APPENDIX-VIII

GROUND TRAINING MANUAL

SYLLABUS & SCHEDULE

Student Pilot License:

Sr. No. No. of Lecture

SUBJECT ( 1Hr/lecture)
1. Air Navigation 25 Hrs
2. Aviation Meteorology 20 Hrs
3. Aircraft Technical General 25 Hrs
4. Aircraft Technical Specific ( C-172 ) 10 Hrs
5. Air Regulation 20 Hrs
TOTAL 100 Hrs

Detailed Syllabus for SPL

1. Air Regulations
 Knowledge of terms used in Aviation such as aircraft, aeroplane,
aerodrome, balloon, co-pilot, Director General, flight time, solo time, dual
flight time, log book, flight crew member, helicopter, prohibited area, take-
off, landing, Air Traffic Control, Mayday, PAN, etc.
 The different categories of Pilots’ licenses
 Student Pilot Licence, requirements for issue, renewal, validity and
privileges
 Visual Flight Rules
 Ground markings, visual and light signals with specific reference to visual
flights and circuit flying

2. Air Navigation
 Basic knowledge of form of earth and the method of representing sphere
(Earth) on a flat surface mapping
 Basic knowledge of various units of measure such as
 Nautical miles, kilometer, statute mile,
 Fahrenheit and Celsius, millibars (hectopascal)
 lbs, kilogram, US and Imperial gallons, litres and conversion from one to
other
 Elementary knowledge of some navigation instruments such as Magnetic
Compass. Air Speed Indicator, altimeter and basic knowledge of magnetism
 Use of Radio Telephony, VHF etc. Elementary understanding of Radio
Navigational Aids such as NDB, VOR, and their uses in aviation
(appreciation only)

3. Aviation Meteorology
 Elementary knowledge of atmosphere and its properties
  Basic knowledge of temperature, pressure and its density and their
relationship
 Elementary knowledge of relationship between pressure & wind
 Elementary knowledge of variation of wind with height
 sea breeze and land breeze
 Elementary knowledge of different types of clouds and precipitation
 Basic understanding of hazards associated with certain types of clouds
 Elementary knowledge of the terms – Visibility, Fog, Mist and Haze
 Elementary knowledge of variation of pressure with height, and the Q codes
– QNH, QFE and QNE, etc.
 Basic understanding of METAR, SPECI and aerodrome warnings and their
importance in aviation.
 Elementary knowledge of the uses of Anemometer, Aneroid Barometer,
Wind Stock etc.

4. Aircraft and Engines

 Elementary knowledge of – density, pressure, temperature, humidity and
the relationship between them
 Understanding of the terms – thrust, drag, lift, weight, aerofoil, angle of
attack, centre of lift, stalling, range, endurance etc.
 Elementary knowledge of the forces acting on an aerofoil in level flight;
understanding of Bernoulli’s Theorem
 Elementary knowledge of the primary controls, understanding of the uses
of aileron, rudder, elevator, stabilizer, trimming devices, flaps, landing gear
etc.
 General knowledge of the principle of operation of a piston engine an
associated systems.
 Elementary knowledge of the principle of a fixed pitch propeller
 Elementary knowledge of weight and balance
 Basic knowledge of first-aid, the use of generally available first-aid-kits
 Elementary knowledge of
 Certificate of Airworthiness
 Certificate of Registration
 Certificate of Release to Service
 Airworthiness Review Certificate
 Basic knowledge of the following systems of the type of aircraft:
 flying controls and flaps
 landing gear
 electrical system
 heating and ventilating system
 flight instruments
 type of propellers
 Adequate knowledge of the instrumentation and radio navigation aids
pertaining to the aircraft
 Basic handling and care of aircraft

Private Pilot License :

Sr. No.
 SUBJECT No. of Lecture
( 1Hr/lecture)
1. Air Navigation 70 Hrs
2. Aviation Meteorology 40 Hrs
3. Aircraft Technical General 40 Hrs
4. Aircraft Technical Specific 20 Hrs
( 152 / 172 )
5. Air Regulation 30 Hrs

TOTAL 200 Hrs

Detailed Syllabus for (PPL) Private Pilot Licence

1. Air Navigation
 Form of the Earth
- axis, poles
- meridians of longitude
- parallels of latitude
- great circle, small circle, rhumb line
- hemispheres, north/south, east/west

 Mapping
- aeronautical maps and charts (topographical)
- projections and their properties
- conformality
- equivalence
- scale
- great circles and rhumb lines

 Conformal orthomorphic projection (ICAO 1.500,000 chart)

- main properties
- construction
- convergence of meridians
- presentation of meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines
- scale, standard parallels
- depiction of height

 Direction
- true north
- earth’s magnetic field, variation – annual change
- magnetic north
- vertical and horizontal components
- isogonals, agonic lines

 Aeroplane magnetism
- magnetic influences within the aero plane
- compass deviation
- turning, acceleration errors
- avoiding magnetic interference with the compass

 Distances
 - units
- measurement of distance in relation to map projection

 Charts in practical navigation

- plotting positions
- latitude and longitude
- bearing and distance
- use of navigation protractor
- measurement of tracks and distances

 Chart reference material/map reading

- map analysis
- topography
- relief
- cultural features
- permanent features (e.g. line features, spot features, unique or special
features)
- features subject to change (e.g. water)
- preparation
- folding the map for use
- methods of map reading
- map orientation
- checkpoint features
- anticipation of checkpoints
- with continuous visual contact
- without continuous visual contact
- when uncertain of position
- aeronautical symbols
- aeronautical information
- conversion of units

 Principles of navigation
- IAS, CAS and TAS
- track, true and magnetic
- wind velocity, heading and groundspeed
- triangle of velocities
- calculation of heading and ground speed
- drift, wind correction angle
- ETA
- dead reckoning, position, fix

 The navigation computer

- use of the circular slide rule to determine
- TAS, time and distance
- conversion of units
- fuel required
- pressure, density and true altitude
- time en-route and ETA
- use of the computer to solve triangle of velocities
- application of TAS and wind velocity to track
- determination of heading and ground speed
- drift and wind correction angle
  Time
- relationship between universal co-ordinate (standard) (UTC) time and
local mean time (LMT)
- definition of sunrise and sunset times

 Flight planning
- selection of charts
- route and aerodrome weather forecasts and reports
- assessing the weather situation
- plotting the route
- considerations of controlled/ regulated airspace, airspace restrictions,
danger areas, etc.
- use of AIP and NOTAMS
- ATC liaison procedures in controlled/ regulated airspace
- fuel considerations
- en-route safety altitude(s)
- alternate aerodromes
- communications and radio/navaid frequencies
- compilation of flight log
- compilation of ATC flight plan
- selection of check points, time and distance marks
- weight and balance calculations
- weight and performance calculations

 Practical navigation
- compass headings, use of deviation card
- organization of in-flight workload
- departure procedure, log entries, altimeter setting and establishing IAS
- maintenance and heading of altitude
- use of visual observations
- establishing position, checkpoints
- revisions to heading and ETA
- arrival procedures, ATC liaison
- completion of flight log and aeroplane log entries.

2. Aviation Meteorology

 The Atmosphere
- Composition and structure
- vertical divisions
- Pressure, density and temperature
- barometric pressure, isobars
- changes of pressure, density and temperature with altitude
- altimetry terminology
- diurnal variation of temperature
- adiabatic process
- temperature lapse rate
- stability and instability

 Humidity and precipitation

- water vapour in the atmosphere
 - vapour pressure
- dew point and relative humidity
- condensation and vaporization
- precipitation

 Pressure and wind

- high and low pressure areas
- motion of the atmosphere, pressure gradient
- vertical and horizontal motion, convergence, divergence
- surface and geostrophic wind
- effect of wind gradient and windshear on take-off and landing
- relationship between isobars and wind, Buys Ballot’s law
- turbulence and gustiness
- local winds, fohn, land and sea breeze

 Clouds formation
- cooling by advection, radiation and adiabatic expansion - cloud types
- convection clouds
- orographic clouds
- stratiform and cumulus clouds
- flying conditions in each cloud type

 Fog, mist, haze

- radiation, advection, frontal, freezing fog
- formation and dispersal
- reduction of visibility due to mist, snow, smoke, dust and sand
- assessment of probability of reduced visibility
- hazards in flight due to low visibility, horizontal and vertical

 Air masses
- description of and factors affecting the properties of air masses
- classification of air masses, region of origin
- modification of air masses during their movement
- development of low and high pressure system
- weather associated with pressure systems

