Finance For The Non Financial Manager II PDF
Finance For The Non Financial Manager II PDF
Finance For The Non Financial Manager II PDF
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager: Exercise Book With Solutions
1st edition
© 2016 Duncan Williamson & bookboon.com
ISBN 978-87-403-1205-8
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Contents
Contents
1 Introduction 8
4 Business Analysis 23
4.1 Business Activities 26
360°
4.2 Planning Activities 26
4.3 Investing Activities 28
4.4
4.5
Operating Activities
Business Activities
39
360°
thinking . 360°
thinking .
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Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities.
eLibrary
1 Introduction
Exercises 1–14: what do you know already?
Let’s begin with a quiz: if you don’t know any of the answers, don’t worry; because that will spur you on
when you realise that by the end of this course you WILL know the words, you WILL understand them
and you WILL be able to use and apply them.
1. A bookkeeper is someone who spends their working hours cataloguing the books in the
company library. True or false?
2. A bookkeeper spends his working hours collecting accounting information, classifying it and
recording it in a systematic way. True or false?
3. An accountant is someone who takes the work of a bookkeeper and then prepares financial
statements for the business owners. True or False?
4. An accountant is just a bean counter who doesn’t need to know or understand anything about
business. True or False?
5. This financial statement is an example of a balance sheet. True or false?
Sales/Revenue 100,000
- Cost of goods sold 55,000
= Gross Profit 45,000
- Expenses 20,000
= Net Profit 25,000
Assets
Fixed Assets/Non Current Assets
land 265,000
buildings 300,000
machinery 75,000
equipment 50,000
Total Fixed Assets 690,000
Current Assets
stocks/inventory 50,000
debtors/accounts receivable 75,000
prepayments 5,000
short term investments 25,000
bank 5,000
cash/cash and cash equivalents 15,000
Total Current Assets 175,000
Total Assets 865,000
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Introduction
7. A fixed asset is an asset we hope to sell within one year. True or false?
8. Liabilities and Shareholders’ funds are the same things because it means money owing to
outsiders. True or false?
9. The relationship between total sales and net profit tells us a great deal about the health of a
business. True or false?
10. The net profit margin is found this way: net profit/total sales * 100. True or false?
11. The asset turnover ratio tells us how many of our assets we have sold. True or false?
12. A KPI is a Kool Performance indicator in text speak. True or false?
13. All of these are part of the features of a valid KPI:
1) Nonfinancial measures (not expressed in dollars, yen, Dollars, euros, etc.)
2) Measured frequently (e.g. daily or 24/7)
3) Acted on by the junior management team only True or false?
14. The Balanced Scorecard is a bookkeeping tool to ensure the ledgers are balanced.
True or false?
How did you do? Here are the answers to exercises 1 to 14:
Question Correct Response Question Correct Response
1 FALSE 8 FALSE
2 TRUE 9 TRUE
3 TRUE 10 TRUE
4 FALSE 11 FALSE
5 FALSE 12 FALSE
6 TRUE 13 FALSE: only 1 and 2 are true
7 FALSE 14 FALSE
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Building the Accounting Picture
Exercise 16
In the section we call the Paper Trail there are three statements named, which of the following could
we also have added?
Exercise 17
a) The Income Statement is a period statement while the Balance Sheet is a Flow Statement
b) The Income Statement is a period statement while the Balance Sheet is a Position Statement
c) The Income Statement is a position statement while the Balance Sheet is a period Statement
Exercise 18
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Exercise 19
a) Something will be received/paid within one year from the balance sheet date
b) Something will be received/paid more than one year from the balance sheet date
c) Something will be received/paid whenever time permits
Exercise 20
What do you think is meant by the winding up basis in the context of the going concern concept?
Exercise 21
Imagine two expenses that a business might incur today but only pay for in a week’s time or even later.
Exercise 22
The idea of prepayments are important here too: where we pay for something before we use it. Give an
example of when a business might prepay an expense.
Exercise 23
Exercise 24
Exercise 25
Give an example of an objective decision being taken by an accountant by first thinking about a subjective
decision he might take.
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Exercise 26
Suggest what the dual effects of buying an asset by a business would be if the business bought the asset
• for cash
• from a creditor
Suggest what might be the dual effects of a sale of goods by a business for cash.
Exercise 27
Exercise 28
If assets and expenses are not included at cost value, what could they be included as?
Exercise 29
What are the implications of the money measurement concept for the bookkeeper and accountant?
Exercise 30
Try to find an example of how bookkeepers and accountants use the concept of materiality.
Exercise 31
Give an example of when a newspaper seller realises a sale and an example of when a car dealership
realises a sale if that business receives cars from the manufacturer on a sale or return basis.
Exercise 15 a
Exercise 16 b
Exercise 17 b
Exercise 18 c
Exercise 19 a
Exercise 20
The winding up basis means that we value our assets and liabilities according to what we can get for
them, assets; and what we can negotiate with, liabilities. For example, in the non current asset section
we might have a building valued at $100,000 but on the winding up basis, because everyone knows
our business is in trouble, we might only be able to sell it for, say, $55,000. With a current liability, for
example, we might owe $17,500 to a supplier but when they understand our problem they might accept,
say $5,000 on the basis that it’s the best we can do!
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Exercise 21
Imagine two expenses that a business might incur today but only pay for in a week’s time or even later.
• Electricity costs: typically we use electricity which is recorded on a meter and pay for it a
month or two later.
• Salaries are usually earned in one month and then paid for in the following month.
The purpose of the accruals concept is that it allows the bookkeeper to match the costs to the activities
when they were carried out. That is, we need to know the cost of electricity when it was used, not when
it was paid. Expenses paid in arrears must be shown in the current period’s profit statement.
Exercise 22
The idea of prepayments are important here too: where we pay for something before we use it. Give an
example of when a business might prepay an expense.
A good example of an expense that is prepaid is rent of buildings and equipment, which is often paid in
advance. Such costs relate to a future period must be carried forward as a prepayment for that period
and not charged in the current profit statement.
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Find out more and apply
Exercise 23
Depreciation is the writing down of the cost of a motor vehicle and it might be calculated using. If we
buy a motor vehicle for $25,000, for example, and we think that this vehicle has a useful life of 10 years
after which we think we might sell it for $5,000, we could charge ($25,000 – $5,000)/10 years = $2,000
per year for depreciation: that is, we can use the straight line method.
Alternatively, we might depreciation the motor vehicle by using the reducing balance method and for that
we would depreciate the motor vehicle at the rate of 14.866% per year. That would be $25,000 * 14.866%
for year one = $3,716.50 and for year two is would be ($25,000 – $3,716.50) * 14.866% = 3,164.01…
The point here, consistency, is that if we used the straight line method for year one, we would calculate
$2,000 for year one and ($25,000 – $2,000) * 14.866% = $3,419.18 for year two: that is not consistent
and is not allowed.
Exercise 24
There are many possible answers to this question. If we imagine that our medium to large sized business
sells goods or services on credit, it would not be prudent to pretend that pretend that all of our debtors
will pay everything they owe us.
The prudent accountant will create an account for possible doubtful debts. This means that are ready to
cancel some of those debts and profits and the balance sheet will reflect that.
Exercise 25
Give an example of an objective decision being taken by an accountant by first thinking about a subjective
decision he might take.
A subjective decision might be that the accountant says, I think that motor vehicle will be sold for $10,000
in three years’ time…he THINKS…on what basis?
An objective decision might be that the accountant says, I have gone through Parker’s Car Price Guide
and checked with our auditors and we agree, that motor vehicle should be shown as having a resale
value of $7,500 three years from now.
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Exercise 26
Suggest what the dual effects of buying an asset by a business would be if the business bought the asset
• for cash
• from a creditor
Suggest what might be the dual effects of a sale of goods by a business for cash
When an asset is bought, another asset cash (or bank) is also and simultaneously decreased OR a liability
such as creditors is also and simultaneously increased.
When a sale is made the asset of stock is reduced as goods leave the business and the asset of cash is
increased (or the asset of debtors is increased) as cash comes into the business.
Exercise 27
The best example here concerns that of the sole trader or one man business. The sole trader will often take
money out of the business for his personal expenses by way of drawings. Even though it’s his business and
apparently his money, there are still two bookkeeping aspects to the transaction: the business is ‘giving’
money and the individual is ‘receiving’ money. So, the affairs of the individuals behind a business must
be kept separate from the affairs of the business itself.
Exercise 28
If assets and expenses are not included at cost value, what could they be included as?
Modern accounting uses the phrase fair value. Until relatively recently, every company in the world, with
exceptions, used the cost or historic cost concept. Fair value really means that assets might be shown at
their current market value rather than their historic cost.
Exercise 29
What are the implications of the money measurement concept for the bookkeeper and accountant?
