Unit 4 The Footprint of Fun

Passives
Verbs followed by
gerunds or infinitives

Japanese fans wave rubbish bags before cleaning up after a World Cup game.

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 Passives: Describing actions and processes 2 Complete the sentences with is, isn’t, should, shouldn’t, will or won’t.
Example: A lot of plastic isn’t manufactured in the country where it is sold.  ✘
1. Most bottles you use once be recycled.  ✘
We use the passive voice: 2. Instead, they be thrown into landfill.  ✔
● to emphasise the action rather than the person who did it (the agent).
3. Many be diverted to the ocean.  ✔
Plastic bottles are polluting the planet.
4. Plastic found in the marine food chain.  ✔
● when we don’t know who is doing the action.

Billions of plastic bottles are produced every year. 5. It digested by marine animals.  ✘
● when it is easy to understand who is doing the action. 6. Food gradually replaced by plastic in the stomachs of seabirds.  ✔
The issue is highlighted in Jack Johnson’s music. 7. If we have to use it, all plastic be separated and recycled.  ✔
The passive voice is formed with be + past participle. 8. It just be thrown away in the hope that it won’t harm the environment.  ✘
What has been done …?
Sustainability is being promoted … 3 Rewrite the sentences with a passive verb.
The ideas will be passed on …
Example: People have used plastic for many purposes over the last 30 years.
The negative is formed by putting the word not after the auxiliary verb.
Plastic has been used for many purposes over the last 30 years.
The majority of plastic bottles are not recycled at all.
1. Plastic has replaced paper bags and cardboard trays.
See irregular verbs list on page 52.

2. Manufacturers could produce plastic more cheaply.
1 Rewrite the active sentences as passive sentences.
Example: People have bought too many plastic bottles. (buy) 3. Marine animals ingest plastic.
Too many plastic bottles have been bought.
1. They don’t sell plastic bottles at Jack Johnson concerts. (sell) 4. People aren’t recycling and reusing plastic enough.

2. This will encourage fans to bring reusable water bottles to the concerts. (encourage) 5. Plastic is polluting our oceans.

3. Manufacturers produce billions of bottles a year. (produce) 6. It has harmed hundreds of species of marine wildlife.

4. We have used too much plastic. (use) 7. A global effort will reduce the harm caused by plastic.

5. We don’t recycle most of our plastic water bottles. (recycle) 8. People shouldn’t throw away plastic products.

6. Plastic waste is harming animals. (harm)

WRITING
Write your top five rules for reducing plastic. Write your sentences in the passive.
Example: Your own bags should be used when shopping.

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 Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives 2 Match the questions to the answers.
1. Do you like to use rainwater in a. I suggest planting less thirsty plants in
the garden? the garden.
Certain verbs are followed by infinitives. 2. What else do you suggest for b. Yes. I would encourage them to grow
Most water parks want to use less water. saving water? bee-friendly flowers.
Park employees encourage visitors to keep water inside the pool. 3. How do you prevent your lawn drying up? c. Yes. I collect it from the roof in a large tank.
Other verbs are followed by gerunds. 4. Would you like to have a swimming d. A bit, I suppose. But I enjoy spending time in
How can they avoid wasting water? pool? the nearby public gardens.
Some verbs can be followed by either, but sometimes with a difference in meaning. 5. Do you have any other tips for e. I would hate to have one! They waste so much
He remembered to go to the park. green gardeners? water! I can swim in the river!
He remembered going to the park. 6. Now that you live in a flat, do you miss f. I haven’t got a lawn, but you could try planting
Use the list on page 152 of the Student’s Book to learn them. having a garden? shrubs around the lawn to give more shade.

3 Complete the sentences about water conservation using an infinitive or a gerund rather
1 Complete the sentences with the gerund. Use the verbs in the box. than a noun. Use your own ideas.
Example: I think we should try to develop ways of conserving water.
collect    go    have    recycle    say    separate    take    tell    wash
1. I would like .
Example: I don’t mind taking the rubbish to the recycling centre. 2. When I think about solutions to water shortages, I imagine .
1. Has your town started plastic yet? 3. We enjoy .
2. My brother keeps me to save water. 4. We should encourage people .
3. I’m not that keen on to the landfill site. 5. My parents admit .
4. Do you think it’s worth your rubbish into different piles for recycling? 6. You should consider .
5. I regret not my own bags at the shop. I had to pay to buy plastic ones.
6. Why does he object to the car?
4 Look at the pairs of sentences. Tick the correct sentence. (Sometimes, both sentences
might be correct.)
7. Forgive me for this, but you need to recycle more.
Example: a. I remember being told to recycle the newspapers. ✔
8. My cousin’s interested in rainwater in a container in the garden.
b. I remember being told recycling the newspapers. ✘
1. a. My pet didn’t like to be seen by the vet.
b. My pet didn’t like being seen by the vet.
2. a. I was asked to take shorter showers.
b. I was asked taking shorter showers.
3. a. The director enjoyed to be filmed.
b. The director enjoyed being filmed.
4. a. Dad hates being interrupted.
b. Dad hates to be interrupted.

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