24 CHAPTER 11.

VECTORS AND 3-SPACE

The second determinant can be obtained from the first by an interchange of the second and
third rows followed by an interchange of the new first and second rows. Using Property (iii)
of determinates in Appendix I in the text, we see that a · (b × c) = (a × b) · c.
62. b × c = (b2 c3 − b3 c2 )i − (b1 c3 − b3 c1 )j + (b1 c2 − b2 c1 )k
a × (b × c) = [a2 (b1 c2 − b2 c1 ) + a3 (b1 c3 − b3 c1 )]i − [a1 (b1 c2 − b2 c1 ) − a3 (b2 c3 − b3 c2 )]j
+ [−a1 (b1 c3 − b3 c1 ) − a2 (b2 c3 − b3 c2 )]k
= (a2 b1 c2 − a2 b2 c1 + a3 b3 c1 )i − (a1 b1 c2 − a2 b2 c1 − a3 b2 c3 + a3 b3 c2 )j
− (a1 b1 c3 − a1 b3 c1 + a2 b2 c3 − a2 b3 c2 )k
(a × c)b − (a · b)c = (a1 c1 + a2 c2 + a3 c3 )(b1 i + b2 j + b3 k) − (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 )(c1 i + c2 j + c3 k)
= (a2 b1 c2 − a2 b2 c1 + a3 b1 c3 − a3 b3 c1 )i − (a1 b1 c2 − a2 b2 c1 − a3 b2 c3 + a3 b3 c2 )j
− (a1 b1 c3 − a1 b3 c1 + a2 b2 c3 − a2 b3 c2 )k

63. a × (b × c) + b × (c × a) + c × (a × b)
= (a · c)b − (a · b)c − (b · c)a + (c · b)a − (c · a)b
= [(a · c)b − (c · a)b] + [(b · a)c − (a · b)c] + [(c · b)a − (b · c)a] = 0
64. If either a, b or c is the zero vector, the result is trivial. Therefore, assume all three are
nonzero. If b is a scalar multiple of c, then b × c = 0 and a · (b × c) = a · 0 = 0
If b is not a scalar multiple of c, then b × c is orthogonal to the plane containing b and c.
This implies b × c is orthogonal to a since a lies in the same plane as b and c. Hence, by
Theorem 11.3.3, we have a · (b × c) = 0.
65. (a) We first note that a × b = k, b × c = 21 (i − k), c × a = 1
2 (j − k), a · (b × c) =
1 1 1
2 , b · (c × a) = 2 , and c · (a × b) = 2 . Then

1 1
2 (i − k) 2 (j − k) k
A= 1 = i − k, B = 1 = j − k, and C = 1 = 2k.
2 2 2

(b) We need to compute A · (B × C). Using the formula from Problem 62 we have

(c × a) × (a × b) ([c × a) · b]a − [(c × a) · a]b

B×C= =
[b · (c × a)][c × (a × b)] [b · (c × a)][c × (a × b)]
a
= since (c × a) · a = 0.
c · (a × b

Then
b×c a 1
A · (B × C) = · =
a · (b × c) c · (a × b) c · (a × b)
and the volume of the unit cell of the reciprocal lattice is the reciprocal of the volume
of the unit cell of the original lattice.

11.5 Lines in 3-Space

1. hx, y, zi = h4, 6, −7i + th3, 12 , − 32 i
11.5. LINES IN 3-SPACE 25

2. hx, y, zi = h1, 8, −2i + th−7, −7, 0i

3. hx, y, zi = h0, 0, 0i + th5, 9, 4i

4. hx, y, zi = h0, −3, 10i + th12, −5, −6i

−−→ −−→
The equation of a line through P1 and P2 is 3-space with r1 = OP1 and r2 = OP2 can be
expressed as r = r1 + t(ka) or r = r2 + t(ka) where a = r2 − r1 and k is any non-zero scalar.
Thus, the form of the equation of a line is not unique. (See the alternative solution to Problem
5.)

5. a = h1 − 3, 2 − 5, 1 − (−2)i = h−2, −3, 3i; hx, y, zi = h1, 2, 1i + th−2, −3, 3i

Alternate Solution: a = h−31, 5 − 2, −2 − 1i = h2, 3, −3i; hx, y, zi = h3, 5, −2i + th2, 3, −3i

6. a = h0 − (−2), 4 − 6, 5 − 3i = h2, −2, 2i; hx, y, zi = h0, 4, 5i + th−2, −2, 2i

7. a = h1/2 − (−3/2), −1/2 − 5/2, 1 − (−1/2)i = h2, −3, 3/2i;

hx, y, zi = h1/2, −1/2, 1i + th2, −3, 3/2i

8. a = h10 − 5, 2 − (−3), 10 − 5i = h5, 5, −15i; hx, y, zi = h10, 2, −10i + th5, 5, −15i

9. a = h1 − (−4), 1 − 1, −1 − (−1)i = h5, 0, 0i; hx, y, zi = h1, 1, −1i + th5, 0, 0i

10. a = h3 − 5/2, 2 − 1, 1 − (−2)i = h1/2, 1, 3i; hx, y, zi = h3, 2, 1i + th1/2, 1, 3i

11. a = h2 − 6, 3 − (−1), 5 − 8i = h−4, 4, −3i; x = 2 − 4t, y = 3 + 4t, z = 5 − 3t

12. a = h2 − 0, 0 − 4, 0 − 9i = h2, −4, −9i; x = 2 + 2t, y = −4t, z = −9t

13. a = h1 − 3, 0 − (−2), 0 − (−7)i = h−2, 2, 7i; x = 1 − 2t, y = 2t, z = 7t

14. a = h0 − (−2), 0 − 4, 5 − 0i = h2, −4, 5i; x = 2t, y = −4t, z = 5 + 5t

1 3 1 1
15. a = h4−(−)6, 1/2−(−1/4), 1/3−1/6i = h10, 3/4, 1/6i; x = 4+10t, y = + t, z = + t
2 4 3 6
16. a = h−3 − 4, 7 − (−8), 9 − 1(−1)i = h−7, 15, 10i; x = −3 − 7t, y = 7 + 15t, z = 9 + 10t
x − 10 y − 14 z+2
17. a1 = 10 − 1 = 9, a2 = 14 − 4 = 10, a3 = −2 − (−9) = 7; = =
9 10 7
x−1 y−3 z − 1/4
18. a1 = 1 − 2/3 = 1/3, a2 = 3 − 0 = 3, a3 = 1/4 − (1/4) = 1/2; = =
1/3 3 1/2
x−7 z−5
19. a1 = −7 − 4 = −11, a2 = 2 − 2 = 0, a3 = 5 − 1 = 4; = , y=2
−11 4
x−1 y−1 z−2
20. a1 = 1 − (−5) = 6, a2 = 1 − (−2), a3 = 2 − (−4); = =
6 3 6
y − 10 z+2
21. a1 = 5 − 5 = 0, a2 = 10 − 1 = 9, a3 = −2 − (−14) = 12; x = 5, =
9 12
26 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE

22. a1 = 5/6 − 1/3 = 1/2, a2 = −1/4 − 3/8 = 5/8, a3 = 1/5 − 1/10 = 1/10;
x − 5/6 y + 1/4 z − 1/5
= =
1/2 −5/8 1/10

23. Writing the given line in the form x/2 = (y − 1)/(−3) = (z − 5)/6, we see that a direction
vector is h2, −3, 6i. Parametric equations for the lines are x = 6+2t, y = 4−3t, z = −2+6t.