Let’s think of an extreme example: imagine that we are trying to do business together. You want to sell
me some fuel for my motor vehicle but I don’t have any money. I do have 100 kilogrammes of rice. If
we agree that I can have 100 litres of fuel in exchange for 100 Kg of rice, that’s one thing.
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
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How will your bookkeeper enter this sale in the books? At what value? How will he find that value?
Suppose there is no one else on earth who wants or needs that rice?
If we cannot value the rice then there can be no bookkeeping transaction to record.
Exercise 30
Try to find an example of how bookkeepers and accountants use the concept of materiality.
One simple way to see how bookkeepers and accountants use the concept of materiality is to look at, for
example, a balance sheet of a medium sized to large business. You will see something like this:
The Wake
the only emission we want to leave behind
.QYURGGF'PIKPGU/GFKWOURGGF'PIKPGU6WTDQEJCTIGTU2TQRGNNGTU2TQRWNUKQP2CEMCIGU2TKOG5GTX
6JGFGUKIPQHGEQHTKGPFN[OCTKPGRQYGTCPFRTQRWNUKQPUQNWVKQPUKUETWEKCNHQT/#0&KGUGN6WTDQ
2QYGTEQORGVGPEKGUCTGQHHGTGFYKVJVJGYQTNFoUNCTIGUVGPIKPGRTQITCOOGsJCXKPIQWVRWVUURCPPKPI
HTQOVQM9RGTGPIKPG)GVWRHTQPV
(KPFQWVOQTGCVYYYOCPFKGUGNVWTDQEQO
Notice the column headings…$’000: here we see that this company has rounded off its balance sheet
values to the nearest thousand Dollars. For example, $1,468 might have been rounded up to $1,500
and $7,652 might have been rounded down to $7,650. The company believes it is only material to show
thousands of Dollars. Larger businesses might round off to the nearest million Dollars…
Exercise 31
Give an example of when a newspaper seller realises a sale and an example of when a car dealership realises
a sale if that business receives cars from the manufacturer on a sale or return basis.
Selling a newspaper for cash means that the sale is realised as soon as you or I walk up to the seller, give
him the money and take away the newspaper. Most retail sales are like this.
As far as the car dealership is concerned, this might be complicated. However, the dealership realises a
sale when a customer buys a car. On the other hand, the car manufacturer cannot realise all sales of all
cars until the time when all of the cars have been sold, or the sale or return period has expired when it
can realise the sales or take back the cars from the dealership.
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By the end of this case study we will have a good grasp of how and why a transaction should or should
not enter the world of the bookkeeper!
David Tasker operates a wholesale operation. The company employs (among others) Jack Smith as a
Sales Manager. By filling in the templates that follow, draw up the final accounts of the business after
each of the following transactions: where necessary.
Jan 1 Tasker starts the business with $7,000 in a bank account for the business
Jan 2 the company buys fixtures and fittings by cheque $3,000
Jan 3 Smith resigns
Jan 4 Tasker withdraws $1,000 from the bank for his personal use
Jan 5 the company buys land for $7,000: $2,000 is paid by cheque immediately and $5,000 is paid for
by means of taking out a mortgage secured on the property
Jan 6 the company buys goods on credit for $1,000
Jan 7 Tasker is offered $7,000 for his business but refuses to sell
Jan 8 the company sells for cash for $600, goods which had cost $500
Jan 9 Tasker is told that land similar to his was sold recently for $8,000: whilst Tasker is interested in
this news, he takes no action on it.
Jan 10 goods are sold on credit for $600, which had cost $500
Jan 11 debtors pay their debts in cash $600
Jan 12 a customer, Sandy Bedds, pays $1,200 cash for goods to be supplied after 10 days
Jan 13 the company pays $2,100 cash into the bank and draws a cheque for $1,000 to pay for goods
bought on the 6th
Jan 14 goods are bought on credit for $2,000
Jan 15 goods costing $1,000 were delivered to Sandy Bedds in full settlement of the outstanding advance
of the 12th
Jan 15 Tasker decides to calculate his profit so far. He reads the electricity meter and finds the business
has used $10 worth of electricity. The electricity bill will not be received until the end of January
Jan 15 salaries to date paid in cash $50
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
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Jan 15 the rate of interest on the mortgage is 12% pa, payable on 31st December. Tasker calculates the
appropriate charge for the month to be $25: charge this amount in full
Jan 15 Tasker assesses the value of the use of the fixtures and fittings to be $25
Exercise 32 Indicate in which of the principal financial statements each item appears
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Exercise 33 Indicate in which of the principal financial statements each item appears
Exercise 32 Indicate in which of the principal financial statements each item appears
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
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Exercise 33 Indicate in which of the principal financial statements each item appears
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
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4 Business Analysis
Credit Analysis
The creditors’ turnover ratio tells us on average how many days it takes amazon.com to pay its accounts
payables: in 2014, an average of 95.73 days or by the 96th day. What are the results for 2012 and 2013?
Exercise 35 The table below shows the new payables figure for amazon.com and then the revised ratio
table showing creditors’ turnover and trade creditors’ turnover for you to complete:
Note: these are not amazon.com’s true trade creditors figures, they are for illustration only.
Exercise 36 Here is the table of fully worked payables turnover data for ten years for amazon.com: what
comments do you have?
Accounts Receivable
We can look at accounts receivable, debtors, in a similar way to the accounts payable and here are the
debtors’ turnover results we need to look at amazon.com’s position:
Analysis of Shares
Exercise 38 Summarise the equity section of Apple Inc’s balance sheet from the following:
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Exercise 39 Find examples of companies that have treasury stock and how that came about. Give
real examples of unrealised gains and losses that might appear in the line item accumulated other
comprehensive income.
Consider the following graph, showing share premium and total shareholders’ equity for amazon.com:
Note: at an almost constant $5 million, it is hardly worth showing the par value on that graph.
Create the stockholders’ equity graph for Apple Inc that you see above for amazon.com and comment on
what you have found. In addition, create a graph of issued ordinary shares of Apple Inc and comment
on what you have found.
Exercise 41 In the last ten years Apple Inc has generated total sales of $647,391 million and its closing
balance on retained earnings at the start of those ten years was $4,005 million and at the end of those
10 years it is $87,152 million. Prepare your analysis of Apple Inc’s profit retention policy by creating a
graph of sales, net income and retained earnings for the ten years for which you have full data:
Financial period Net sales ($ million) Net profits ($ million) Retained Earnings
2005 13,931 1,328 4,005
2006 19,315 1,989 5,607
2007 24,578 3,495 9,101
2008 37,491 6,119 13,845
2009 42,905 8,235 23,353
2010 65,225 14,013 37,169
2011 108,249 25,922 62,841
2012 156,508 41,733 101,289
2013 170,910 37,037 104,256
2014 182,795 39,510 87,152
Exercise 42 Think of at least three other possible users of business analysis or financial data: name them
or their position and suggest what it is that they might want to know.
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• Planning
• Financing
• Investing and
• Operating
It is important to understand each of these major business activities before we can effectively analyse a
company’s financial statements in detail.
Exercise 43 Suggest two activities you can find under each of these four headings
93%
OF MIM STUDENTS ARE
WORKING IN THEIR SECTOR 3 MONTHS
FOLLOWING GRADUATION
MASTER IN MANAGEMENT
• STUDY IN THE CENTER OF MADRID AND TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES
Length: 1O MONTHS
THAT THE CAPITAL OF SPAIN OFFERS
Av. Experience: 1 YEAR
• PROPEL YOUR EDUCATION BY EARNING A DOUBLE DEGREE THAT BEST SUITS YOUR
Language: ENGLISH / SPANISH
PROFESSIONAL GOALS
Format: FULL-TIME
• STUDY A SEMESTER ABROAD AND BECOME A GLOBAL CITIZEN WITH THE BEYOND BORDERS
Intakes: SEPT / FEB
EXPERIENCE
These two sources are excellent starting points in constructing a company’s business plan and in
performing a business environment and strategy analysis.
These and other questions add risk to our analysis. While all actions involve risk, some actions involve
more risk than others. Financial statement analysis helps us estimate the degree of risk, or uncertainty
and helps us to be better informed and to take better decisions.
While information taken from financial statements does not provide perfect answers, it does help us to
gauge the soundness of a company’s business opportunities and strategies and to better understand its
financing, investing and operating activities.
Exercise 44 Explore the various sources we have just mentioned for amazon.com and highlight what
you consider are the main points for us to focus on.
Exercise 45 Create a graph or other illustration that tells us the sources of finance of our two companies,
amazon.com and Apple Inc. Keep your illustrations simple but consider the message you are trying to
convey as you construct them. Include current liabilities, non current liabilities and total equity in your
illustrations and take just the final year’s data from your database.
27
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Business Analysis
Looking at the results of exercise 45 we can see that amazon.com’s balance sheet shows total creditor
financing of $____ billion, which is about __% of its total financing. Of this amount, around $____
billion is long term liability financing, while the remaining $____ billion is operating creditor financing.
