Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)

So you’d like to pick up a new Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)? Finding the perfect VFD or
motor controller can be a fairly daunting task as there are many variables with each application
and system. However, below are some helpful tips and suggestions to help you select the right
drive. Hopefully, the mystery becomes less complex as you understand what your application
needs are.

The Big Picture

Before you get too far into the process of looking at VFDs, it is a good idea to gather the basic
motor and system information that will help you in selecting the proper VFD. Most of this
information can be found on your motor nameplate such as:

 Horsepower
 Full Load Amps (FLA)
 Voltage
 RPM
 Service Factor
 It is also helpful to know if the motor is inverter duty rated

Other information will be specific to the needs of your system and application such as:

 Type of Load (Constant Torque or Variable Torque)

 Speed Range and Control Method
 Special Enclosure Needs

Some of this information may seem silly to look for; however, by gathering more information
now, it will be easier to find and compare different drives and ultimately easier to pick the best
Variable Frequency Drive for your needs.

Now that you have that information, it is time to look at some of the important specifications on
each drive that will assist you in deciding what will work best for you.

Horsepower (HP)
Although it is important to size the VFD with the FLA of the motor(s) being controlled, knowing
the horsepower of the load is a great way to search for drives that may fit your application to be
further narrowed down by other variables.

Full Load Amps (FLA)

This is perhaps one of the most critical pieces of information to gather. Using the FLA rather
than horsepower ratings is the proper way to size a VFD. You will want to compare the FLA of
the motor with the amp ratings of each VFD you are considering. This is an area in which being
conservative pays off and you will want to give your application a little bit of a cushion with
matching the amp rating. This is especially important if you have a constant torque load or a load
that is difficult to get started. Although it may cost slightly more to purchase a drive with a
higher amp rating in the beginning, it will likely pay off over time in reliability and functionality.

Voltage

For three-phase input this one is easy. It is crucial to match the voltage of the VFD and motor to
your available voltage on site. For the US low voltage application, this is usually either 208
VAC, 230/240 VAC, or 460/480 VAC. For medium voltage or other applications it would be a
good idea to call into one of our application specialists or engineers to assist you in establishing
your needs.

For single-phase input, it is important to take a few more things into consideration. If the load is
3 HP (roughly a 230 VAC motor with an FLA below 10 amps) or below it is likely that we have
a drive built for single phase input in stock for you to hook up and run with. If your needs are
greater than 3 HP, then it is possible to use a drive built for three phase input, however the drive
must be properly sized for your application. This is because the diode bridge is meant to carry
current through all three legs. Thus, the rule of thumb for sizing the single phase input on a three-
phase drive is to use a VFD rated for 2 times the FLA of the motor. For example if your motor is
a 10 HP motor with a FLA of 28 amps, then you would need to select a VFD with an amp rating
of 56 amps which ends up being around 20 HP.

In addition, if continuous operation is a must, then the following should be specified:

  +/- 10% voltage fluctuation
 +/- 3% frequency variation

Type of Load (Constant Torque or Variable Torque)

Does your variable frequency drive application require a variable torque or constant torque
drive?

If the equipment being driven is centrifugal, such as a fan or pump, then a variable torque drive
will be more appropriate. Energy savings are usually the primary motivation for installing
variable frequency drives for centrifugal applications, and variable torque drives offer the
greatest energy savings.

For example, a fan needs less torque when running at 50% speed than it does when running at
full speed. Variable torque operation allows the motor to apply only the torque needed resulting
in reduced energy consumption, which is one of many VFD Benefits. Conveyors, positive
displacement pumps, punch presses, extruders, and other similar type applications require
constant level of torque at all speeds. In which case, constant torque variable frequency drives
would be more appropriate for the job.

A constant torque drive should have an overload current capacity of 150% or more for one
minute. Variable torque variable frequency drives need only an overload current capacity of
120% for one minute since centrifugal applications rarely exceed the rated current. If tight
process control is needed, then you may need to utilize a sensorless vector, or flux vector
variable frequency drive, which allow a high level of accuracy in controlling speed, torque, and
positioning.

