Design Parameters For Stone Column

1.1.
Design parameters for Stone column
1.1.1. Diameter
Depending on soil condition (shear strength) and ramming effect and tool available
diameter would be presumed for the analysis. The equipment can able to drill 600mm,
750mm, 900mm and 1200mm dia. stone columns. Keeping in view the loading from
embankment, effective drainage path for consolidation, number of stone columns for
constructability point of view and spacing of piles - 900mm diameter stone column is
selected. The detailed construction methodology for stone column construction will be
submitted separately.
The diameter considered for this stretch = 900mm
1.1.2. Pattern
Square pattern considered for the Minor bridges below the Box Structures.
1.1.3. Spacing
Spacing of column (S) would be based on loading pattern, column factor, and
installation technique and settlement tolerance (i.e., 2 to 3 times column diameter)
Area of column = 0.866 S2 …………For triangular Pattern

Area of column = 1.0 S2 ………… For Square pattern
Where S = Spacing of column
1.1.4. Equivalent Diameter
The tributary area of the soil surrounding each stone column for regular hexagon
around the column.
The equivalent circle has an effective diameter (De) will be calculated by following
equation;
De = 1.05 S for Triangular pattern
De = 1.13 S for square pattern
Figure 6: Typical stone column arrangement pattern
1.2. Load carrying capacity of the Stone Column

Load capacity of the treated ground may be obtained by summing up the contribution
of each of the following components for wide spread loads:
a) Capacity of the stone column resulting from the resistance offered by the
surrounding soil against its lateral deformation (bulging) under axial load,
b) Capacity of the stone column resulting from increase in resistance offered by
the surrounding soil due to surcharge over it,
c) Bearing support provided by the intervening soil between the columns.
1.2.1. Capacity based on the bulging of the Column

Limiting yield axial stress (σv) in the column is given by
σv = '*(2D)*kp + 2Cu*kp0.5} * Kpcol - C-ɸ Soil
σv = {Ko*'*(2D) +4*Cu} * Kpcol - Cohesive Soil
 = effective unit weight of soil within the influence zone

Cu = Undisturbed undrained shear strength of clay surrounding the column
D = Diameter of the column
Ko = 1-Sinφg
Kpcol = Average coefficient of lateral earth pressure for clays, Kpcol=
tan2(45o+φc/2)
kp = Kpcol = tan2(45o+φg/2)
φc = Angle of Internal friction of the granular column
φg = Angle of Internal friction of the soil
Safe load on column, Q1 = (σv π/4 D2)/2
1.2.2. Surcharge Effect

Increase of Mean radial stress of the soil is calculated as
∆σro = qsafe (1 + 2Ko)/3
qsafe = Safe bearing pressure of soil = Cu Nc / 2.5
Ko = 0.6 or 1-Sinφ’g
Φ’g = Effective Angle of Internal friction of the soil
Increase in ultimate cavity expansion stress = Fq’
Fq’ = Vesic Dimension less cylindrical cavity expansion factor = 1; if φg = 0

Increase in ultimate cavity expansion stress = ∆σro Fq’
Increase in yield stress of the column = Kpcol ∆σro
Increase in safe load of column is given by, Q2 = Kpcol ∆σro As
2
1.2.3. Bearing support provided by intervening soil
Effective area of stone column including the intervening soil for triangular pattern
= 0.866S2
Area of intervening soil for each column, Ag = 0.866 S2 – πD2

4
Safe load taken by the intervening soil, Q3 = qsafe Ag
Overall safe load on each column and its tributary soil = Q1+Q2+Q3
1.3. Settlement Analysis
Settlement for the untreated ground should be computed as per IS 15284 (Part 1).
S = mv σ H (One dimensional consolidation theory)
For Normally Consolidated / under consolidated Clays the settlement shall be as

follows.
H  p  p 
S oed  Cc log 10  0 
1  e0   p 0 
Where, H : Thickness of compressible layer

Cc : Compression index
e0 : Void ratio
Δp : Pressure increase at middle of the layer
P0 : Overburden pressure at mid layer of clay
Settlements for the treated ground may be estimated using the reduced stress
method based on the concentration factor n and the replacement ratio, as.
Stress concentration ratio, n = σs/σg
σs = vertical stress in compacted columns
σg = Vertical stress in surrounding ground

Replacement of soil with stone is expressed in terms of the replacement ratio, as
as = (As/(As+Ag))
Sharing of applied load between the soil and stone column is determined from
σg = σ = µg σ
1+(n-1)as
σg = n σ = µs σ
1+(n-1)as
Consolidation Settlement of the composite soil St is given by

St = mv σg H
mv = modulus of volume decrease of soil,

H = thickness of treated soil
Settlement reduction ratio β is defined as
β = Settlement of treated soil, St

Settlement of Untreated soil, S
β = St = 1
S 1+ (n-1) as
Figure 7: Typical section of the Embankment with ground improvement

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1.1.

Design parameters for Stone column

The diameter considered for this stretch = 900mm

Area of column = 0.866 S2 …………For triangular Pattern

1.2. Load carrying capacity of the Stone Column

1.2.1. Capacity based on the bulging of the Column

σv = '*(2D)*kp + 2Cu*kp0.5} * Kpcol - C-ɸ Soil

σv = {Ko*'*(2D) +4*Cu} * Kpcol - Cohesive Soil

 = effective unit weight of soil within the influence zone

Safe load on column, Q1 = (σv π/4 D2)/2

1.2.2. Surcharge Effect

qsafe = Safe bearing pressure of soil = Cu Nc / 2.5

Φ’g = Effective Angle of Internal friction of the soil

Increase in ultimate cavity expansion stress = Fq’

Fq’ = Vesic Dimension less cylindrical cavity expansion factor = 1; if φg = 0

Area of intervening soil for each column, Ag = 0.866 S2 – πD2

S = mv σ H (One dimensional consolidation theory)

For Normally Consolidated / under consolidated Clays the settlement shall be as

Where, H : Thickness of compressible layer

Stress concentration ratio, n = σs/σg

σs = vertical stress in compacted columns

σg = Vertical stress in surrounding ground

Consolidation Settlement of the composite soil St is given by

mv = modulus of volume decrease of soil,

Settlement reduction ratio β is defined as

β = Settlement of treated soil, St

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σv = '(2D)kp + 2Cukp0.5} Kpcol - C-ɸ Soil

σv = {Ko'(2D) +4Cu} Kpcol - Cohesive Soil