24. A direction vector is h5, 1/3, −2i. Symmetric equations for the line are
(x − 4)/5
= (y + 11)(1/3) = (z + 7)/(−2).

25. A direction vector parallel to both the xy- and xy-planes is i = h1, 0, 0i. Parametric equations
for the line are x = 2 + t, y = −2, z = 15.

26. (a) Since the unit vector j = h0, 1, 0i lies along the y-axis, we have x = 1, y = 2 + t, z = 8.
(b) Since the unit vector k = h0, 0, 1i is perpendicular to the xy-plane, we have z = 1,
y = 2, z = 8 + t.

27. Both lines go through the points (0, 0, 0) and (6, 6, 6). Since two points determine a line, the
lines are the same.

28. The direction vector of line L1 is v1 = h3, 6, −9i. The direction vector of line
L2 is v2 = h−1, −2, 3i. Since v1 = −3v2 , lines L1 and L2 are parallel. Hence, if we can find
a point that lies on both lines, then they must be parallel. Letting t = 0 for L1 and t = 3 for
L2 , we see that the point (2, −5, 4) lies on both lines. Therefore L1 and L2 are the same.
−7 − 3
29. (a) Equating the x components, we have x = 3 + 2t, = −7, which gives t = = −5.
2
We can check our work by plugging this value of t into the y and z components to get
y = 4 − (−5) = 9 and z = −1 + 6(−5) = −31
(b) Equating the x components, we have x = 5 − x = −7 which gives s = 5 + 7 = 12.
We can check our work by plugging this value of s into the y and z components to get
1
y = 3 + (12) = 9 and z = 5 − 3(12) = −31
2
30. a and f are parallel since h9, −12, 6i = −3h−3, 4, 2i. c and d are orthogonal since
h2, −3, 4i · h1, 4, 5/2i = 0.

31. In the xy-plane, z = 9+3t = 0 and t = −3. Then x = 4−2(−3) = 10 and y = 1+2(−3) = −5.
The point is (10, −5, 0). In the xz-plane, y = 1+2t = 0 and t = −1/2. Then x = 4−2(−1/2) =
5 and z = 9 + 3(−1/2) = 15/2. The point is (5, 0, 15/2). In the yz-plane, x = 4 − 2t = 0 and
t = 2. Then y = 1 + 2(2) = 5 and z = 9 + 3(2) = 15. The point is (0, 5, 15).

32. The parametric equations for the line are x = 1+2t, y = −2+3t, z = 4+2t. In the xy-plane,
z = 4 + 2t = 0 and t = −2. Then x = 1 + 2(−2) = −3 and y = −2 + 3(−2) = −8. The point
is (−3, −8, 0). In the xz-plane, y = −2 + 3t = 0 and t = 2/3. Then x = 1 + 2(2/3) = 7/3
and z = 4 + 2(2/3) = 16/3. The point is (7/3, 0, 16/3). In the yz-plane, x = 1 + 2t = 0 and
t = −1/2. Then y = −2 + 3(−1/2) = −7/2 and z = 4 + 2(−1/2) = 3. The point is (0, −7/2, 3).
11.5. LINES IN 3-SPACE 27

33. Solving the system 4 + t = 6 + 2s, 5 + t = 11 + 4s, −1 + 2t = −3 + s, or t − 2s = 2, t − 4s =

6, 2t − s = −2 yields s = −2 and t = −2 in all three equations. Thus, the lines intersect at
the point x = 4 + (−2) = 2, y = 5 + (−2) = 3, z = −1 + 2(−2) = −5, or (2, 3, −5).

34. Solving the system 1 + t = 2 − s, 2 − t = 1 + s, 3t = 6s, or t + s = 1, t + s = 1, t − 2s = 0

yields s = 1/3 and t = 2/3 in all three equations. Thus, the lines intersect at the point
x = 1 + 2/3 = 5/3, y = 2 − 2/3 = 4/3, z = 3(2/3) = 2, or (5/3, 4/3, 2).

35. The system of equations 2 − t = 4 + s, 3 + t = 1 + s, 1 + t = 1 − s, or t + s = −2, t − s =

−2, t + s = 0 has no solution since −2 6= 0. Thus, the lines do not intersect.

36. Solving the system 3 + t = 2 + 2s, 2 + t = −2 + 3s, 8 + 2t = −2 + 8s, or t + 2s = 1, t − 3s =

−4, 2t − 8s = −10 yields s = 1 and t = −1 in all three equations. Thus, the lines intersect
at the point x = 3 − (−1) = 4, y = 2 + (−1) = 1, z = 8 + 2(−1) = 6, or (4, 1, 6).

37. Using the first two points, we determine the line x = 4 + 6t, y = 3 + 12t, z = −5 − 6t.
Letting t = −5/6 we see that (−1, −7, 0) is on the line. Thus, the points lie on the same line.

38. Using the first two points, we determine the line x = −1 − 12t, y = 6 + 4t, z = 6 − 8t.
Setting x = −2 in the first equation, we obtain t = 1/4. Since z = 6 − 8 41 = 4 =


6 5 when
t = 1/4, the points do not lie on the same line.

39. A direction vector for the line is h6−2, −1−5, 3−9i = h4, −6, −6i. Thus, parametric equations
for the line segment are x = 2 + 4t, y = 5 − 6t, z = 9 − 6t, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

40. The midpoint of the first line segment, obtained by letting t = 3/2, is (4, 1/2, −1/2). The
midpoint of the second line segment, obtained by letting t = 0, is (−2, 6, 5). A direction vector
for the line segment connecting the midpoints is h−2−4, 6−1/2, 5−(−1/2)i = h−6, 11/2, 11/2i.
Thus, parametric equations for the line segment are x = 4 − 6t, y = 1/2 + (11/2)t,
z = −1/2 + (11/2)t, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
a·b 16
41. a = h−1, 2, −2i, b = h2, 3, −6i, a · b = 16, |a| = 3, |b| = 7; cos θ = = ;
|a||b| 3·7
16
θ = arccos ≈ 40.37◦
21
√ √
42. a = h2, 7, −1i, b = h−2, 1, 4i, a · b = −1, |a| = 3 
6, |b| = 21; 
a·b 1 1 1
cos θ = =− √ √ = − √ ; θ = arccos − √ √ ≈ 91.70◦
|a||b| (3 6)( 21) 9 14 (3 6)( 21)

43. A direction vector perpendicular to the given lines will be h1, 1, 1i × h−1, 1, −5i = h−6, 3, 3i.
Equations of the lines are x = 4 − 6t, y = 1 + 3t, z = 6 + 3t.