Exercise 47 We already know a great deal about amazon.com and Apple Inc so let’s explore the relationship
between loan coupons and the success or otherwise of the business. Compare coupon rates for amazon.
com and Apple Inc and make any comments you think are appropriate.
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Business Analysis
The creditors’ turnover ratio tells us on average how many days it takes amazon.com to pay its accounts
payables: in 2014, an average of 95.73 days or by the 96th day. What are the results for 2012 and 2013?
Creditors Turnover accounts payable/average daily cost of sales 95.73 101.95 105.74
Exercise 35 The table below shows the new payables figure for amazon.com and then the revised ratio
table showing creditors’ turnover and trade creditors’ turnover for you to complete:
Creditors Turnover accounts payable/average daily cost of sales 95.73 101.95 105.74
Trade Creditors Turnover trade accounts payable/average daily cost of sales 86.16 90.73 90.94
Note: these are not amazon.com’s true trade creditors figures, they are for illustration only
Exercise 36 Here is the table of fully worked payables turnover data for ten years for amazon.com: what
comments do you have?
Overall the situation seems to be fine in that the company is taking quite a while to pay its creditors and
whilst 96 days is a long time, it was 111 days in 2010 so their suppliers must be happier now.
The trade creditors figure gives us a better picture of supplier payment days and that is about 10 days
quicker than creditors’ turnover, again with a peak in 2010.
Accounts Receivable
We can look at accounts receivable, debtors, in a similar way to the accounts payable and here are the
debtors’ turnover results we need to look at amazon.com’s position:
Ratio Name Ratio Formula 2014-12 2013-12 2012-12 2011-12 2010-12 2009-12 2008-12 2007-12 2006-12 2005-12
Debtors Turnover
accounts receivable/average daily credit sales 32.64 32.11 26.71 25.17 21.81 19.00 20.26 22.41 17.64 15.50
Trade Debtorstrade
Turnover
accounts receivable/average daily credit sales 16.13 23.99 24.57 38.79 63.71 55.64 20.42 17.49 41.44 47.47
Retail customers rarely get credit from a retailer and there is no reason to think amazon.com is any
different. So, all debtors here will be corporate debtors: that is, companies buying on credit terms from
amazon.com. Since we have not looked for the segmental information here, the overall averages here
are almost certainly wrong but they give us an idea of what is happening. Contrast the overall 33 days
with the equivalent 96 days for creditors.
Analysis of Shares
Exercise 38 Summarise the equity section of Apple Inc’s balance sheet from the following:
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
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By the way, I know that amazon.com is a break even company so I have left the graph so that the profit
lines are right at the bottom of the graph: that makes them difficult to see. As an alternative, then, you
might put the revenue line on the secondary axis, like this:
Exercise 39 Find examples of companies that have treasury stock and how that came about. Give real examples
of unrealised gains and losses that might appear in the line item accumulated other comprehensive income.
31
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
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There are many companies with treasury shares or stock: they often come about when a company has a
lot of cash on its balance sheet but with no idea of how to spend it. In this case, some companies return
the cash to their shareholders and treasury shares come about at that time.
Consider the following graph, showing share premium and total shareholders’ equity for amazon.com:
Note: at an almost constant $5 million, it is hardly worth showing the par value on that graph.
Exercise 40 Create the stockholders’ equity graph for Apple Inc that you see above for amazon.com and
comment on what you have found. In addition, create a graph of issued ordinary shares of Apple Inc
and comment on what you have found.
We can see with amazon.com that most of its equity capital is in the form of share premium whereas it
sees fair to say that Apple Inc’s share premium is much less than equity capital and that is much better
for the company.
Notice that Apple Inc has reduced the number of shares it has issued over the last two years of so as it
is returning cash to shareholders.
Exercise 41 In the last ten years Apple Inc has generated total sales of $647,391 million and its closing
balance on retained earnings at the start of those ten years was $4,005 million and at the end of those
10 years it is $87,152 million. Prepare your analysis of Apple Inc’s profit retention policy by creating a
graph of sales, net income and retained earnings for the ten years for which you have full data:
33
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
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Exercise 42 Think of at least three other possible users of business analysis or financial data: name them
or their position and suggest what it is that they might want to know.
• Planning
• Financing
• Investing and
• Operating
It is important to understand each of these major business activities before we can effectively analyse a
company’s financial statements in detail.
Exercise 43 Suggest two activities you can find under each of these four headings
Planning
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Financing
Investing
How and when to finance the paying off of the long term debt
Working out the amount of dividend to pay
Operating
Exercise 44 Explore the various sources we have just mentioned for amazon.com and highlight what
you consider are the main points for us to focus on.
You must read the chairman’s letter to appreciate the answer to this question. I have included this letter
in the materials for this course and you need to concentrate on what the chairman says under the four
headings I have already given:
• Marketplace
• Amazon Prime
• Amazon Web Services
• Career Choice
Exercise 45 Create a graph or other illustration that tells us the sources of finance of our two companies,
amazon.com and Apple Inc. Keep your illustrations simple but consider the message you are trying to
convey as you construct them. Include current liabilities, non current liabilities and total equity in your
illustrations and take just the final year’s data from your database.
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
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For Apple,the same examples, albeit with different formatting for one of them:
Looking at the results of exercise 45 we can see that amazon.com’s balance sheet shows total creditor
financing of $____ billion, which is about __% of its total financing. Of this amount, around $____
billion is long term liability financing, while the remaining $____ billion is operating creditor financing.
Suggested solution:
Looking at the results of exercise 45 we can see that amazon.com’s balance sheet shows total creditor
financing of $43.764 billion, which is about 80.29% of its total financing. Of this amount, around $15.675
billion is long term liability financing, while the remaining $28.089 billion is operating creditor financing.
Exercise 47 We already know a great deal about amazon.com and Apple Inc so let’s explore the relationship
between loan coupons and the success or otherwise of the business. Compare coupon rates for amazon.
com and Apple Inc and make any comments you think are appropriate.
By combining the amazon.com and Apple Inc coupon and maturity dates I prepared this graph.
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What you should notice is that the coupons for amazon.com are generally higher than the coupons for
Apple Inc. What this suggests is that the bond market sees Apple Inc as a safer company to lend money
to that amazon.com. Remember the idea: the greater the risk, the greater return.
Exercise 48 Fill in the gaps in the following text by referring to amazon.com’s 2014 financial statements.
Amazon.com invested $____ billion in current assets (___% of total assets) and $____ billion in property,
plant and equipment (___% of total assets). Its remaining assets include other long term assets and
intangibles and they amount to $ ____ billion.
Suggested Solution*
Amazon.com invested $31.327 billion in current assets (57.48% of total assets) and $7.150 billion in
property, plant and equipment (13.12% of total assets). Its remaining assets include other long term
assets and intangibles and they amount to $16.028 billion.
*Note: I have taken the question to refer to end of year figures and not increases from the previous year.
Exercise 49 Fill in the gaps for 2014 for amazon.com. amazon.com earned net income of $_______
billion in 2014. This number by itself is not very meaningful. Instead, it must be compared with the
level of investment used to generate these earnings. amazon.com’s return on start of year total assets of
$_____ billion is ____% (that is, $_______ billion/$_______ billion): which is a superior/inferior return.
Suggested Solution
amazon.com earned net income of $(0.241) billion in 2014. This number by itself is not very meaningful.
Instead, it must be compared with the level of investment used to generate these earnings. amazon.com’s
return on start of year total assets of $54,505 billion is (0.44)% (that is, $(0.241) billion/$54.505 billion):
which is a seriously inferior return.
38
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Correlation and Correlation Matrices
X Y1 Y2
2 22.9 -22.9
10 45.78 -45.78
7 33.49 -33.49
17 49.77 -49.77
14 40.94 -40.94
16 36.18 -36.18
3 21.05 -21.05
12 50.57 -50.57
11 31.32 -31.32
15 53.76 -53.76
18 55.66 -55.66
3 27.61 -27.61
4 11.15 -11.15
1 10.11 -10.11
6 37.90 -37.9
5 31.08 -31.08
13 45.48 -45.48
19 63.83 -63.83
20 63.60 -63.6
9 27.01 -27.01
Exercise 51 Take the table that follows and use Excel to find the coefficient of correlation, r, for X v
Y1 and X v Y2. Plot the data on two graphs and interpret your results as we are trying to find the best
relationship between Machine (X1) and Labour Hours (X2) and Indirect Labour Costs (Y).
39
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Correlation and Correlation Matrices
Exercise 52, Find the values of r for the three variables in exercise 51.
Exercise 53 Here are the correlation matrices of our two companies, amazon.com and Apple Inc insofar
as they relate to sales, net income and retained earnings. Explain what these two correlation matrices
might be telling us about those two companies.
This e-book
is made with SETASIGN
SetaPDF
www.setasign.com
Revenue 1 Revenue 1
Exercise 50 Take the table that follows and use Excel to find the coefficient of correlation, r, for X1 v Y1
and X1 v Y2. Plot the data on one or two graphs and interpret your results.
