CONSTRUCTING THE ROADBED

SOIL AS STRUCTURE
DEFINITION:
-THE BED ON WHICH THE TIES, RAILS AND BALLAST OR THE UPPER SURFACE OF BALLASTON
WHICH THE TIES REST
-THE EARTH FOUNDATION OF A ROAD PREPARED FOR SURFACING
-THE PART OF THE SURFACE OF THE ROAD TRAVELED BY VEHICLES
7-1. SOIL AS STRUCTURE
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS HAVE CONCENTRATED MAINLY ON THE ROAD SURFACE
PAVEMENT. LITTLE ATTENTION WAS GIVEN TO THE SUB GRADE, THE BASE MATERIALS, AND
THE MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION MORE PARTICULARLY, THE PLACING AND COMPACTING OF
THE PAVEMENT FOUNDATION.
ROADWAY HAS THREE MAJOR STRUCTURAL PARTS, NAMELY:
-THE SUB GRADE OR THE SUB BASE
- THE BASE COURSE
-THE PAVEMENT
THE SUB GRADE OR SUB BASE
IS THE EARTH BENEATH THE ROAD, PROPERLY ARRANGED AND GRADED, COMPACTED,
AND STABILIZED. IT IS DEFINED AS THE “SUPPORTING STRUCTURE ON WHICH THE PAVEMENT
SURFACE AND ITS SPECIAL UNDERCOURSES REST.”
THE BASE COURSE
IS THE MATERIALS LAID ON TOP OF THE SUBGRADE CONSISTING OF CRUSHED STONES
OR GRAVEL, SOMETIMES MIXED WITH ASPHALT BINDERS
THE PAVEMENT
IS THE MATERIAL LAID OVER THE BASE COURSE CONSISTING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE OR
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE.

TYPES OF BASE COURSE

- GRANULAR BASE COURSE OR UNTREATED SOIL MIXTURE
- TREATED BASE COURSE
THE GRANULAR BASE COURSE IS A ROAD SURFACE OF UNTREATED SOIL MIXTURE DESCRIBED
AS GRAVEL ROAD
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS OF UNTREATED GRAVEL ROAD SURFACE

1. THE ROAD MUST BE STABLE TO SUPPORT THE SUPER IMPOSED LOADS WITHOUT
DETRIMENTAL DEFORMATION. IT MUST BE RESISTANT AGAINST VARIOUS TRAFFIC
ACTIVITIES AND COULD WITHSTAND THE ABRASIVE FORM OF TRAFFIC.
2. IT MUST SHED THE LARGE PORTION OF RAIN THAT FALLS ON THE SURFACE BECAUSE
WATER PENETRATING THE SUB GRADE MIGHT SOFTEN IT AND LOOSEN THE SURFACE
STABILITY.
3. IT MUST BE FREE FROM LARGE ROCKS OR STONES OVER ONE INCH IN DIAMETER SO
THAT IT COULD BE REGULARLY MAINTAINED BY BLADING OR DRAGGING
4. GRAVEL ROAD MUST POSSESS CAPILLARITY PROPERTIES SUFFICIENT ENOUGH TO
REPLACE HE MOISTURE LOST THROUGH THE SURFACE EVAPORATION. THE ROAD MUST
MAINTAIN THE DESIRED DAMP CONDITION THAT IS REQUIRED TO BIND THE PARTICLES
TOGETHER.
5. ON DRY WEATHER, THE MOISTURE FILM ON THE CLAY PARTICLES SHOULD BIND THE
ENTIRE MASS TOGETHER AND IN WET WEATHER, THE FIRST RAIN THAT FALL ON THE
SURFACE, SHOULD EXPAND THE CLAY AND CLOSE THE PORES TO PREVENT WATER
FROM ENTERING AND SOFTENING THE MATERIALS.
6. AN EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF HIGHLY EXPANSIVE CLAY MATERIALS SHOULD BE AVOIDED
BECAUSE CLAY WILL SWELL AND UNSEAT THE COURSER MATERIALS WHEN WET AND
ULTIMATELY WILL WEAKEN THE STABILITY OF THE ROAD.
7. GRAVEL ROAD MUST BE LOWCOST. FUNDS FOR LOW TRAFFIC ROAD IS VERY LIMITED
THAT MOST OF THE TIME OVERLOOKED IN THE LIST OF APPROPRIATION PRIORITIES
EXCEPT ON ELECTION PERIOD.
8. USE LOCAL MATERIALS. MEANING, THOSE MATERIALS THAT COULD BE FOUND NEARBY
THE RPOJECT MUST BE UTILIZED.
 SIEVE DESIGN PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT PASSING SQUARE MESH SIEVE