Speed Range

Generally speaking, a motor should not be run at any less than 20% of its specified maximum
speed allowed. If it is run at a speed less than this without auxiliary motor cooling, the motor will
overheat. Auxiliary motor cooling should be used if the motor must be operated at slow speeds.
In addition you should take care when over speeding a motor. Generally it is not a good idea to
run the motor more than 20% above its rated speed. You need to check with the manufacturer
of your motor to ensure what speed range will still be allowed within their warranty. Keep in
mind that you also lose torque as you go above the design speed. Additionally, you should make
sure that you do not run your motor consistently above the FLA rating.

Control Method

With 2-wire control, only one switch is used to run the variable frequency drive. An open switch
stops the drive, and a closed switch starts the drive. Two-wire control is predominately used in
HVAC applications since it is able to maintain the RUN command to the drive during a loss of
power, which enables variable frequency drives to automatically restart when power is restored.
Plus, 2-wire control allows drives that have "power loss ride-through" to operate during a power
drop that is 2 seconds or less in duration.

With 3-wire control, two switches are used to run the drive. One switch is needed to stop, and
another to start the variable frequency drive. This is typical in an industrial application on a
conveyor or process control where multiple stations can start/stop the VFD, but a single safety
circuit must be made to allow this operation to start.

Speed Reference Alternatives

 Speed Potentiometer – Allows the operator to set motor speed with pot.
 Digital Programming / Display Unit – Allows the operator to program and troubleshoot
the drive by inputting values through a keypad with an LED or LCD display unit. Drive
operation can also be monitored through this display.
 Analog Signal Follower – 4-20mA or 0-10VDC; must provide variable frequency drives
with an isolated input; must use a twisted/shielded pair and keep wire away from 3-phase
AC.
 Selector switch speed selection – Allows the operator to select from several preset
speeds. Can also be used if the speed is being set via a PLC, and an analog output is not
available.
 Serial Communications – Allow variable frequency drives to communicate on a network,
such as MODBUS, PROFIBUS, DEVICENET, or METASYS, enabling drive operation
to be coordinated and monitored from a PC.

Special Enclosure Needs

An important aspect of selecting the right VFD for your application deals with the environment
surrounding the drive. There are a few types of certifications that drives are rated in including,
Ingress Protection (IP), NEMA, and UL Type Enclosures. It is important to match your
application needs to the right enclosure. This can be done by finding a stand-alone drive with the
proper enclosure rating, or you can put your VFD inside of another enclosure.

 Learn more about IP Ratings

 Learn more about NEMA Ratings
 Learn More about UL Type Enclosures

Inverter Duty Rated Motors

Although running a VFD is the best way to control your motor, there are some issues that arise in
motors as a result of the way a VFD works. PWM VFD’s don’t produce a sinusoidal waveform,
but rather a digital output that can put additional stresses on the motor windings and bearings.
Newer motors all use wire that has been designed to handle the high voltages that can occur due
to a drive usage. Some additional recommended features of inverter rated motors include
grounding rings, isolated bearings and special cooling features (such as a separate fan to cool the
motor at low speeds, typically on a constant torque application). We carry a complete line of
MDI inverter grade motors as well as Aegis shaft grounding rings should you need to upgrade
your existing motor to be better prepared to handle the stresses of running off of a VFD.

Custom VFD Buildups

At this time you may also consider other options and VFD Accessories such as:

 Disconnect or Circuit Breaker

 HOA (Hand/Off/Auto Switch)
 Pilot Lights
 Bypass
 Line Reactor
 Harmonic Mitigation
 TVSS
 dv/dt filter
Check out the custom VFD Buildup page to see the options and features of having a system
custom designed and built for you by our engineers, application specialists, and certified UL
508a panel shop.

Final Recommendations

This guide is intended to be of use for general application sizing and is not intended to be a
comprehensive guide. There are applications and loads that may require special sizing and
consideration. When you are sizing or specifying a VFD for any application it pays to be
conservative and leave some buffer room in the FLA and overload ratings. This is especially true
if your load is hard to start or sees heavy loading during operation. If you have any questions
about your application or in sizing a new VFD call and talk to one of our application specialists
before purchasing. Please send us an email at [email protected]

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