Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 59 views

    Map Projection

    Uploaded by

    Hazel Banday
    There are several types of map projections that can be used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. Cylindrical projections depict straight, equally spaced lines of longitude and latitude but distort areas, especially at the poles. Conic projections are suited for regional maps as they maintain scale in one direction and have converging lines of longitude. Azimuthal projections maintain accurate azimuths from a central point and depict parallels and meridians as circles and straight radiating lines, respectively. Pseudocylindrical and hybrid projections combine aspects of cylindrical and other projections to balance shape and area distortions for specific mapping needs. Conformal projections, including the Mercator and stereographic, preserve local angles to depict small shapes accurately but

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Map Projection

    Uploaded by

    Hazel Banday
    59 views5 pages
    There are several types of map projections that can be used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. Cylindrical projections depict straight, equally spaced lines of longitude and latitude but distort areas, especially at the poles. Conic projections are suited for regional maps as they maintain scale in one direction and have converging lines of longitude. Azimuthal projections maintain accurate azimuths from a central point and depict parallels and meridians as circles and straight radiating lines, respectively. Pseudocylindrical and hybrid projections combine aspects of cylindrical and other projections to balance shape and area distortions for specific mapping needs. Conformal projections, including the Mercator and stereographic, preserve local angles to depict small shapes accurately but

    Original Description:

    12345678

    Original Title

    12345678

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    There are several types of map projections that can be used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. Cylindrical projections depict straight, equally spaced lines of longitude and latitude but distort areas, especially at the poles. Conic projections are suited for regional maps as they maintain scale in one direction and have converging lines of longitude. Azimuthal projections maintain accurate azimuths from a central point and depict parallels and meridians as circles and straight radiating lines, respectively. Pseudocylindrical and hybrid projections combine aspects of cylindrical and other projections to balance shape and area distortions for specific mapping needs. Conformal projections, including the Mercator and stereographic, preserve local angles to depict small shapes accurately but

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    59 views5 pages

    Map Projection

    Uploaded by

    Hazel Banday
    There are several types of map projections that can be used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. Cylindrical projections depict straight, equally spaced lines of longitude and latitude but distort areas, especially at the poles. Conic projections are suited for regional maps as they maintain scale in one direction and have converging lines of longitude. Azimuthal projections maintain accurate azimuths from a central point and depict parallels and meridians as circles and straight radiating lines, respectively. Pseudocylindrical and hybrid projections combine aspects of cylindrical and other projections to balance shape and area distortions for specific mapping needs. Conformal projections, including the Mercator and stereographic, preserve local angles to depict small shapes accurately but

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    MAP PROJECTION

    A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of


    locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps
    cannot be created without map projections. All map projections necessarily distort the
    surface in some fashion. There is no limit to the number of possible map projections.

    TYPES OF MAP PROJECTION


    1. Cylindrical Map Projections

    Cylindrical map projections are one way of portraying the Earth. This kind of map
    projection has straight coordinate lines with horizontal parallels crossing meridians at
    right angles. All meridians are equally spaced and the scale is consistent along each
    parallel. Cylindrical map projections are rectangles, but are called cylindrical because
    they can be rolled up and their edges mapped in a tube, or cylinder. The only factor that
    distinguishes different cylindrical map projections from one another is the scale used
    when spacing the parallel lines on the map.

    The downsides of cylindrical map projections are that they are severely distorted at the
    poles.
    While the areas near the Equator are the most likely to be accurate compared to the
    actual Earth, the parallels and meridians being straight lines don’t allow for the
    curvature of the Earth to be taken into consideration. Cylindrical map projections are
    great for comparing latitudes to each other and are useful for teaching and visualizing
    the world as a whole, but really aren’t the most accurate way of visualizing how the
    world really looks in its entire

    Fig 1.0. Cylindrical Map Projections


    2. Conic Map Projections

    Conic map projections include the equidistant conic projection, the Lambert conformal
    conic, and Albers conic. These maps are defined by the cone constant, which dictates
    the angular distance between meridians. These meridians are equidistant and straight
    lines which converge in locations along the projection regardless of if there’s a pole or
    not. Like the cylindrical projection, conic map projections have parallels that cross the
    meridians at right angles with a constant measure of distortion throughout. Conic map
    projections are designed to be able to be wrapped around a cone on top of a sphere
    (globe), but aren’t supposed to be geometrically accurate.