44. The direction vectors of the given lines are h3, 2, 4i and h6, 4, 8i = 2h3, 2, 4i. These are parallel,
so we need a third vector parallel to the plane containing the lines which is not parallel to
them. The point (1, −1, 0) is on the first line and (−4, 6, 10) is on the second line. A third
vector is then h1, −1, 0i − h−4, 6, 10i = h5, −7, −10i. Now a direction vector perpendicular to
the plane is h3, 2, 4i × h5, −, 7−, 10i = h8, 50, −31i. Equations of the line through (1, −1, 0)
and perpendicular to the plane are x = 1 + 8t, y = −1 + 50t, z = −31t.
28 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE

45. In the system −3 + t = 4 + s, 7 + 3t = 8 − 2s, 5 + 2t = 10 − 4s, or t − s = 7, 3t + 2s =

1, 2t + 4s = 5, the first and second equations have solution t = 3 and s = −4. Substituting
into the third equation, we find 2(3) = 4(−4) = 6 − 16 = −10 6= 5. The direction vectors of
the lines are h1, 3, 2i and h1, −2, −4i, so the lines are not parallel. Thus, the lines are skew.

46. In the system 6 + 2t = 7 + 8s, 6t = 4 − 4s, −8 + 10t = 3 − 24s, or 2t − 8s = 1, 6t + 4s =

4, 10t + 24s = 11, the second and third equations have solution t = 1/2 and s = 1/4.
Substituting into the first equation, we find 2(1/2) − 8(1/4) = −1 6= 1. The direction vectors
of the lines are h2, 6, 10i and h8, −4, , −24i, so the lines are not parallel. Thus, the lines are
skew.
−−−→ −−−→ −−−→ −−−→
47. The vector (P1 P2 × P3 P4 )/|P1 P2 × P3 P4 | is a unit vector perpendicular to the two planes. To
find the shortest distance between the planes we compute the absolute value of the component
−−−→
of P1 P3 on this unit vector. Then

−−−→ −−−→ −−−→  −−−→ −−−→ −−−→
P1 P2 × P3 P4  |P1 P3 · P1 P2 × P3 P4 |
d = P1 P3 · −−−→ −−−→  =

−−−→ −−−→
 |P1 P2 × P3 P4 |  |P1 P2 × P3 P4 |
−−−→
48. We take P1 = (−3, 7, 5), P2 = (−2, 10, 7), P3 + (4, 8, 10), and P4 = (5, 6, 6). Then P1 P3 =
−−−→ −−−→ −−−→ −−−→
h7, 1, 5i, P1 P2 = h1, 3, 2i, P3 P4 = h1, −2, −4i, and P1 P2 × P3 P4 = h−8, 6, −5i. The dis-
tance between the lines is then
|h7, 1, 5i · h−8, 6, −5i| 75 √
d= = √ = 3 5.
|h−8, 6, −5i| 5 5

11.6 Planes
1. 2(x − 5) − 3(y − 1) + 4(z − 3) = 0; 2x − 3y + 4z = 19

2. 4(x − 1) − 2(y − 2) + 0(z − 5) = 0; 4x − 2y = 0

3. −5(x − 6) + 0(y − 10) + 3(z + 7) = 0; −5x + 3z = −51

4. 6x − y + 3z = 0

5. 6(x − 1/2) + 8(y − 3/4) − 4(z − 1/2) = 0; 6x + 8y − 4z = 11

6. −(x + 1) + (y − 1) − (z − 0) = 0; −x + y − z = 2

7. From the points (3, 5, 2) and (2, 3, 1) we obtain the vector u = i + 2j + k. From the points
(2, 3, 1) and (−1, −1, 4) we obtain the vector v = 3i + 4j − 3k. From the points (−1, −1, 4)
and (x, y, z) we obtain the vector w = (x + 1)i + (y + 1)j + (z − 4)k. Then, a normal vector is
 
 i j k 
 
u × v =  1 2 1  = −10i + 6j − 2k

 3 4 −3 

A vector equation of the plane is −10(x + 1) + 6(y + 1) − 2(z − 4) = 0 or 5x − 3y + z = 2.

11.6. PLANES 29

8. From the points (0, 1, 0) and (0, 1, 1) we obtain the vector u = k. From the points (0, 1, 1)
and (1, 3, −1) we obtain the vector v = i + 2j − 2k. From the points (1, 3, −1) and (x, y, z) we
obtain the vector w = (x − 1)i + (y − 3)j + (z + 1)k. Then, a normal vector is
 
 i j k 
 
u × v =  0 0 1  = −2i + j

 1 2 −2 

A vector equation of the plane is −2(x − 1) + (y − 3) + 0(z + 1) = 0 or −2x + y = 1.

9. From the points (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1) we obtain the vector u = i + j + k. From the points
(1, 1, 1) and (3, 2, −1) we obtain the vector v = 2i + j − 2k. From the points (3, 2, −1) and
(x, y, z) we obtain the vector w = (x − 3)i + (y − 2)j + (z + 1)k. Then, a normal vector is
 
 i j k 
 
u × v =  1 1 1  = −3i + 4j − k

 2 1 −2 

A vector equation of the plane is −3(x − 3) + 4(y − 2) − (z + 1) = 0 or −3x + 4y − z = 0.

10. The three points are not collinear and all satisfy x = 0, which is the equation of the plane.

11. From the points (1, 2, −1) and (4, 3, 1) we obtain the vector u = 3i + j + 2k. From the points
(4, 3, 1) and (7, 4, 3) we obtain the vector v = 3i + j + 2k. From the points (7, 4, 3) and (x, y, z)
we obtain the vector w = (x − 7)i + (y − 4)j + (z − 3)k. Since u × v = 0, the points are
collinear.

12. From the points (2, 1, 2) and (4, 1, 0) we obtain the vector u = 2i−2k. From the points (4, 1, 0)
and (5, 0, −5) we obtain the vector v = i − j − 5k. From the points (5, 0, −5) and (x, y, z) we
obtain the vector w = (x − 5)i + yj + (z + 5)k. Then, a normal vector is
 
 i j k 

u × v =  2 0 −2  = −2i + 8j − 2k
 1 −1 −5 

A vector equation of the plane is −2(x − 5) + 8y − 2(z + 5) = 0 or x − 4y = z = 0.

13. A normal vector to x + y − 4z = 1 is h1, 1, −4i. The equation of the parallel plane is (x − 2) +
(y − 3) − 4(z + 5) = 0 or x + y − 4z = 25.

14. A normal vector to 5x − y + z = 6 is h5, −1, 1i. The equation of the parallel plane is 5(x −
0) − (y − 0) + (z − 0) = 0 or 5x − y + z = 0.

