' here in the tragedies.
... ot.
Med.eaa- d.eveloping cbaft.oter on the strength of w. 171
VY. 166; 171 . . It would be ~ to declare
ana 9l0,,1 Medea hal·
been presented fran the be&tnninl of the plq (ot .. especial4r n. 41-5') _
luet1ng tOJ! a savage nv.n.ge, &he hall now dQc14ed on the ingenious mean. of
aeh1eving it ~ that will make her the Me4ea ot tJ'ad1t.loot! Tbe audience woul.d
appreoiate the _ial&l and expect the chUd-murder ahort~. orent inp"nium
WIll" _' \ It . . . .~ 1 Ii' "'......... I '_4it~
 184

!lI1&." t.here is a plaT on. two meam.ngs of "malia" ("misfortune.ft and ttev:U-
1
deodstt ).. !he latter meaning 1& probabl3" uppe1'l-mo8t~ but it 1, 11kelY that
lWe& also intends .. mocldng echo of the Stoia 1.dea. that misfortune is the
provina-gtOlmQ. for virtue <H.
on v. 159),,
2

9ll-'" Note haw Medea,t Ii excited rel1.h in her past crimea 18 a14ed tv the
anaphon (and ~:u&I}ie in v", 911) oliuvat" and. the l,lngles t11uvat
rapu1$se """ iUV'a,t "M.P- and. "lpbU.lUI,9 ...... amasae tt 1n tn. atn$ line-
,o8:11:.1on8. lor other pa8$age, exprese1ng ~t 1n eri.mel; of .. "IV. 991...2;

l'.bz,. v. 491 ft.j 707...16, 9ll ff. he also on v. 50 above. 912-' ~~

82m. the golden fleece. ct. ffAH&nUS ari.••" <!.et. v. 226), though of a .
d1tterent golden ram.

91401 ~rl ne on v. 139 ..

915,. J191l D4_"EII~ i~e. her cri.mee h&'V. trained heJ,4., Of" ttmmlus .... "
1"Utiestt (v .. 9(8)"
916-2; t tJte idea of cblld-murder finds open expression.
916. irA: tor apo$trophe of m . ct. v. 9"; !it v. 7SJ !&i. v .. 620" lee
also p. s I aboVe"
911...22. Medea hereelt now acknowlet.tgea clearll the idea of kill1nS the
chUc.tren - an idea whtoh has been ~ emer&1ng f'ltan her subconc1oua.
See notes on vv.. 26, ,49-50; 809-10. The sucl4en t:tane1tiona intheee l:1nelll
would give llq)le _ope to the uecl.a1mer'. h1st;r1on1c talent. 'the thoUSbt .-".
(

aequenoe 18 not unl.ike that in vv. 24-6 and ttpepel'ittt (v. 922) seems 1;.
·_
••_F._'_k._'______' ___' __
~. S~4_M_m"_._. ___ __• __
~_;~ ._I~_1t_ff_._._._,_. ______.__ ________!r__
~r_u._._tP '~·~.~~

1
Ot. vv.. 563-4, tor the ide.. that crime leads to worse cr.:l.me.
2
Hen17 and Walker, 9.L 62 (1967), 181, ue too 4o~t1c on this p&8Bale.
 185

deliberate echo of ttpeper.1ft (v. 26). Here however she is clea.rly contemplating
murder (ef. vv.. 929-30) and attempts to suppress her mother love by claim-
ing the children are Creusats.

920. For a. s1ndlar bloodthirsty wish, cr . v. 125.

922r3. Note alliteration ot n and the use of "plaou1t H at the beginning
and and of the sentence.. Of. 'VV. 947J 984 for other examples of this type
of anaphoraJi ter.med '~vCl'JI;ALv'l~l~"(Rhet. Ls.t. Minor. ;0, 19).
92.3 •. ult1m.WIU
.",.,.. Q ", ,-
in double sense of "last" andttmost dreadful" •
••••

925. Cf. vv. 660-1. Again all1terat:Lonot p,..

92.f>..;57: the conflict between maternal love and the lust for revenge. 1'h18

theme is 'superbly handled in E .. Mad .. w. 1022-80 (of. a.lso w. 894-931; 12.36-

