AP Bio Metabolism

CH.
8 METABOLISM
 Organisms are open systems - absorb energy, release heat

 -G = spontaneous = work capacity = moving toward equilibrium = bonds formed
 ATP + H2O = ADP + Pi
o Repulsion between 3 P groups - instability - lots of work available
 3 kinds of work done by ATP hydrolysis
o Chemical work - phosphorylation to a phosphorylated intermediate (more reactive)
o Transport work - change in protein shape and thus its ability to bind
o Mechanical work - motor protein movement
 Speeding up reactions
o Heat - increases rate of collisions
o Enzyme - lowers activation energy without affecting delta G; catalyzes only - G reactions
 Proper orientation
 Distort substrate bonds to transition state
 Favorable environment
 Amino acids participation
 Enzyme + Substrate - Enzyme-Substrate-Complex - Enzyme + Products
 What affects enzyme activity
o Temp and pH
o Cofactors/coenzymes
o Enzyme inhibitors - competitive/noncompetitive
 ATP inhibits activity of catabolic enzymes. ADP activates it when ATP levels low
Definitions:
 1st law of thermodynamics: energy can't be created or destroyed, only transformed

 2nd law of thermodynamics: every energy transfer increases entropy (in form of heat)
o Most of usable energy released as heat
 Energy coupling: using exergonic reactions to power endergonic ones
 phosphorylated intermediate: more reactive than original molecule
 Induced fit: tightening of binding of substrate and enzyme; shape change of enzyme
 Competitive inhibitors: mimics substrate
 Noncompetitive inhibitor: binds to another part of enzyme, changing active site
 Allosteric regulation: allosteric protein's function at one site affected by binding of a regulatory
molecule (activator or inhibitor) at another
 Cooperativity: substrate binding to one active site of an enzyme activates all other units
 Feedback inhibition: pathway halted by inhibitory binding of end product to an enzyme early in
pathway
Ch.9 RESPIRATION
 Recycling of elements: H2O + CO2 (+ Sun) = photosynthesis = sugar + O2 = respiration = H2O +

CO2 (+ATP) = photosynthesis…
 Energy flow: sun (light energy) - photosynthesis - sugar (chemical energy) - cell respiration - heat
 Movement of e- from less EN atom (H) to more EN atom (O) = loss of (-) potential energy = work
 C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (oxidation)
 Process:
o Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm and splits glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules. During the
energy investment phase, the cell spends ATP. During the energy pay-off phase ATP and
NADH are produced
o Pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA, forming NADH and producing CO2
o Acetyl CoA enters the Kreb's Cycle and its energy transferred to NAD+ and FAD which are
reduced to NADH and FADH2. The breakdown of glucose to CO2 is finished and ATP is
formed. The cycle occurs 2x for 1 glucose.
o NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to the ETC. The ETC breaks down the fall of electrons
into several energy releasing steps as they are transferred to an increasingly electronegative
carrier through redox reactions. This energy is used to pump H+ ions out of the
mitochondrial matrix, creating a H+ gradient across the inner membrane
o The exergonic flow of electrons down ATP synthase drives the endergonic phosphorylation
of ADP to make ATP. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and picks up H+ to form H2O.
 Most energy in glucose lost as heat to maintain temp and rest is released sweat
 Other metabolic processes
o Protein: digested into amino acids and deamination - glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and
Kreb's cycle
o Fats:
 Fatty acids - beta-oxidized into acetyl CoA, enters Kreb's cycle
 Glycerol - glycolysis
o Biosynthesis (anabolic pathways) - directly from food or from intermediates of glycolysis and
Kreb's cycle (ex. Pyruvate - glucose)
Definitions:
 Fermentation: breaking down fuel without O2; substrate-level phosphorylation only; final electron
acceptor is pyruvate
o Alcohol fermentation: pyruvate reduced to ethanol (by NADH), releasing CO2 and
regenerating NAD+
o Lactic acid fermentation: pyruvate reduced to lactate, releasing CO2 and regenerating
NAD+
 Anaerobic respiration: breaking down fuel with substances serving as electron acceptors other
than O2; ETC
 NAD+: most versatile oxidizing agent in cell respiration
 Substrate-level phosphorylation: enzyme-catalyzed ATP synthesis when phosphate is transferred
from a substrate to ADP
 Proton-motive force: the potential energy stored as a H+ electrochemical gradient generated by
pumping H+ across a membrane
o Prokaryotes - make ATP, rotate flagella, and pump materials across cell membrane
 Uncoupling proteins: proteins in inner mitochondrial membrane that allow H+ to flow back down
gradient without generating ATP
o Heat without ATP - hibernation
 Obligate anaerobe: can't use O2; only anaerobic respiration and fermentation
 Obligate aerobe: only use O2; only aerobic respiration
 Facultative anaerobe: can use all 3 processes
CH. 10 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Photoautotrophs - photosynthetic algae, unicellular eukaryotes, some prokaryotes
 CO2 + H2O + Light = CH2O + O2 - reduction
 Violet blue and red light best for photosynthesis
 Process
o Light-Dependent Reactions
 Pigments in light-harvesting complex of PSII absorb light, exciting electrons. Electrons
fall back to ground state and energy is transferred from molecule to molecule until it
reduces the primary electron acceptor in the reaction center complex. As electrons
are passed down to PSI through the ETC, energy is released to pump H+ into thylakoid
space and subsequently synthesize ATP in stroma through chemiosmosis. Light excites
electrons in PSI and energy transferred to another primary electron acceptor.
Electrons move down another ETC, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
 Splitting of water restores elections in PSII chlorophyll a molecules that transfer
electrons to primary electron acceptor, creating oxygen
o Calvin cycle:
 Carbon is fixed by rubisco. ATP is used as an energy source and NADH as a reducing
power to convert the fixed carbon (3-PGA) to G3P. G3P converted to organic
compounds like sucrose, cellulose, and starch and regenerates rubisco
 Paper chromatography
o Solvent moves up paper due to capillary action, carrying any dissolved substances with it.
The substances carried along at different rates because their solubility in the solvent differs
and they have different degrees of adhesion to the paper itself
 Photorespiration (C3) - Energetically costly
o On hot days, plants close their stomata, decreasing CO2 levels
o O2 from light reactions increases, causing rubisco to bind to O2
o ATP and sugar is consumed and CO2 released
 C4 Plants - uses less water and resources
o CO2 fixed to PEP-Carboxylase in mesophyll cells, which is then incorporated in Calvin Cycle
in bundle sheath cells
 CAM plants
o Open stomata at night - CO2 taken in and used in organic compounds
o CO2 released during the day to use in Calvin cycle
o Occurs in mesophyll only
Definitions:
 Chlorophyll a: key pigment that captures light in plants

 Stomata: entry and exit for gases
 Action spectrum: records how effective different wavelengths are in driving a process
 Photoprotection: provided by carotenoids, which also broaden spectrum for absorption
 Reaction-center complex: chlorophyll a pair and primary electron acceptor
 Light-harvesting complex: other pigments
 Cyclic electron flow: only in one photosystem; generates ATP only
 Light reactions: solar energy used to make ATP and transfer electrons from water to NAD+
 Dark reactions: ATP and NADH used to make sugar from CO2

AP Bio Metabolism

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CH.

 Organisms are open systems - absorb energy, release heat

 1st law of thermodynamics: energy can't be created or destroyed, only transformed

 Recycling of elements: H2O + CO2 (+ Sun) = photosynthesis = sugar + O2 = respiration = H2O +

 Chlorophyll a: key pigment that captures light in plants

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