X Y1 Y2
2 22.9 -22.9
10 45.78 -45.78
7 33.49 -33.49
17 49.77 -49.77
14 40.94 -40.94
16 36.18 -36.18
3 21.05 -21.05
12 50.57 -50.57
11 31.32 -31.32
15 53.76 -53.76
18 55.66 -55.66
3 27.61 -27.61
4 11.15 -11.15
1 10.11 -10.11
6 37.9 -37.9
5 31.08 -31.08
13 45.48 -45.48
19 63.83 -63.83
20 63.6 -63.6
9 27.01 -27.01
41
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Correlation and Correlation Matrices
Your graphs could look like this, with Y1 nd Y2 both on the same graph:
Exercise 51 Take the table that follows and use Excel to find the coefficient of correlation, r, for X v
Y1 and X v Y2. Plot the data on two graphs and interpret your results as we are trying to find the best
relationship between Machine (X1) and Labour Hours (X2) and Indirect Labour Costs (Y).
42
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Correlation and Correlation Matrices
Exercise 52
We can put the answer to this exercise in the form of a correlation matrix:
Correlation Matrix
Machine Hours Direct Labour Indirect Factory
(X1) Hours (X2) Labour Costs (Y)
Machine Hours (X1) 1
Direct Labour Hours (X2) 0.1237 1
Indirect Factory Labour Costs (Y) 0.8256 0.3187 1
You need to use the Data Analysis ToolPak for this and your first task is to install that add in and then
use it! You will see the instructions on how to install the ToolPak starting on page 4 of the notes for
section Correlation and Correlation Matrices.
Exercise 53 Here are the correlation matrices of our two companies, amazon.com and Apple Inc insofar
as they relate to sales, net income and retained earnings. Explain what these two correlation matrices
might be telling us about those two companies.
amazon.com
r = -0.5053 for revenue v net income tells us that as revenue increases, net income falls. A result of
-0.5053 is a significant value of r.
43
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Correlation and Correlation Matrices
Retained earnings are highly correlated with revenue but they are negatively correlated with net income,
albeit in a relatively minor way.
Apple Inc
r = 0.9894 for revenue v net income tells us that as revenue increases, net income increases too. In this
case, the value of r is very high, almost equal to 1 which suggests a very strong relationship.
Retained earnings are highly correlated with revenue and also highly positively correlated with net
income.
We would conclude by saying that Apple Inc is doing a much better job of dealing with profits that
amazon.com.
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RUN LONGER.. READ MORE & PRE-ORDER TODAY
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Exercise 54 As a warm up exercise, take a look at any company with which you are familiar and try to
answer the questions just shown under the fundamental analysis heading:
Some of these questions seem simple to answer but others, such as questions three and five in that list,
can be difficult and sometimes impossible for an outsider to answer.
If you don’t have any company data of your own, apply the questions again to amazon.com and Apple
Inc. Otherwise, take a look at these web sites that provide a lot of free financial information:
https://www.google.com/finance
http://finance.yahoo.com/market-overview/
http://www.morningstar.com/
http://markets.ft.com/research/markets/companies-research
45
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Technical and Fundamental Analysis
This was meant to be a research project but just looking at amazon and Apple Inc will also do:
amazon.com
1. yes
2. no
3. with its constant very high levels of growth we might say yes to this
4. interesting question as it has started to take on a lot of debt recently. In terms of liquidity,
however, the answer is yes
5. I don’t see any evidence for saying yes to this!
Apple Inc
1. yes
2. yes
3. yes but the markets it operates in means that there is always intense competition
4. yes
5. I don’t see any evidence for saying yes to this!
7 Financial Statements:
basis of analysis
Exercise 55 Prepare graphs to illustrate the asset, liability and equity situation of Apple Inc for 2014 and
comment on any differences between amazon.com and Apple Inc.
The income statement of amazon.com, titled statement of income, for the three years 2012 to 2014 is
shown above.
amazon.com’s revenues in 2014 amounted to $____ billion. Of this amount, $____ billion are costs of
operations and other expenses, yielding net income of $____ billion. amazon.com’s earnings have been
_________ during these three years despite a healthy increase in revenues, suggesting that the company
is still __________ __________ __________.
Exercise 57 Fill in the missing information in the sentences relating to the Consolidated Statement of
Stockholders’ Equity that follow.
During this period, shareholders’ equity changes were due mainly to __________ __________
__________, repurchasing stock (treasury shares) and __________ __________. amazon.com details
these changes under _____ headings:
47
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Exercise 58 Compare changes in Net Income and changes in Comprehensive Income for amazon.com
for the period 2012 to 2014: both in $ and % terms and.
Exercise 59 Fill in the missing information in the sentences relating to amazon.com’s statement of cash
flows, as shown below.
amazon.com’s 2014 cash balance increases by $_______ billion, from $_______ billion to $_______
billion. Of this increase in net cash, amazon.com’s operating activities provided $_______ billion, its
investing activities used $_______ billion and its financing activities provided/used $_______ billion.
See the file ex_60_students.xlsx that has been set up for this exercise and the video too, ex_60_students_
publish.mpg4
Before we work through the formal analysis of financial statements, let’s take a look at some structured
and basic exercises first:
48
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
360°
thinking .
360°
thinking . 360°
thinking .
Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers Dis
Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities.
Exercise 61
1. Express the following income statement information in common size percentages and assess
whether this company’s situation is favourable or unfavourable.
Harbison Corporation
Comparative Income Statements
for the years ended 31st December 2016 2015
Sales 720,000 535,000
Cost of Goods Sold 475,200 280,340
Gross Profit 244,800 254,660
Operating Expenses 151,200 103,790
Net Income 93,600 150,870
2. Common size and trend percentages for JBC Company’s sales, cost of goods sold and expenses
follow:
Determine whether net income increased, decreased, or remained unchanged in this three year period.
50
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
COHORN COMPANY
Comparative Income Statement ($000)
For Years Ended December 31, 2010–2016
2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
Sales 1,594 1,396 1,270 1,164 1,086 1,010 828
Cost of goods sold 1.146 932 802 702 652 610 486
Gross profit 448 464 468 462 434 400 342
Operating expenses 340 266 244 180 156 154 128
Net income 108 198 224 82 278 246 214
COHORN COMPANY
Comparative Balance Sheet ($000)
December 31, 2010–2016
Required
a) Compute trend percentages for the individual items of both statements using 2000 as the
base year.
b) Analyse and comment on the financial statements and trend percentages from part a.
4. Assume you are an analyst evaluating Mesco Company. The following data are available in
your financial analysis (unless otherwise indicated, all data are as at 31st December Year 5):
51
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Required
Using these data, construct the 31st December Year 5, balance sheet for your analysis. Operating expenses
(excluding taxes and cost of goods sold for Year 5) are $180,000. The tax rate is 40%. Assume a 360 day
TMP PRODUCTION NY026057B 4 12/13/2013
year in ratio computations. No cash dividends are paid in either Year 4 or Year 5. Current assets consist
6x4 PSTANKIE ACCCTR00
of cash, accounts receivable and inventories.
gl/rv/rv/baf Bookboon Ad Creative
5. You are an analyst reviewing Foxx Company. The following data are available for your financial
analysis (unless otherwise indicated, all data are as at 31st December Year 2):
Required
Using these data, construct the 31st December Year 2, balance sheet for your analysis. Current assets
consist of cash, accounts receivable and inventory. Balance sheet classifications include cash, accounts
receivable, inventory, total noncurrent assets, total current assets, total current liabilities, total noncurrent
liabilities and equity.
6. You are planning to analyse Voltek Company’s 31st December Year 6, balance sheet. The
following information is available:
1. Opening and closing balances are identical for both accounts receivable and inventory.
2. Net income is $1,300.
3. Times interest earned is 5 (income taxes are zero). Company has 5% bonds outstanding and
issued at par.
4. Net profit margin is 10%. Gross profit margin is 30%. Inventory turnover is 5.
5. Days’ sales in receivables is 72 days.
6. Sales to end of year working capital is 4. Current ratio is 1.5.
7. Acid test ratio is 1.0 (excludes prepaid expenses).
8. Plant and equipment (net) is $6,000. It is one third depreciated.
9. Dividends paid on 8% non participating preferred stock are $40. There is no change in common
shares outstanding during Year 6. Preferred shares were issued two years ago at par.
10. Earnings per common stock are $3.75.
11. Common stock has a $5 par value and was issued at par.
12. Retained earnings at 1st January Year 6, are $350.
Required
a) Given the information available, prepare this company’s balance sheet as at 31st December Year
6 (include the following account classifications: cash, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid
expenses, plant and equipment (net), current liabilities, bonds payable and stockholders’ equity).
b) Determine the amount of dividends paid on common stock in Year 6.