50). Seneca.'s treatment is forceful" and effective rhetOric, but lacks the
subtlety and pathos of Euripides. Our emotions are lese involved in Seneca's
lines,partlY because the children ha.ve never been ettectively presented and
Medea.fs love tor them has not been streseed~l Oh%Wsippus (I.V:!.. 3, 124)
used Medea.' s monologu.e in Euripides ~ with its conflict between pa.ssion a.nd
:t'ea.80n (-vv. )'078-80 )toUlustrate his intellectualist thaory.. Ji)eueca._ how-
ever 1s not here axemplitying$toie doctrine, but is intent on exploiting to
the full the rhetorical possibilities of the conflict between mother-.-1ove
2
and revenge. He is clearly influenced by the passionate speeches in which
Ovid. t s heroines describe the conflicting emotions by which they a.re torn, and

1
Brady however (p. 258) errs in suggesting tha.t the mother-love now ex-
pressed by Medea would surprise the audience. The motif is present in
vv. 144-5; 282, 541-3. Note also Jasonts view in w. 541-3.
2
See M. Pohlenz, ~e, .~t?fJ. (Qott:1ngen~ 1948), 2, 325.
 186

:b\ particular aeeme to bave ha4 Althaea :bl m1nclj ae on w .. 92&, 9l1> It.'

(ot • .. w. 779-80 ard BsMl ~).

920-7. Canter (pp. 76-7) s:Lv.a a long 11at. of similar dMsoript1crle of
, (' /r
~1eal manU_ataUone of tflJar' . . hoftlOl'" ami critict_ e.n.. tor: 0.(... eEl (! {- \ ,J..

(of" ~. St '.t S2).

9.. ~..•tU, ~. pel'hapa an eoho 01 (N. ~. a, 463, ~t ~~

eo~. and 415. in 1m. v" 960 we ~ have _ . \lMfl tor motlw....love.
th!.a ~ of _~ (1$$ Canter pp. 131-2 tor other ~.) 18 often
1
&leo all ~l. of ~MI. ..~" CP. 252, .. a. 76. 4) and the
DOte 01\ ~ft (T. 167 abov.).

9'JIfJ.. Note ohlurmue ..

9:30. ~ ImtDi* 01. w. 809-10• • J.jy&.~1 ~. of. vv. 139-40
tor e. ~ ~~tiO!h caRt &130 ~M4 )),. De1an1ra :m mv~ 4.-~"

he also p • .3 J abovth
9'1. ~ AIlH- ~ 1» ~ ~tA.on irl B2 v. 13S0.
9'2-4. NO'te the ~t.1\ion ot MUU- Th1. ~JPG or ~ft . whicb is miXed

v.tth-Ot.her t~ (~~ question and. ~Ji) 18 t,~ 7TAok-; b7

Qumt1l.1an (9, ,_ 41). he w. 934-', t43-4 ad Cau\.1' (p. 160) to.,.. other

933-6. Note fSU.CCteHivG alu'wrat1cm of a. 1. and l.. '

934-" a neat paftAtlGl£, 1nvol'Vins ~. ~le of ..,,--J/oky/' t "t!on ~ ., •.

1
Det1necl by Quint. (8, 3, 83) as "altio~ praeb.e iJltfllleotum quam quae
vol'ba po.. .. 11'. declal'ant;" It
 187

"~'I 1!£'IJi&.Jat&.. . . . of. "-iu• •el'U/ ~ ms:t.... (n. ~34-').

93s-6. t~ !'.~ll.m&...JlulSlUt ct. w. 1'2-' ~
9'1. &Dl'W .aa.~, ....... w. 41J 895.
939wU1 ,.mapa dor1ve4 tftI4 Ov. !tti.. 8. 470--2, where Althaea ie l1ken$d to
a eh1p Quant. b_weo w1ml an4 ttd$. ho.4&. VY•. Ufl-40 tor a like ldJnilM.
Note how the a1mUe ifli ..tMAlle4 mol'G cloaeq to Medea bJ "&eatua· a.n4
tttlue\uatUl'" beiq llaud. of be%' elt4OtlOA$. wbUe "4i.~att &l'Ml "dub!....
no~ used ot peNOn8j &l'tt t.lM ot tlw... Pul'thel' m1litaJ7 metaphon
Q'e u~ t1fttt of the ~ (ftbeUa Oil. .,evuntft ) th_ of Meu.t • oontlJ..etinl
emot.lomt ("~t3). fbouah ~$t. UN of ~J7 in th..., u.ne. is fJOU'Cel1'
~. it fJlteet:lve17 eofi.'fttI& tn. ·ri..Qlenc~ o.t ~t. !Me.. cmtl1ct.
,,*0. UJ.;Lat also u.d of~. in A:t~ v .. 1m .. See Oaatv (,,~ U6-1)
t . otlwll' ~l$$ of thif5 il1etaphor ami of other. tHm. wartaJ'G.
942. ~~I ~ a Ma~r 1e ~ w1th W&te~~. tKifb p.4-3
abovrh lor l!.aJs ~ of the sea, ct. at L,L. 8.V. lIlA. Noh that 1n
v" 9j2, ·the word u uaed of l4edea'3 hate.