GRADING

mm Inch A B C D E F

150 2” 100 100 - - - -

25 1” - 75-95 100 100 100 100
10 3/8” 30-65 40-75 50-85 60-100 - -
4.75 No.4 25-55 300-60 35-65 50-85 55-100 70-100
2 No.10 15-40 20-45 25-50 40-70 40-100 55-100
0.425 No.40 80-20 15-30 15-30 25-45 20-50 30-70
0.075 No.200 2-8 5-20 5-15 5-20 5-20 8-25
SUITABLE FOR SURFACE COURSES
SUITABLE FOR BASE AND SUB-BASES

7-3. TREATED BASE COURSE

TO STABILIZE THE BASE COURSE , IT IS SOMETIMES TREATED WITH EITHER ASPHALT ,
LIME, PORTLAND CEMENT OR OTHER MATERIALS AS BINDERS MIXED WITH THE
AGGREGATE BASE COURSE. TREATED BASE COURSE IS ADOPTED IF IN THE STUDY OR
ANALYSIS OF THE HIGHWAY AGENCY , A BETTER ROAD CAN BE PRODUCED AT A MINIMAL
OVER ALL COST, OR WHEN A POLITICIAN ORDER THE HIGHWAY OFFICE TO CONSTRUCT THE
ROAD WITH OR WITHOUT STUDY BECAUSE IT WAS A COMMITMENT DURING THE
CAMPAIGN PERIOD.
ASPHALT OR BITUMINOUS TREATMENT IS EMPLOYED TO WATERPROOF AND BIND THE
GRANULAR AGGREGATE TO THE SAND AND CLAY. THUS, THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE
ASPHALT IN A TREATED AGGREGATE, IS WATERPROOFING. ASPHALT TREATED BASE
ALLOWS A THINNER OVER ALL DEPTH OF PAVEMENT.
THE TYPE OF ASPHALT BINDERS FOR BASE COURSE DEPENDS ON SEVERAL FACTORS
ENUMERATED AS FOLLOWS:
1. THE MIXING PROCEDURE IS EITHER BY PLANT OR FIELD MIXING.
2. IF MIXING IS PROCESSED IN THE PLANT, THE AGGREGATE IS HEATED TO SPECIFIED
TEMPERATURE AND MIXED WITH EITHER; ASPHALT, CEMENT,CUTBACK ASPHALT OR
EMULSION ASPHALT.
3. THE QUALITY OF ASPHALT IS CLASSIFIED AS EITHER FOR STABIIZING OR FOR
WATERPROOFING PURPOSES ONLY.
4. IF THE PURPOSE IS FOR STABILITY, MIXTURES ARE MEASURED IN THE LABORATORY BY
THE MARSHALL OR HVEEM STABILOMETER PROCEDURES. THE WEIGHT OF ASPHALT IN
PERCENTAGE WOULD PROBABLY IN THE RANGE OF 5% TO 7%.
5. IF THE PURPOSE IS FOR WATERPROOFING ONLY, 2% TO 3% OF THE ASPHALT BINDER IS
ADDED.
6. IF EMULSION ASPHALT IS USED, ENOUGH WATER IS INCLUDED IN THE MIXTURE TO
ALLOW COMPACTION AT NEAR OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT.

SAND AND ASPHALT BASE COURSE

THE SAND AND ASPHALT BASE COURSE IS COMPOSED OF EITHER, LOOSE BEACH SAND,
DUNE PIT OR RIVER SAND CEMENTED WITH ASPHALT MATERIALS. IN THE EARLY ROAD
CONSTRUCTION, SAND AND CLAY MIXTURE IS NOT ONLY USED AS ROAD SURFACES BUT
ALSO FOR BASE COURSES. BUT LATELY, THE CUTBACK ASPHALT OR TARS HAVE BEEN
INTRODUCED AS SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CLAY BINDERS TO PRODUCE QUALITY BASE
COURSES FOR ROADS AND HIGHWAYS.

SAND FOR MIXING ASPHALT SHOULD BE CLEAN AND STRONG, BECAUSE THE
SURFACE PROPERTIES AND GRAIN SHAPE MUST HAVE THE QUALITY TO RESIST
DISPLACEMENT UNDER LOAD. IF IN THE EVENT THAT QUALITY OF AVAILABLE SAND IS
NOT SATISFACTORY, IT MAY BE BLENDED WITH SHARP ANGULAR PARTICLES LIKE
CRUSHED AGGREGATE, STONE OR SCREENED SLAG, STONE DUST, LOESS, CEMENT OR
OTHER NON-COHESIVE MINERALS TO PRODUCE AN STABLE MIXTURE. THE TEST COULD
BE BY THE HUBBARD FIELD, MARSHALL AND HVEEM STABILOMETER PROCEDURES.

