41. What pressure is required to reduce the volume of water by 2.0 percent?

Bulk modulus of
elasticity of water, EB = 2.2 GPa.
42. If 15m3 of nitrogen at 30°C and 200 kPa abs is permitted to expand isothermally to 30 m3, what is
the resulting pressure? What would the pressure and temperature have been if the process had
been isentropic?
43. The weight density of a mud is given by γ = 10 + 0.5h, where γ is in kN/m3 and h is in meters.
Determine the pressure, in kPa, at a depth of 10m.
44. A vertical circular gate in a tunnel 6 m in diameter has oil (s.g.= 0.80) on one side and air on the
other side. If oil is 11 m above the invert and the pressure is 40 kPa, where will a single support
be located (above the invert of the tunnel) to hold the gate in position?
45. A dam is triangular in cross-section with the upstream face vertical. Water is flushed with the top.
The dam is 6m high and 4m wide at the base and weighs 2.4 tons per cubic meter. The coefficient
of friction between the base and the foundation is 0.8. Determine (a) the maximum and minimum
unit pressure on the foundation, and the (b) factors of safety against overturning and against
sliding.
46. The section of a concrete gravity dam shown in the figure. The depth of water at the upstream
side is 6 m. Neglect hydrostatic uplift and use unit weight of concrete equal to 23.5 kN/m3.
Coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the foundation is 0.6. Determine the
following: (a) factor of safety against sliding (b) factor of safety against overturning (c) the
overturning moment acting against the dam in kN-m
47. Benzene at 20°C has a viscosity of 0.00651 Pa-s. What shear stress is required to deform this fluid
at a strain rate of 4900 s-1?
48. For the tank shown in the figure, compute the pressure at points B, C, D, and E in kPa. Neglect the
unit weight of air.

49. For the manometer shown, determine the pressure at the center of the pipe.

50. A rectangular tank of internal width 5 m as shown, contains oil of sg = 0.80 and water. (a) Find the
depth of oil, h. (b) If a 1000-N block of wood is floated in the oil, what is the rise in free surface of
the water in contact with air?
51. A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1 500 kg and a volume of 1.250 m3. Find its (a) weight, W, (b)
unit weight, γ, (c) mass density, ρ, and (d) specific gravity, Sg.
52. A uniform block of steel (s = 7.85) will float at a mercury-water interface as shown. What is the
ratio of the distances “a” and “b” for this condition?

53. A bicycle tire is inflated at sea level, where the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa and the
temperature is 21°C to 445 kPa. Assuming the tire does not expand, what is the gage pressure
within the tire on the top of a mountain where the altitude is 6 000m, atmospheric pressure is
47.22 kPa and the temperature is 5°C.
54. A closed cylindrical tank contains 3m of water, 3 m of oil (s=0.82) and the air above oil has a
pressure of 30 kPa. If an open mercury manometer at the bottom of the tank has 1 m of water,
determine the deflection of mercury.
55. If the viscosity of water at 70°C is 0.00402 poise and its specific gravity is 0978 determine its
absolute viscosity in Pa-s and its kinematic viscosity in m2/s and in stokes.
56. A vertical cylindrical tank is 2.5 meters in diameter and 3 meters high. Its sides are held in position
by means of two steel hoops, one at the top and the other at the bottom. If the tank is filled with
water to a depth of 2.25 m, determine the tensile stress in each hoop.
57. If a 5-kg steel plate is attached to one end of a 0.1 m x 0.3 m x 1.20 m wooden pole, what is the
length of the pole above water? Use s.g. Wood = 0.50. Neglect buoyant force of steel.
58. Air is kept at a pressure of 200 kPa and a temperature of 30°C in a 500-L container. What is the
mass of air?
59. A block weighing 125 pcf is 1ft square and 9 inches deep floats on a stratified liquid composed of
a 7-in layer of water above a layer of mercury. (a) Determine the position of the bottom of the
block. (b) If a downward vertical force of 260 lbs. is applied to the center of mass of this block,
what is the new position of the bottom of the block?
60. A vertical circular gate is submerged in a liquid so that its top edge is flushed with the liquid
surface. Find the ratio of the total force acting on the lower half to that acting on the upper half.
61. At what pressure will 80°C water boil? Note: Vapor pressure of water at 80°C = 47.4 kPa)
62. Determine the required thickness of a 450 mm diameter steel pipe to carry a maximum pressure
of 5500 kPa if the allowable working stress of steel is 124 MPa.
63. A block of wood 0.20 m thick is floating in sea water. The specific gravity of wood is 0.65 while
that of seawater is 1.03. Find the minimum area of a block which will support a man weighing 80
kg.
64. The section of a concrete dam shown. Concrete weighs 23.5 kN per cubic meter and water weighs
9 790 N per cubic meter. Coefficient of friction between the dam and foundation is 0.55.
Determine the factors of safety against sliding and against overturning, and the soil pressure at
the heel and toe. Assume hydrostatic uplift varies uniformly from full hydrostatic head at the heel
of the dam to zero at the toe. Consider 1m length of dam.
65. Determine the magnitude of the force on the inclined gate 1.5m by 0.5m shown in the figure. The
tank of water is completely closed and the pressure gage at the bottom of the tank reads 90 000
N/m2. Use 9 800 N/cu.m for water.