53
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Exercise 55 Prepare graphs to illustrate the asset, liability and equity situation of Apple Inc for 2014 and
comment on any differences between amazon.com and Apple Inc.
5000
0
Short-term Accounts Taxes Accrued Deferred Other
debt payable payable liabilities revenues current
liabilities
Stockholders' equity
Amazon.com 2014
54
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Stockholders' equity
Comments:
The Apple balance sheet is 4.25 times bigger than the amazon balance sheet: total assets of $231839 v
$54,505 million
Apple’s retained earnings are 45 times larger than amazon’s at $87.2 billion
Where amazon has greater value in its balance sheet includes,
Cash although Apple has 4 times the value of short term investments than amazon
Inventories
Accruals: both companies have billions of dollars in accruals, but amazon wins that race!
You can see the table I created for these comparisons in the apple_results.xlsx file
eLibrary
The income statement of amazon.com, titled statement of income, for the three years 2012 to 2014 is
shown above.
amazon.com’s revenues in 2014 amounted to $____ billion. Of this amount, $____ billion are costs of
operations and other expenses, yielding net income of $____ billion. amazon.com’s earnings have been
_________ during these three years despite a healthy increase in revenues, suggesting that the company
is still __________ __________ __________.
Suggested solution
amazon.com’s revenues in 2014 amounted to $88.988 billion. Of this amount, $26.058 billion are costs of
operations and other expenses, yielding net income of $(0.241) billion. amazon.com’s earnings have been
very weak during these three years despite a healthy increase in revenues, suggesting that the company
is still seeking to maximize sales growth.
Exercise 57 Fill in the missing information in the sentences relating to the Consolidated Statement of
Stockholders’ Equity that follow.
During this period, shareholders’ equity changes were due mainly to ____________________________
and the repurchasing stock (treasury shares) and. amazon.com details these changes under _____
headings:
Suggested solution
During this period, shareholders’ equity changes were due mainly to stock based compensation and
issuance of employee benefit plan stock, repurchasing stock (treasury shares) and. amazon.com details
these changes under seven headings:
56
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Exercise 58 Compare changes in Net Income and changes in Comprehensive Income for amazon.com
for the period 2012 to 2014: both in $ and % terms and.
2013–2014 2012–2013
Net Income/(Loss) -$515 -188% $313 803%
Comprehensive Income (Loss) -$895 -273% $290 763%
Exercise 59 Fill in the missing information in the sentences relating to amazon.com’s statement of cash
flows, as shown below.
amazon.com’s 2014 cash balance increases by $_______ billion, from $_______ billion to $_______
billion. Of this increase in net cash, amazon.com’s operating activities provided $_______ billion, its
investing activities used $_______ billion and its financing activities provided/used $_______ billion.
Suggested solution
amazon.com’s 2014 cash balance increases by $5.899 billion, from $8.658 billion to $14.557 billion. Of
this increase in net cash, amazon.com’s operating activities provided $6.842 billion, its investing activities
used $-5.065 billion and its financing activities provided/used $4.432 billion.
57
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Before we work through the formal analysis of financial statements, let’s take a look at some structured
and basic exercises first:
Exercise 61
Use this Exercise to help you to appreciate and understand the work of this section before you work on
the larger problems in the spreadsheet file.
1. Express the following income statement information in common size percentages and assess
whether this company’s situation is favourable or unfavourable.
Harbison Corporation
Comparative Income Statements
for the years ended 31st December 2016 2015
Sales 720,000 535,000
Cost of Goods Sold 475,200 280,340
Gross Profit 244,800 254,660
Operating Expenses 151,200 103,790
Net Income 93,600 150,870
59
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
2. Common size and trend percentages for JBC Company’s sales, cost of goods sold and
expenses follow:
Determine whether net income increased, decreased, or remained unchanged in this three year period.
COHORN COMPANY
Comparative Income Statement ($000)
For Years Ended December 31, 2010–2016
2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
Sales 1,594 1,396 1,270 1,164 1,086 1,010 828
Cost of goods sold 1.146 932 802 702 652 610 486
Gross profit 448 464 468 462 434 400 342
Operating expenses 340 266 244 180 156 154 128
Net income 108 198 224 82 278 246 214
60
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
COHORN COMPANY
Comparative Balance Sheet ($000) December 31,2010–2016
Required
a) Compute trend percentages for the individual items of both statements using 2000 as the
base year.
b) Analyse and comment on the financial statements and trend percentages from part a.
61
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
4. Assume you are an analyst evaluating Mesco Company. The following data are available in
your financial analysis (unless otherwise indicated, all data are as at 31st December Year 5):
Required
Using these data, construct the 31st December Year 5, balance sheet for your analysis. Operating expenses
(excluding taxes and cost of goods sold for Year 5) are $180,000. The tax rate is 40%. Assume a 360 day
year in ratio computations. No cash dividends are paid in either Year 4 or Year 5. Current assets consist
of cash, accounts receivable and inventories.
62
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
5. You are an analyst reviewing Foxx Company. The following data are available for your financial
analysis (unless otherwise indicated, all data are as at 31st December Year 2):
Required
Using these data, construct the 31st December Year 2, balance sheet for your analysis. Current assets
consist of cash, accounts receivable and inventory. Balance sheet classifications include cash, accounts
receivable, inventory, total noncurrent assets, total current assets, total current liabilities, total noncurrent
liabilities and equity.
63
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Income Statement
Sales 13,000
Cost of Sales 9,100
Gross Profit 3,900 0.3
Expenses 2,600
Net Income 1,300 0.1
Interest 260 5
Earnings before Taxation 1,040
Taxation 0
EAT 1,040
Preferred Dividends 40
Income Available 1,000
EPS 3.75
AXA Global
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Balance Sheet
Current assets
cash
accounts receivable 2,564.38
inventory 1,820.00
prepaid expenses 1,625.00
Total Current Assets 4,875.00
Non Current Assets
plant and equipment (net) 6,000.00
Total Assets 10,875.00
current liabilities 3,250.00
bonds payable 5,200.00
preferred shares 500.00
stockholders’ equity 1,333.33
Retained Earnings 1,350.00
Total Liabilities and Equity 11,633.33
Workings
Inventory via inventory turnover COGS/Inventory 5 1,820.00
Recivables via receivables turnover 72 2,564.38
WC 3250
CA 1.5 4875 2
CL 1 3250 1
1.5
Prepaid Expenses (CA-Inventory)/CL 1 939.38
6. You are planning to analyse Voltek Company’s 31st December Year 6, balance sheet. The
following information is available:
1. Opening and closing balances are identical for both accounts receivable and inventory.
2. Net income is $1,300.
3. Times interest earned is 5 (income taxes are zero). Company has 5% bonds outstanding and
issued at par.
4. Net profit margin is 10%. Gross profit margin is 30%. Inventory turnover is 5.
5. Days’ sales in receivables is 72 days.
6. Sales to end of year working capital is 4. Current ratio is 1.5.
7. Acid test ratio is 1.0 (excludes prepaid expenses).
8. Plant and equipment (net) is $6,000. It is one third depreciated.
65
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
9. Dividends paid on 8% non participating preferred stock are $40. There is no change in common
shares outstanding during Year 6. Preferred shares were issued two years ago at par.
10. Earnings per common stock are $3.75.
11. Common stock has a $5 par value and was issued at par.
12. Retained earnings at 1st January Year 6, are $350.
Required
a) Given the information available, prepare this company’s balance sheet as at 31st December Year 6
(include the following account classifications: cash, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid
expenses, plant and equipment (net), current liabilities, bonds payable and stockholders’ equity).
b) Determine the amount of dividends paid on common stock in Year 6.
66
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Exercise 63 Complete the table below by calculating the ratios for 2012 and 2013.
Exercise 64 Say what you think about amazon.com’s profitability performance for the three years for
which you have data and ratio results.
Exercise 65 Here are the summary results of amazon.com for ten years, in Sparkline format. Does this
additional information help you with your analysis of the company?
The Wake
the only emission we want to leave behind
.QYURGGF'PIKPGU/GFKWOURGGF'PIKPGU6WTDQEJCTIGTU2TQRGNNGTU2TQRWNUKQP2CEMCIGU2TKOG5GTX
6JGFGUKIPQHGEQHTKGPFN[OCTKPGRQYGTCPFRTQRWNUKQPUQNWVKQPUKUETWEKCNHQT/#0&KGUGN6WTDQ
2QYGTEQORGVGPEKGUCTGQHHGTGFYKVJVJGYQTNFoUNCTIGUVGPIKPGRTQITCOOGsJCXKPIQWVRWVUURCPPKPI
HTQOVQM9RGTGPIKPG)GVWRHTQPV
(KPFQWVOQTGCVYYYOCPFKGUGNVWTDQEQO
Exercise 66
a) Compare and comment on the percentage change in revenues with the percentage change in
operating profits from the following information for amazon.com:
b) Evaluate the dividends paid out by the company over the last ten years
c) How would you summarise amazon.com’s equity base over the last ten years? See the table
that follows question part d.
i. Increased consistently
ii. Decreased consistently
iii. Increased in stages
iv. Decreased in stages
d) Evaluate amazon.com’s return on equity ratio and the debt to equity ratio (gearing or leverage)
over the ten years:
Over the last two years, 2013–2015, amazon.com has borrowed large amounts of money: $8.75 billion.