943. ~l &lao u.4 01 emotlona 1ft AI. v. 109. See Cantor (p. 121)
tor other _tapbori.eal u.s.
943-S. ~:t example of 7rA O/ ( ' ; <_6 ora VY. 932*4), here eomb~ with
e~ and &pOei~.· '01' a fd.td.Jal' \lM of utupt,ft, flee W. a,g...9.
944. ~. see on v. 139.
945-7. Cleub1 (p. 63) ~s E. liS. vv .. 894-6, but the CIll¥ r . l
f, "I / / /l {f

tdm1l&rit7 1. l~ 'E/(vJ., -r('- Kvo<. dE V(;'o (v. 894).

94;...6. ~. . ._ ~I .f", 1m. v. 462. WeN Aatyanax 18

tGrmed "apea ... urd.ea. attl1ctae dcm.uaft .. SB,*IU
{I of.. ttY.. S3S-9» wheh
 188

Jason offered tfe!. quod ex $OC)en domo/ poteet tugam lev$l'e aolamen, pete .. "
In l'Etpl¥ (v.. 540 ff to) Medea asked for the chUJlren.
941-8. Note ~'lItAJi;;/Wcr(S (aee on v_ 922) and chiasmus.
1
9S()"'1. Note the j1nlle "tlentel, gementee", the Plal" on ttpatr1 u. matrift,
the pal'Onomaaia. '*pereant ...... pel'ie):e" ad the alliteration of a. Q;,§ge1u8:

tlWs, ~OV'8 $me_t1on 18 ~q preterable to "osoul1a" of the MIs,

Hta:f.n64 by Thomann.
952. ',u.G,.~. He Canter (P. 120) tOJ! other ~e$ o£ this word
used metapll~ of theemotlou. See alao on v .. 942 above. For metaphors
.from tue .in the tmged1ee, ft. on v.. 390, and pp. 4-3 -Irabove.
"~'it IrA&Y.!.t ~a is be~ to teel1n the &riP of a ~l' outside he1'\-

$elfj ballueination· fol.l.owfJ (w. 948 ttl. fw the ~8, see on vv. 13 ft.
m QM . i s"H1!9H9%'2 a el..ew echo otOV' Bt!:. I> 12, 209 t "quo teft'b irA,

H~. kat .e on v. 916.

954...6. JU,obe, daughtv ot ,.talU8 (ct. 1il v" '90) .2If1.. v. 613. a. it. 392)
had &eVG BonS end aeveI'i daughters. She made d.el"Optoi1 ~e about

tatlJna'. small tw~ and wu tumed mto a rook on .!«t. 81W1u8, (of .. it:
v .. 390. AI. v. 394j • VV. 18,h lS49). In 9:d.. v. 613, abe emerges from the
Undel'WOrld, Artiill pl"O~ oountir1g her children'. ghosts ..

9Ss. RHSYI 1!J2i.mq!S U$ed ot Niobe's ohllc:b.-Gn in !J.Q v" 18,0.

95'. &:rAta.JIli.d.aul tor the idea and the 8OUllMtteot, ct. v. 488.
9;s...71. Medea 8ees the Puries and. the ghost of her bJOther and kill. he';; one
_____. __, ______,._·___________ _____ ~~~_.~ H_A~_~_H_~ ___, __ _____.___._.__ __
_~_. ,~_, ._~ ~J.~_ ~