 Ice accretion
- conditions conducive to ice formation
- effects of hoar frost, rime ice, clear ice
- effects of icing on aeroplane performance
- precautions and avoidance of icing conditions
- powerplant icing
- precautions, prevention and clearance of induction and carburettor icing

 Thunderstorms
- formation – air mass, frontal, orographic
- conditions required
- development process recognition of favourable conditions for formation
- hazards for aeroplanes
- effects of lightning and severe turbulence
- avoidance of flight in the vicinity of thunderstorms
  Flight over hilly or mountainous areas
- hazards
- influence of terrain on atmospheric processes
- mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, vertical movement, rotor
effects, valley winds

 Indian Climatology
- general seasonal circulation in the troposphere
- local seasonal weather and winds
- tropopause influence on aircraft performance
- effect of ozone, radioactivity
- development and effect of valley inversions
- reduction of visibility caused by low drifting and blowing snow

 Altimetry
- operational aspects of pressure settings,
- pressure altitude, density altitude
- height, altitude, flight level
- ICAO standard atmosphere
- QNH, QFE, standard setting
- transition altitude, layer and level

 The meteorological organization

- aerodrome meteorological offices
- aeronautical meteorological stations
- forecasting service
- meteorological services at aerodromes
- availability of periodic weather forecasts

 Weather analysis and forecasting

- weather charts, symbols, signs
- significant weather charts
- prognostic charts for general aviation

 Weather information for flight planning

- reports and forecasts for departure, en-route, destination and
alternate(s)
- interpretation of coded information METAR, TAF
- availability of ground reports for surface wind, winds hear, visibility

 Meteorological broadcasts for aviation

- VOLMET, ATIS, SIGMET

3. Radio Navigation

 Ground D/F
- Application
- Principles
- Presentation and interpretation
- Coverage
- Errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy
 ADF, including associated beacons (NDBs) and use of the radio magnetic
indicator (RMI)
- Application
- Principles
- Presentation and interpretation
- Coverage
- Errors and accuracy
- Factors affecting range and accuracy

 VOR/DME
- Application
- Principles
- Presentation and interpretation
- Coverage
- Errors and accuracy
- Factors affecting range and accuracy

 GPS
- Application
- Principles
- Presentation and interpretation
- Coverage
- Errors and accuracy
- Factors affecting reliability and accuracy

 Ground Radar
- Principles
- Presentation and interpretation
- Coverage
- Errors and accuracy
- Factors affecting reliability and accuracy

 Secondary Surveillance Radar

- Principles (transponders)
- Application
- Presentation and interpretation
- Modes and codes

 Communications. Radio Telephony and Communications

- use of AIP and frequency selection
- microphone technique
- phonetic alphabet
- station/aeroplane callsigns/abbreviation
- transmission technique
- use of standard words and phrases
- listening out
- required ‘readback’ instructions

 Departure procedures
- taxi instructions
- holding on ground
 - departure clearance

 En-route procedures
- frequency changing
- position, altitude/flight level reporting
- flight information service
- weather information
- weather reporting
- procedures to obtain bearings, headings, position
- procedural phraseology
- height/range coverage

 Arrival and traffic pattern procedures

- arrival clearance
- calls and ATC instructions during the:
- circuit
- approach and landing
- vacating runway

 Communication failure
- action to be taken
- alternate frequency
- serviceability check, including microphone and headphones
- in-flight procedures according to type of airspace

 Distress and urgency procedures

- distress (Mayday), definition and when to use
- frequencies to use
- contents of Mayday message
- urgency (Pan), definition and when to use
- frequencies to use
- relay of messages
- maintenance of silence when distress/urgency call heard
- cancellation of distress/urgency

4. General Flight Safety

 Aeroplane
- seat adjustment and security
- harnesses and seat belts
- emergency equipment and its use
- fire extinguisher
- engine/cabin fires
- de-icing systems
- survival equipment, life jackets, life rafts
- carbon monoxide poisoning
- re-fuelling precautions
- flammable goods/pressurized container

 Operational
- wake turbulence
- aquaplaning
 - wind shear, take-off, approach and landing
- passenger briefings
- emergency exits
- evacuation from the airplane
- forced landings
- gear-up landing
- ditching

5. Instrumentation

 Flight Instruments
 Pitot / Static System
- pitot tube, function
- pitot tube, static source
- alternate static source
- position error
- system drains
- errors caused by blockage or leakage

 Airspeed indicator
- principles of operation
- relationship between pitot and static pressure
- definitions of indicated, calibrated and true airspeed
- instrument errors,
- airspeed indications, colour coding
- pilot’s serviceability checks

 Altimeter
- principles of operation and construction
- function of the sub-scale
- effects of atmospheric density
- pressure altitude
- true altitude
- international standard atmosphere
- flight level
- presentation (three needle)
- instrument errors
- pilot’s service ability checks

 Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

- principles of operation and construction
- function
- inherent lag
- instantaneous VSI
- presentation
- pilot’s serviceability checks

 Gyroscopes
- principles
- rigidity
- precession
 Turn indicator
- rate gyro
- purpose and function
- effect of speed
- presentation
- turn coordinator
- limited rate of turn indications
- power source
- balance indicator
- principle
- presentation
- pilot’s serviceability checks

 Altitude indicator
- earth gyro
- purpose and function
- presentations
- interpretation
- operating limitations
- power source pilot’s serviceability checks

 Heading indicator
- Directional gyro
- Purpose and function
- Presentation
- Use with Magnetic compass
- Setting mechanism
- Apparent drift
- Operating limitation
- Power source
- Pilot’s serviceability checks

 Magnetic Compass
- construction and function
- earth’s magnetic field
- variation and deviation
- turning, acceleration errors
- precautions when carrying magnetic items
- pilot’s service ability checks

 Engine Instruments
- principles, presentation and operational use of:
 oil temperature gauge
 oil pressure gauge
 cylinder head temperature gauge
 exhaust gas meter
 manifold pressure gauge
 fuel pressure gauge
 fuel flow gauge
 fuel quantity gauge (s)
 tachometer
  Other Instruments
- principles, presentation and operational use of:
- vacuum gauge
- voltmeter and ammeter
- warning indicators
- others relevant to aeroplane type

6. Flight Performance and Planning

 Mass and Balance

- limitations on maximum mass
- forward and aft limitations of centre of gravity, normal and utility
operation
- mass and centre of gravity calculations – aeroplane manual and balance
sheet

 Performance

(a) Take-off
- take-off run and distance available
- take-off and initial climb
- effects of mass, wind and density altitude
- effects of ground surface and gradient
- use of flaps

(b) Landing
- effects of mass, wind, density altitude and approach speed
- use of flaps
- ground surface and gradient

(c) In-flight
- relationship between power required and power available
- performance diagram
- maximum rate and maximum angle of climb
- range and endurance
- effects of configuration, mass, temperature and altitude
- reduction of performance during climbing turns
- gliding
- adverse effects
- icing, rain
- condition of the airframe
- effect of flap

7. Air Regulation

 Legislation
- The Convention of International Civil Aviation
- The International Civil Aviation Organization
- Documents to be carried in aircraft
 - Use of aircraft radio equipment
- Certificate of airworthiness
- Licences of personnel
- Recognition of certificates and licences
- Journey log books
- Cargo restrictions
- Restrictions on use of photographic equipment
- Endorsement of certificates of licences
- Validity of endorsed certificates and licences

 Annexes to the Convention (‘ICAO Annexes’) Annex 7 Aircraft Nationality

and Registration Marks
- definitions

 Rules of the Air

 Annex 2 Rules of the Air
- definitions
- applicability
- general rules
- visual flight rules
- signals (Appendix 1)
- interception of civil aircraft (Appendix 2)

 Air Traffic regulations and Air Traffic Services

 Annex 11 Air Traffic Regulations and Air Traffic Services
- definitions
- objectives of air traffic services
- classification of airspace
- flight information regions, control areas and control zones
- air traffic control services
- alerting service
- visual meteorological conditions
- instrument meteorological conditions
- in-flight contingencies

 Annex 14 Aerodrome Data

- definitions
- conditions of the movement area and related facilities
- Visual aids for navigation
- indicators and signalling devices
- markings
- lights
- signs
- markers
- signal area
- Visual aids for denoting obstacles
- marking of objects
- lighting of objects
- Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas
- Emergency and other services : fire and rescue service
- Aerodrome ground lights and surface marking colours
- Colours for aeronautical ground lights
 - Colours for surface markings

 ICAO Document 4444 – Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services
 General provisions
- definitions
- ATS operating practices
- Flight plan clearance and information
- Control of air traffic flow
- Altimeter setting procedures
- Wake turbulence information
- Meteorological information
- Air reports (AIREP)