ASPHALT BINDERS WITH THE GRADE OF ASPHALT CEMENT FOR HOT PLANT MIXING
SHOULD BE:
A.) MEDIUM VISCOCITY, RAPID OR MEDIUM CURING ASPHALTS.
B.) SLOW SETTING EMULSIFIED ASPHALT OR
C.) TARS OF GRADE RT-6 TO RT-10.
THE CONTENT OF ASPHALT BINDER IS IN PERCENT BY WEIGHT RANGING FROM 4% TO 10%
COMPACTION IS DONE USING THEIR PNEUMATIC TIRED OR SMOOTH WHEELED ROLLER. IN
CASE THE SURFACE IS TIGHT AND NON-FRIABLE, SEELING COULD BE DISREGARDED.

FINE GRAIN ASPHALT BASE

AN ASPHALT STABILIZED BASE AND SUB-GRADE CONSTRUCTED WITH FINE GRAINED HAS A
CONTROLLED PLASTIC INDEX OF 6 TO 10 REPECTIVELY. AGGREGATES WITH PLASTICITY INDEX
UP TO 30 ARE PROCESSED WITH LIME. THOSE WITH UP TO 50$ PASSING THE NO. 200 SIEVE
AND PLASTIC INDEX UP TO 18 CAN BE STABILIZED EVEN WITHOUT PRE-TREATMENT.

SOIL AND BASE COURSE STABILIZED WITH CEMENT

THE USE OF PORTLAND CEMENT IN STABILIZIG SOILS AND AGGREGATES WAS INITIALLY
PRACTICED AFTER WORLD WAR-1 IN 1914.
1. CEMENT STABILIZATION BY MIXING NATURAL MATERIALS AND PORTLAND CEMENT
COMPACTED AT OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT AND CURED TO HYDRATE THE CEMENT
IS CONSIDERABLY STRONG AND STABLE BASE. IT IS LESS SUSPECTIBLE TO DEFORMATION
CAUSE BY MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE CHANGES.
2. COMPARATIVELY, THIS IS LESS RIGID THAN THE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE
BECAUSE ITS MODULUS OF ELASTICITY RANGES FROM 100,000 FOR CLAY SOILS WITH
LITTLE CEMENT UP TO 1,000,000 FOR THE STRONG MIXTURE. ITS COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH RANGES FROM 300 PSI TO 600 PSI WITH FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF ABOUT
20& OF THE COMPRESSIVE VALUE.
3. PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY RANGES FROM 3 MILLION TO
6 MILLION WITH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF ABOUT 3,000 TO 5,000 PSI.
THE STABILIZED CEMENT MIXTURE IS CALLED “SOIL CEMENT” PRODUCED BY USING ABUNDANT
NATIVE LOCAL MATERIALS SUBDIVIDED INTO THREE TYPES.

1. SANDY AND GRAVELLY SOILS CONTAINING LESS THAN 25% SILT AND CLAY.
2. SAND WITH LESSER AMOUNT OF FINES LIKE BEACH SAND, GLACIAL AND
WINDBLOWN SAND.
3. SILTY AND CLAYEY SOILS.
MATERIALS HAVING PLASTICITY INDEX GREATER THAN 30 IS RARELY USED, UNLESS LIME IS
ADDED. MATERIALS WITH HIGH PH OR SULFATE CONTENT ARE NOT ADVISABLE FOR USE. THE
CEMENT CONTENT FOR STABILIZED MIXTURE RANGES FROM 5% TO 14% BY VOLUME OF 3% TO
16% BY WEIGHT OF DRY AGGREGATES. SANDY AND GRAVELLY SOILS REQUIRED LESS AMOUNT
OF CEMENT, UNLIKE THE SILTY AND CLAYEY SOILS THAT NEEDS HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF
CEMENT.
THE DRY DENSITIES OF CEMENT STABILIZE MIXTURE COMPACTED BY AASHTO STANDARD
METHODS, RANGES FROM 135 lb. PER CUBIC FOOT FOR SILTY OR CLAYEY SOILS, THE
RECOMMENDED FIELD DENSITY IS ABOUT 95%. THE QUALITY OF AGGREGATE CEMENT
MIXTURE IS MEASURED BY ITS ABILITY TO RESIST ABRASION AND DISINTEGRATION. OTHER
METHODS OF TESTING STABILIZE CEMENT CONTENT IS THE UNCONFINED AND TRIAXIAL
COMPRESSION AND FLEXURE TEST.

