CALCULATIONS AND ANALYSIS

See Stress Calculation Spreadsheet for sources of equations,

sources of constants and material properties, and additional
calculations

Impact Analysis

Direct wheel impact at max speed

Fl3
 By using the deflection equation, s (based upon two fully constrained
192EI
2
rod ends), solving for F, and using a basic kinematic equation ( v f vo 2 2a( s)
) to solve for s in terms of F, the force of impact can be determined (227505 N)
 Utilizing shaft stress equations shown below the stress can be determined (400
MPa)
 When comparing this to the shaft’s yield strength, a factor of safety of 1.33 is
calculated
Direct pulley impact at max speed
 Utilizing this same force and finding the stress on the shaft due to bending.
Mc
=8510 MPa
I
 This means the shaft will permanently bend due to the moment applied on it
 The way to avoid this catastrophic failure is to ensure the chassis protects these
open gears by extending past its edges or enclosing it completely. While this may
not completely ensure the module’s safety, it will fix nearly every probable
scenario.

Shaft Stress Calculations

Shaft 1 (Diameter=3/8”)
Material: 1045 Steel, Yield Strength (Sy)= 530 MPa, Ultimate Strength= 625MPa
Max Stress
o The shaft is keyed for a 3/32” key, thus a close approximation for the actual
yield strength is ¾ the materials yield strength (Keyed Yield Strength=398
MPa)
o Loading is comprised of three components
 Moment-Based on cantilevered distance from bearing and radial load
exerted on shaft from the miter gear (2.1 N-m)
 Force- Based on axial load exerted on shaft from miter gear (156.12
N)
 Torque- Exerted by the stall torque of the motor, through a gear ratio
of 2:1 (9.64 N-m)
o Stress Calculation-
4
 max [(8M Fd )2 48T 2 ]1/ 2 =102 MPa
d
2
 max 3
[(8M Fd)2 64T 2 ]1/ 2 = 58.4 MPa
d
o Factors of Safety-
Sy
 n = 3.9
max
Sy
 n = 3.4
2 max
Fatigue Life
o Infinite Life- 2000RPM (Average operating speed)=33.3 cycles/second
 5 year life @ 1 hour operating time (2 hr per week)-approximately
1,908,000 seconds of use
 33.3*1,908,000=6.4E7 cycles to failure for infinite life
o The endurance strength can be calculated using the stress concentration
factors from the keyway (197 MPa)
o ’F=Sut+345MPa= 970 MPa
 log( 'F / Se )
o b =-0.109915548
log(2Ne )
'F
o f (2 103 )b =.673
Sut
( f Sut ) 2
o a =900 MPa
Se
o Loads are based on typical operating conditions, not max conditions
 Moment-Based on cantilevered distance from bearing and radial load
exerted on shaft from the miter gear (2.1 N-m)
 Force- Based on axial load exerted on shaft from miter gear (156.12
N)
 Torque- Exerted by the operating torque of the motor, through a gear
ratio of 2:1 (2.82 N-m)
4
o a 3
[(8M Fd)2 48T 2 ]1/ 2 = 39.4 MPa
d
1
b
o N a
= 2.25E12 cycles to failure
a

Shaft 2 (Diameter=1/2”)
Material: 1045 Steel, Yield Strength= 530 MPa, Ultimate Strength= 625MPa
Max Stress
o The shaft is keyed for a 1/8” key, thus the actual yield strength can be equated
to ¾ the materials yield strength (Keyed Yield Strength=398 MPa)
o Loading is comprised of three components
 Moment-Based on the axle length between bearings and radial load
exerted on shaft from the miter gear (4.28 N-m)
 Force- Based on axial load exerted on shaft from miter gear (156.12
N)
 Torque- Exerted by the stall torque of the motor, through a gear ratio
of 2:1 (9.64 N-m)
o Stress Calculation-
4
 max [(8M Fd )2 48T 2 ]1/ 2 = 47.2 MPa
d
2
 max 3
[(8M Fd)2 64T 2 ]1/ 2 = 26.5 MPa
d
o Factors of Safety-
Sy
 n = 8.4
max
Sy
 n = 7.5
2 max
Fatigue Life
o Infinite Life- 1000RPM=16.67 cycles/second
 