 Area control service

- Separation of controlled traffic in the various classes of airspace
- Pilots, responsibility to maintain separation in VMC
- Emergency and communications failure procedures by the pilot –
Interception of civil aircraft

 Approach control service

- Departing and arriving aircraft procedures in VMC

 Aerodrome control service

- Function of aerodrome control towers
- VFR operations
- Traffic and circuit procedures
- Information to aircraft
- Control of aerodrome traffic

 Flight information and alerting service

- Air traffic advisory service
- Objectives

 Aircraft Rules and Civil Aviation Requirements

- Validity of licences and ratings
- Medical fitness
- Decrease in medical fitness
- Crediting of flight time
- State of licence issue
- Requirements
- Minimum age
- Privilege and conditions
- Ratings for special purposes
- Experience and crediting
- Training course
- Theoretical knowledge examination
- Skill test
- Circumstances in which an instrument rating is required
- Type and class ratings
- Division of class ratings
- Circumstances in which type or class ratings are required
- Validity, revalidation and renewal
 - Instructor ratings
- Instruction – general

 Contravention of Aviation Regulations

- Offences
- Penalties

 National Law – National Law and differences to relevant ICAO Annexes and
CARs.
 Indian aircraft act 1934-section 1,2,8,10,11A,11B, 17&18(3/9)
 Aircraft Rule 1937- Rule No. 1-19, 21-29A.30, 33, 37A, 38-48 ,50 ,52, 53 ,
55, 65, 67, 67A, 67B, 68-70, 76, 79-89, 133A, 134, 140, 140 (AB&C) 15 &
161
 Schedule I, II, VI, & XI
 INDAIN AIRCRAFT RULES 1920-RULE NO 53-64
 AIRCRAFT RULES 1954 (Public Health Rules)
 AIRCRAFT RULES 2003 (Carriage of Dangerous Goods)

 Human Performance & Limitations

 Basic Physiology
 Basic concepts of:
- composition of the atmosphere
- respiration and blood circulation
- Effects of partial pressure
- Hearing
- Motion sickness
- Flying and health
- Toxic hazards
- dangerous goods
- carbon monoxide from heaters

ii. Basic psychology

- The information process and its concepts
- Stress
- Judgment and decision making

Operational Procedures
a) ICAO Annex 6, Parts II and DGCA India CARs on Operations in Section 2, 7
and 8
- operation of aircraft
b) ICAO Annex 12
- Search and Rescue
- definitions
- alerting phases
- procedures for pilot-in-command intercepting a distress transmission
- search and rescue signals
c) ICAO Annex 13
-Aircraft Accident Investigation
-definitions

1. Commercial Pilot License :

DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND TRAINING HOURS – SUBJECT WISE
The distribution of ground training hours to cover SPL and PPL – CPL syllabi are
indicated below:

S. No. SUBJECT
1 Air Law and Regulations 40 hrs.
2 Aircraft Systems and Engines
3 Instrumentation 50 hrs
4 Mass and Balance
5 Aircraft Performance 60 hrs
6 Flight Planning and Monitoring
7 Human Performance 50 hrs
8 Meteorology 40 hrs
9 General Navigation 100 hrs
10 Radio Navigation
11 Operational Procedures 10 hrs
12 Principles of flight 30 hrs
13 VFR Communication 30 hrs.
14 IFR Communication
Total 410 hrs.

Detailed Syllabus for CPL

Air Law and Regulation

 Legislation
- The Convention of International Civil Aviation
- The International Civil Aviation Organization
- Documents to be carried in aircraft
- Use of aircraft radio equipment
- Certificate of airworthiness
- Licences of personnel
- Recognition of certificates and licences
- Journey log books
- Cargo restrictions
- Restrictions on use of photographic equipment
- Endorsement of certificates of licences
- Validity of endorsed certificates and licences

 Annexes to the Convention (‘ICAO Annexes’) Annex 7 Aircraft Nationality

and Registration Marks
- definitions

 Rules of the Air

 Annex 2 Rules of the Air
- definitions
- applicability
- general rules
- visual flight rules
 - signals (Appendix 1)
- interception of civil aircraft (Appendix 2)

 Air Traffic regulations and Air Traffic Services

 Annex 11 Air Traffic Regulations and Air Traffic Services
- definitions
- objectives of air traffic services
- classification of airspace
- flight information regions, control areas and control zones
- air traffic control services
- alerting service
- visual meteorological conditions
- instrument meteorological conditions
- in-flight contingencies

 Annex 14 Aerodrome Data

- definitions
- conditions of the movement area and related facilities
- Visual aids for navigation
- indicators and signalling devices
- markings
- lights
- signs
- markers
- signal area
- Visual aids for denoting obstacles
- marking of objects
- lighting of objects
- Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas
- Emergency and other services : fire and rescue service
- Aerodrome ground lights and surface marking colours
- Colours for aeronautical ground lights
- Colours for surface markings

 ICAO Document 4444 – Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services
 General provisions
- definitions
- ATS operating practices
- Flight plan clearance and information
- Control of air traffic flow
- Altimeter setting procedures
- Wake turbulence information
- Meteorological information
- Air reports (AIREP)

 Area control service

- Separation of controlled traffic in the various classes of airspace
- Pilots, responsibility to maintain separation in VMC
- Emergency and communications failure procedures by the pilot –
Interception of civil aircraft

 Approach control service

 - Departing and arriving aircraft procedures in VMC

 Aerodrome control service

- Function of aerodrome control towers
- VFR operations
- Traffic and circuit procedures
- Information to aircraft
- Control of aerodrome traffic

 Flight information and alerting service

- Air traffic advisory service
- Objectives

 Aircraft Rules and Civil Aviation Requirements

- Validity of licences and ratings
- Medical fitness
- Decrease in medical fitness
- Crediting of flight time
- State of licence issue
- Requirements
- Minimum age
- Privilege and conditions
- Ratings for special purposes
- Experience and crediting
- Training course
- Theoretical knowledge examination
- Skill test
- Circumstances in which an instrument rating is required
- Type and class ratings
- Division of class ratings
- Circumstances in which type or class ratings are required
- Validity, revalidation and renewal
- Instructor ratings
- Instruction – general

 Contravention of Aviation Regulations

- Offences
- Penalties

 National Law – National Law and differences to relevant ICAO Annexes and
CARs.
 Indian aircraft act 1934-section 1,2,8,10,11A,11B, 17&18(3/9)
 Aircraft Rule 1937- Rule No. 1-19, 21-29A.30, 33, 37A, 38-48 ,50 ,52, 53 ,
55, 65, 67, 67A, 67B, 68-70, 76, 79-89, 133A, 134, 140, 140 (AB&C) 15 &
161
 Schedule I, II, VI, & XI
 INDAIN AIRCRAFT RULES 1920-RULE NO 53-64
 AIRCRAFT RULES 1954 (Public Health Rules)
 AIRCRAFT RULES 2003 (Carriage of Dangerous Goods)
 Airframes Systems and Engines
Airframes
General
- Basics, the Three Planes and Three Axis
- Camber change
- Angle of attack change

Fuselage
- types of construction
- stress

Wings
- types of construction
- structural components
- stress

Flight Controls
Primary Controls:
- elevator, aileron and rudder
- trim
- mode of actuation (mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, fly-by-wire)
- operation, indicators, warning devices and controls)
- efforts to transmit

Pitch Control
- Elevator
- Down-wash effects

Yaw Control
- Pedal/Rudder ratio changer
- Moments due to engine thrust
- direct
- induced
- Engine failure
- rudder limitations at asymmetric thrust
- meaning of VMCA, VMCG

Roll Control
- Ailerons
- Inboard ailerons
- Outboard ailerons

- LANDING GEAR
- types
- locking devices and emergency extension systems
- accidental retraction prevention devices
- position, movement lights and indicators
- nose wheel steering
- wheels and tyres (limitations)
- braking systems
- parking brake
- mode of operation of anti-skid system
- mode of system of auto brake system
- operation, indications and warning systems

Aero Engines
Piston Engine
General
- design type
- Principle of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine
- Mechanical component
Engine performance
- pressure / density altitude
- performance as a function of pressure and temperature
Mixture
- rich and lean mixture
- maximum power and fuel economy mixture setting
Engine handling and manipulation
- power setting, power range
- mixture setting
- operational limitations
Operational criteria
- maximum and minimum RPM
- (induced) engine vibration and critical RPM
- remedial action by abnormal engine start run-up and in-flight