1
Ot. "IV. 24--,-
 189

aon~ otBJ"J.e~1 polnts out. that aRel" V• ..,;u the P\1l7 becomes a haclme1d
2
convent1OA to 1mpl¥ madmJI. imprG8.1vel¥ '" ret Ieft.oa'_ uae of the con....
VIlftt1c.m Mre $.a ekiltul and. ~. pqohologleally tNe. ~t. couc1enoe
oarm.ot aUow lwr to come to a . . . 4eeia1on to k!.11 he.. thiJ.cbten and undeS" .
theatre•• ot he):' _er ~Q', .he U ~ed b7 II vUiOll of the Ft1ri.••
and by the &hoa\ of hel" 4ead bnth$1' with ~G ~ . . hu ~ _ ••sed
(Ge_ on v. 331). The bl'Other'. ~t ~ tOf! v~e pN'ri.6uJ h$l'
with a ~n:ten' ~C&t1tm tot' tb& 4bil~. Brag,tnton' lli'. t)th~..
vle10M in the ':npd1ee, fteeult1q .,,- ~ __ ~1on,. !he eloaeat
paftJ.l.el U tho ~ 01 De1an1w..) tOil w. too .1eW toaet1OJl.
9". a........~; of thei... tol'Chea. Cf. vv. 15. 960; 962.
940.~t tor ~ NwSa Wft bl~J ef. v. U.
961-2.. The ~$f ~ ~ ~t~ a. ~ U Ae Che v, 290/+ oocad.~,
U heft, it is ad.d tlUlt tbrq have .u.s OOUed ~ theee whlpa (ot. !fl

v •.Q9J k. w. 96Jl) but 1lO,,* otten the "'&8 U the hair al'G Mrlticmecl

(s_ • v. 14).
963-4. -. . . .&1 !1i.... ~1 ot. ~. v. 1246 .e~ til& -w0d8 an· t.taEl4
of ~U8t botty.

96,. lYIilDille.. ""7.8·.. but w1tb ~ta,••" theN 1& a pl..a7 on the orS.glUl
~.

1
.lMM1I~aWD...... Jl'rinceta\ (Welmu, 19.). pp. J.8O...1.
2
ot. Juv. 6, ;za....9.
,It, 1. even ~cqGd. 1n sat.UeJ

The &pematuJ'alia Seae.t. ~elJ. DiM. Ya.MD (lhM.8ha, 1m), p. 40.

4 .
Of. Bl v. 982, 914. v. 64SJ IQ v. 1003.
 190

966. lote all1teftt10ll of J2

9ill fi !!4.\G.q!I!4,&W. e!. on 'V'!' 13~

97Q..ol. Heel. kW.e the t1m eon. In Ittri.pi4e8 (vv. 1271 tt It) the ch1~

am 1dlled ottatag., thOUlll tb&1t' erie. cali be h~. Ho:raoe(.Aal. \t" 185)
4eelaftd *'Ae pWtl'V8 eOftlm pop&J.o Med<i& tJl'Wl1d.et"J wh10b ~*'. 'bbat IJf'Jf.II.e .
autbol', pemaps the 70uthM &114, (ot" Cl4!taeb7, po. 64) mtq have done this.
»~_, p$J'hap8 .. deUbeftt,e echo of v. ".
914-5. St the l1vtrag ch1l4. iY.u~t addrellSe4 to the dead bodT of
the tint chUdt

976., h. II!' as in v. ;62. ~t_e on v. 41.

917.. !1iIlW!' "handiwork"" aa in v" un.

~d.ea JdJ.l.fs the eeooru1 son before loon's e7e8 and escapes in a
ohari.ot draw by dragont,*, fbi. SOde 1JOft'espm.u to E.Ht!l, v" l293 It., but
i . much shorter. In ~ • .J
. both ehilc.trfm ..... dead when Ja,8M appearii,
and ~ll h\ thouatd; and ~e tU'e tfIW.

980. !he !SmSal'MtJ&b "hue, hue" and the ~ ord.e••tonis asmUeri

oohorefl oonvq Jaeonts 1Mk of composure. ~1 tor an ~l,e of tho
wrd used :ra.ther dUtel'eJ].tll" let. v.. 468.
982. Medea. emertges on the root-top.
982-4. echo VY. 483-8.
984. Note the all1teratlon of L the ,; v.;J(rr rI <AI (J i S
 191

ohorus (v. ,6 it" h note ttnumine prosperott (v. 56).. ~'IEJ! t P . 4Irmnl echoes
Oreon's words (v. 300).
986-92. Medea is hrietly tom again by all inner' contl1ot - this time between
revulsion and joy at her deed.
986. D.W::eotn.,n. sit ~o..,el\1,!; of. ftf'aotum. est s6elus" at the end ot v. 842 in