These corporate bonds range in size from $750 million to $1.50 billion and are set out in the table below.
68
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
a) The file amazon_bonds_students.xlsx has also been created for this task and the other three
tasks that follow:
Your first task is to prepare a schedule of interest payments and redemptions for these bonds
assuming they go to term and interest payments are due on the dates derived from their issue dates.
Using the data you see below for Apple Inc, carry out the same analysis for Apple Inc as you carried out
for amazon.com earlier.
69
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Complete the table below by calculating the ratios for 2012 and 2013.
Exercise 70 Say what you think about Apple Inc’s performance for the three years for which you have
data and ratio results.
Exercise 71 Here are the summary results of Apple Inc for ten years, in Sparkline format. Does this
additional information help you with your analysis of the company?
Exercise 72
a) Compare and comment on the percentage change in revenues with the percentage change in
operating profits from the following information for Apple Inc:
b) Evaluate the dividends paid out by the company over the last ten years
c) How would you summarise Apple Inc’s equity base over the last ten years? See the table that
follows question part d.
i. Increased consistently
ii. Decreased consistently
iii. Increased in stages
iv. Decreased in stages
d) Evaluate Apple Inc’s return on equity ratio and the debt to equity ratio (gearing or leverage)
over the ten years:
71
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Exercise 62 Give a brief analysis of the following summary: it relates to amazon.com and is taken from
the file amazon_results.xlsx and provides just a snapshot for us to begin our analysis of an organisation.
All results are showing positive changes except for Net Income and EPS, earnings per share.
Exercise 63 Complete the table below by calculating the ratios for 2012 and 2013.
72
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Exercise 64 Say what you think about amazon.com’s profitability performance for the three years for
which you have data and ratio results.
Gross margins are steady at the high 20% but operating and net margins are really very poor, reflecting
amazon.com as a break even company.
Exercise 65 Here are the summary results of amazon.com for ten years, in Sparkline format. Does this
additional information help you with your analysis of the company?
The Sparklines reveal the overall trends over the last ten years. Most metrics are showing positive signs
but profitability is very weak and debt to equity is suddenly increasing. Working capital is decreasing
too, according to the Sparklines.
Exercise 66
a) Compare and comment on the percentage change in revenues with the percentage change in
operating profits from the following information for amazon.com:
It is difficult to conclude a great deal from just three years’ data but we do see a sudden change in fortunes
in 2014 as operating profits have dropped, giving a negative change.
Unfortunately, data for three years doesn’t reveal a great deal so here is the full 10 year data:
74
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
What we see here is as the company grows slowly, it turns a profit: as it grows quickly, profits disappear!
b) Evaluate the dividends paid out by the company over the last ten years amazon.com pays no
cash dividends as a matter of policy
c) How would you summarise amazon.com’s equity base over the last ten years? See the table
that follows question part d.
i. Increased consistently
ii. Decreased consistently
iii. Increased in stages
iv. Decreased in stages
d) Evaluate amazon.com’s return on equity ratio and the debt to equity ratio (gearing or leverage)
over the ten years:
75
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
The gearing ratio fell early on in amazon.com’s life but now it is on the rise again: wait for the 2015
results to come out to see if that trend has continued.
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EXPERIENCE
Over the last two years, 2013–2015, amazon.com has borrowed large amounts of money: $8.75 billion.
These corporate bonds range in size from $750 million to $1.50 billion and are set out in the table below.
a) The file amazon_bonds_students.xlsx has also been created for this task and the other three
tasks that follow:
Your first task is to prepare a schedule of interest payments and redemptions for these bonds assuming
they go to term and interest payments are due on the dates derived from their issue dates.
In my file, there is the schedule, from which I have taken data to show the following:
77
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
b) compare the data for amazon.com with the corporate bonds data for Apple Inc
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Using the data you see below for Apple Inc, carry out the same analysis for Apple Inc as you carried out
for amazon.com earlier.
Apple Inc is performing very well here: everything is going in the right direction, unless you are worried
about gearing and stockholders’ equity, which are both a little suspect.
78
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
Complete the table below by calculating the ratios for 2012 and 2013.
Return on Capital employed Net income/Total stockholders’ equity 35.42% 29.98% 35.30%
Working Capital Total current assets -Total current liabilities 5,083 29,628 19,111
Current Ratio Total current assets/Total current liabilities 1.08 1.68 1.50
Debt to Equity Long term debt/Total stockholders’ equity 25.99% 13.73% 0.00%
Exercise 70 Say what you think about Apple Inc’s performance for the three years for which you have
data and ratio results.
Again we can say that Apple Inc is doing well as all of its metrics are showing good signs. However,
working capital is a bit erratic and the current ratio has fallen: is this a good or a bad sign? Debt to
equity has suddenly risen quite cramatically, too.
Exercise 71 Here are the summary results of Apple Inc for ten years, in Sparkline format. Does this
additional information help you with your analysis of the company?
79
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
In this case, the Sparklines simply mirror the comments I have already made: Apple Inc is performing
well although in the longer term profitability and returns on capital employed and total assets are falling.
Exercise 72
a) Compare and comment on the percentage change in revenues with the percentage change in
operating profits from the following information for Apple Inc:
Over the long term, revenues and operating profits have moved in a highly correlated way. Over the
final three years, however, they have become a little erratic. Is this a cause for concern? Let’s see what
the new product launches do for the company in 2015 nd 2016.
b) Evaluate the dividends paid out by the company over the last ten years
There have not been many dividends from Apple Inc as a matter of policy: that was Steve Jobs’
philosophy I think.
c) How would you summarise Apple Inc’s equity base over the last ten years? See the table that
follows question part d.
i. Increased consistently
ii. Decreased consistently
iii. Increased in stages
iv. Decreased in stages
81
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements: basis of analysis
I should say i
d) Evaluate Apple Inc’s return on equity ratio and the debt to equity ratio (gearing or leverage)
over the ten years:
83
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Investing – –
Financing – –
Long term notes payable secured by mortgages on plant assets 97,500 102,500 82,500
84
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Required
Compare the year end short term liquidity position of DW plc at the end of 2016, 2015 and 2014 by
computing the:
2. Refer to the information in part 1 about DW plc. The company’s income statements for the
years ended 31st December 2016 and 2015 show the following:
2016 2015
Sales 672,500 530,000
Cost of goods sold 410,225 344,500
Other operating expenses 208,550 133,980
Interest expense 11,100 12,300
Income taxes 8,525 7,845
Total costs and expenses (638,400) (498,625)
Net income 34,100 31,375
Earnings per share 2.10 1.93
Required
For the years ended 31st December 2016 and 2015, assume all sales are on credit and then compute the
following:
a) collection period
b) accounts receivable turnover
c) inventory turnover and
d) days’ sales in inventory. Comment on the changes in the ratios from 2015 to 2016.
3. Refer to the information in parts 1 and 2 about DW plc. Compare the long term risk and
capital structure positions of the company at the end of 2016 and 2015 by computing the
following ratios:
4. Refer to the financial statements of DW plc in parts 1 and 2. Evaluate the efficiency and
profitability of the company by computing the following:
a) net profit margin,
b) total asset turnover
c) return on total assets
5. Refer to the financial statements of DW plc in parts 1 and 2. The following additional information
about the company is known:
To help evaluate the profitability of the company, compute the following for 2016 and 2015:
86
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Exercise 75
AMAZON.COM INC (AMZN) Statement of CASH FLOW
Fiscal year ends in December. USD in millions except per share data. 2014-12 2013-12 2012-12
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income (241) 274 (39)
Depreciation & amortization 4,746 3,253 2,159
Investments losses (gains) (3) 1 (9)
Deferred income taxes (316) (156) (265)
Stock based compensation 1,497 1,134 833
Accounts receivable (1,039) (861)
Inventory (1,193) (1,410) (999)
Accounts payable 1,759 1,888 2,070
Accrued liabilities 706 736 1,038
Other working capital 741 (447) 275
Other non-cash items 185 202 (22)
Net cash provided by operating activities 6,842 5,475 4,180
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Investments in property, plant, and equipment (4,893) (3,444) (3,785)
Acquisitions, net (979) (312) (745)
Purchases of investments (2,542) (2,826) (3,302)
Sales/Maturities of investments 3,349 2,306 4,237
Net cash used for investing activities (5,065) (4,276) (3,595)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Long-term debt issued 6,359 394 3,378
Long-term debt repayment (1,933) (1,011) (588)
Excess tax benefit from stock based compensation 6 78 429
Common stock issued
Repurchases of treasury stock (960)
Other financing activities
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities 4,432 (539) 2,259
Effect of exchange rate changes (310) (86) (29)
Net change in cash 5,899 574 2,815
Cash at beginning of period 8,658 8,084 5,269
Cash at end of period 14,557 8,658 8,084
Free Cash Flow
Operating cash flow 6,842 5,475 4,180
Capital expenditure (4,893) (3,444) (3,785)
Free cash flow 1,949 2,031 395
87
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Match the descriptions above with this summary statement of cash flows for the years 2012 – 2014 for
amazon.com:
This e-book
is made with SETASIGN
SetaPDF
www.setasign.com
Exercise 76
Take a look at the above questions and apply them to amazon.com: what are your findings?