Lubrication system
- function
- schematic construction
- monitoring instruments and indicators
- lubricants
Air cooling
- system monitoring
- cylinder head temperature
- cowl flaps
Ignition
- schematic construction and function
- types of ignition
- magneto check
Engine fuel supply
- carburetor (construction and mode of operation, carburetor icing)
- fuel injection (construction and mode of operation)
- alternate air
Power augmentation devices
- turbocharger, supercharger (construction and effect on engine performance)
Fuel
- types, grades
- detonation characteristics, octane rating
- colour coding
- additives
- water content, ice formation
- fuel density
- alternate fuels, differences in specifications, limitations

PROPELLER
- Fixed pitch and constant speed propeller
- principles and operation of propellers on single and multi-engine aircraft
- propeller check
- propeller efficiency as a function of airspeed
- aircraft and engine protection (propeller operation: ground/ air, coarse/fine
pitch limitations)

TURBINE ENGINE
General :
- principles of operation
- types of construction
- turboprop
- turbojet
- turbofan

Engine construction
- Air inlet
- function
- Compressor
- function
- construction and mode of operation
- effects of damage
- compressor stall and surge (cause and avoidance)
- Diffuser
- function
- Combustion chamber
- function, types and working principles
- mixing ratios
- fuel injectors
- thermal load
- Turbine
- function, construction and working principles
- thermal and mechanical stress
- effects of damage
- monitoring of exhaust gas temperature
- Jet pipe
- function
- different types
- noise silencing devices
- Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine engine
- Reverser thrust
- function, types and principles of operation
- degree of efficiency
- use and monitoring
- Performance and thrust augmentation
- water injection, principles of operation
- use and system monitoring
- Bleed air
- effect of use of bleed air on thrust, exhaust temperature, RPM and pressure
ratio
- Auxiliary gearbox
- function

ENGINE SYSTEMS
- Ignition
- function, types, components, operation, safety aspects
- Starter
- function, type, construction and mode of operation
- control and monitoring
- self sustaining and idle speeds
- Engine start malfunctions
- cause and avoidance
- Fuel system
- schematic diagrams, components
- operation and monitoring
- malfunctions
- Lubrication
- components
- operation and monitoring
- malfunctions
- Fuel
- effects of temperature
- impurities
- additives
- Thrust
- thrust formula
- flat rated engine
- thrust as a function of airspeed, air density, pressure, temperature and RPM
- power plant operation and monitoring
AUXILIARY POWER UNIT (APU)
- General
- function, types
- location
- operation and monitoring
- Ram air turbine
- function

HYDRAULICS
- Basics principles of hydromechanics
- hydraulic fluids
- schematic construction and functioning of hydraulic systems
- Hydraulic system
- main, standby and emergency system
- operation, indicators, warning system
- ancillary system
- Pneumatic system
- power sources
- schematic construction
- potential failures, warning devices
- operation, indicators, warning systems
- pneumatic operated systems

T 25 :
- AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
- construction, functioning, operation, indicators and warning devices
- heating and cooling
- temperature regulation
- automatic and manual
- ram air ventilation
- schematic construction
- PRESSURIZATION
- cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude, differential pressure
- pressurized zones in the aircraft
- safety devices and warning systems
- rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning
- emergency procedures

T 26 :
- ANTI-ICE SYSTEMS
- aerofoil (Aeroplane) and control surfaces, powerplant,
air intakes, windshield
- schematic construction, operating limitations and
initiation, timing of de-icing system usage
- ice warning system
- Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice systems
- schematic construction, functioning and operation of:
- air intake
- propeller-pitot, static pressure sensor and stall warning devices
- windshield
- rain repellent system

1. AIR NAVIGATION :
N1
BASICS OF NAVIGATION
- THE SOLAR SYSTEM
- seasonal and apparent movements of the sun
- THE EARTH
- great circle, small circle, rhumb line
- convergency, conversion angle
- latitude, difference of latitude
- longitude, difference of longitude
- use of latitude and longitude co-ordinates to locate any specific position
N2
- DIRECTIONS
- terrestrial magnetism:
declination, deviation and compass variations
- magnetic poles, isogonals, relationship between true
and magnetic
- DISTANCE
- units of distance and height used in navigation: nautical miles,
statute miles, kilometers, metres, yards and feet
- conversion from one unit to another
- relationship between nautical miles and minutes of latitude

N3
Dead Reckoning Navigation (DR)
- Basics of dead reckoning
- track
- heading (compass, magnetic, true, grid)
- wind velocity
- airspeed (IAS, CAS, TAS, Mach number)
- ground speed
- ETA
- drift, wind correction angle
- DR-position, fix
- The triangle of velocities, methods of solution for
the determination of
- heading
- ground speed
- wind velocity
- track and drift angle, track error
- time and distance problems
- Determination of DR position
- need for DR
- confirmation of flight progress (mental DR)
- lost procedures
- heading and TAS vector since last confirmed position
- application of wind velocity vector
- last known track and ground speed vector
- assessment of accuracy of DR position
- Measurement of DR elements
- calculation of altitude, adjustments, corrections, errors
- determination of temperature
- determination of appropriate speed
- determination of mach number

N4
- Use of the navigational computer
- speed
- time
- distance
- fuel consumption
- conversions
- heading
- airspeed
- wind velocity

N5
- TIME AND TIME CONVERSIONS
- apparent time
- UTC
- LMT
- standard times
- international dateline

N6
Magnetism and Compasses
- General principles
- terrestrial magnetism
- resolution of the earth’s total magnetic force into vertical
and horizontal components
- the effects of change of latitude on these components
- directive force
- magnetic dip
- variation
- Aircraft magnetism
- hard iron and vertical soft iron
- the resulting magnetic fields
- the variation in directive force

- Change of deviation with change of latitude and with change in aircraft’s

heading
- turning and acceleration errors
- keeping magnetic materials clear of the compass
- knowledge of the principles, standby and landing or main compasses and
remote reading compasses
- detailed knowledge of the use of these compasses
- serviceability tests
- advantages and disadvantages of the remote
indicating compasses
- adjustment and compensation of direct reading
magnetic compass

N7,8
- Charts
- General properties of miscellaneous type of projections
- Mercator
- Lambert conformal conic
- Polar stereographic
- Transverse mercator
- Oblique mercator
- The representation of meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines
- direct Mercator
- Lambert conformal conic
- Polar Stereographic
- The use of current aeronautical charts
- plotting positions
- methods of indicating scale and relief
- conventional signs
- measuring tracks and distances
- plotting bearings
- Resolution of current DR problems by means of
- mercator charts
- lambert charts
- polar stereographic projections
N9,10
Measurement of
- maximum range
- radius of action
- point-of-safe-return and point-of-equal-time
- Miscellaneous DR uncertainties and practical means of correction

N11
-In-flight Navigation
- Use of visual observations and application to in-flight navigation
- Navigation in climb descent
- average airspeed
- average wind velocity
- ground speed/distance covered during climb or descent
- Navigation in cruising flight, use of fixes to revise navigation data as
- ground speed revision
- off-track corrections
- calculation of wind speed and direction
- ETA revisions
- Flight log (including navigation records)

N12
- Mass and Balance - Aeroplanes
-Introduction to Mass and Balance
- Centre of gravity (cg): Definition, importance in regard to aircraft stability
(Aeroplane)
- Mass and balance
- consult aeroplane flight manual for: cg limits for take-off, landing, cruise
configurations
- maximum floor load
- maximum ramp and taxi mass (Aeroplane)
- factors determining maximum permissible mass : structural limitations,
performance limitations such as – runway available for take-off and landing,
weather conditions (temperature, pressure, wind, precipitation); rate-of-climb
and altitude requirements for obstacle clearance; engine-out performance
requirements
- factors determining cg limits: aircraft stability, ability of flight controls and
surfaces to overcome mass and lift pitching moments under all flight conditions,
changes in cg location during flight due to consumption of fuel, raising and
lowering of undercarriage, and intentional relocation of passengers or cargo,
transfer of fuel, movement of centre of lift because of changes in position of
wing flaps

N13
AIRCRAFT LOADING
- Terminology: empty mass, dry operating mass (empty mass + crew +
operating items + unusable fuel), zero fuel mass, standard mass – crew,
passengers and baggage, fuel, oil water (volume/mass conversion factors),
carry-on luggage, useful load (traffic load + usable fuel
- Effects of overloading: high take-off and safety speeds, longer take-off and
landing distances, lower rate-of-climb, influence on range and endurance,
decreased engine-out performance, possible structural damage in extreme cases