987 _ at. "Perage ~um te:t"V'et manuatf in seme Jine...position at !l2 v. 4';,.
9S8-90s ct. 112 w. 307-12 tor a s1m1lar temporary ws.ning of emotion. ~I

.: .989. uc~t. s~e Canter (p. 1;7) tor examples attha word used metaphori-

cally of the emotion••

989-91. Surely another example ot 1(~lIk1 (see on vv. 9,2-4)$ though Oanter
(p, 160) does not claes it as 6\1011" Note the :repetitions ffpaen:Ltet taoti
misers., feci? misera? paeniteat It . . fecie"
. .
990.. miser&_uJ! m:I,~f)r!1 not an example of 0onduplicatio as Canter alleges
(p. 1;7) ~ The second. umiseraft is best taken as questioning the validity of
the first.
991-2. In her joy a.t he:r handiwork .. Medea resembles an Apollodorus or a
Phaltlris 3 ttB1dent itaque gaudentque et voluptate multa pertruuntur plurim:wnque
ab iratorum wltu absunt, per otiUlll saed" It (!t :crt 2" ; I .3)" . at e also
Thyest~t \
joyful outburst (~. v. 911 ff.) and~. vv. 50; 9ll-;. .

992-4. Anllker (p. 120" n. 246) points out that in several plays the victim
1s, as here, made to see his own ruin; of. nz.
vv. 6; ft.; 753; 895; th.9!!l.
vv" 531 ft. J ,51 tf. 1 The word "spectator" (v. 993) supports the idea that

1
Cf. v .. 2S £.J !!!: v. 600; !'hied. v. 677 ff. tor a related idea.
 192

hneo.. baa been WlueMed b7 the gladiatofial combats (see on v.. 894 above)"
992. d!m &q* presumabl¥ here ahe see. Jason.·
997-1000. A8 nnp".,. (P. 309) "pwea, ".e. 1. tauntina JaB. to CU'l7 out,
the tb~.t made in 'VV. 996-7 .ad. th1l8 blU? his sonG .s ehe baa e.l.ready 'buried

Creem and Creuaa. Note eb1aauB 11'1 VY!/I 997-8"

1002• •DIllt9~llYeli perbapa atl echo of Medea•• plea 1;0 Ja. .,

. Itperqu. pme~ntoa tnetus" (v1J. 480).

100,. 81 ml.LIiI'D,":2~ ~'.!l a,," tou.chJ after all (ct. w. 434-41)

.lafS. had no ohanee 1#g be unfaithful.
1006. . ' 1.e. U the boOt 01 the Uv1n& aem. As nnger.v oble:rvee (p. 3(9)
Medea i8 naal.lins he,.. thcmgt&ts of v. 5SO ("wlrieri pt(fuit lOCUS·) an4 v. 565
(ttbac a~re 4U&ft) tmd Bivin&. them a b~ ph)r!l1cal e1cn1fioMce.

1006. . fUZl!\ 1'Bs1i1. as mv~ 12~ •.

1007. . 1 Jllm! ,!Y1@t9A'~ Ktndel! (P. 167) wronal7 Rea the Wluence of
eatire here (cf1l w. 197; 6S0).!he idiom take. a. Ye17 .1m1.lu to. in
!tl-w. 89....90, "1 nUM iJUP*~, oael1twn. ••$8 pete/ . humana tome." mlrYmm
~81lti!t echoed 1>7 EO VI!" 419. "ri.rg1num thalmros . petit. tt
1011. ...tWit for th1. UN. of.. v.292,
'( . ~ 1012-'. teo (1, 208) eoJfI!lentan "quai~ Jtedea matNll dio:it? an il8met ipsa
\

propria lsltw;t vis.era enee •• IJOftltaturam P1'OtitetUI'; quod sane tantUlum

Hltwn .Iason1 Malet 8olacU.".. He therefore wishes to d.elete these two
lines. This quotation Jna\1 serve to 111uetrate the basic weakness of that
St'eat scholarts approach to Seneca, he expects the aut.bor. a.nd his charactere
to meet hi. own h1gh atandazU of logic. liat Leo these two Una. an aoundJ
 193

thoy . . . . more h1Pel'btll1o v.~ of th~ 1_ of w. ,~.

lOU: ~r brutal "pase of an ea.rl1er pb1ue (ot .. v. 40). Tile"