5 year life @ 1 hour operating time (2 hr per week)-approximately
1,908,000 seconds of use
 16.67*1,908,000=3.2E7 cycles to failure for infinite life
o The endurance strength can be calculated using the stress concentration
factors from the keyway (197 MPa)
o ’F=Sut+345MPa= 970 MPa
log( 'F / Se )
o b =-0.109915548
log(2Ne )
'F
o f (2 103 )b =.673
Sut
( f Sut ) 2
o a =900 MPa
Se
o Loads are based on typical operating conditions, not max conditions
 Moment-Based on the axle length between bearings and radial load
exerted on shaft from the miter gear (4.28 N-m)
 Force- Based on axial load exerted on shaft from miter gear (156.12
N)
 Torque- Exerted by the operating torque of the motor, through a gear
ratio of 2:1 (2.82 N-m)
4
o a 3
[(8M Fd)2 48T 2 ]1/ 2 = 25.6 MPa
d
1
b
o N a
= 1.15E14 cycles to failure
a

Shaft 3 (Diameter=3/4”)
Material: 1045 Steel, Yield Strength= 530 MPa, Ultimate Strength= 625MPa
Max Stress
o The shaft is keyed for a 3/16” key, thus the actual yield strength can be
equated to ¾ the materials yield strength (Keyed Yield Strength=398 MPa)
o Loading is comprised of three components
 Moment-Based on the axle length between bearings and the force
exerted by the weight of the system (21.53 N-m)
 Force- Based on axial load exerted on the shaft from turning forces
(235.44 N)
 Torque- Exerted by the stall torque of the motor, through a gear ratio
of 8:1 (38.56 N-m)
o Stress Calculation-
4
 max [(8M Fd )2 48T 2 ]1/ 2 = 59.0 MPa
d
2
 max 3
[(8M Fd)2 64T 2 ]1/ 2 = 32.7 MPa
d
o Factors of Safety-
 Sy
 n = 6.7
max
Sy
 n = 6.1
2 max
Fatigue Life
o Infinite Life- 500RPM=8.34 cycles/second
 5 year life @ 1 hour operating time (2 hr per week)-apprx 1,908,000
seconds of use
 8.34*1,908,000=1.6E7 cycles to failure for infinite life
o The endurance strength can be calculated using the stress concentration
factors from the keyway (197 MPa)
o ’F=Sut+345MPa= 970 MPa
log( 'F / Se )
o b =-0.109915548
log(2Ne )
'F
o f (2 103 )b =.673
Sut
( f Sut ) 2
o a =900 MPa
Se
o Loads are based on typical operating conditions, not max conditions
 Moment-Based on the axle length between bearings and the force
exerted by the weight of the system (21.53 N-m)
 Force- Based on axial load exerted on the shaft from turning forces
(235.4 N)
 Torque- Exerted by the operating torque of the motor, through a gear
ratio of 8:1 (11.28 N-m)
4
o a 3
[(8M Fd)2 48T 2 ]1/ 2 = 35.6 MPa
d
1
b
o N a
= 5.7E12 cycles to failure
a
Steering Shaft (Diameter=1/4”)
Material: 303 Stainless Steel, Yield Strength= 240 MPa, Ultimate Strength= 620 MPa
Max Stress
o Loading is based on torque alone (0.745 N-m)
o Stress Calculation-
4
 max [(8M Fd )2 48T 2 ]1/ 2 = 25.7 MPa
d
2
 max 3
[(8M Fd)2 64T 2 ]1/ 2 = 14.8 MPa
d
o Factors of Safety-
Sy
 n = 9.4
max
 Sy
 n = 8.1
2 max
Fatigue Life
o ’F=Sut+345MPa=965E6 MPa
log( 'F / Se )
o b =-0.07772
log(2Ne )
'F
o f (2 103 )b =.862
Sut
( f Sut ) 2
o a =914 MPa
Se
o Load is comprised of torque alone (.745 N-m)
4
o a [(8M Fd)2 48T 2 ]1/ 2 = 25.7 MPa
d3
1
b
o N a
= 9.3E19 cycles to failure
a
Spur Gears (Calculated using ANSI standards)