N14
Centre of Gravity (cg)
- basic of cg calculations (load and balance documentation)
- Datum – explanation of term, location, use in cg calculation
- Moment arm – explanation of term, determination of algebric signs, use
- Moment – explanation, moment = mass x moment arm
- Expression in percentage of mean aerodynamic chord (% MAC)
- Calculation of cg
- Effect of load-shift
- movement of cg. Possible out of limits
- possible damage due to inertia of a moving load
- effect of acceleration of the aircraft load

N15,16
Performance

a) Performance of Single-Engine Aeroplanes

- definitions of terms and speeds used
- Take-off and landing performance
- Effect of aeroplane mass, wind, density, altitude, runway slope, runway
conditions
- Use of aeroplane flight manual data
- Climb and cruise performance
- use of aeroplane flight data
- effect of density altitude and aeroplane mass
- endurance and the effects of the different recommended power settings
- still air range with various power settings

b) Performance of Multi-Engine Aeroplanes

- definitions of terms and speeds used
- any new terms used for multi-engine aeroplane performance
- Importance of performance calculations
- determination of performance under normal conditions
- consideration of effects of pressure altitude, temperature, wind, aeroplane
mass, runway slope, and runway conditions

- Elements of performance
- take-off and landing distances
- obstacle clearance at take-off
- rate of climb and descent
- effects of selected power settings, speeds, and aircraft configuration
- Cruise altitudes and altitude ceiling
- en-route requirements
- Payload/range trade-offs
- Speed/economy trade-offs
- Use of performance graphs and tabulated data
- performance section of flight manual

N17,18
Flight Planning and Monitoring – Aeroplanes

a) Flight Plans for Cross Country Flights

- Navigation Plan
- selection of routes, speeds, heights (altitudes) and
alternate airfield/landing sites
- terrain and obstacle clearance
- cruising levels appropriate for direction of flight
- navigation check points, visual or radio
- measurement of tracks and distances
- obtaining wind velocity forecast for each leg
- computations of headings, ground speeds, and time en-route from tracks, true
airspeed and wind velocities
- completion of pre-flight portion of navigation flight log
- Fuel Plan
- computation of planned fuel usage for each leg and total fuel usage for the
flight
- flight manual figures for fuel flow during climb, en-route and during descent
- navigation plan for times en-route
- fuel for holding and diversion to alternate airfield
- reserves
- total fuel requirements for flight
- completion of pre-flight portion of fuel log
- Flight monitoring and in-flight re-planning
- in-flight fuel computations
- recording of fuel quantities remaining at navigational checkpoints
- calculation of actual consumption rate
- comparison of actual and planned fuel consumption and fuel state
- Revision of fuel reserve estimates
- in-flight re-planning in case of problems
- selection of cruise altitude and power settings for new destination
- time to new destination
- fuel state, fuel requirements, fuel reserves
- Radio communication and navigation aids
- communication frequencies and call signs for appropriate
control agencies and in-flight service facilities such as
weather stations
- radio navigation and approach aids, if appropriate
- type
- frequencies
- identification

N19,20
ICAO ATC Flight Plan
- types of flight plan
- ICAO flight plan – format
- completing the flight plan
- Filling the flight plan
- procedures for filing
- agency responsible for processing the flight plan
- Adherence to flight plan

b) Practical Flight Planning

- Chart preparation
- Plot tracks and measure directions and distances
- Navigation plans
- Completing the navigation plan using:
- tracks and distances from prepared charts
- wind velocities as provided
- true airspeeds as appropriate

- Simple fuel plans

- Preparation of fuel logs showing planned values for:
- fuel used on each leg
- fuel remaining at the end of each leg
- endurance, based on fuel remaining and planned consumption rate, at end of
each leg
- Radio planning practice
- Communications
- frequencies and call signs of air traffic control agencies and facilities and for in-
flight services such as weather information

c) Practical Completion of a ‘Flight Plan’ (flight plan, flight log, nav log ATC
plan, etc.)

- Extraction of data
- extraction of navigational data
- extraction of meteorological data
- extraction of performance data
- completion of navigation flight plan
- completion of fuel plan
- time and fuel to top-of-climb
- cruise sector times and fuel used
- total time and fuel required to destination
- fuel required for missed approach, climb en-route altitude, and cruise alternate
- reserve fuel
- Completion of air traffic flight plan

2. Radio Navigation

RN 1,2 : FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

AIR DATA INSTRUMENTS

- PITOT AND STATIC SYSTEM

- pitot tube, construction and principles of operation
- static source
- malfunction
- heating
- alternate static source
- ALTIMETER
- construction and principles of operation
- display and setting
- errors
- correction tables
- tolerances
- AIRSPEED INDICATOR
- construction and principles of operation
- speed indications (IAS)
- meaning of coloured sectors
- maximum speed indicator, VMO, MMO pointer
- errors

- VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR (VSI)

- aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI)
- construction and principles of operation
- display

RN 3,4 :

GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
- Gyro fundamentals
- theory of gyroscopic forces (stability, precession)
- types, and principles of operation:
- vertical gyro
- directional gyro
- rate gyro
- rate integrating gyro
- single degree-of-freedom gyro
- ring laser gyro
- apparent drift
- random drift
- mountings
- drive types, monitoring
- DIRECTIONAL GYRO
- construction and principles of operation
- Slaved gyro compass
- construction and principles of operation
- components
- mounting and modes of operation
- turn and acceleration errors
- application, uses of output data
- ATTITUDE INDICATOR (VERTICAL GYRO)
- construction and principles of operation
- display types
- turn and acceleration errors
- application, uses of output data
- TURN AND BANK INDICATOR (RATE GYRO)
- construction and principles of operation
- display types
- application, uses of output data
- turn coordinator

RN 5 :
MAGNETIC COMPASS
- construction and principles of operation
- errors (deviation, effect of inclination)

RADIO ALTIMETER
- components
- frequency band
- principle of operation
- displays
- errors

RN 6 : BASIC RADIO PROPAGATION THEORY

- Basic principles
- Electromagnetic waves
- Wave length, amplitude, phase angle, frequency
- Frequency bands, side band, single side band
- Pulse characteristics
- Carrier, modulation, demodulation
- Kind of modulation (amplitude, frequency, pulse, multiplex)
- Oscillation circuit

RN 7 :- WAVE PROPAGATION
- Ground wave
- Space wave
- Propagation with the frequency bands
- Frequency prognosis (MUF)
- fading
- Factors affecting propagation (reflection, absorption, interference, twilight,
shoreline, mountain , static )

RN 8 :RADIO AIDS

- GROUND D/F (including classification of bearings)

- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy
- ADF
(including associated beacons and use of the radio magnetic indicator)
- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy

RN 9 :

VOR AND DOPPLER-VOR

(including the use of the radio magnetic indicator)

- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy

RN 10

DME(Distance measuring equipment)

- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy
- ILS (Instrument Landing System)
- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy

RN 11 :
BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES
- SSR secondary surveillance radar and transponder
- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- modes and codes, including mode S

SELF-CONTAINED AND EXTERNAL-REFERENCED NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

- Satellite assisted navigation: GPS / GLONASS
- principle of operation
- advantages and disadvantages

RN 12 :

POWER PLANT AND SYSTEM MONITORING INSTRUMENTS

- PRESSURE GAUGE
- sensors
- pressure indicators
- meaning of coloured sectors
- TEMPERATURE GAUGE
- ram rise, recovery factor
- RPM INDICATOR
- interfacing of signal pick-up to RPM gauge
- RPM indicators, piston and turbine engines
- meaning of coloured sectors
- CONSUMPTION GAUGE
- high pressure line fuel flow meter
(function, indications, failure warnings)

RN 13 :

FUEL GAUGE

- measurement of volume/mass, units

- measuring sensors
- content, quantity indicators
- reasons for incorrect indications
- TORQUE METER
- indicators, units
- meaning of colored sectors

RN 14 :-

BASICS OF ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS

- EFIS
- EICAS
- ECAM
- FMS

ANTENNAS
- Characteristics
- Polarization
- Types of antennas

3.AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL (GENERAL) SYLLABUS:

T1INTRODUCTION

PARTS OF AIRCRAFT

GENERAL
- Basics, the Three Planes and Three Axis
- Camber change
- Angle of attack change

FUSELAGE
- types of construction
- stress

WINGS
- types of construction
- structural components
- stress

FLIGHT CONTROLS
PRIMARY CONTROLS:
- elevator, aileron and rudder
- trim
- mode of actuation (mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, fly-by-wire)
- operation, indicators, warning devices and controls)
- efforts to transmit