15. A normal vector to the xy-plane is h0, 0, 1i. The equation of the parallel plane is z − 12 = 0
or z = 12.

16. A normal vector is h0, 1, 0i. The equation of the plane is y + 5 = 0 or y = −5.
30 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE

17. Direction vectors of the lines are h3, −1, 1i and h4, 2, 1i. A normal vector to the plane is
h3, −1, 1i × h4, 2, 1i = h−3, 1, 10i. A point on the first line, and thus in the plane, is (1, 1, 2).
The equation of the plane is −3(x − 1) + (y − 1) + 10(z − 2) = 0 or −3x + y + 10z = 18.

18. Direction vectors of the lines are h2, −1, 6i and h1, 1, −3i. A normal vector to the plane is
h2, −1, 6i×h1, 1, −3i = h−3, 12, 3i. A point on the first line, and thus in the plane, is (1, −1, 5).
The equation of the plane is −3(x − 1) + 12(y + 1) + 3(z − 5) = 0 or −x + 4y + z = 0.

19. A direction vector for the two lines is h1, 2, 1i. Points on the lines are (1, 1, 3) and (3, 0, −2).
Thus, another vector parallel to the plane is h1 − 3, 1 − 0, 3 + 2i = h−2, 1, 5i. A normal vector
to the plane is h1, 2, 1i × h−2, 1, 5i = h9, −7, 5i. Using the point (3, 0, −2) in the plane, the
equation of the plane is 9(x − 3) − 7(y − 0) + 5(z + 2) = 0 or 9x − 7y + 5z = 17.

20. A direction vector for the line is h3, 2, −1i. Letting t = 0, we see that the origin is on the line
and hence in the plane. Thus, another vector parallel to the plane is h4 − 0, 0 − 0, −6 − 0i =
h4, 0, −6i. A normal vector to the plane is h3, 2, −2i × h4, 0, −6i = h−12, 10, −8i. The equation
of the plane is −12(x − 0) + 10(y − 0) − 8(z − 0) = 0 or 6x − 5y + 4z = 0.

21. A direction vector for the line, and hence a normal vector for the plane, is h−3, 1, −1/2i. The
equation of the plane is −3(x − 2) + (y − 4) − 21 (z − 8) = 0 or −3x + y − 12 z = −6.

22. A normal vector to the plane is h2 − 1, 6 − 0, −3 + 2i = h1, 6, −1i. The equation of the plane
is (x − 1) + 6(y − 1) − (z − 1) = 0 or x + 6y − z = 6.

23. Normal vectors to the plane are (a) h2, −1, 3i, (b) h1, 2, 2i, (c) h1, 1, −3/2i, (d) h−5, 2, 4i,
(e) h−8, −8, 12i, (f ) h−2, 1, −2i. Parallel planes are (c) and (e), and (a) and (f ). Perpen-
dicular planes are (a) and (d), (b) and (c), (b) and (e), and (d) and (f ).

24. A normal vector to the plane is h−7, 2, 3i. This is the direction vector for the line and the
equations of the line are x − 4 − 7t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 7 + 3t.

25. A direction vector of the line is h−6, 9, 3i, and the normal vectors of the plane are (a) h4, 1, 2i,
(b) h2, −3, 1i, (c) h10, −15, −5i, (d) h−4, 6, 2i. Vectors (c) and (d) are multiples of the
direction vector and hence the corresponding planes are perpendicular to the line.

26. A direction vector of the line is h−2, 4, 1i, and the normal vectors of the plane are (a) h1, −1, 3i,
(b) h6, −3, 0i, (c) h1, −2, 5i, (d) h−2, 1, −2i. Since the dot product of each normal vector
with the direction vector is non-zero, none of the planes are parallel to the line.

27. Letting z = t in both equations and solving 5x − 4y = 8 + 9t, x + 4y = 4 − 3t, we obtain

x = 2 + t, y = 21 − t, z = t.

28. Letting y = t in both equations and solving x − z = 2 − 2t, 3x + 2z = 1 + t, we obtain

x = 1 − 35 t, y = t, z = −1 + 75 t or, letting t = 5s, x = 1 − 3s, y = 5s, z = −1 + 7s.

29. Letting z = t in both equations and solving 4x − 2y = 1 + t, x + y = 1 − 2t, we obtain

x = 21 − 12 t, y = 12 − 32 t, z = t.

30. Letting z = t and using y = 0 in the first equation, we obtain x = − 21 t, y = 0, z = t.

11.6. PLANES 31

31. Substituting the parametric equations into the equation of the plane, we obtain 2(1+2t)23(2−
t) + 2(−3t) = −7 or t = −3. Letting t = −3 in the equation of the line, we obtain the point
of intersection (−5, 5, 9).

32. Substituting the parametric equations into the equation of the plane, we obtain (3 − 2t) +
(1 + 6t) − 4(2 − 12 ) = 12 or 2t = 0. Letting t = 0 in the equation of the line, we obtain the
point of intersection (3, 1, 2).

33. Substituting the parametric equations into the equation of the plane, we obtain 1+2−(1+t) =
8 or t = −6. Letting t = −6 in the equation of the line, we obtain the point of intersection
(1, 2, −5).

34. Substituting the parametric equations into the equation of the plane, we obtain 4 + t − 3(2 +
t) + 2(1 + 5t) = 0 or t = 0. Letting t = 0 in the equation of the line, we obtain the point of
intersection (4, 2, 1).
In Problems 35 and 26, the cross product of the normal vectors to the two planes will be
a vector parallel to both planes, and hence a direction vector for a line parallel to the two
planes.

35. Normal vectors are h1, 1, −4i and h2, −1, 1i. A direction vector is

h1, 1, −4i × h2, −1, 1i = h−3, −9, −3i = −3h1, 3, 1i.

Equations of the line are x = 5 + t, y = 6 + 3t, z = −12 + t.

36. Normal vectors are h2, 0, 1i and h−1, 3, 1i. A direction vector is

h2, 0, 1i × h−1, 3, 1i = h−3, −3, 6i = −3h1, 1, −2i.

Equations of the line are x = −3 + t, y = 5 + t, z = −1 − 2t.

In Problems 37 and 38, the cross product of the direction vector of the line with the normal
vector of the given plane will be a normal vector to the desired plane.

37. A direction vector of the line is h3, −1, 5i and a normal vector to the given plane is h1, 1, 1i. A
normal vector to the desired plane is h3, −1, 5i × h1, 1, 1i = h−6, 2, 4i. A point on the line, and
hence in the plane is h4, 0, 1i. The equation of the plane is −6(x − 4) + 2(y − 0) + 4(z − 1) = 0
or 3x − y − 2x = 10.