Driving Spur
 Material- Carbon Steel, Yield Strength=76900 psi, Modulus of Elasticity=30E6
psi, Poisson’s Ratio=.29, Brunell Hardness 179
 Max Bending Stress
33000 H
o Wt = 306.8 lbf
V
o Ko= 1.25 - Overload Factor, based on light shocks encountered
o Kv= 1.15 - Dynamic Factor, based on quality and velocity of gears
o Ks= 1 - Size Factor
o Pd= .833” – Pitch diameter
o F= .25” – face width
o Km= 1.20 – Load-Distribution factor, based on geometry
o KB= 1 – Rim Thickness factor, based on geometry
o J= .325- Geometry factor, based on number of teeth of gears
Pd Km KB
o W t Ko Kv Ks =5357.1 psi
F J
Sy
o n = 9.0
max
 Endurance Stress
1/ 2

1
o Cp 2 =2284.7 lbf/in2
1 vp 1 vG2
( )
Ep EG
 o Cf=1
o I=0.08- Geometry Factor
K m C f 1/ 2
o C p (W t Ko Ks ) =56972.4 psi
Pd F I
o Sc= 180000 psi- Repeatedly applied contact strength @ 107 cycles,
material property
o Zn=.59 - Stress cycle life factor, based on hardness and number of cycles
o CH=1 -Hardness ratio factor
o KT= 1- Temperature factor
o KR= 1 – Reliability factor
Sc Z N CH /(KT KR )
o SH =1.9
o Comparable factor of safety= SH2=3.5

Driven Spur
 Material- Carbon Steel, Yield Strength=76900 psi, Modulus of Elasticity=30E6
psi, Poisson’s Ratio=.29, Brunell Hardness 179
 Max Bending Stress
33000 H
o Wt = 306.7 lbf
V
o Ko= 1.25 - Overload Factor, based on light shocks encountered
o Kv= 1.15 - Dynamic Factor, based on quality and velocity of gears
o Ks= 1 - Size Factor
o Pd= 1.667” – Pitch diameter
o F= .25” – face width
o Km= 1.19 – Load-Distribution factor, based on geometry
o KB= 1 – Rim Thickness factor, based on geometry
o J= .389- Geometry factor, based on number of teeth of gears
Pd Km KB
o W t Ko Kv Ks =9011.0 psi
F J
Sy
o n = 5.4
max
 Endurance Stress
1/ 2

1
o Cp 2 =2284.7 lbf/in2
1 vp 1 vG 2
( )
Ep EG
o Cf=1
o I=0.08- Geometry Factor
K m C f 1/ 2
o C p (W t Ko Ks ) = 40010.7 psi
Pd F I
 o Sc= 180000 psi- Repeatedly applied contact strength @ 107 cycles,
material property
o Zn=.60 - Stress cycle life factor, based on hardness and number of cycles
o CH=1 -Hardness ratio factor
o KT= 1- Temperature factor
o KR= 1 – Reliability factor
Sc Z N CH /(KT KR )
o SH = 2.70
o Comparable factor of safety= SH2=7.2

Ring/Pinion Gears (Calculated using ANSI standards)