PITCH CONTROL
- Elevator
- Down-wash effects

YAW CONTROL
- Pedal/Rudder ratio changer
- Moments due to engine thrust
- direct
- induced
- Engine failure
- rudder limitations at asymmetric thrust
- meaning of VMCA, VMCG

ROLL CONTROL
- Ailerons
- Inboard ailerons
- Outboard ailerons

T2PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT –
Subsonic Aerodynamics
a) BASICS LAWS AND DEFINITIONS
- Laws and definitions
- Units
- Laws of Newton
- Ideal gas equation
- Equation of impulse
- Equation of continuity
- Bernoulli’s theorem
- Static pressure
- Dynamic pressure
- Viscosity
- Density

b) BASICS ABOUT AIRFLOW

- Stationary airflow
- Not stationary airflow
- streamline
- Stream tube

c) AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON SURFACES

- Resulting air force
- lift
- drag
- Angle of attack

d) SHAPE OF AN AEROFOIL
- Thickness of chord ratio
- Chord line
- Camber line
- Nose radius
- Camber
- Angle of attack
- Angle of incidence

e) THE WING SHAPE

- Root chord
- Tip chord
- Shape of wing surface
- mean aerodynamic chord (MAC)

T3
f) THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL AIRFLOW ABOUT AN AEROFOIL
- streamline pattern
- Stagnation point
- Pressure distribution
- Centre of pressure
- Location of centre of gravity
- Lift and downwash
- drag and wake (loss of impulse)
- Influence of angle of attack
- flow separation at high angles of attack
- The lift-graph

g) THE COEFFICIENTS
- The lift coefficient C
- The lift formula
- CL – α graph
- CL max and α
- Normal values of CL max, αcrit, stall, and the slope of the CL / A.o.A curve
- The drag coefficient CD
- The drag formulas:
- zero lift drag
- lift induced drag
- CD – α graph
- CL – CD graph, profile polar
- CL – CD ratio
- Normal values of the CL – CD ratio

T4:

h) THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL AIRFLOW ABOUT AN AERO PLANE

- Streamline pattern
- span-wise flow and causes
- tip vortices and local α
- tip vortices and angle of attack
- up-wash and down-wash due to tip vortices
- span-wise lift distribution
- wake turbulence behind an aircraft (causes, distribution, duration of the
phenomenon)
- Induced drag
- influence of tip vortices on the angle of attack
- the induced local α
- influence of induced angle of attack on the direction of the lift vector
- induced drag and angle of attack
- induced drag and speed
- induced drag and wing aspect ratio
- induced drag and wing planform
- induced drag coefficient
- induced drag coefficient and angle of attack
- influence of the induced drag on the CL – graph
- influence of the induced drag on the CL – CD graph, airplane lift drag ratio
- influence of plan of section
- winglets
- wing span loading
- influence of wing twist

i) THE TOTAL DRAG

- Influence of change of camber
- The parasite drag
- Profile drag
- Interference drag
- Friction drag
- The profile drag and speed
- The induced drag and speed
- The total drag
- The total drag and speed
- Minimum drag
- The drag – speed graph

j) THE BOUNDARY LAYER

- Different types
- Laminar
- Turbulent
- Their advantages and disadvantages on pressure drag and friction drag

T5
k) THE GROUND EFFECT
- Effect on CDi
- Effect on αcrit
- Effect on CL
- Effect on take-off and landing characteristics of an aircraft

l) THE RELATION BETWEEN THE LIFT COEFFICIENT AND THE SPEED FOR
CONSTANT LIFT
- As a formula
- In α graph

m) THE STALL
- Flow separation at increasing angles of attack
- The boundary layer:
- Laminar layer
- Turbulent layer
- Transition
- Separation point
- Influence of angle of attack
- influence on:
- Pressure distribution
- Location of centre of pressure
- CL
- CD
- Pitch moments
- Down-wash at horizontal stabilizer
- buffet
- Use of controls

n) THE STALL SPEED

- In the lift formula
- 1g stall speed
- influence of:
- The centre of gravity
- Power setting
- Attitude (IAS)
- Wing loading
- load factor n:
- Definition
- turns
- Forces
- The initial stall in span-wise direction
- Influence of plan form

o) STALL WARNING
- importance of stall warning
- speed margin
- buffet
- stall strip
- flapper switch
- AOA vane
- AOA probe
- stick shaker
- recovery from stall
p) SPECIAL PHENOMENA OF STALL
- the power-on stall
- super- or deep-stall, stick pusher
- T-tailed aircraft
- avoidance of spins:
- spin development
- spin recognition
- spin recovery
T6 CLmax LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES
- Trailing edge flaps and the reasons for use in take-off and landing
- different types of flaps:
- split flap
- plain flap
- slotted flap
- fowler flap
- their influence on the CL – α graph
- their influence on the CL – CD graph
- flap asymmetry
- influence on pitch movement
- Leading edge devices and the reasons for use in take-off and landing
- different types:
- Krueger flaps
- variable camber flaps
- slats
- their influence on the CL – α graph
- their influence on the CL – CD graph
- slat asymmetry
- normal/automatic operation
- VORTEX GENERATORS
- aerodynamic principles
- advantages
- disadvantages
Means to decrease the CL – CD ratio, increasing drag
- Spoilers and the reasons for use in the different phases of flight
- different functions:
- flight spoilers (speedbrakes)
- ground spoilers (lift dumpers)
- roll spoilers
- spoiler-mixer
- their influence on the CL α graph
- their influence on the CL – CD graph and ratio
- Speedbrakes as a means of increasing drag and the reasons for use in the
different phases of flight
- the influence on the CL – CD graph ratio
- Secondary controls:
- leading and trailing edge lift augmentation devices
- lift dumping and speed brakes
- variable elevator
- mode of actuation (mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, fly-by-wire)
- operation, indicators, warning devices and controls)
- danger situations and potential failures

T7, T8
FLIGHT MECHANICS
Forces action on an airplane
- Straight horizontal steady flight
- Straight steady climb
- Straight steady descent
- Straight steady glide
- Steady coordinated turn
- bank angle
- load factor
- turn radius
- angular velocity
- rate one turn
- rate 2 turn
- rate 3 turn

T9
ASYMMETRIC THRUST
- Moments about the vertical axis
- Influence of bank angle
- overbanking
- finstall
- Influence of aircraft weight
- Influence of use of ailerons
- Influence of special propeller effects on roll moments
- propeller torque
- propeller wash on flaps
- Influence of slip angle on roll moments
- VMCA
- VMCL
- VMCG
- Influence of altitude
EMERGENCY DESCENT
- Influence of configuration
- Influence of chosen mach number and IAS
- Typical points on polar curve
WINDSHEAR

T 10
Interaction in different planes (yaw/roll)
- limitations of asymmetric power
Means to reduce control forces
- Aerodynamic balance
- nose balance
- horn balances
- internal balances
- balance tab, anti-balance tab
- servo tab
- spring tab
- Artificial
- power assisted controls
- fully powered controls
- artificial feel:
- inputs:
- dynamic pressure q
- stabilizer setting
Mass Balance
- reasons to balance
- means
Trimming
- reasons to trim
- trim tabs
- stabilizer trim/trim rate versus IAS
- position of centre of gravity influence on trim/stabilizer setting for take-off

T 11
Limitations
Operating limitations
- flutter
- aileron reversal
- gear/flap operating
- VMO, VNO, VNE
- MMO
- Ice on tail

b) Manoeuvring envelope
- Manoeuvring load diagram
- load factor
- accelerated stall speed
- VA, VC, VD
- manoeuvring limit load factor/certification category
- Contribution of:
- mass
- altitude
- Mach number

c) Gust Envelope
- Gust load diagram
- vertical gust speeds
- accelerated stall speed
- VB, VC, VD
- gust limit load factor
- VRA
- Contribution of:
- mass
- altitude
- Mach number

T 12, 13, 14:

STABILITY

a) Condition of equilibrium in stable horizontal flight

- Precondition for static stability
- Sum of moments
- Lift and weight
- Drag and thrust
- Sum of forces
- In horizontal plane
- In vertical plane

b) Methods of achieving balance

- Wing and empennage (tail and canard)
- Control surfaces
- Ballast or weight trims

c) Longitudinal stability
- Basics and definitions
- Static stability, positive, neutral and negative
- precondition for dynamic stability
- dynamic stability, positive, neutral and negative
- damping:
- phugoid
- short period
- effect of high altitude on dynamic stability
- static stability
- neutral point/location of neutral point
- definition
- Contribution of:
- aircraft geometry
- down-wash
- a.c. of the wing
- Location of centre of gravity
- aft limit, minimum stability margin
- forward position
- effects on static and dynamic stability
- The CM – α graph
- Contribution of:
- location of centre of gravity
- control deflection
- major aircraft parts (wings, fuselage, tail)
- configuration:
- flap deflection
- gear extension
- The elevator position – speed graph (IAS)
- Contribution of;
- location of centre of gravity
- trim (trim tab)
- trim (stabilizer trim)
- Mach number/Mach trim
- friction in the system
- down spring
- bob weight
- The manoeuvring /stick force per g
- Contribution of:
- location of centre of gravity
- trim
- spring
- bob weight
- Stick force per g and the limit load factor
- category of certification
- Special circumstances
- ice:
- effects of flap extension
- effects of stabilizer ice
- rain
- deformation of airframe

d) Static directional stability

- Slip angle ß
- Yaw moment coefficient CN
- CN – ß graph
- Contribution of :
- location of centre of gravity
- angle of sweep of the wing
- fuselage at high angles of attack
- strakes
- dorsal fin and angle of sweep of fin
- major aircraft parts

e) Static lateral stability

- Bank angle ø
- The roll moment coefficient CL
- Contribution of angle of slip ß
- The CL – ß graph
- Contribution of:
- angle of sweep of wing
- ventral fin
- location of the wing
- dihedral / anhedral
- Effective lateral stability

f) Dynamic lateral stability

- effects of asymmetric propeller slipstream
- Tendency to spiral dive
- Dutch roll
- causes
- Mach
- yaw damper
- Effects of altitude on dynamic stability

T 15 :
TRANSONIC AERODYNAMICS
- The Mach number definition
- speed of sound
- influence of temperature and altitude
- compressibility
- Normal shockwaves
- Mcrit and exceeding Mcrit
- Influence of:
- mach number
- control deflection
- angle of attack
- aerofoil thickness
- angle of sweep
- area ruling
- CL – α graph
- CLmax
- CD
- CL – CD
- Aerodynamic heating
- Shock stall / Mach buffet
- Influence on:
- drag
- pitch (Mach trim):
- contribution of:
- movement of the centre of pressure
- angle of sweep
- down-wash
- Buffet margin, aerodynamic ceiling
- Means to avoid the effects of exceeding Mcrit
- Vortex generators
- Supercritical profile
- shape
- influence of aerofoil shape on shockwaves
- advantages and disadvantages of supercritical aerofoil

T 16 :
POWER PLANT
PISTON ENGINE
General
- design type
- Principle of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine
- Mechanical component
Engine performance
- pressure / density altitude
- performance as a function of pressure and temperature
Mixture
- rich and lean mixture
- maximum power and fuel economy mixture setting
Engine handling and manipulation
- power setting, power range
- mixture setting
- operational limitations
Operational criteria
- maximum and minimum RPM
- (induced) engine vibration and critical RPM
- remedial action by abnormal engine start run-up and in-flight

T 17, 18 :
PISTON ENGINE
Lubrication system
- function
- schematic construction
- monitoring instruments and indicators
- lubricants
Air cooling
- system monitoring
- cylinder head temperature
- cowl flaps
Ignition
- schematic construction and function
- types of ignition
- magneto check
Engine fuel supply
- carburetor (construction and mode of operation, carburetor icing)
- fuel injection (construction and mode of operation)
- alternate air
Power augmentation devices
- turbocharger, supercharger (construction and effect on engine performance)
Fuel
- types, grades
- detonation characteristics, octane rating
- colour coding
- additives
- water content, ice formation
- fuel density
- alternate fuels, differences in specifications, limitations

T 19 :
PROPELLER
- Fixed pitch and constant speed propeller
- principles and operation of propellers on single and multi-engine aircraft
- propeller check
- propeller efficiency as a function of airspeed
- aircraft and engine protection (propeller operation: ground/ air, coarse/fine
pitch limitations)

T 20, 21 :
TURBINE ENGINE
General :
- principles of operation
- types of construction
- turboprop
- turbojet
- turbofan

Engine construction
- Air inlet
- function
- Compressor
- function
- construction and mode of operation
- effects of damage
- compressor stall and surge (cause and avoidance)
- Diffuser
- function
- Combustion chamber
- function, types and working principles
- mixing ratios
- fuel injectors
- thermal load
- Turbine
- function, construction and working principles
- thermal and mechanical stress
- effects of damage
- monitoring of exhaust gas temperature
- Jet pipe
- function
- different types
- noise silencing devices
- Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine engine
- Reverser thrust
- function, types and principles of operation
- degree of efficiency
- use and monitoring
- Performance and thrust augmentation
- water injection, principles of operation
- use and system monitoring
- Bleed air
- effect of use of bleed air on thrust, exhaust temperature, RPM and pressure
ratio
- Auxiliary gearbox
- function

T 22, 23: ENGINE SYSTEMS

- Ignition
- function, types, components, operation, safety aspects
- Starter
- function, type, construction and mode of operation
- control and monitoring
- self sustaining and idle speeds
- Engine start malfunctions
- cause and avoidance
- Fuel system
- schematic diagrams, components
- operation and monitoring
- malfunctions
- Lubrication
- components
- operation and monitoring
- malfunctions
- Fuel
- effects of temperature
- impurities
- additives
- Thrust
- thrust formula
- flat rated engine
- thrust as a function of airspeed, air density, pressure, temperature and RPM
- power plant operation and monitoring
AUXILIARY POWER UNIT (APU)
- General
- function, types
- location
- operation and monitoring
- Ram air turbine
- function

T 24 :
HYDRAULICS
- Basics principles of hydromechanics
- hydraulic fluids
- schematic construction and functioning of hydraulic systems
- Hydraulic system
- main, standby and emergency system
- operation, indicators, warning system
- ancillary system
- Pneumatic system
- power sources
- schematic construction
- potential failures, warning devices
- operation, indicators, warning systems
- pneumatic operated systems

- LANDING GEAR
- types
- locking devices and emergency extension systems
- accidental retraction prevention devices
- position, movement lights and indicators
- nose wheel steering
- wheels and tyres (limitations)
- braking systems
- parking brake
- mode of operation of anti-skid system
- mode of system of auto brake system
- operation, indications and warning systems
T 25 :
- AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
- construction, functioning, operation, indicators and warning devices
- heating and cooling
- temperature regulation
- automatic and manual
- ram air ventilation
- schematic construction
- PRESSURIZATION
- cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude, differential pressure
- pressurized zones in the aircraft
- safety devices and warning systems
- rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning
- emergency procedures

T 26 :
- ANTI-ICE SYSTEMS
- aerofoil (Aeroplane) and control surfaces, powerplant,
air intakes, windshield
- schematic construction, operating limitations and
initiation, timing of de-icing system usage
- ice warning system
- Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice systems
- schematic construction, functioning and operation of:
- air intake
- propeller-pitot, static pressure sensor and stall warning devices
- windshield
- rain repellent system

T 27, 28, 29 :
Electrics
a) Director Current (DC); Direct /Alternating Current (DC/AC)
- General
- electric circuits
- voltage, current, resistance
- Ohm’s law
- resistive circuits
- resistance as a function and temperature
- electrical power, electrical work
- fuses (function, type and operation)
- the electrical field
- the capacitor (function) system, shock absorbers)
- Batteries
- types, characteristics
- capacity
- uses
- hazards
- Magnetism
- permanent magnetism
- electromagnetism:
- relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve (principle, function and applications)
- electromagnetic power
- electromagnetic induction
- Generators
- alternator:
- principle, function and applications
- monitoring devices
- regulation, control and protection
- modes of excitation
- starter generator
- Distribution
- current distribution (buses)
- monitoring of electrical flight instruments/systems:
- ammeter, voltmeter
- annunciators
- electrical consumers
- DC power distribution:
- construction, operation and system monitoring
- elementary switching circuits
- Inverter:
- The aircraft structure as an electrical conductor

b) ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

- General
- single and multi-phase AC
- frequency
- phase shift
- AC components
- Generators
- 3-phase generator
- brushless generator
- generator drive:
- constant speed drive
- integrated drive
- AC power distribution
- operation and monitoring
- protection circuits, paralleling of Ac-generators
- Transformers
- function
- types and applications
- Transformer/rectifier units