38. A direction vector of the line is h3, 5, 2i and a normal vector to the given plane is h2, −4, −1i.
A normal vector to the desired plane is h−3, 5, 2i × h2, −4, −1i = h3, 1, 2i. A point on the line,
and hence in the plane is h2, −2, 8i. The equation of the plane is 3(x−2)+(y +2)+2(z −8) = 0
or 3x + y + 2x = 20.
32 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE

39. 40.
z z
10 6

5
x

2 6 y
x

41. 42.
z z

2 4
y
4
6 y
x
x

-6

43. 44.
z
z 6

4
2
y

1 2 y
x x

45. (a) A direction vector for the line is a = −2i + j − k and a normal vector for the plane is
n = i + j − k. Since a · n = −2 + 1 + 1 = 0, the line is perpendicular to n and thus parallel
11.6. PLANES 33

to the plane. Since (0, 0, 0) is on the line and (0, 0, −1) is in the plane, the line is above
the plane.
(b) A normal vector for the plane is n − 3i − 4j + 2k. Since a · n = 6 − 4 − 2 = 0, the line is
parallel to the plane. Since (0, 0, 0) is one the line and (0, 0, 4) is in the plane, the line is
below the plane.
−−−→
46. The distance D will be the absolute value of compn P0 P1 . Thus, using ax1 + by1 + cz1 = −d,
   
−−−→ n   hx2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 i · ha, b, ci 
D = P0 P1 · = √ 
|n|   a2 + b2 + c2 
|ax2 + by2 + cz2 − (zx1 + by1 + cz1 )| |ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d|
= √ = √ .
a2 + b2 + c2 a2 + b2 + c2

|1(2) − 3(1) + 1(4) − 6| 3

47. Using, Problem 46, D = √ =√ .
1+9+1 11
48. (a) The normal vectors are n1 = i − 2j + 3k and n2 = −4i + 8j − 12k = −4n. Since n1 and
n2 are parallel, the planes are parallel.
(b) To find the distance between the planes we choose (0, 0, 1) on the first plane. Then,
using Problem 46, the distance between the planes is

| − 4(0) + +8(0) − 12(1) − 7| 19

D= p =√ ≈ 1.27.
2 2
(−4) + 8 + (−12) 2 224

49. Normal vectors are h1, −3, 2i and h−1, 1, 1i. Then

h1, −3, 2i · h−1, 1, 1i −2 2

cos θ = = √ √ = −√
|h1, −3, 2i||h−1, 1, 1i| 14 3 42
√
and θ = arccos(−2/ 42) ≈ 107.98◦

50. Normal vectors are h, 2, 6, 3i and h4, −2, 4i. Then

h2, 6, 3i · h4, −2, 4i 8 4

cos θ = = =
|h2, 6, 3i||h4, −2, 4i| 7(6) 21

and θ = arccos(−4/21) ≈ 79.02◦

51. Let the bottoms of the table legs be represented by points in 3-space. The rocking of a four-
legged table occurs when these four points are not coplanar. Hence, not all four legs can rest
on the plane of the floor simultaneously.
However, a three-legged table cannot have this problem. Given any three points in space, a
plane can be found passing through them. Therefore, the bottoms of the legs in a three-legged
table are coplanar. This implies that they will all rest on the plane of the floor, even if the
legs are of uneven lengths.
34 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE

52. Let n1 = h1, −1, 2i which is normal to the plane x − y + 2z = 1. Let n2 = h1, 1, 1i which is
normal to the plane x + y + z = 3. Since L is perpendicular to both n1 and n2 , L must be
parallel to n1 × n2 .
 
 i j k 
 
n1 × n2 =  1 −1 2  − 3i + j + 2k

 1 1 1 

Therefore, L is parallel to v = h−3, 1, 2i.

To completely determine L, we need a point which L passes through. Hence we need a point
(x, y, z) which satisfies the equations of both planes. Since it satisfies both equations, it must
satisfy their sum:

x − y + 2z = 1
x+y+z =3
2x + 3z = 4

So the coordinates of the point satisfy 2x + 3z = 4. Since v as a nonzero k-component, the

line L passes through every possible z-value. This implies the existence of a point on the
intersection of the two planes with a z-value of zero. Letting z = 0, we must have x = 2 since
2x + 3z = 4 for every point on L. Plugging x = 2 and z = 0 into the equation of the first
place, we get y = 1. Therefore (2, 1, 0) lies on the line L.
Using this point and the parallel vector v, the parametric equations of L are

x = 2 − 3t; y = 1 + t; z = 2t

To show that this answer is equivalent to that found in Example 8, first note that both lines
1
pass through (2, 1, 0). Also, the parallel vector used in Example 8 is h−3/2, 1/2, 1i = v.
2
Therefore, the two solutions are the same.

53. (a) The plane should pass through the midpoint of the −2, 3) and
 line segment joining (1,  
1 + 2 −2 + 5 3 − 1 3 3
(2, 5, −2). This is given in Problem 11.2.64 as M = , , = , ,1 .
2 2 2 2 2
The vector joining (1, −2, 3) and (2, 5, −1) should be perpendicular to the plane. This
vector is n = h1, 7, −4i. Using the point (3/2, 3/2, 1) and the normal vector n, the equa-
tion of the plane is given by z + 7y − 4z = 8.

(b) The distance from the plane to either of the two points is equal to half the length of the
1p 2 1√
line segment joining the two points. This is given by 1 + 72 + (−4)2 = 66
2 2
11.7. CYLINDERS AND SPHERES 35

11.7 Cylinders and Spheres

1. z
2. z
3.
z

y y

y
2

x
x x

4. 5. 6.
z z
z

y 3

y
y
x
x

7. 8. 9.
z z z

y
y
1
y

x
36 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE

10. 11. 12.

z
z z

6
3 y
y
x

1 y

x
x

13. 14. 15.

z z

y
y
y

x
x

16. z 17. 18.

z z

3
y
y
y
x
x
x

center: (0, 0, 3)
radius: 4
11.7. CYLINDERS AND SPHERES 37

19. 20.
z
z

y
x y

center: (−3, −4, 5)