Steering Spur
 Material- 2024-T4 Aluminum, Yield Strength=47000 psi, Modulus of
Elasticity=10.4E6 psi, Poisson’s Ratio=.333
 Max Bending Stress
33000 H
o Wt = 39.3 lbf
V
o Ko= 1.25 - Overload Factor, based on light shocks encountered
o Kv= 1.10 - Dynamic Factor, based on quality and velocity of gears
o Ks= 1 - Size Factor
o Pd= .4375” – Pitch diameter
o F= .125” – face width
o Km= 1.20 – Load-Distribution factor, based on geometry
o KB= 1 – Rim Thickness factor, based on geometry
o J= .24- Geometry factor, based on number of teeth of gears
Pd Km KB
o W t Ko Kv Ks =951.8 psi
F J
Sy
o n = 44.1
max

Steering Ring
 Material- 2024-T4 Aluminum, Yield Strength=47000 psi, Modulus of
Elasticity=10.4E6 psi, Poisson’s Ratio=.333
 Max Bending Stress
33000 H
o Wt = 39.3 lbf
V
o Ko= 1.25 - Overload Factor, based on light shocks encountered
o Kv= 1.10 - Dynamic Factor, based on quality and velocity of gears
o Ks= 1 - Size Factor
o Pd= 3.125” – Pitch diameter
o F= .125” – face width
o Km= 1.8 – Load-Distribution factor, based on geometry
o KB= 1 – Rim Thickness factor, based on geometry
o J= .4- Geometry factor, based on number of teeth of gears
 Pd Km KB
o W t Ko Kv Ks = 3996.0 psi
F J
Sy
o n = 10.5
max
Miter Gears (Calculated using ANSI standards)

Both Miters (At max torque)

 Material- Medium Carbon Steel, Yield Strength=76900 psi
 Max Bending Stress
o Pd= 1.25” – Pitch diameter
o
2 T
o Wt = 84.7 lbf
Pd
o Ko= 1.25 - Overload Factor, based on light shocks encountered
o Kv= 1 - Dynamic Factor, based on quality and velocity of gears
o Ks= .5 - Size Factor
o F= .27” – face width
o Km= 1.10 – Load-Distribution factor, based on geometry
o J= 0.175- Geometry factor, based on number of teeth of gears
o Kx= 1, Lengthwise curvature factor
Wt KK
o Pd Ko Kv s m =14922.2 psi
F Kx J
Sy
o n = 5.15
max
Both Miters (At max speed)
 Material- Medium Carbon Steel, Yield Strength=76900 psi
 Max Bending Stress
o Pd= 1.25” – Pitch diameter
o
2 T
o Wt = 4 lbf
Pd
o Ko= 1.25 - Overload Factor, based on light shocks encountered
o Kv= 1.28 - Dynamic Factor, based on quality and velocity of gears
o Ks= .5 - Size Factor
o F= .27” – face width
o Km= 1.10 – Load-Distribution factor, based on geometry
o J= 0.175- Geometry factor, based on number of teeth of gears
o Kx= 1, Lengthwise curvature factor
Wt KK
o Pd Ko Kv s m =901.6 psi
F Kx J
Sy
o n = 85.3
max
  Forces
o Knowing max torque on miter (9.63 N-m), we can find the max tangential
force by dividing by half the pitch diameter=> Ftan=606.6 N
o = 20 degress -pressure angle
o d= 45 degrees
Ftan
o Fn =645.5 N
cos
Fn
o F1 =220.8 N
sin
o Faxial Fradial F1 sin d =156.1 N

Retaining Rings

 On 3/8” shaft
o Ring can withstand 542.7 N of axial force
o Miter gear provides axial load= 156.1 N
o Factor of safety= 3.48
 On 1/2” shaft
o Ring can withstand 542.7 N of axial force
o Miter gear provides axial load= 156.1 N
o Factor of safety= 3.48
 On 3/4” shaft
o Ring can withstand 631.6 N of axial force
o Axial load is from turning
 Assume wheel instantaneously turns 90 degrees, the max force that
can be applied axially would be equivalent to the frictional force
 Faxial Ffriction W =235.4 N (assuming =.6)
o Factor of safety= 2.68