_*f1Heft'~t s .s.n -an1sJI 1s ft_~. but apS.n theft 1. eom.thina of a
~I::IDUltlm, t .... tJi.-. Uea of ~ 1. ,NH.. FoJ' the throat to
kill a ua'bom -.bl14, ct. . . w. 34>'.
lOU. ia. .'. ir4.~ -,.rage- &m1 Mede..t • 11e~. "'•• 'aNe,.. loAt-o
soeleft" waptJtra that by ~rD ... lit dona- Jaeon ,» .. ld.n, to)!' .. ~ 4satb
t~ hls • •, not a~, u 1blp1"1 (,. ,~) ftSPa\l. lilt than 11 ueed
bEtl"6J 1a ~ 01 DI'l)1t (ot. lb..LtIt. ail v. m.2). The ~ of
1034..' .no•• MedM'8~" ZO!' a delay, ao\."~... :Ulu4
_~".~ (v" 282) and ~
1. th18 delq Mette. h&$ k m1't.ld when
(vt/ l(11)~
.e . .
t>'" ~
plha
*It'JI . . . .-

'"ti~H &O"ep\o u~
(v. 218). It

1016. d24Ut ISH _ v" 139.

lfIJ.? !!till AlI!lls of. ewa'a padH m v. 295 (aote al80 vv. 399s
421.). Leo plawd.b~ ~.t. (I~ 1") tha\ hn... 16 here ~lllg the
laMU8 ~ .tha\ ~ft8 OOaeliua (quoted m Sen. ~ 2, U) p\it ta the
mouth• • , aold:l.el'8. \tIbo _ " teastms "he ~ bef~ battle. "hi. i'MWI (tat
It . . dt....
1

1018. a..a. &iil.- a ft8pOll8O to .1....'. plea that $he ehould !lot PIO-
l.ctn& the agolV' (v. 1015» i..... He4ea k1Ua the eon.
 194

1019. bene es'!;: see on v. 550. In O!d. v. 998 we have ''bene habet, pemotum

est", and in .MoO V. 901;.liQ vv. 1457; 1472, t'habet,peraotum est.."

1020.· lita.rel1l;: of.,4&.. v. 577 ... - For ot.her metaphors from religion, see
p.3g
,
above ,and, Canter (p. 112).
1022. !.i.e ,f.'ggere 801eo: i.e. in a chariot drawn by winged dragons.. In E.
M!?d. v. 3321" we learn that this wa.s given her by Helios. The dragons are
not mentioned by Euripides, but appea.r on South Ital1an vases of the fourth
. . 1
century and may well have been represented in front ot the chariot in Euripides.
The cha.riotts used on earlier occasions ("sic tugere soleon ) in Medea's
career is mentioned by Ovid. (~2t. 711 220J 350; 391) ..
2
In Euripides 9 play"
the crane-like m~c.b~ was used to enable Medea to escape in her ohariot".3
and no doubt Seneca. could ha.ve made use of this device ~ i t his play was
acted on the stage.
1024. rec;i,R~. ,1am ni1t~.!s Medea. hurls the bodies to Ja.son. In E•. !!S.. v. 1378
if. she determines to take them with her to bury them.
1026-7. T. S. Eliot (§plected E,!sa;tt, p. 73) rie,btly comments: "It seems
to be more -effective it we take the meaning to be that there &reno gOds

where(everl ~e.fi\ea ~§.I, instead ot a mere outburst of atheism." He a.dds

Cl:oc. cit.). "The final cry of Jason to Medea departing in her car is unique J
I oan think ot no other plq 'Which~S'~!"es such a shock tor the last word."

1
See Page, ~~i~e.!LMedea, p. XltVii,
2
Ot. HoI'. ~. 3, 14; Apollod. 1, 9, 28.
3
See T.B.L. Webster, (freek ipeatre aoduct1pn, (London, 1956), p. 12.
 195

Jlbbl.'eV'iat.ions
__ ... t ~~

Coffey, ,)11cl1011$1, !lSen~c1:l. trt"';J.gedi~s lac1udiw.:; FEHJudo-~;(:·meei;i i}c'i$sw:1.£l. and

J~pig!'&IbS a.ttl·ibuted t.o Serwc<;!.~ H-epf)rt for the y~rs1922...1\;;1;51~ ~
Lustl'~lT! 2 (195';-')>> 11)-86.

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!{OO!!. ',dtb a.n introduction arid notes" -New- York, 1900*7'
 196

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