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JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards-B_ Mathematics and Mathematical Physics
Vol. 64B, No. I , January-March 1960

Some Solutions for Electromagnetic Problems

Involving Spheroidal, Spherical,
and Cylindrical Bodies
James R. Wait
(Septe mber 29, 1959)

Solu tions ar e prese nted for t he low-frequency elect romagn etic response t o a n oscillaL ing
m agnetic dipol e by condu cting bodies of s imple shape. The qu as i-stationa ry a pprox imation
is employed t hroughout, which is valid when the relevant dimension s of t he proble m are
all sm a ll compared to t he fr ee-space wavelength. Thi s a moun ts to matching solu t io ns of
t he wave eq uation wi thin t he bod ies to so lu tio ns of Lap lace's eq uat ion outs ide. Th e results
have a pplication to geo ph ysical prosp ectin g.

1. Introduction
ElecLromag neLic method s of geophys ical exploration utiliz e th e fact that the co nductivity
of massive ore bodies is mu ch greater th an the surrounding barren rock. The gen eral sch eme
is to set up a primary or exciting fLCld by a curl'ent-calTyiug loop and then to detect th e seconcl-
ary fielcl or r esponse of th e body by m eans of a receiving loop. The operating frequen cy
should be sufficiently low that the attenuation by the surrounding b arren rock is n egl igibl e_
This usually r equires frequencies in the audio ran ge. The literature on th e subject is exten sive
and her e only ce rtain representative p ap ers are referenced [1- 4]1
TheorcLical approaches to th e subject are usually restricted to highly simplified situations.
For example the exciting field is often assumed to b e uniform or th e body is taken t o be p erfectly
conductin g. Wl1ile such solution do indeed provide much useful informatioll, there is a need
to consider situations of a more general natme. For example, ill the practical m ethods of
electrom ag netic prosp ecting Lh e transmitting and receiving coils or loops m ay be lo cated at
dista nces from an ore body which are comparable to i ts m aximum dimension and thu s the
uniform-exciting-field assumpLion is not valid . Fur th ermore, th e frequency which is of th e
order of 500 cps is sufficiently low th at th e ore bodies seldom b eh ave as if they were of pOl'fecL
conductivity. For the above r easo ns, it seems worthwhile to set up solu tions for certain
idealized cases which do no t s uffer from s uch over-simplifying assumptions which are usually
present. The geometrical forms considered are th e prolate spheroid, the spher e, and t he
circular cylinder. Because of complexity the spheroid is taken to b e p erfectly conducting.
The sph ere and cylinder arc assigned a co nductivity a nd magnetic permeabili ty which a re
finite. In each case the solution is presented for the case of an arbitrarily lo cated mag netic
dipole. The r esults are in a form which is sui table for computation.
In each case treated, special attention is paid to t he equatorial plane which contains th e
source and observer. In the tlU'ee instances, th e source is at 0 and the observer at P as
indicated in figure 1. For a (y-dil'ecLed) magn etic dipol e of stre ngth K at 0 , the primary
field at P is

where !Cdl is the magnetic moment. Note that Kdl = (amp-tuI'lls) X (coil area) . In what
follows the secondary fields are expressed in terms of x (distance from coil axes to center of
body) , y and y' (coordinates of source and observer), 8 (distance between 0 and P), rr con-
ductivity of body (mhos/m) , and }.I / }.Io (magnetic p ermeability ratio).

1 Figures in brackets ind icate the literature references at the end of th is paper.

15
 y

P(x,y,o)

C(x , y',o)
x

f.L (0- ~ 0)

FIG URE l.- Cl'OSS

° °
section of spheroid, cylinder, or sphere in equatorial plane (z = O), showing tmnsmitting and
l'eceiver coils,

2. Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Response of a Highly-Conducting Spheroid

Prolate spheroidal coordinates are introduced (p, T} , 8). They ar e defined by

(eq of spheroids),
(1)
(eq of hyperboloids),

where p and z are the us ual radial and axial coordinates in a cylindrical coordinate system.
It thus follows th at
and (2)

where c is the semifocal distance, These prolate spheroidal coordinates are taken to be con-
focal with th e spheroidal body whose surface is defi ned by T} = T} o (see fig, 2),