Mechanical Brake

Max Temperature
 Assuming all kinetic energy is converted directly into heat energy,
1/ 2mvehvveh2 mplateCv T
 Assume emergency brake will not be used continuously, but rather for one cycle
during the emergency
 Assume initial temperature of 23 ° Celcius
 Solving the above equation for Tfinal we find it to be 38.9 °Celcius

Heat Dissipation
 Assuming Free Convection, the time required for heat dissipation can be
calculated
 Utilizing the properties of air at room temperature, the Rayleigh number, Nusselt
number, and convection heat transfer coefficient can be calculated
  Using this information the heat transfer rate is determined
E
 t gives the time to dissipate the heat (4.8 minutes)
q
 This resultant was later verified by the manufacturer of the brake

Keys

On 3/8” Shaft
 Key is High carbon steel, Yield Strength 427 MPa, 3/32” square
 Knowing the diameter of and torque on the shaft, the shear force on the key can
be calculated (2024.1 N)
 Assuming a factor of safety of 4, the required length of the key is calculated
(.63”)

On 1/2” Shaft
 Key is High carbon steel, Yield Strength 427 MPa, 1/8” square
 Knowing the diameter of and torque on the shaft, the shear force on the key can
be calculated (1518.1 N)
 Assuming a factor of safety of 4, the required length of the key is calculated
(.35”)
On 3/4” Shaft
 Key is High carbon steel, Yield Strength 427 MPa, 3/16” square
 Knowing the diameter of and torque on the shaft, the shear force on the key can
be calculated (4048.3 N)
 Assuming a factor of safety of 4, the required length of the key is calculated
(.63”)

Keyways

Keyway analysis was done using Cosmos FEA software

By utilizing shaft diameters and torques, forces on keyway surfaces were
calculated and input into the program
Factor of Safety
o Driving Miter=16
o Driven Miter=15
o Driving Pulley=3.4
o Driven Pulley=8.4
o Driven Spur=8.1
o Wheel=1.8, but in reality, failure would result in the slip of a pressed
insert, rather than physical failure of the wheel
Set Screws

To connect spur gear to 5/16” drive motor shaft

 By choosing a screw size and quantity (2- #8’s), the maximum force at the shaft
surface can be calculated (3425.1 N)
  The torque and diameter of the shaft is used to determine the actual force seen at
this shaft surface (1214.5 N)
 By comparing these two values the factor of safety is determined (2.82)

To connect spur gear to 8mm steering motor shaft

 By choosing a screw size and quantity (2-#6’s), the maximum force at the shaft
surface can be calculated (2224.1 N)
 The torque and diameter of the shaft is used to determine the actual force seen at
this shaft surface (234.6 N)
 By comparing these two values the factor of safety is determined (9.5)

Timing Belt and Pulleys

Utilizing MITCalc simulation software and inputting various parameters
including distance between centers, power applied to belt, operating
speeds, and other operating conditions a belt type and specific model was
selected
From this the 5M Powergrip GT2 belt was chosen and matched with
pulleys of 18 and 72 teeth
The selection of these parts was also verified with an engineer at the
supplier sdp-si.com

Bearings

C10 = Catalog Load Rating (lbf)

LR = Rating Life (hrs)
nR = Rating Speed (RPM)
FD = Desired Radial Load (lbf)
LD = Desired Life (hrs)
nD = Desired Speed (RPM)
FR = Radial Force (lbf)
FA = Axial Force (lbf)
Fe = Equivalent Radial Load (lbf)
C0 = Static Load Rating (lbf)
X2 = Factor dependent on bearing geometry
Y2 = Factor dependent on bearing geometry
V = Rotation Factor
a = 3 (ball bearing)
e = abscissa