7-4. GRADING AND MAINTENANCE OF UNTREATED SURFACE

THE CROSS SLOPE OF UNTREATED SURFACE GRAVEL ROAD MUST BE SUFFICIENT ENOUGH TO
DRAIN WATER TO PREVENT POTHOLES AND SOFTENING OF THE ROADWAY, THUS;
1. IF THE ROAD MATERIALS ARE SUFFICIENTLY STABLE AND WATER TIGHT. ONE INCH PER
SLOPE IS CONSIDERED SATISFACTORY ALTHOUGH 3/8 TO ½ PEER FOOT SLOPE IS
PREFERRED.

2. IF THE ROAD IS STEEP GRADE, SUBSTANTIAL CROSS SLOPE IS NEEDED TO DIRECT THE
WATER INTO THE ROADSIDE.
UNTREATED SURFACE ROAD IS SELDOM CONSTRUCTED IN LESS THAN 20 CENTIMETERS LOOSE
DEPTH. WHEN COMPACTED, WILL BE COMPRESSED TO ABOUT 15 CENTIMETERS THICK. ROAD
DEVELOPMENT SOMETIMES ADOPTED THE STAGE CONSTRUCTION METHODS WHICH MEANS,
STEP BY STEP IMPROVEMENT OF THE ROADWAY, DEPENDING UPON THE AVAIILABILITY OF
FUNDS AND DEMAND OF INCREASED TRAFFIC. THE SEQUENCE OF IMPROVEMENT COULD BE AS
FOLLOWS:

FIRST: IT MIGHT BE AN EARTH ROAD SURFACE.

SECOND: UNTREATED GRAVEL ROAD.
THIRD: APPLICATION OF ASPHALT OVER THA GRAVEL.
FOURTH: THE USE OF STONE TYPE PAVEMENT WITH GRAVEL AS PART OF THE BASE COURSE.
MAINTENANCE OF GRAVEL ROAD SURFACE IS A ROUTINE ACTIVITY SPECIALLY IN THE
MAINTAINING THE SMOTHNESS OF THE SURFACE UNDER THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURES:
 1. BY CUTTING OFF A THIN LAYER OF THE ROAD SURFACE USING ROAD GRADER
DISTRIBUTING THE SCRAPED LAYER UNIFORMLY OVER THE ROADWAY SURFACE. THE
CUT IS DEEP ENOUGH TO REMOVE CORRUGATIONS OF THE ROAD SURFACE.
2. THE BLADING SEQUENCE IS ONCE OR TWICE A YEAR OR SOMETIMES MONTHLY,
DEPENDING UPON THE FINANCES, TRAFFIC AND EQUIPMENT AVAILABILITY. AFTER
BLADING, THE ROAD IS COMPACTED BY ROAD ROLLER TO MAINTAIN THE CROSS
SECTION SLOPE AND THE CROWN OF THE ROADWAY.
3. THE MOST EFFECTIVE ROUTINE MAINTENANCE IS DONE IMMEDIATELY AFTER RAINFALL
WHERE THE SURFACE IS SOFT FOR THE BLADE TO DRAG.
4. LOSSES OF MATERIAL CAUSED BY GRADING AND TRAFFIC WEAR GENERALLY RANGES
FROM ½” TO 1 INCH OF THE THICKNESS PER YEAR ALTHOUGH IT VARIES DUE TO
TRAFFIC VOLUME, RAINFALL, WIND INTENSITY, FREQUENCY AND MAINTENANCE
PRACTICE OR HABIT.
5. COMPACTION IS EFFECTIVELY DONE BY USING PNEUMATIC TIRED OR STEEL WHEELED
ROLLERS. WHERE SURFACE IS TIGHT AND NON-VARIABLE, SEALING MAY BE OMITTED.
7-5 DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS ON AGGREGATE SUB-BASE COURSE
THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS CLASSIFIED THE AGGREGATE SUB-BASE
COURSE AS ITEM 200 WHICH CONSISTS OF FURNISHING, PLACING AND COMPACTING
AGGREGATE SUB-BASE COURSE ON A PREPARED SUB-GRADE.

SIEVE DESIGNATION
MASS PERCENT PASSING
STANDARD ALTERNATE US
STANDARD
50 2” 100
25 1” 55-85
10 3/8” 40-75
0.75 NO. 200 0-12

ITEM-200 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

THAT, AGGREGATES FOR SUB-BASE SHALL CONSIST OF HARD, DURABLE PARTICLES OF
FRAGMENTS OR CRUSHED STONE, CRUSHED SLAG OR CRUSHED OR NATURAL GRAVEL AND
FILLER OR NATURAL CRUSHED SAND OR OTHER FIRMLY DIVIDED MINERAL MATTER.
THE COMPOSITE MATERIAL SHOULD BE FREE OF VEGETABLE MATTER AND LUMPS OR BALLS
OF CLAY THAT COULD BE COMPACTED READILY TO FORM A FIRM STABLE BASE.
TABLE 7-2 GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR ITEM 200

CONDITIONS

1. THE FRACTION PASSING THE 0.75 mm (200) SIEVE SHOULD NOT BE GREATER THAN
0.666 (2/3) OF THE FRACTION PASSING THE 0.425 mm NO. 40 SIEVE.