15=+1 major axis = c"o

conducting spheroid "=,, o [ 2 minor axes = a=c J
~
c
~ -+-+--+-+-I-----=--_=_
15=0
P

____-y-_ 1--- - " = can s t.

15 =canst.
15=-1
FIGURE 2,- Th e spheroid and spheroidal coordinate system,

16
 In the r egion exterior to the body (i. e., '1/ > '1/0) the fi elds arc a solu tion of Laplace's equation
if the frequen cy is sufficiently low (i.e., signifi cant di stances should b e much less t han the
wavelength). Furthermore, in this case the field s ca n be derived from a magnetic poten tial
It. Thu s,
...;
H =- grad It
wher e
for

N ow, solutions of Laplace's equation in spheroidal coordinates are well known and are of t he
form (for integral valu es of TIl, and n)

(3)

where A, B , A', and B' arc constants and, followin g Smythe [5], P ';: (}J. ) and Q%' (J.L ) ar e associated
Legendre functions of argument J.L . Th ey are defin ed by

(4)

or

(5)

in terms of t he (ordinary) Legendre fun ctions P n(J.L ) and Q,,(J.L ). It should be noted Hobson
introduces a factor (- 1)'" on tbe right-b and side of t he latter two equations and his definitions
are thus slightly different.
At the point C it is assumed that t her e is a magn etic point ch arge of strength , J( (see fig·
3). The magnetic potential at P can now be written

(6)

FIGURE: 3. -Conducling spheroid and source C and observer P .

17
where R is the linear distance b etween Cat (1']' , 0', 1/) and P at (1'] , 0, cf» and ns is th e secondary
influence of the body . To express n in prolate-spheroidal coordinates, we make use of th e
inverse-distan ce formul a

~=.!. £ -t, (2-om)( - l) m [ (n - m)!J

2
(2n+ 1) P~' (0)Qr;: (1']' )P';: (1'])P~' (o' ) cos m(cf> - cf>' ), (7 )
R C n= Om = O (n+ m)!
which is valid for 1'] < 1']'. [00 = 1, om= O (m~ O)].
The po ten tial n is a solution of Laplace's equation and since 1/R is also, it follows that
\72nS= 0 for 1'] > 1']0' Thus ns m ust contain terms of the type
Q~' (1'])P';:(o) cos m(cf>- cf>' )
only since P~( 1'] ) is infinite at 1'] -'>00 and Q~ (o ) is infinite at 0= ± 1. The po ten tial exterior
to the spheroid is thus written, for 1'] < 1']',

(8)

where
(9)

Th e unknown coefficien t is now found from th e boundary condition , th at on the surface

of t he spheroid t he normal component of the total magnetic field must vanish . Thus,

at (9)

This is satisfied if
(10)

where t he prime indicates the deri vati ve with respect to the argument of t he Legendre fun c-
tion . The solution is thus given by

n [1
4j{7r f"-
".=- I,
~ ~ M P ,;:'( 1'] o) Qm(
L...J L...J 1 mn Qm'( )
n= O m = O n 1'] 0
n 1']
)pm() (-I. -I.') J ,
n 0 cos m '1' - '1'

valid for 1»1']0' To simplify things a bi t we will consider our source to be a y-directed m agnetic
dipole T lo cated in the equatorial plane of the spb eroid (z= O) (sec fig . 4).
The potential at H (x, y , z) is thu s given by
o
4>= - dl "
u y" n

=+Kdl { _~~+£ -t, P~:(1'] o) Qr;: (1))

47r oy R n= O m=O Qn (1'] 0)

X P r;: (o) [O~~n cos m(cf>- :cf>' ) +o~, cos m(cf> - cf>').MmnJ} . (12)

The magnetic fi eld at R is obtained from

-4
H =-grad 4>.