Calculate EBITDA for amazon.com just to compare it with the real cash flow from operations figures!
Exercise 78
Use both of the definitions of free cash flow just given and find amazon.com’s free cash flow: interpret
and explain your results.
Exercise 79
For 2012, 2013 and 2014 the cash flow adequacy ratio for amazon.com is…how much?
Find the adequacy ratio for 2010 to 2014 now: is the situation better or worse?
89
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
amazon.com’s statement of cash flows is a useful starting point for cash flow analysis. amazon.
com generated $_____ billion from operating activities. It then used $_____ billion for investing
activities, primarily for capital expenditure and payment for acquisitions. amazon.com also
received $_____ billion from debt issuance. Overall, amazon.com’s financing activities resulted
in a net cash in/outflow to the tune of $_____ billion. After accounting for foreign currency
exchange rate fluctuations, amazon.com’s cash flow in/decreased by $_____ billion during 2014.
This preliminary analysis shows that amazon.com generated a little/a lot of cash flows from its
operations. After using some of it for capital expenditure and acquisitions, the rest of the generated
cash was ____________________________________.
8.9 Valuation
8.9.1 Valuation Models
Equity Valuation
Exercise 81
Amazon.com pays no dividends so let’s try a theoretical example to use the dividend discount model:
An investor plans to hold DW plc’s stock for 3 years. In that time period, DW plc plans to grow at a rate
of 6% in the first two years and 3% thereafter. DW plc’s last dividend was $0.25. Given a rate of return
of 10%, what is the value of DW plc’s common stock at the end of the three year time period?
Back to amazon.com: find the value of amazon.com using its 2014 and then 2013 data by using the above
Free Cash Flow to Equity Model formula assuming that k = 7.5%
90
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
At the end of year 2014, Beagle Co owns 51% of the equity of Retriever, an entirely equity financed company. By
agreement with Retriever’s shareholders, Beagle agrees to acquire the remaining 49% of Retriever shares at the end of
year 2019 at a price of $25 per share. Retriever also agrees to maintain annual cash dividends at $1 per share through
2019. An analyst makes the following projections for Retriever. At this same time (end of year 2014), we wish to compute
the intrinsic value of the remaining 49% of Retriever’s shares using the alternative valuation models (assume a cost of
capital of 10%).
RUN FASTER.
RUN LONGER.. READ MORE & PRE-ORDER TODAY
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EXCEL you should use the following Excel files for this section
common_size_intro.xlsx
amazon_2014_ann_qtr.xlsx
92
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Solutions
Income Statement Year 2 S Year 1 $
Sales 100.00% 100.00%
Cost of Sales 93.43% 84.93%
Gross Profit 10.83% 15.07%
Administration 4.43% 6.60%
Selling 2.31% 3.60%
93
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Here are screenshots of the common size statements you should prepare:
Required
Compare the year end short term liquidity position of DW plc at the end of 2016, 2015 and 2014 by
computing the:
2. Refer to the information in part 1 about DW plc. The company’s income statements for the
years ended 31st December 2016 and 2015 show the following:
2016 2015
Sales 672,500 530,000
Cost of goods sold 410,225 344,500
Other operating expenses 208,550 133,980
Interest expense 11,100 12,300
Income taxes 8,525 7,845
Total costs and expenses (638,400) (498,625)
Net income 34,100 31,375
Earnings per share 2.10 1.93
95
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Required
For the years ended 31st December 2016 and 2015, assume all sales are on credit and then compute the
following:
a) collection period
b) accounts receivable turnover
c) inventory turnover and
d) days’ sales in inventory. Comment on the changes in the ratios from 2015 to 2016.
3. Refer to the information in parts 1 and 2 about DW plc. Compare the long term risk and
capital structure positions of the company at the end of 2016 and 2015 by computing the
following ratios:
4. Refer to the financial statements of DW plc in parts 1 and 2. Evaluate the efficiency and
profitability of the company by computing the following:
5. Refer to the financial statements of DW plc in parts 1 and 2. The following additional information
about the company is known:
96
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
To help evaluate the profitability of the company, compute the following for 2016 and 2015:
97
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Let’s look at a Statement of Cash Flows: again we will use amazon.com because they are a very well
known organisation:
.
Inventory (1,193) (1,410) (999)
thinking
Accounts payable 1,759 1,888 2,070
Accrued liabilities 706 736 1,038
Other working capital 741 (447) 275
Other non-cash items 185 202 (22)
Net cash provided by operating activities 6,842 5,475 4,180
360°
thinking . 360°
thinking .
Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers Dis
Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities.
Match the descriptions above with this summary statement of cash flows for the years 2012 – 2014 for
amazon.com:
Total Cash Generated from Operations, spent on CAPEX and received or paid out for financing are
as follows
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99
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Exercise 76
Take a look at the above questions and apply them to amazon.com: what are your findings?
In all three years there is enough money from operating activities to finance the CAPEX
No because we have already seen that it can generate cash from operating activities
There are no dividends and other items do not seem to be sensitive to cash flows
100
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Calculate EBITDA for amazon.com just to compare it with the real cash flow from operations figures!
Exercise 78
Use both of the definitions of free cash flow just given and find amazon.com’s free cash flow: interpret
and explain your results.
Exercise 79
For 2012, 2013 and 2014 the cash flow adequacy ratio for amazon.com is… how much?
Find the adequacy ratio for 2010 to 2014 now: is the situation better or worse?
amazon.com’s statement of cash flows is a useful starting point for cash flow analysis. amazon.
com generated $_____ billion from operating activities. It then used $_____ billion for investing
activities, primarily for capital expenditure and payment for acquisitions. amazon.com also
received $_____ billion from debt issuance. Overall, amazon.com’s financing activities resulted
in a net cash in/outflow to the tune of $_____ billion. After accounting for foreign currency
exchange rate fluctuations, amazon.com’s cash flow in/decreased by $_____ billion during 2014.
102
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
This preliminary analysis shows that amazon.com generated a little/a lot of cash flows from its
operations. After using some of it for capital expenditure and acquisitions, the rest of the generated
cash was ____________________________________.
Suggested Solution
amazon.com’s statement of cash flows is a useful starting point for cash flow analysis. amazon.
com generated $6.842 billion from operating activities. It then used $5.065 billion for investing
activities, primarily for capital expenditure and payment for acquisitions. amazon.com also
received $4.426 billion from debt issuance. Overall, amazon.com’s financing activities resulted in
a net cash inflow to the tune of $6.209 billion. After accounting for foreign currency exchange
rate fluctuations, amazon.com’s cash flow increased by $5.899 billion during 2014.
This preliminary analysis shows that amazon.com generated a lot of cash flows from its operations.
After using some of it for capital expenditure and acquisitions, the rest of the generated cash was
from the issuance of new debt.
8.20 Valuation
8.21 Valuation Models
Equity Valuation
Exercise 81
Amazon.com pays no dividends so let’s try a theoretical example to use the dividend discount model:
An investor plans to hold DW plc’s stock for 3 years. In that time period, DW plc plans to grow at a rate
of 6% in the first two years and 3% thereafter. DW plc’s last dividend was $0.25. Given a rate of return
of 10%, what is the value of DW plc’s common stock at the end of the three year time period?
Solution
103
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Since we expect the dividend to grow indefinitely in year 3 and on, the present value of the stock price
in year 3 is calculated as follows:
Back to amazon.com: find the value of amazon.com using its ten year data by using the Free Cash Flow
to Equity Model formula assuming that k = 7.5%
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ሺͳ ݇ሻͳ ሺͳ ݇ሻʹ ሺͳ ݇ሻ͵
where FCFEt+n is free cash flow to equity in period t+n and k is cost of capital.
104
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
At the end of year 2014, Beagle Co owns 51% of the equity of Retriever, an entirely equity financed company. By agreement
with Retriever’s shareholders, Beagle agrees to acquire the remaining 49% of Retriever shares at the end of year 2019 at a
price of $25 per share. Retriever also agrees to maintain annual cash dividends at $1 per share through 2019. An analyst
makes the following projections for Retriever. At this same time (end of year 2014), we wish to compute the intrinsic
value of the remaining 49% of Retriever’s shares using the alternative valuation models (assume a cost of capital of 10%).