66. A wooden buoy (sg = 0.62) is 50 mm by 50 mm by 3m long is made to float in sea water (sg =
1.025). How many N of steel (sg = 7.85) should be attached to the bottom to make buoy float with
exactly 450 mm exposed above the water surface?
67. A differential manometer shown is measuring the difference in pressure of two water pipes. The
indicating liquid is mercury (specific gravity = 13.6), ℎ is 700 mm, ℎ = 250 , and ℎ =
325 . What is the pressure differential between the two pipes?

68. A vertical semi-circular area of radius r is submerged in a liquid with its diameter in the liquid
surface. How far is the center of pressure from the liquid surface?
69. Two spheres, each 1.3 m in diameter, weigh 5 kN and 13 kN, respectively. They are connected
with a short rope and placed in water. What is the tension in the rope and what portion of the
lighter sphere protrudes from the water?
70. A block of wood requires a force of 45 N to keep it immersed in water and force of 100 N to keep
it immersed in glycerin (sg = 1.3) find the weight and specific gravity of the wood.
71. At 32°C and 205 kPa gage, the specific weight of a certain gas was 13.7 kN/m3. Determine the gas
constant of this gas.
72. A n open vat holding oil (s = 0.80) is 8 m long and 4 m deep and has a trapezoidal cross-section 3
m wide at the bottom and 5 m wide at the top. Determine the following: (a) the weight of the oil,
(b) the force on the bottom of the vat, and (c) the force on the trapezoidal end panel.
73. From the figure below, it is shown that the gate is 1.25 m wide and is hinged at the bottom of the
gate. Compute the following (a) the hydrostatic force in kN acting on the gate (b) the location of
the center of pressure of the gate from the hinge (c)the minimum volume of concrete (unit weight
= 23.6 kN/m3) needed to keep the gate in closed position.

74. A glass U-tube open to the atmosphere at both ends is shown. If the U-tube contains oil and water,
determine the specific gravity of the oil.
75. A 125-mm diameter solid cylinder is 95 mm high and weighing 3.75 N is immersed in a liquid ( =
8.175 / ) contained in a tall metal cylinder having a diameter of 125 mm. Before immersion,
the liquid was 75 mm deep. At what level will the solid cylinder float?
76. If the pressure 25 meter below a liquid is 338.445 kPa, determine its unit weight γ, mass density
ρ, and specific gravity s.
77. What is the value of the surface tension of a small drop of water 0.3 mm in diameter which is in
contact with air if the pressure within the droplet is 525 Pa?
78. A shaft 75mm in diameter is being pushed at a speed of 400 mm/s through a bearing sleeve 70.2
mm in diameter and 250 mm long. The clearance, assumed uniform, is filled with oil at 20°C with
ν = 0.005 m2/s and Sg = 0.9. Find the force exerted by the oil in the shaft.
79. A cylinder of 150 mm radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of 130 mm radius. Both
cylinders are 300 mm long. Determine the viscosity of the liquid which fills the space between the
cylinders if a torque of 0.88 N-m is required to maintain an angular velocity of 2π radians/sec.
Assume the velocity gradient to be a straight line
80. What is the pressure 15.0 below the ocean? Use Sp.Gr. = 1.03 for salt water.
81. An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 5 m long, 2 m wide and 2.5 m high is filled with
water to a depth of 1.5 m. (a) What maximum horizontal acceleration can be imposed on the tank
without spilling any water and (b) determine the accelerating force on the liquid mass (c) if the
acceleration is increased to 6 m/s2, how much water is spilled out?
82. The U-tube shown is 10 mm in diameter and contains mercury. If 12 mL of water is poured into
the right-hand leg, what are the ultimate heights in the two legs?