C) Basic knowledge of computers

- Logic circuits
- Logical symbols
- Switching circuits and logical symbols
T 30, 31: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
a) Doors and emergency exits
- evacuation slides, general usage or as life rafts or flotation devices
b) Smoke detection
- location, indicators, function test
c) Fire detection
- location, warning mode, function test
d) Fire fighting equipment
- location, operation, contents, gauge, function test
e) Aircraft oxygen equipment
- drill, use of equipment in case of rapid decompression
- oxygen generators
f) Hydraulic systems
- components, fluids
- operation, indication, warning systems
- auxiliary systems
g) Emergency equipment
- portable, hand-held fire extinguisher
- smoke mask, smoke protection hood]
- portable oxygen system
- emergency locator beacon, transmitter
- life jacket, life raft
- pocket lamp, emergency lighting
- megaphone
- cash axe
- fireproof gloves
- emergency flotation system

3. METEOROLOGY SYLLABUS :
LECTURE
CONTENTS
No.
Composition, extent, vertical division, Layers of atmosphere and
MET-01
its characteristics, ISA conditions
Atmospheric pressure, isobars, pressure variation with height
barometric pressure, isobars
- pressure variation with height, contours (isohypses)
MET-02
- reduction of pressure to mean sea level, QFF
- surface low/upper-air low, surface high/upper-air high-
precipitation
Altimetry
- pressure altitude, true altitude
- height, altitude, flight level
MET-03
- altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa
- effect of accelerated airflow due to topography
- altimeter response with pressure and temp. changes.
Location of the principal pressure areas
a) Comparison of two pressure areas and their characteristics
b) Anticyclone: Anticyclones, types, general properties, cold and
MET-04 warm anticyclones, ridges and wedges, subsidence
c) Non frontal depressions
- thermal, orographic – and secondary depressions, cold air
pools, trough
 b) Temperature
- vertical distribution of temperature
MET-05 - transfer of heat: solar and terrestrial radiation, conduction,
convection, advection and turbulence
- effect of cloud and wind on surface temperature.
Atmospheric density : interrelationship of pressure, temperature
Humidity
MET-06
- water vapour in the atmosphere
- temperature / dew point, mixing ratio, relative humidity
Wind
a) Definition and measurement
b) Primary cause of wind
MET-07
- primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, coriolis force,
gradient wind
- relationship between isobars and wind
Wind Types
MET-08
- Different types of wind with their limitations.
Turbulence
- Turbulence and gustiness, types of turbulence
- origin and location of turbulence
- Variation of wind with height
MET-09
- variation of wind in the friction layer
- Local winds: Anabatic and katabatic winds, land and sea
breezes, venturi effects
- Standing waves origin of standing waves
Fog, mist, haze
- radiation fog
- advection fog
MET-10
-steaming fog
- frontal fog
- orographic fog
Clouds formation and description
- cloud types, cloud classification
MET-11
- influence of inversions on cloud development
- Stability and instability
Stability and instability of atmosphere
MET-12 DALR, SALR, ELR

Precipitation
a) Development of precipitation
MET-13 - development of precipitation
- types of precipitation
- type of precipitation, relationship with cloud types
Icing
MET-14
- weather conditions for ice accretion, topographical effects
Thunderstorms
- structure of thunderstorms, squall lines, life history, storm
MET-15 cells, electricity in the atmosphere, static charges
- conditions for and process of development, forecast, location,
type specification
MET-16 Thunderstorm avoidance, ground/airborne radar, storm scope
 - development and effect of down bursts
- development of lightning discharge and effect of lightning strike
on aircraft and flight execution
Airmasses and Fronts
a) Types of airmasses
- description, factors, affecting the properties of an airmass
MET-17 - classification of airmasses, modifications of airmasses,
b) Fronts
- boundaries between airmasses (fronts), general situation,
geographic differentiation
warm front, associated clouds and weather
MET-18 stationary front, associated clouds and weather
-movement of fronts and pressure systems, life cycle
cold front, associated clouds and weather
MET-19 Warm sector, associated clouds and weather
- weather behind the cold front
Warm sector, associated clouds and weather
MET-20 - weather behind the cold front
- occlusions, associated clouds and weather
Jet Streams
MET-21
-Types, location, characteristics, direction
CAT-Clear Air Turbulence
- Source of origin, association
MET-22
- Characterstistics
- Aviation hazard
Mountain Waves
MET-23 - Necessary conditions , altimeter errors, types of clouds
associated
TRS-Tropical revolving storms
MET-24
- Characteristics with diagram
Easterly waves, Peninsular Discontinuity ,surge, extend and
MET-25
movement
Climatology
a) Typical weather situations in mid-latitudes
- westerly waves
MET-26
- high pressure area
- uniform pressure pattern
b) Local seasonal weather and wind
Pre-monsoon
MET-27 - Isobars, wind pattern
- Aviation hazard
South- west monsoon
MET-28
- Weather conditions
Post Monsoon
- Isobars, wind pattern
MET-29
- Aviation hazard
- Weather condition
Turbulence
MET-30 - Turbulence and gustiness, types of turbulence
- origin and location of turbulence
MET-31 Weather Reports
 - METAR, its sequence, codes and decoding, validity , time of
issue
TAF- Terminal Area Forecast
MET-32
- Sequence, coding and decoding, validity, time of issue
Meteorological broadcasts for aviation: VOLMET, ATIS,
MET-33 HFVOLMET, ACARS

Content and use of pre-flight meteorological documents

- Meteorological briefing and advice
- measuring and warning systems for low level windshear,
MET-34
inversion
- Special meteorological warnings

Weather Charts
MET-35
- significant weather charts
Instruments like Thermometer, Wind vane, anemometer etc-
MET-36
working, diagram, measurement
Speci and trend
MET-37
- Issuing authority, validity, time of issue
MET-38 Surface charts and upper air charts
Station Model
MET-39
- layout, coding, decoding.
Identify different report
- Place of origin
MET-40
- Source of information
- Method of decoding

2. Flight Radio Operator Telephony Operator License (FRTOL) Syllabus

1. FAMILIARISATION WITH AIRCRAFT RADIO EQUIPMENT AND RADIO
LICENCE
SECTION 1 Aircraft Radio Equipment
1.1 Switching On
1.2 Selecting Frequencies including 5/25 KHz steps
1.3 Volume and Squelch Adjustment
1.4 Intercom/Station Selection Box
1.5 Headset Adjustment
1.6 Location of Equipment
1.7 Location of Antennae
1.8 Radio Failure

SECTION 2 Radio License and Procedures

2.1 Aircraft Radio License and Schedule
2.2 FRTOL - ANO Schedule 8 and Art 21
2.3 CAP 413 - UK AIP
2.4 Microphone Technique
2.5 Call-signs – Abbreviations
2.6 Listening Out - Phonetic Alphabet
2.7 Standard Phrases
2.8 Signal Strength/Readability Reporting

2. PRACTICAL TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION

SECTION 3 Departure Procedures
3.1 Radio Check - All boxes
3.2 Taxi information/instructions - Read Back
3.3 Holding (ground)
3.4 Departure Clearance (Controlled Aerodrome)
3.5 Take-Off Clearance
3.6 Frequency Changes - Ground/Tower/Approach
3.7 Differences in ATC - AFIS - Air Ground Procedures
3.8 Conditional Clearances 4.8 Vacating Runway
3.9 Use of SSR 4.9 Closing Down

SECTION 4 Circuit and Arrival Procedures

4.1 Initial Call - Listen Out
4.2 Joining Procedures – Aerodrome Information
4.3 ATC Clearance (if applicable)
4.4 Entering ATZ Calls
4.5 Circuit Calls (Incl. Military Circuit)
4.6 Landing
4.7 Orbit - Extend - Touch and Go - go-around calls

SECTION 5 En-route Procedures

5.1 Frequency Changing
5.2 Initial Call
5.3 Procedural Position Reports
5.4 Level Reporting
5.5 Use of FIS
5.6 Use of LARS
5.7 Use of SSR
5.8 MATZ Penetration (Actual or Simulated)
5.9 SVFR Clearances
5.10 Flight in a Control Zone
5.11 Obtaining VDF Bearings for Navigation

SECTION 6 Emergency and Lost Procedures

6.1 MAYDAY - (NO PRACTICE MAYDAY CALLS)
6.2 PAN PAN – Practice Training Fix 121.5 MHz
6.3 Obtaining VDF Bearings - True and Magnetic
6.4 Degrees of Emergency – Definitions
6.5 Frequencies to use for Emergency Calls
6.6 Priority of Calls
6.7 Uncertainty of Position
6.8 Radio Failure
6.9 SSR Emergency Codes
6.10 Mayday Relay - Responsibilities
6.11 Cancelling Emergency