Solution
Since Beagle will acquire Retriever at the end of 2009 for $25 per share, the terminal value is set – this spares us the
task of estimating continuing (or terminal) value. Using the dividend discount model, we determine intrinsic value at
the end of year 2004 as:
Next, to apply the free cash flow to equity model, we compute the following amounts for Retriever:
The excess cash flows not needed for the payment of dividends are used to reduce long term debt. The free cash flows
to equity, then, are the cash flows available to pay the dividend requirement of $1. Then, using the free cash flows to
equity model, we determine the value of the firm as:
The free cash flows to equity model values the cash flows generated by the firm, whether or not paid out as dividends.
105
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Financial Statements Analysis: in detail
Finally, to apply the residual income model, we compute the following amounts for Retriever:
Using the residual income model, we compute intrinsic value at the end of year 2014 as:
eLibrary
• Customer satisfaction
• Net profit before tax
• Profitability of customers
Exercise 84
Exercise 85
From what you have already read, try to define what you mean by PIs…
Exercise 86
Explain any two of these seven characteristics to someone who is considering implementing a system
of KPIs in their organisation.
107
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Benchmarking of Financial and Non Financial Performance
Now that you have heard of one, what, then, is a Balanced Scorecard?
Beyond Budgeting can be a great source of liberation and empowerment for some organisations. Find
examples of organisations that have used the Beyond Budgeting system and explore the successes they
claim to have had. The Beyond Budgeting Round Table web site is a good starting point: www.bbrt.org
and take a look at this book by the originators of Beyond Budgeting: Jeremy Hope and Robin Fraser
(2003) Beyond Budgeting Harvard Business School Press. That book is a little old now but still an excellent
primer for the subject.
Exercise 84
Suggestions:
Employee satisfaction
Return on capital employed
Exercise 85
From what you have already read, try to define what you mean by PIs…
Performance indicators are mid level metrics that sit between KRIs and KPIs and can include Profitability
by product group or by product.
108
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Benchmarking of Financial and Non Financial Performance
Exercise 86
Explain any two of these seven characteristics to someone who is considering implementing a system
of KPIs in their organisation.
You are given outline solutions to the first four of these characteristics!
A non financial measure is a metric or result which has nothing directly to do with money.
Very simple examples include output per hour, reject rates, kilometres per hour
Imagine making a product at the rate of 1,000 units per minute for which the humidity content
is critical…such products are likely to be measured/tested every few seconds.
This includes any measure or indicator that both affects the CEO’s performance rating and/or
that could bring things to a halt if they were to go out of control.
4. Understanding of the measure and the corrective action required by all staff
Even though a metric is written up on a notice board for all to see does not mean that everyone
appreciates the numbers there and when action has to be taken, let alone what that action
ought to be.
6. Significant impact (e.g. affects most of the core critical success factors [CSFs] and more than
one BSC perspective)
7. Positive impact (e.g. affects all other performance measures in a positive way)
Now that you have heard of one, what, then, is a Balanced Scorecard?
110
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Benchmarking of Financial and Non Financial Performance
A Balanced Scorecard is a management system that enables your organisation to set, track, and achieve
its key business strategies and objectives. After the business strategies are developed, they are deployed
and tracked through the Four Legs of the Balanced Scorecard perspectives:
Customers
Finance
Internal Business Processes
Learning and Growth
Beyond Budgeting can be a great source of liberation and empowerment for some organisations. Find
examples of organisations that have used the Beyond Budgeting system and explore the successes they
claim to have had. The Beyond Budgeting Round Table web site is a good starting point: www.bbrt.org
and take a look at this book by the originators of Beyond Budgeting: Jeremy Hope and Robin Fraser
(2003) Beyond Budgeting Harvard Business School Press. That book is a little old now but still an excellent
primer for the subject.
AXA Global
Graduate Program
Find out more and apply
Download an organisation’s Annual Report and Accounts and find other examples of non financial data
to review.
Exercise 90
Summarise the CEO’s letter under the four headings you will find in the letter:
• Marketplace
• Amazon Prime
• Amazon Web Services
• Career Choice
In your summaries, stress the aspects of the qualitative analysis of both financial and non financial data.
Conclude by saying whether you think this letter is credible. Do you think the CEO is being open and
honest? Do you feel that amazon.com is in good hands for the future?
Exercise 91
In the BT Group plc annual report for 2014 there are many tables of data showing five year results. Find
the file trends_fin_nonfin_2015_BT_ann_rep.pdf in the notes to this section and review what you see
there. Create your own summaries, possibly including graphs and charts, to highlight what you have
found. The key headings from this file include:
112
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Review Annual Report and Accounts
Financial statistics
Financial ratios
Operational statistics
Exercise 92
By contrast to the work of exercise 91, here are some data from amazon.com that is completely different
from the BT Group plc data and tables
a) The summary five year income statement and highly summarised balance sheets for five years
follow: comment on what you see here, include graphs and charts and any other device that
you feel will enhance your message.
113
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Review Annual Report and Accounts
b) Comment on the usefulness of the data in the following table and explain what you think they
mean for the average stockholder.
c) Summarise the following table: the aim is to simplify the table for the average non financial
manager.
114
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Review Annual Report and Accounts
Take the following base data and make the changes that are suggested below them to see the possible
impacts these changes might have which in turn might suggest the sensitivity of, for example, changes
in profitability or cash flow to changes in costs, assets, equity or even non financial results.
The Wake
the only emission we want to leave behind
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1. independent effects of a 1% increase in Gross Margin, a 1% decline in the tax rate, and a 5%
increase in Sales.
2. independent effects of a 2% increase in Gross Margin, a 2% decline in the tax rate, and a 5%
decrease in Sales.
3. composite effects of a 5% increase in Sales, a 2% decline in Gross Margin, a 5% increase is
SG&A as % of Sales, and a 2% decline in the tax rate.
4. independent effects of a 1% increase in Gross Margin, a 1% increase in the tax rate, and a 5%
increase in Sales.
5. composite effects of a 5% increase in Sales; a 2% decline in Gross Margin, a 3% increase is
SG&A as % of Sales, and a 2% decline in the tax rate.
Exercise 89
Download an organisation’s Annual Report and Accounts and find other examples of non financial data
to review.
Why not look at the BT Group plc annual report that’s mentioned in Exercise 91 and please make sure
you do this AND study what you download. If your organisation has an annual report and accounts
online, take a look at that one as well as any others.
Exercise 90
Summarise the CEO’s letter under the four headings you will find in the letter:
• Marketplace
• Amazon Prime
• Amazon Web Services
• Career Choice
116
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Review Annual Report and Accounts
In your summaries, stress the aspects of the qualitative analysis of both financial and non financial data.
Conclude by saying whether you think this letter is credible. Do you think the CEO is being open and
honest? Do you feel that amazon.com is in good hands for the future?
There is no solution to present here since there are subjective elements to the answer that only you can
provide for yourself.
Exercise 91
In the BT Group plc annual report for 2014 there are many tables of data showing five year results.
Find the file trends_fin_nonfin_2015_BT_ann_rep.pdf in the notes to this section and review what you
see there. Create your own summaries, possibly including graphs and charts, to highlight what you have
found. The key headings from this file include:
Exercise 92
By contrast to the work of exercise 91, here are some data from amazon.com that is completely different
from the BT Group plc data and tables
a) The summary five year income statement and highly summarised balance sheets for five years
follow: comment on what you see here, include graphs and charts and any other device that
you feel will enhance your message.
117
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Review Annual Report and Accounts
b) Comment on the usefulness of the data in the following table and explain what you think they
mean for the average stockholder.
c) Summarise the following table: the aim is to simplify the table for the average non financial
manager.
By now you should be so good at these kinds of analysis that you no longer need help from me: in fact,
you will find some very good clues and advice in the BT Group report anyway.
119
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Review Annual Report and Accounts
Take the following base data and make the changes that are suggested below them to see the possible
impacts these changes might have which in turn might suggest the sensitivity of, for example, changes
in profitability or cash flow to changes in costs, assets, equity or even non financial results.
1. independent effects of a 1% increase in Gross Margin, a 1% decline in the tax rate, and a 5%
increase in Sales.
2. 2 independent effects of a 2% increase in Gross Margin, a 2% decline in the tax rate, and a
5% decrease in Sales.
3. 3 composite effects of a 5% increase in Sales, a 2% decline in Gross Margin, a 5% increase is
SG&A as % of Sales, and a 2% decline in the tax rate.
4. 4 independent effects of a 1% increase in Gross Margin, a 1% increase in the tax rate, and a
5% increase in Sales.
5. 5 composite effects of a 5% increase in Sales; a 2% decline in Gross Margin, a 3% increase is
SG&A as % of Sales, and a 2% decline in the tax rate.
120
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Finance for the Non Financial Manager:
Exercise Book With Solutions Review Annual Report and Accounts