83. Determine the magnitude and location of the total hydrostatic force acting on the 2 m x 4 m gate
shown in the figure.
84. An open cylindrical tank 2 m in diameter and 4 m high contains water to a depth of 3 m. It is
rotated about its own vertical axis with a constant angular speed ω. Determine (a) if ω = 3 rad/sec,
is there any liquid spilled? (b) what maximum value of ω (in rpm) can be imposed without spilling
any liquid? (c) if ω = 8 rad/s, how much water is spilled out and to what depth will the water stand
when brought to rest? (d) what angular speed ω (in rpm) will just zero the depth of water at center
of the tank? (e) If ω = 100 rpm, how much area at the bottom of the tank is uncovered?
85. An inclined, circular gate with water on one side is shown in the figure. Determine the resultant
force acting on the gate.

86. A drum 700 mm in diameter and filled with water has a vertical pipe, 20 mm in diameter, attached
to the top. How many Newtons of water must be poured into the pipe to exert a force of 6500 N
on the top of the drum?
87. Find the magnitude and location of the force exerted by water on one side of the vertical annular
disk with outer radius and inner radius of 1.5 m and 1.0 m respectively with its center 4 m deep
from the surface.
88. A ship having a displacement of 24 000 tons and a draft of 34 feet in ocean enters a harbor of
fresh water. If the horizontal section of the ship at the waterline is 32 000 sq. Ft what depth of
fresh water is required to float the ship? Assume that marine ton is 2 240 lb. and that sea water
and fresh water weighs 64 and 62.2 pcf, respectively.
89. Assuming normal barometric pressure, how deep in the ocean is the point where an air bubble,
upon reaching the surface, has 25 times its volume than it had at the bottom?
90. If the specific volume of a certain gas is 0.7848 m3/kg, what is its specific weight?
91. A vertical tube, 3 m long, with one end closed is inserted vertically, with the open end down, into
a tank of water to such a depth that an open manometer connected to the upper end of the tube
reads 150mm of mercury. Neglect vapor pressure and assuming normal conditions, how far is the
lower end the tube below and the water surface in the tank?
92. Find the absolute pressure in kPa at a depth of 10m below the free surface of oil Sp.Gr. = 0.75 if
the barometric reading is 752 mmHg.
93. Water in a hydraulic press, initially at 137 kPa absolute, is subjected to a pressure of 116 280 kPa
absolute. Using EB = 2.5 GPa, determine the percentage decrease in the volume of water.
94. An open cylindrical vessel 1.2 m in diameter and 2.1 m high is 2/3 full of water. Compute the
amount of water in liters that will be spilled out if the vessel is rotated about its vertical axis at a
constant angular speed of 90 rpm.
95. A stone cube 280 mm on each side and weighing 425 N is lowered into a tank containing a layer
of water 1.50 m thick over a layer of mercury. Determine the position of the block when it has
reached equilibrium.
96. In the figure shown, what is the static pressure in kPa in the air chamber?

97. An open cylindrical tank 1.6 m in diameter and 2 m high is full of water. When rotated about its
vertical axis at 30 rpm, what would be the slope of the water surface at the rim of the tank?
98. A 75 mm diameter pipe, 2m long is just filled with oil (sg = 0.822) and then capped and placed on
a horizontal position. It is rotated at 27.5 rad/sec about a vertical axis 0.5 m from one end (outside
the pipe). What is the pressure in kPa at the far end of the pipe?
99. An open vessel, 500 mm in diameter and filled with water, is rotated about its vertical axis at such
velocity that the water surface 100 mm from the axis makes an angle of 40° with the horizontal.
Compute the speed of rotation in rpm.
100. A sonar transmitter operates at 2 impulse per second. If the device held is held to the
surface of fresh water (EB = 2.04 x 109 Pa) and the echo is received midway between impulses,
how deep is the water?