SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Kinds of Sentence according to Structure

Simple Sentences
● A simple sentence has only one complete thought.
● A simple sentence contains one independent clause.
● The subject may be either simple or compound; the predicate may also be either simple
or compound.

Examples
1. I live in Caloocan.
2. A small candle and an old lantern dimly lighted the small room.
3. A small candle lighted the room and trembled with the gentle breeze.
4. A small candle and an old lantern dimly lighted the small room and trembled with
the breeze.
Compound Sentences
● These consist of two or more independent clauses closely related in thought.
● These are joined together by coordinating conjunctions.
● These can also be joined together by a semicolon or transitions.

Examples
1. (IC + CC + IC) She works in Manila, but she lives in Bulacan.
2. (IC + ; + IC) I love living in the city; there are so many things to do.
3. (IC + ; + TD + IC) I love Manila; however, I hate the traffic.

Cohesive Devices that Adds Information ● but

● and ● yet
● again ● on the other hand
● and then ● however
● besides ● nevertheless
● equally important ● on the contrary
● finally ● by comparison
● further ● where
● furthermore ● compared to
● nor ● up against
● too ● balanced against
● next ● vis a vis
● lastly ● although
● what’s more ● conversely
● moreover ● meanwhile
● in addition ● after all
● first (second,…) ● in contrast
● although this may be true
Cohesive Devices that Compares
Information
● whereas
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Cohesive Devices that Proves Information ● previously

● because ● formerly
● for ● first (second, …)
● since ● next
● for the same reason ● and then
● obviously
● evidently
● furthermore
● moreover Cohesive Devices that Shows Emphasis
● besides ● definitely
● indeed ● extremely
● in fact ● obviously
● in addition ● in fact
● in any case ● indeed
● that is ● in any case
● absolutely
Cohesive Devices that Shows Exception ● positively
● yet ● naturally
● still ● surprisingly
● however ● always
● nevertheless ● forever
● in spite of ● perennially
● despite ● eternally
● of course ● never
● once in a while ● unquestionably
● Sometimes ● certainly
● without a doubt
Cohesive Devices that Shows Time
● immediately Cohesive Devices that introduces a
● thereafter Repetition
● soon ● in brief
● after a few hours ● as I have said
● finally ● as I have noted
● then later ● as has been noted
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Complex Sentences
● This consist of at least one independent clause and one dependent clause
● The IC and the DC is connected by a subordinating clause.

Examples:
1. (IC + SC + DC) The family remained indoors until the storm passed.
2. (IC + SC + DC) Leila cannot set up her computer because the wall has no outlet
3. (DC + , + IC)

Compound - Complex Sentences

● These consist of two independent clauses and one or more dependent clause/s.

Examples:
1. Before the sun rises, the whole village awakens, and the farmers go to the field.
2. As it happens, you are right, and I am wrong.

Kernel Sentences
● A kernel sentence is a sentence reduced to its simplest form.

Features of Kernel Sentences

■ Simple ○ It must only convey one complete thought.
■ Active ○ In structure, the doer must come before the verb.
■ Declarative ○ The sentence must end in a period.
■ Adjective, gerund, or infinitive is not a kernel sentence.
■ Positive Sentence
Examples:
Good games are short.
1. The games are good.
2. The games are short.

This is a black cow.

1. This is a cow.
2. The cow is black.

The dog is not on the floor.

1. The dog is on the couch.
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Literary Elements
● A concept under Literary Devices.
● These are used to help readers visualize, interpret, and analyze literary texts.
● Specifically, Literary Elements are the common literary devices found in almost all types
of literature.

Point of View
● It is the vantage point from which a story is told.
● Answers the question: Who is telling the story?
○ Types of Point of View
○ First Person
■ The narrator is a character of the story
■ Often the main character
■ The character reveals personal thoughts and feelings; unable to tell
feelings of others unless told by the other character.
○ Third Person Objective
■ The narrator is an outsider, not a character.
■ This point of view simply reports what is seen and heard.
■ It cannot narrate to the reader the feelings and thoughts of characters.
○ Omniscient
■ This is the all-knowing narrator.
■ It sees everything and hears everything, and is able to see into the minds
of multiple characters.
○ Third Person Limited
■ The narrator is an outsider, not a character.
■ This point of view reports what is happening as well as the thoughts and
feelings of ONE SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Setting
● This generally provides the time and place in which a specific story happened.
● Answers the questions: Where did the story happen? When did the story happen?
● This can also include the mood of the time period, situation, or event

Character
● The term character refers to a person or animal in a story, play, or other literary work.
● They bring life to the story
○ Types of Characters
■ Round Characters:
● They are complex, multidimensional, like real people.
● They have specific motivations for each of their actions.
○ Motivation – any force that drive a character to do
something.