center: (1, 1, 1) radius: 2
radius: 1
21. (x2 + 8x + 16) + (y 2 − 6x + 9) + (z 2 − 4z + 4) = 7 + 16 + 9 + 4
(x + 4)2 + (y − 3)2 + (z − 2)2 = 36; center: (−4, 3, 2); radius: 6
22. 4(x2 + x + 1/4) + 4y 2 + 4(z 2 − 3z + 9/4) = −9 + 1 + 9
(x + 1/2)2 + y 2 + (z − 3/2)2 = 1/4; center: (−1/2, 0, 3/2); radius: 1/2
23. x2 + y 2 + (z 2 − 16z = 64) = 64; center: (0, 0, 8); radius: 8
2 2 2
24. (x − x + 1/4) + (y + y + 1/4)√+ z = 1/4 + 1/4; (x − 1/2)2 + (y + 1/2)2 + z 2 = 1/2
center: (1/2, −1/2, 0); radius: 2/2
25. (x + 1)2 + (y − 4)2 + (z − 6)2 = 3
26. x2 + (y − 3)2 + z 2 = 25/16
27. (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 + (z − 4)2 = 16
28. (x − 5)2 + (y − 2)2 + (z − 2)2 = 52
29. There are two solutions: one sphere is inside the given sphere and the other is outside.
x2 + (y − 8)2 + z 2 = 4 or x2 + (y − 4)2 + z 2 = 4.
p
30. (2t)2 + (3t)2 + (6t)2 = 21; t = 3; a = 2t = 6; b = 3t = 9; c = 6t = 18
(x − 6)2 + (y − 9)2 + (z − 18)2 = 25
p √
31. The center is at (1, 4, 2) and the radius is (1 − 0)2 + (4 + 4)2 (2 − 7)2 = 3 10. The equation
is (x − 1)2 + (y − 4)2 + (z − 2)2 = 90.
p √
32. The radius is (−3 − 0)2 + (1 − 0)2 + (2 − 0)2 = 14. The equation is (x + 3)2 + (y − 1)2 +
(z − 2)2 = 14.
33. The upper half of the sphere x2 + y 2 + (z − 1)2 = 4; a hemisphere
34. A circle√on the sphere x2 + y 2 + (z − 1)2 = 4; the circle is parallel to the xy-plane and has
radius 3.
35. All points on and outside the unit sphere centered at the origin
38 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE

36. All points inside the sphere of radius 1 centered at (1, 2, 3), except the center

37. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 represents a sphere of radius 1 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 represents a sphere

of radius 3. Therefore 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 9 represents the set of points lying between these
two spheres. Thus, the geometric object is a hollowed out ball with outer radius 3 and inner
radius 1.

38. This set of points is identical to the found in Problem 11.7.37, with the added restriction
z ≥ 0. This restriction will remove points with negative z-coordinates, leaving only the upper
half of the hollowed out ball.

11.8 Quadric Surfaces

1. paraboloid 2. elliptical cone

z
z

y
x

3. x2 /4 + y 2 + z 2 /9 = 1; ellipsoid 4. −x2 /4 − y 2 /4 + z 2 /4 = 1
hyperboloid of two sheets
z
z

y
x y
x
11.8. QUADRIC SURFACES 39

5. x2 /4 − y 2 /144 + z 2 /16 = 1 6. x2 /25 + y 2 /25 + z 2 /100 = 1

hyperboloid of one sheet ellipsoid

z
z
10
4
y
x 5

5 y

7. elliptical cone 8. y 2 /9 − x2 /16 = z

hyperbolic paraboloid

z z

y
y

x x

9. hyperbolic paraboloid 10. x2 + y 2 = −9z

z paraboloid

y
y
x
x
40 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE

11. x2 /4 − y 2 /4 − z 2 /4 = 1 12. −z 2 /9 + y 2 + z 2 /9 = 1
hyperboloid of two sheets hyperboloid of one sheet

z z

y
3

1 y

z2
13. y 2 + =x 14. hyperboloid of one sheet
1/4
paraboloid z

y
y
x

15. 16.
z
z

4 y
x

y
x
11.8. QUADRIC SURFACES 41

17. 18.
z
z

10
y
y
x

p
19. The equation can be written as x2 + (± y 2 + z 2 )2 = 1. The surface is generated by revolving
the circles x2 + y 2 = 1 or x2 + z 2 = 1 about the x-axis. [Alternatively, the surface is generated
by revolving the circles x2 + y 2 = 1 or y 2 + z 2 = 1 about the y-axis, or the circles x2 + z 2 = 1
or y 2 + z 2 = 1 about the z-axis.]
p
20. The equation can be written as −9x2 + (±2 y 2 + z 2 02 = 36. The surface is generated by
revolving the hyperbolas = 9x2 + 4y 2 = 36 or −9x2 + 4z 2 = 36 about the x-axis.
√
2 2 2
21. The equation can be written as y = e± x +z ) . The surface is generated by revolving the
2 2
curves y = ex or y = ez about the y-axis.
p
22. The equation can be written as (± x2 + y 2 )2 = sin2 z. The surface is generated by revolving
the curves x2 = sin2 z or y 2 = sin2 z about the z-axis.
p √
23. Replacing x by ± x2 + y 2 we have y = ±2 x2 + z 2 or y 2 = 4x2 + 4z 2 .
√ √
24. Replacing z by x2 + z 2 we have y = ( x2 + z 2 )1/2 or y 4 = x2 + z 2 ; y ≥ 0.
p p
25. Replacing z by ± y 2 + z 2 we have ± y 2 + z 2 = 9 − x2 or y 2 + z 2 = (9 − x2 )2 , x ≥ 0.
p p
26. Replacing y by x2 + y 2 we have z = 1 + ( x2 + y 2 )2 or z = 1 + x2 + y 2 .
p p
27. Replacing z by y 2 + z 2 we have x2 − (± y 2 + z 2 )2 = 4 or x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 4.
p p
28. Replacing x by ± x2 + y 2 we have 3(± x2 + y 2 )2 + 4z 2 = 12 or 3x2 + 3y 2 + 4z 2 = 12.
p p
29. Replacing y by x2 + y 2 we have z = ln x2 + y 2 .
p p
30. Replacing y by ± y 2 + z 2 we have x(± y 2 + z 2 ) = 1 or x2 (y 2 + z 2 ) = 1.

31. The surface is Problem 11 is a surface of revolution about the x-axis. The surface in Problem
2 is a surface of revolution about the y-axis. The surface is Problems 1, 4, 6, 10, and 14 are
surfaces of revolution about the z
42 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE

32.
z

1 y
x

33. The first equation is the lower nappe of the cone (z + 2)2 = x2 + y 2 whose axis of revolution
is the z-axis and whose vertex is at (0, 0, −2).
34. The first equation is the right-hand of the cone (y − 1)2 = x2 + z 2 whose axis of revolution is
the y-axis and whose vertex is at (0, 1, 0).
2 2 2 2
√ x /(c − z)a + y /(c − z)b = 1 we see
35. (a) Writing the equation of the ellipse in√the form
that the area of a cross-section is πa c − zb c − z = πab(c − z).
Rc c 1
(b) V = 0 πab(c − x)dz = πab − 21 (c − z)2 0 = πabc2


2
36. (a) Using the formula for the area of an ellipse given in Problem 35(a) we see that a horizontal
cross-sectional area of the ellipsoid is πab(1 − z 2 /c2 ). Then
c c
z 3 
Z 
 z 4
V =2 πab 1 − 2 dz = 2πab z − 2  = πabc.
0 c 3c 0 3

(b) When a = b = c the volume is 34 πa3 , which is the formula for the volume of a sphere.
37. Expressing the line in the form (x − 2)/4 = (y + 2)/(−6) = (z − 6)/3 we see that parametric
equations for the line are x = 2 + 4t, y = −2 = 6t, z = 6 + 3t. Writing the equation of
the ellipse as 36x2 + 9y 2 + 4z 2 = 324 and substituting, we obtain 36(2 + 4t)2 + 9(−2 − 6t)2 +
4(6 + 3t)2 = 936t2 + 936t + 324 or 936t(t + 1) = 0. When t = 0 we obtain the point (2, −2, 6),
and when t = −1 we obtain the point (−2, 4, 3).