2. THE FRACTION PASSING THE 0.425 mm (NO. 40) SIEVE SHOULD HAVE A LIQUID LIMIT
NOT GREATER THAN 35 AND PLASTIC INDEX NOT MORE THAN 12 AS DETERMINED BY AASHTO
T-89 AND T-90 RESPECTIVELY.

3. THE COARSE PORTION RETAINED ON A 3.0 mm (NO. 10) SIEVE SHALL HAVE A MASS
PERCENT OF WEAR NOT TO EXCEED 50 BY THE LOS ANGELES ABRASION TESTS AS DETERMINED
BY AASHTO T-193. THE CBR VALUE SHOULD BE OBTAINED AT A MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY AS
DETERMINED BY AASHTO T-180 METHOD D.

ITEM 201 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

TABLE 7-3 GRADNG REQUIREMENT FOR ITEM-201

CONDITIONS
1. THAT THE FRACTION PASSING THE 0.075mm (NO. 200) SIEVE SHALL HAVE A MASS
PERCENT OF WEAR NOT TO EXCEED 50.
2. THE FRACTION PASSING THE 0.425 mm (NO. 40) SIEVE SHALL HAVE A LIQUID LIMIT NOT
GREATER THAN 25 AND PLASTIC INDEX NOT GREATER THAN 6.
3. THE COARSE PORTION RETAINED ON A 2.0 mm (NO. 40) SIEVE SHALL HAVE A MASS
PERCENT WEAR NOT TO EXCEED 50.
CONSTRUCTING THE ROADBED
4. THE MATERIALS PASSING THE 20 mm (3.4”) SIEVE SHALL HAVE A SOAKED CBR VALUE OF
NOT LESS THAN 80%.
ITEM- 202 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
1. THE PORTION PASSING THE 0.075 mm (NO. 200) SIEVE SHALL NOT BE GREATER THAN
0.66 (2/3) OF THE PORTION PASSING THE 0.425 mm (NO. 40) SIEVE.
2. THE PORTION PASSING THE 0.425 mm (NO. 40) SIEVE SHALL HAVE A LIQUID LIMIT NOT
MORE THAN 25 AND PLASTIC INDEX NOT MORE THAN 6.
3. THE COARSE AGGREGATE RETAINED ON 2.0 mm (NO. 10) SIEVE SHALL HAVE A MASS
PERCENT OF WEAR NOT MORE THAN 45 BY L.A. ABRASION TESTS, AND NOT LESS THAN
50 MASS PERCENT SHALL HAVE AT ATLEAST ONE FRACTURED FACE.
4. THE MATERIAL PASSING THE 20 mm (3/4”) SIEVE SHALL HAVE A MINIMUM SOAKED CBR
VALUE OF 80%.
ITEM -203 LIME STABILIZED ROAD MIX BASE COURSE

THIS ITEM CONSISTS OF FOUNDATION FOR A SURFACE COARSE COMPOSED OF SOIL

AGGREGATE, LIME AND WATER PROPORTION MIXED ON SITE AND CONSTRUCTED ON A
PREPARED SUB-GRADE OR SUB-BASE.

ELEMENTS OF ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
1. SOIL AGGREGATES REFERS TO THE COMBINATION OF GRAVEL, SAND, SILT AND CLAY, OR
OTHER APPROVED COMBINATION OF MATERIALS FREE OF VEGETABLE OR OTHER
OBJECTIONABLE MATTER THAT MIGHT BE ENCOUNTERED IN THE CONSTRUCTION SITE
OR OBTAINED FROM OTHER APPROVED SOURCES.
2. THE INTENT OF THE SPECIFICATION IS TO UTILIZE SOIL EXISTING ON THE ROADBED IF
THE QUALITY IS SATISFACTORY ACCORDING TO THE SPECIFICATIONS AND MINIMIZING
COST.
3. ON THE CONTRARY, IF THE MATERIAL QUALITY IS POOR OR DEFICIENT, AGGREGATE
MUST BE OBTAINED WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY FROM AN APPROVED OUTSIDE SOURCES.