■ Flat Characters
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● They are one-dimensional and superficial characters.

● They can be described in a single sentence
Characters can also be either...
● Dynamic Characters
○ These are characters that changes as a result of the events of the
story.
OR
■ Static Characters
● They are characters that change very little or not at all through the
literary work.
Characterization
● It is the way a writer reveals the personality of a character.
● It is how an author develops and uses the characters to tell a story.
● Often the most important aspects of a story.

What characterization reveals

● Protagonist: The main character of the story whom the story will usually
revolve around.
● Antagonist: The force or character that will oppose the protagonist.
Theme
● It is the general idea or insight about life that a work of literature reveals.
● It is the main idea or the strong message that is tied to life.
● Typically implied rather than blatant; the reader has to think about it.

Conflict
● It is the struggle between opposing characters or opposing forces.
● Without conflict, there is no plot.
● Conflict creates the plot of the story
○ Types of Conflict
■ Man vs Man
● An example of external conflict.
● It is the conflict of one person against another person.
■ Man vs Nature
● An example of external conflict.
● It is the conflict a person encounters with the forces of nature.
● This shows how insignificant a person is compared to nature.
■ Man vs Society
● An example of external conflict.
● It is the conflict of a person or people with the views of society
● Common examples include works about prejudice and racism

■ Man vs Self
● An example of internal conflict.
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● The conflicts an individual has with his conscience

Plot
● It is the map of the story; the sequence of events.
● Plot provides the story with structure.
● Has five basic points: Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Resolution

Plot Structure
● Exposition
○ The start of the story.
○ The situation before the action starts.
○ The author typically introduces the characters and setting at this part.
● Rising Action
○ The series of conflicts and crisis in the story that lead to the climax.
○ It is when something starts to happen.
● Climax
○ The turning point
○ The most exciting part of the story.
● Falling Action
○ All of the action which follows the climax.
● Resolution
○ It is the conclusion of the action
○ When everything comes together.

● Words that connect other words or groups of words in a sentence are called
conjunctions.
● Conjunctions can connect two subjects, two predicates, or two sentences.

- Gulls and puffins are sea birds.

- They swim and dive well.
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- Gulls soar, and puffins swim gracefully

-

● Conjunctions can also connect other words in a sentence.

- Sam walked quickly but quietly.

- He looked on the cliff and near the shore.
- He did not see any puffins or gulls

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

● You can remember F.A.N.B.O.Y.S. in order to identify the conjunctions in a sentence.

- F = For (formal speaking for “because”)
- A = And
- N = Nor
- B = But
- O = Or
- Y = Yet (formal speaking for “but”)
- S = So
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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

● Pairs of conjunctions that work together to connect ideas

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

● Sometimes the ideas in two separate sentences are related. You combine these
sentences by using a special conjunction called a subordinating conjunction.
● The subordinating conjunction will help show the relationship between the two
sentences

● Also known as AAAWWUBBIS words

- A: After - U: Until - S: Since
- A: Although - B:
- A: As - Because
- W: When - B: Before
- W: While - I: If
● Also known as AAAWWUBBIS words
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● If the sentence begins with a subordinating conjunction, you must have a comma
after the clause.
● However, when the subordinating conjunctions is in the middle of the sentence, there
is no comma

OTHER SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

ADVERB CONJUNCTIONS
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● These are adverbs that act as a conjunction by combining two independent

clauses.
- Adverbs – words that modify adjectives, verb, or other adverb; tell where,
when, how, and to what extent about a verb or a quality

- SOME CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

● When a conjunctive adverb connects two independent clauses, a semicolon appears

before the second independent clause. The conjunctive adverb is also set off by comma.
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● If the conjunctive adverb is found in the middle of the sentence, a comma appears
before and after the verb