Chapter 11 in Review
A. True/False
1. True
2. False; the points must be non-collinear.
3. False; since a normal to the plane is h2, 3, −4i which is not a multiple of the direction vector
h5, −2, 2i of the line.
CHAPTER 11 IN REVIEW 43

4. True 5. True 6. True

7. True 8. True 9. True

10. True; since a × b and c × d are both normal to the plane and hence parallel (unless a × b = 0
or c × d.)
11. True. The normal vector of the first plane is h1, 2, −1i while the normal vector of the second
plane is h−2, −4, 2i. Since the second vector is a scalar multiple of the first, the planes are
parallel.
12. False. Look at Figure 11.5.3 in the text.
13. True. This is a parabolic cylinder similar to that shown in Figure 11.7.6.
y2 2
14. True. In the yz-plane, we have x = 0. Therefore, the equation of the surface becomes 2 + z2 =
1 or y 2 + z 2 = 2.
15. False. Find the equation of the plane containing the first three points, P1 (0, 1, 2), P2 (1, −1, 1),
−−−→ −−−→
and P3 (3, 2, 6). This plane must
  vectors P1 P2 = h1, −2, 1i and P1 P3 = h3, 1, 4i.
contain the
 i j k 
−−−→ −−−→ 
Define n = P1 P2 × P1 P3 =  1 −2 −1  = h−7, −7, −7i. Then n must be normal to the
 3 1 4 
plane. Using n and the point P1 , the equation of the plane becomes −7x − 7y + 7z = 7 or
z +y −z = −1. The fourth point P4 (2, 1, 2) does not lie on the plane since (2)+(1)−(2) 6= −1.
16. True
17. False. The trace in the yz-plane is described by the equation 9y 2 + z 2 = 1 which represents
an ellipse.
18. True. This ellipsoid results from revolving the graph of the ellipse x2 + 9y 2 = 1 about the
y-axis.
19. True. |a × b| = |a||b|| sin θ| = |a||b| since θ = 90◦
20. False. Let a = i, b = j, and c = k. Then a · b = a · c = 0 but b 6= c.

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. 9i + 2j + 2k
2. orthogonal
3. −5(k × j) = −5(−i) = 5i
4. i · (i × j) = i × k = 0
p
5. (−12)2 + 42 + 62 = 14
6. k × (i + 2j − 5k) = k × i + 2(k × j) − 5(k × k)
= j − 2i − 5(0)
= h−2, 1, 0i
44 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE
 
 2 −5 
7. 
  = 2(3) − (−5)(4) = 6 + 20 = 26
4 3 

8. (−1 − 20)i − (−2 − 0)j + (8 − 0)k = −21i + 2j + 8k

9. −6i + j − 7k

10. The smallest component is the j-component with magnitude 3. Therefore, the sphere cannot
have a radius larger than 3 or its interior will intersect the xz-plane. Thus, we need a sphere
with radius 3 and center (4, 3, 7). The equation is

(x − 4)2 + (y − 3)2 + (z − 7)2 = 9

11. Writing the line in parametric form, we have x = 1 + t, y = −2 + 3t z = −1 + 2t.

Substituting into the equation of the plane yields (1 + t) + 2(−2 + 3t) − (−1 + 2t) = 13 or
t = 3. Thus, the point of intersection is x = 1 + 3, y = −2 + 3(3) = 7, z = −1 + 2(3) = 5,
or (4, 7, 5).
p √ 1 4 3 1
12. |a| = 42 + 32 + (−5)2 = 5 2; u = − √ (4i + 3j − 5k) = − √ i − √ j + √ k
5 2 5 2 5 2 2
13. x2 − 2 = 3, x2 = 5; y2 − 1 = 5, y2 = 6; z2 − 7 = −4, z2 = 3; P2 = (5, 6, 3)

14. (5, 1/2, 5/2)

√
15. (7.2)(10) cos 135◦ = −36 2

16. 2b = h−2, 4, 2i; 4c = h0, −8, 8i; a · (2b + 4c) = h3, 1, 0i · h−2, −4, 10i = −10

17. 12, −8, 6

a·b 1
18. cos θ = = √ √ = 1/2; θ = 60◦
|a||b| 2 2
1 √
19. A = |5i − 4j − 7k| = 3 10/2
2
20. (x + 5)2 + (y − 7)2 + (z + 9)2 = 6

21. | − 5 − (−3)| = 2

22. parallel: −2c = 5, c = −5/2; orthogonal: 1(−2) + 3(−6) + c(5) = 0, c=4

23. The equation can be transformed into something more recognizable by completing the square:
x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 − 4y − 12z = 0
=⇒ x2 + 2(y 2 − 2y) + 2(z 2 − 6z) = 0
=⇒ x2 + 2(y 2 − 2y + 1) + 2(z 2 − 6z = 9) = 20
=⇒ x2 + 2(y − 1)2 + 2(z − 3)2 = 20
This is the equation of an ellipsoid centered at (0, 1, 3).

24. Letting z = 1, the trace is described by the equation y = x2 − 1, which is a parabola.

CHAPTER 11 IN REVIEW 45

C. Exercises
 
 i j k       
 1 0   1 0   1 1 
1. a × b =  1 1 0  = 
   i− +  k = i − j + 3k
 1 −2 1  −2 1  1 1   1 −2 
A unit vector perpendicular to both a and b is
a×b 1 1 1 3
=√ (i − j − 3k = √ i − √ j − √ k.
|a × b| 1+1+9 11 11 11
s 
2  2  2 r √
1 1 1 3 3
2. The magnitude of a is given by |a| = + + − = = . Letting
2 2 2 4 2
α,
β, and γ represent the
angles between a and i, j,
and k respectively, we have cos α =
1 1
1 1 −1 1
 √2  = √ , cos β =  √2  = √ , and cos γ =  √ 2  = − √ . From this we are able to
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
 2 2
1
compute: α = cos−1 √ ≈ 0.95532
  3
1
β = cos−1 √ ≈ 0.95532
 3 
1
γ = cos−1 − √ ≈ 2.18628
3
3. compb a = a · b/|b| = h1, 2, −2i · h4, 3, 0i/5 = 2
4. compa b = b · a/|a| = h4, 3, 0i · h1, 2, −2i/3 = 10/3
proja b = (compa ba/|a| = (10/3)h1, 2, −2i/3 = h10/9, 20/9, −20/9i
√
5. First we compute 2a = h2, 4, −4i, |b| = 16 + 9 = 5, and 2a · b = 20. So projb 2a =
2a · b 20 16 12
2
b= h4, 3, 0i = h , , 0i.
|b| 25 5 5
6. compb (a − b) = (a − b) · b/|b| = h−3, −1, −2i · h4, 3, 0i/5 = −3
projb (a − b) = (compb (a − b))b/|b| = −3h4, 3, 0i/5 = h−12/5, −9/5, 0i
projb⊥ (a−b) = (a−b)−projb (a−b) = h−3, −1, −2i−h−12/5, −9/5, 0i = h−3/5, 4/5, −10/5i
x2 y2
7. + = 1; elliptical cylinder
16 4
x2 1
8. + z 2 = − y; paraboloid
2 4
x2 y2 z2
9. − − + = 1; hyperboloid of two sheets
9 9/4 9
x2 y2 (z − 5)2
10. + + = 1; sphere
25 25 25
11. x2 − y 2 = 9z; hyperbolic paraboloid
12. plane
46 CHAPTER 11. VECTORS AND 3-SPACE
√ √
13. Replacing x by ± x2 + z 2 we have (± x2 +p z 2 )2 − y 2 = 1 or x2 + z 2 −p
y 2 = 1, which is a
hyperboloid of one sheet. Replacing y by (± y + z ) we have x − (± y 2 + z 2 )2 = 1 or
2 2 2