TABLE 7-5 GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR ITEM-203

CONDITIONS
1. THAT, THE PLASTIC INDEX OF ITEM 203 SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 4 OR MORE THAN
10. THE AGGREGATE MASS PERCENT OF WEAR SHOULD NOT EXCEED 50.
2. HYDRATED LIME MUST CONFORM TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF ITEM 701-
CONSTRUCTION LIME. THE AMOUNT OF LIME ADDED TO SOIL AGGREGATE SHOULD BE
FROM 2 TO 12 MASS PERCENT OF THE DRY SOIL.
3. LIME SHOULD NOT BE APPLIED DURING WINDY, RAINY OR WITH IMPENDING BAD
WEATHER.

4. THE EQUIPMENT TO BE USED INCLUDES; SCARIFYER, PULVERIZER, MIXER, SPREADER,

HAULER, WATER TRUCK, COMPACTOR AND FINISHING MACHINE, INCLUDING SLURRY
LINE DISTRIBUTOR EQUIPMENT.
5. DISTRIBUTOR EQUIPMENT SHOULD INCLUDE; PRESSURE GAUGE, VOLUME MEASURING
DEVICES OR A CALIBRATED TANK. IT SHOULD BE EQUIPPED WITH POWER UNIT FOR THE
PUMP AND FULL CIRCULATION SPRAY BARS ADJUSTABLE LATERALLY AND VERTICALLY
AND ALSO AGITATOR TO PREVENT SETTING OF SOLID LIME.
PREPARATION OF THE SOIL AGGREGATE
CASE-1 FOR NEW SOIL AGGREGATE
1. THE EXISTING ROADBED IIS SCARIFIED LIGHTLY AND BLADED TO A UNIFORM GRADE
ACCORDING TO THE PLAN, THEN ROLLED, WATERED AND ROLLED.
2. ALL DEPRESSIONS APPEARING ON THE SURFACE ARE FILLED, AND THE WEAK PORTION
OF THE ROADBED IS STRENGTHENED WITH NEW SOIL AGGREGATE.
3. ALLOW ONE DAY OF MEASURING, SAMPLING AND TESTING OF THE SAMPLE OF FOR
APPROVAL OF THE QUALITY AND GRADATION BEFORE SPREADING THE WINDOW FOR
APPLICATION OF THE HYDRATED LIME.
4. IF SOIL AGGREGATE MOISTURE EXCEEDS TWO MASS PERCENT OF THE DRY AGGREGATE,
APPLY ACRATION BY HARROWING THE SOIL AGGREGATE UNTIL THE MOISTURE
CONTENT IS REDUCED TO 2% OR LESS.
5. FINALLY, SPREAD THE AGGREGATE SMOOTHLY AND UNIFORMLY OVER HALF THE ROAD
OR OTHER CONVENIENT WIDTH OF THE SURFACE READY FOR THE APPLICATIONS OF
HYDRATED LIME.
CASE – 2 SALVAGE SOIL AGGREGATE
1. WHEN MATERIALS IN THE SITE ARE TO BE USED FOR MIXING, THE SURFACE SHOULD BE
SCARIFIED LIGHTLY AND BLADED TO A UNIFORM GRADE CONFORMING TO THE CROSS
SECTION OF THE PLAN.
2. THE RESHAPED SURFACE IS SCARIFIED AGAIN TO DEPTH REQUIRED LEAVING A
FOUNDATION OF UNDISTURBED MATERIALS ARE THEN ROLLED, WATER AND ROLLED.
 3. THE LOOSENED MATERIALS ARE BLADED INTO A WINDROW AT THE SIDE OF THE
ROADWAY. THE UNDISTURBED MATERIALS ARE THEN ROLLED, WATER AND ROLLED.
APPLICATION OF LIME
APPLICATION OF LIME SHALL FOLLOW CORRECT PROCEDURES ENUMERATED AS FOLLOWS;
1. THE HYDRATED LIME IS UNIFORMLY SPREADED AT SPECIFIED PERCENT USING EITHER
THE DRY OR SLURRY (WET) METHODS.
2. THE LIME IS DISTRIBUTED IN SUCCESSIVE APPLICATIONS AT THE AMOUNT AND
INTERVALS AS PRESCRIBED.
3. THE MIXING EQUIPMENT FOLLOWS IMMEDIATELY BEHIND THE DISTRIBUTOR AFTER
EACH APPLICATION TO PARTIALLY MIX THE LIME WITH SOIL AGGREGATE.
4. IT IS APPLIED ONLY TO SPECIFIC AREAS AS CAN BE MIXED INTO THE SOIL AGGREGATE
DURING THE DAY OF APPLICATION.
5. DRY APPLICATION IS EITHER BY SPOTTING BAGS OF LIME IN EQUAL PRE-DETERMINED
TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL INTERVALS OR BY APPLYING IN BULK LIME FROM
EQUIPPED SELF-LOADING TRUCKS.
6. IF LIME SLURRY (WET) IS EMPLOYED, THE TYPICAL SLURRY RATIO IS 1,000 KILOGRAMS
LIME TO 2 CUBIC METERS WATER. THE ACTUAL MIXING PROPORTION DEPENDS UPON
THE PERCENT OF LIME, SPECIFIED, THE TYPE OF SOIL AND ITS MOISTURE CONDITION.
7. TO PREVENT RUN-OFF AND CONSEQUENT NON-UNIFORMITY OF LIME DISTRIBUTION,
THE SLURRY IS MIXED IMMEDIATELY AFTER EACH SPREADING PASS.
MIXING
MIXING PROCEDURES ARE ENUMERATED AS FOLLOWS;