Lower Drive Bearing

C10 (lbs) 1171 Upper Drive Bearing Center Bearing
LR * nR 1.0E+06 C10 (lbs) 1187 C10 (lbs) 691
FD (lbs) 44.125 LR * nR 1.0E+06 LR * nR 1.0E+06
nD (RPM) 5.0E+02 Fe (lbs) 84.6 Fe (lbs) 70.6
a 3 nD (RPM) 2000 nD (RPM) 4000
 LD (hrs) 3.74E+07 FA (lbs) 35.1 FA (lbs) 35.1
LD (years) 4267 FR (lbs) 35.1 FR (lbs) 35.1
a 3 a 3
Steering Bearing V 1 V 1
C10 (lbs) 300 e 0.24 e 0.3
LR * nR 1.0E+06 X2 0.56 X2 0.56
FD (lbs) 10 Y2 1.85 Y2 1.45
nD (RPM) 340 LD (hrs) 1.38E+06 LD (hrs) 2.34E+05
a 3 LD (years) 158 LD (years) 27
LD (hrs) 7.94E+07
a
LD (years) 9065 C10 LR * nR
LD
FD nD
Fe X 2VFR Y2 FA
Screws

Bolts connecting Yoke to Turntable

Bolt type: 4 * 10-32 (SAE)

Torque applied to the turntable

T= 2.38 N-m

Converted ASTM

T = 21 lb-in

Resultant load on each bolt

T 1
V 21 lb in * 8.108 lb
r 2.59 in
M T 21 lb in

Primary Shear Load per Bolt is

V 8.108
F' 2.027 lb
n 4
Since the secondary shear Forces are equal we have

Mr M 21
F' ' 2.027 lb
4r 2 4r 4 * 2.59
The resultant force is

Fr 2.867 lb

Fr = Fa = Fb = Fc = Fd = 2.867lb

Maximum Shear Stress

As = 0.155

Fr 2.867
18.497 psi
As .155

Bolts connecting Brake to Brake plate

Bolt type: 4 * 8-32 (SAE)

Torque applied to the turntable

T = 15 lb-in

Resultant load on each bolt

T 1
V 15 lb in * 13.33 lb
r 1.125 in
M T 15 lb in

Primary Shear Load per Bolt is

V 13.33
F' 3.33 lb
n 4
Since the secondary shear Forces are equal we have

Mr M 15
F' ' 3.33 lb
4r 2 4r 4 *1.125

The resultant force is

Fr 4.714 lb
Fr = Fa = Fb = Fc = Fd = 4.714 lb

Maximum Shear Stress

As = .0992

Fr 2.867
28.9 psi
As .0992

Yoke

Yoke stress analysis was done using Cosmos FEA software

Loading
o Weight vertically loads lower bearing holes (196.2 N each)
o Turning force loads inside wall (158.3 N)
o Driven Miter axial force loads inside wall (156 N)
o Driven Miter radial force loads upper bearing holes
 o Driving Miter axial force loads upward on top plate
Minimum factor of safety= 20
Brake Plate

Brake plate stress analysis was done using Cosmos FEA software
Loading
o Outside edge was fixed, as it is welded to the motor mount assembly
o Each brake mounting hole was loaded with a force corresponding to the
brake’s torque output and the holes distance from center
Minimum factor of safety= 200

Turntable

Capable of withstanding 750 lbs, or 340 kg

Actual weight is about 40 kg per module
Factor of Safety= 8.5
Figure X: Shaft Stress and Fatigue Strength Calculations

Figure X: Drive Motor Spur Gear Stress Calculation

Figure X: Miter Gear Stress and Force Calculation

Figure X: Retaining Ring Calculations Figure X: Impact Calculations

Figure X: Brake Temperature and Heat Dissipation Calculations

Figure X: Key and Set Screw Analysis
Figure X: Timing Belt and Pulley Analysis
Figure X: Driven Miter Gear Keyway Analysis

Figure X: Driving Miter Gear Keyway Analysis

Figure X: Driven Pulley Keyway Analysis

Figure X: Driving Pulley Keyway Analysis (Representation)

Figure X: Driven Spur Gear Keyway Analysis

Figure X: Wheel Keyway Analysis (Representation)

Note: Actual wheel utilizes press fit keyway insert, thus failure during stall will result in
slip of this insert, rather than the physical failure of a mechanical part
Figure X: Yoke Displacement