    Conic map projections are best suited for use as regional or hemispheric maps, but
    rarely for a complete world map. The distortion in a conic map makes it inappropriate for
    use as a visual of the entire Earth but does make it great for use visualizing temperate
    regions, weather maps, climate projections, and more.

    Fig 2.0. Conic Map Projection


    3. Azimuthal Projection

    The azimuthal map projection is angular- given


    three points on a map (A, B, and C) the azimuth
    from Point B to Point C dictates the angle
    someone would have to look or travel in order to
    get to A. These angular relationships are more
    commonly known as great circle arcs or
    geodesic arcs. The main features of azimuthal
    map projections are straight meridian lines,
    radiating out from a central point, parallels that
    are circular around the central point, and
    equidistant parallel spacing. Light paths in three
    different categories (orthographic, stereographic,
    and gnomonic) can also be used. Azimuthal
    maps are beneficial for finding direction from any
    point on the Earth using the central point as a
    reference.
    Fig 3.0 Azimuthal Projection

    4. Pseudocylindrical Projection

    Pseudocylindrical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line segment.


    Other meridians are longer than the central meridian and bow outward, away from the
    central meridian. Pseudocylindrical projections map parallels as straight lines. Along
    parallels, each point from the surface is mapped at a distance from the central meridian
    that is proportional to its difference in longitude from the central meridian. Therefore,
    meridians are equally spaced along a given parallel. On a pseudocylindrical map, any
    point further from the equator than some other point has a higher latitude than the other
    point, preserving north-south relationships. This trait is useful when illustrating
    phenomena that depend on latitude, such as climate. Examples of pseudocylindrical
    projections include:
    5. Hybrid

    The HEALPix projection combines an equal-area cylindrical projection in equatorial


    regions with the Collignon projection in polar areas. The Collignon projection is an
    equal-area pseudocylindrical map projection first known to be published by Édouard
    Collignon in 1865 and subsequently cited by A. Tissot in 1881.

    6. Conformal

    Conformal, or orthomorphic, map


    projections preserve angles locally,
    implying that they map infinitesimal circles
    of constant size anywhere on the Earth to
    infinitesimal circles of varying sizes on the
    map. In contrast, mappings that are not
    conformal distort most such small circles
    into ellipses of distortion. An important
    consequence of conformality is that
    relative angles at each point of the map
    are correct, and the local scale (although
    varying throughout the map) in every
    direction around any one point is constant.

    List of conformal projections


     Mercator projection (Conformal cylindrical projection)
    o Mercator projection of normal aspect (Any rhumb line is drawn as a straight line
    on the map.)
    o Transverse Mercator projection
     Gauss–Krüger coordinate system (This projection preserves lengths on the
    central meridian on an ellipsoid)
    o Oblique Mercator projection
     Space-oblique Mercator projection (A modified projection from Oblique
    Mercator projection for satellite orbits with the earth rotation within near
    conformality)
     Lambert conformal conic projection
    o Oblique conformal conic projection (This projection is sometimes used for long-
    shaped regions, like as continents of Americas or Japanese archipelago.)
     Stereographic projection (Conformal azimuthal projection. Any circle on the earth is
    drawn as a circle or a straight line on the map.)
    o Miller Oblated Stereographic Projection (Modified stereographic projection for
    continents of Africa and Europe.) [1]
    o GS50 projection (This projection are made from a stereographic projection with
    an adjustment by a polynomial on complex numbers.)
     Littrow projection (Conformal retro-azimuthal projection)
     Lagrange projection (A polyconic projection, and a composition of a Lambert
    conformal conic projection and a Möbius transformation.)
    o August Epicycloidal projection (A composition of Lagrange projection of sphere
    in circle and a polynomial of 3 degree on complex numbers.)
     Application of elliptic function
    o Peirce quincuncial projection (This projects the earth into a square conformally
    except 4 singular points.)
    o Lee conformal projection of the world in a tetrahedron

    You might also like