1. AFTER THE LAST LIME APPLICATION AND PARTIAL MIXING, THE ENTIRE MASS OF
MIXTURE IS WITHDRAWN ON THE ROAD SURFACE AND THEN MIXED BY BLADING THE
MIXTURE FROM SIDE TO SIDE OF THE ROAD, OT BY MANIPULATION PRODUCNG
EQUIVALENT RESULTS UNTIL THE WHOLE MASS HAS UNIFORM COLOR. THE MIXTURE
SHOULD BE FREE FROM LEAN SPOTS OR BALLS OF UNMIXED PARTICLES.
2. SHOULD BE THE MIXTURE SHOW AN EXCESS OF DEFICIEMCY OR UN EVEN DISTRIBUTION
OF LIME, THE CONDITION MUST BE CORRECTED BY ADDING SOIL AGGREGATE OR LIME
THEN REMIXED.
3. IF THE MIXTURE CONTAINS EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF THE WATER OR VOLATILE MATTER,
AS MAY BE ENCOUNTERED IN SLURRY OPERATION, IT SHOULD BE BLADED, AERATED, OR
MANIPULATED UNTIL THE MOISTURE AND VOLATILE CONTENT BECOMES
SATISFACTORY.
4. WHETHER MIXING IS COMPLETED OR NOT, ALL LOOSENED MATERIALS ARE BLADED
INTO A WINDROW AT THE END OF EACH DAY WORK AND RETAINED AS SUCH UNTIL
OPERATIONS RESUMED.
 SPREADING COMPACTING AND FINISHING
1. THE MATERIALS ARE SPREADED BY SELF PROPELLED PNEUMATIC TIRED BLADE GRADER
OR MECHANICAL SPREADER OF APPROVED TYPE. CUTTING INTO THE UNDERLYING
COURSE SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
2. AFTER SPREADING, THE SURFACE IS LEVELED TO THE ROAD CENTERLINE, THEN TO THE
OUTER EDGES OF THE ROAD OVERLAPPING THE SHOULDER.
3. EACH PASS SHOULD TERMINATE ATLEAST 90 CENTIMETERS IN ADVANCE OR TO THE
REAR OF THE END OF THE PRECEDING PASS.
4. DURING THE TIME OF COMPACTION, THE SURFACE IS DRAGGED OR BLADED AS
NECESSARY TO FILL AND REMOVE INCIPIENT CORRUGATION OR OTHER SURFACE
IRREGULARITIES.
5. ROLLING MUST CONTINUE UNTIL AFTER THE SURFACE IS IN UNIFORM TEXTURE
SATISFACTORILY COMPACTED.
6. ROLLING SHOULD BE STOPPED WHENEVER THERE IS AN EXCESSIVE PULVERIZING OF THE
AGGREGATE OR DISPLACEMENT OF THE MIXTURE.
PROTECTION, CURING AND MAINTENANCE
AFTER STABILIZING THE BASE COURSE BY LIME, IT IS PROTECTED AGAINST RAPID DRYING FOR A
PERIOD OF ATLEAST 5 DAYS BY EITHER OF THE FOLLOWING CURING METHODS:
1. A THOROUGH AND CONTINUOUS MOIST CONDITION SHOULD BE MAINTAINED BY
SPRINKLING WATER.
2. THE SURFACE MUST BE COVERED WITH 50MM LAYER OF EARTH OR SAND AND
MAINTAINED IN MOIST CONDITION.
3. THE SURFACE IS APPLIED WITH ASPHALT MEMBRANE OF THE TYPE AND QUANTITY
APPROVED BY THE HIGHWAY AGENCY.

ITEM 204 PORTLAND CEMENT STABILIZED

ROAD MIX BASE COURSE

THIS ITEM CONSISTS OF A FOUNDATION FOR SURFACE COURSE COMPOSED OF SOIL

AGGREGATE, PORTLAND CEMENT AND WATER, PROPER PROPORTIONS OF ROAD-MIXED
PLACED ON A PREPARED SUB-GRADE OR SUB-BASE.