x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 1, which is a hyperboloid of two sheets.

14. The surface is generated by revolving y = 1+x, x ≥ 0, about the y-axis or

√ y = 1+z, z ≥ 0
about the z-axis. The restrictions on x and z are required since y = 1 + x2 + z 2 ≥ 1.

15. Let a = ha, b, ci and r = hx, y, zi. Then

(a) (r − a) · r = hx − a, y − b, z − ci · hx, y, zi = x2 − ax + y 2 − by + z 2 − ac = 0 implies

2 
a2 + b2 + c2

 a 2 b c 2
x− + y− + z− = . The surface is a sphere.
2 x 2 4
(b) (r − a) · a = hx − a, y − b, z − ci · ha, b, ci = a(x − a) + b(y − b) + c(z − c) = 0
The surface is a plane.

16. h4, 2, −2i − h2, 4, −3i = h2, −2, 1i; h2, 4, −3i − h6, 7, −5i = h−4, −3, 2i;
h2, −2, 1i · h−4, −3, 2i = 0. The points are the vertices of a right triangle.

17. A direction vector of the given line is h4, −2, 6i. A parallel line containing (7, 3, −5) is
(x − 7)/4 = (y − 3)/(−2) = (z + 5)/6.

18. A normal to the plane is h8, 3, −4i. The line with this direction vector and through (5, −9, 3)
is x = 5 + 8t, y = −9 + 3t, z = 3 − 4t.

19. The direction vectors are h−2, 3, 1i and h2, 1, 1i. Since h−2, 3, 1i · h2, 1, 1i = 0, the lines are
orthogonal. Solving 1 − 2t = x = 1 + 2s, 3t = y = −4 + s, we obtain t = −1 and s = 1. The
point (3, −3, 0) obtained by letting t = −1 and s = 1 is common to the two lines, so they do
intersect.

20. Vectors in the plane are h2, 3, 1i and h1, 0, 2i. A normal vector is h2, 3, 1i×h1, 0, 2i = h6, −3, −3i =
3h2, −1, −1i. An equation of the plane is 2x − y − z = 0.

21. The lines are parallel with direction vector h1, 4, −2i. Since (0, 0, 0) is on the first line and
(1, 1, 3) is on the second line, the vector h1, 1, 3i is in the plane. A normal vector to the plane
is thus h1, 4, −2i × h1, 1, 3i = h14, −5, −3i. An equation of the plane is 14x − 5y − 3z = 0.

22. Letting z = t in the equations of the plane and solving −x + y = 4 + 8t, 3x − y = −2t,
we obtain x = 2 + 3t, y = 6 + 11t, z = t. Thus, a normal to the plane is h3, 11, 1i and an
equation of the plane is 3(x − 1) + 11(y − 7) + (z + 1) = 0 or 3x + 11y + z = 79.

23. A normal vector is (i − 2j) × (2i + 3k) = −6i − 3j + 4k. Thus, an equation of the plane is
−6(z − 1) − 3(y + 1) + 4(z − 2) = 0 or 6x + 3y − 4z = −5.

24. The points at the ends of the diameter, obtained from t = −1 and t = 0 are (2, 4, 2) and
(4, 7, 8). The center of the
√ sphere is the midpoint of the line segment or (3, 11/2, 5). The
diameter of the sphere is 22 + 32 + 62 = 7. The equation is (x−3)2 +(y −11/2)2 +(z −5)2 =
49/4.
CHAPTER 11 IN REVIEW 47

25. We compute (a × b) · c. First a × b = −3i + 3j − 3k. Then (a × b) · c = −3(4) + 3(5) − 3(1) = 0,

and the vectors are coplanar.
1
26. Let d be the vector from the right angle to M . We want to show that |d| = |c|. Since
2
2 2 2
a · b = 0 we have |b − a| = (b − a) · (b − a) = a · a + 2a · b + b · b = |a| + |b| , we have
1p 2 1 1
|d| = 21 |a + b| = |a| + |b|2 = |b − a| = |c|.
2 2 2
27. (a) We have v = vj and B = Bi. Then F = q(v × B = q(vj × Bi) = q(−vBk) = −qvBk.
(b) We first note that L = mr × v and r × v = 0. Then

r × L = r × (mr × v) = m[r × (r × v)] = m[(r · v)r − (r · r)v] = −m|r|2 v,

1 1
and so v = − 2
(r × L) = (L × r).
m|r| m|r|2
a 10 √ √
28. F = 10 = √ (i + j) = 5 2i + 5 2j; d = h7, 4, 0i − h4, 1, 0i = 3i + 3j
|a| 2√ √ √
W = F · d = 15 2 + 15 2 = 30 2 N-m
√ √ √ √
29. F = 5 2i + 5 2j + 50i = (5 2 + 50)i + 5 2j; d = 3i + 3j
√ √ √
W = 15 2 + 150 + 15 2 = 30 2 + 150N-m ≈ 192.4 N-m
30. Let |F1 | = F1 and |F2 | = F2 . Then F1 = F1 [(cos 45◦ )i + (sin 45◦ )j] and F2 = F2 [(cos 120◦ )i +
  √ !
1 1 1 3
(sin 120◦ )j] or F1 = F1 √ i + √ and F2 = F2 − i + j . Since w + F1 + F2 = 0,
2 2 2 2

  √ !   √ !
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
F1 √ i + √ + F2 − i+ j = 50j, √ F1 − F2 i + √ F1 + F2 j = 50j
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

and √
1 1 1 3
√ F1 − F2 = 0, √ F1 + F2 = 50.
2 2 2 2
√ √ √
Solving, we obtain F1 = 25( 6 − 2) ≈ 25.9lb and F2 = 50( 3 − 1) ≈ 36.6lb.