PROPORTIONING MIXTURE

1. THE AMOUNT OF CEMENT ADDED TO THE AGGREGATE SHALL BE 6 TO 10 MASS

PERCENT OF THE DRY AGGREGATE.
2. CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENT AND PROCEDURES IS THE SAME AS THAT OF ITEM-203
WHEREIN THE WORD “LIME” IS DELETED AND REPLACED WITH PORTLAND CEMENT.
 ITEM 205 ASPHALT STABILIZED ROAD MIXED BASE COURSE

MATERIALS
ASPHALT MATERIALS SHOULD BE ANIONIC OR CATIONIC EMULSION ASPHALT OF THE
SLOW SETTING TYPE.

MIXTURE PROPORTION
THE AMOUNT OF ASPHALT MATERIAL TO BE ADDED TO THE AGGREGATE SHOULD BE
FROM 4 TO 7 MASS PERCENT OF THE DRY AGGREGATE.

ITEM 206 PORTLAND CEMENT TREATED PLANT MIX BASE COURSE

1. TRAVEL PLANT MIXING METHOD

2. THE SALVAGE OR NEW AGGREGATE IS PULVERIZED UNTIL ATLEAST 80 MASS
PERCENT OF ALL THE MATERIALS OTHER THAN STONE OR GRAVELPASSES A 4.75 MM
(NO.4) SIEVE. ANY MATERIAL RETAINED ON A 50 MM (2”) SIEVE AND OTHER
UNSUITABLE MATERIALS ARE REMOVED.
3. PROCEDURE:
4. AGGREGATES TO BE TREATED , IS PLACED IN UNIFORM WINDROW SPREADED TO A
UNIFORM THICKNESS TO THE REQUIRED DEPTH
5. PORTLAND CEMENT OF PROPER QUANTITY IS APPLIED UNIFORMLY IN A TRENCH ON
TOP OF THE WINDROWS OR SPREADED UNIFORMLY OVER THE AGGREGATES.
6. MIXING IS DONE BY MACHINE FOR THOROUGH AND UNIFORM BLENDED MIXTURES.
7. WHEN THIS METHOD IS USED , A MAXIMUM TIME OF 2 HOURS IS ALLOWED FOR WET
MIXING, LETDOWN AND FINISHING.

CENTRAL PLANT MIXING METHOD

THE PLANT IS EQUIPPED WITH FEEDING AND METERING DEVICES THAT WILL
INTRODUCE THE CEMENT AGGREGATE AND WATER INTO THE MIXER IN QUANTITIES SPECIFIED.
MIXING CONTINUE UNTIL AFTER A UNIFORM MIXTURE IS ATTAINED.
SPREADING, COMPACTING AND FINISHING
NOT MORE THAN 60 MINUTES SHOULD ELAPSE FROM THE START OF MIXING TO
COMPACTION OF THE LAID MIXTURE. AFTER SPREADING, THE MIXTURE IS COMPACTED AND
FINISHED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROCEDURES AS ENUMERATED FOR LIME STABILIZED
ROAD MIX BASE COURSE ITEM 2-3.
CLEARING AND GRUBBING
CLEARING AND GRUBBING IS CATEGORIZED UNDER ITEM-100 OF THE DPWH STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS. IT CONSISTS OF CLEARING, GRUBBING, REMOVING AND DISPOSING OF ALL
VEGETABLE MATTER AND DEBRIS EXCEPT THOSE OBJECTS THAT ARE DESIGNATED TO REMAIN
IN PLACE OR ARE TO BE REMOVED IN CONSONANCE WITH OTHER PROVISIONS OF THE
SPECIFICATIONS. IT ALSO INCLUDES PRESERVATION FROM INJURY OR DEFACEMENT OF ALL
OBJECTS DESIGNATED TO REMAIN.

SPECIFICATIONS FOR CLEARING AND GRUBBING PROVIDES THAT:

ALL SURFACE OBJECTS AND ALL TREES, STUMPS, ROOTS AND OTHER PROTRUDING
OBSTRUCTIONS, NOT DESIGNATED TO REMAIN SHOULD BE CLEARED AND OR GRUBBED
INCLUDING THE MOWING REQUIRED AS FOLLOWS:
1. REMOVAL OF UNDISTURBED STUMPS AND ROOTS AND NON PERISHABLE SOLID
OBJECTS WITH A MINIMUM DEPTH OF 90 CM BELOW SUB-GRADE OR SLOPE OF
EMBANKMENTS WILL NOT BE REQUIRED.
2. OUTSIDE THE GRADING LIMITS