In th e case of the y-component, for example, we have

04> o2n (13)
H y= - oy = dl oy'oy·

18
 p
( x , y, z)
y

c (x', y', 0)

FIGuRE 4.-The conducting spheroid with locations oj source C and observer P.

But
on = oQ . Ory + oQ . o<p, (14)
oy ory oy o¢ oy
and therefore

Since

and
x = c."l( l - f,z) (ry2_ l) cos <p,

it readily·follows-'that for 0= 0 (or z= O),

Ory sin <p ,,/ ry 2- 1 and (16)

o y =-c- - -ry-

and-similarly for the primed quantities. Thus,

for a y-directed dipole in the plane z= O,

19
where

,_
Q - -4
-
K 2: '" 2:
n m
Em(- I) (2n+l)
[(1'- m!)]2P:~'(7]O) m 2/I,
( + ) ' Qm'() [Pn(O)] cosm(¢-¢ )Qn(7] )Qn(7] ),
, In ,
(17)
'Ire n=O m=o 11 m. n 7]0

where
for m= O
for mrf O
and
0= 0' = 0.

Now

Oy~y' Q(7])Q(7]') cos m(¢ - ¢') = V ';;(7] ,7] ',¢-¢')

= Q'(7] )Q'(7]') cos m(¢-¢') (sinj:,17] 2- 1)(sin ¢" /~I)

e 7] e 7]'

2
+ Q( 7] )Q( 7] ') m cos m,¢
f (COS
1
¢ -=
- ¢ ') - - )(COS ¢'
--,~=7==
1 )
e ,17]2- 1 e ,1(7]' )2- 1

Finally,

where

for x' =x . (19)

Noting that

R= iy' -yi=s= y-y'

and

(20)

where V::, is as given above.

For the special case (i. e.,z=z' = 0, iy' - y !=s, and x=x ')
as shown in figure 5, we have

20
 y
(x,y,o) or (",o,q»
Field Point P

s (y'-y=s)

Source C
(x,y',o) or (,,' ,0 ,</>')

FrG U UE 5.- Special configw'at-ion of (di pole) ~sow'ce C and observer P when they ar e located in equatol'ial plan e of
spheroid.

wh ere a is th e semiminor ax is, c is t be semifocal distancc,

p= c.Jr/- l ,
and

Also it should be noted that

tan cp' = Y' and

x
If b is the semimajor axis,

3. Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Response of a Finitely-Conducting Sphere

With Arbitrary Permeability
Spherical coordinates (r, 0, cp) are introduced as indicated in figur e 6. Th e surface of a
spherical body (of conductivity (J' and permeability J..L ) is defined by r=a. Exterior to the
sphere the fields can be derived from a magnetic potential Q. Thus,

where H = -grad Q
} for r> a.
V2 Q= O

Inside the sphere the fields are a solution of the wave equation and are best derived in terms
of scalar str eam functions (following Schelkunoff) [6]. In the present problem we need only

21
 8=0 p (r,e , <p)

C(r',8',cp')

FI GU RE 6.- Th e spherical body and source C and observer P with the s pherica(coordinate system.

consider th e TE modes which are associated with the indu ced magnetic dipoles. Thus,

II T
1
= -· -
~ /.lW
(0ur-
2
~-T )
0\ f
/

for r<a, (21)

II 1 0 2f
q, i /.lwr sin 0 or o¢

where f is th e stream function and

-y = (i/.lw(J + iwf )]t ~ (i(J/.lw)!,

whereas

1 [sin1e 000 ( smie

= i /.lowJ'2
. 0) 10
00 +sin 0 0¢2 ifio' 2
2
]

for r>a, (23)

H _ 1 0 2 fo _ _ oQ
q, - i /.lowr sin e oro¢ - J' sin eo¢'

wh er e ifio is the stream function p ertin ent to the exterior r egion and is related to the magnetic
potential by
Q_ _ _ 1_ Ofo,
(24)
- - i /.low or

22
The str eam functions satisfy

0 2 1 0 ( . 0) 1 0 2 ] 1/;= 'Y21'21/; for l' < a

[ l'
2
-01'2 +---
sin 0 00
S IJ1 0 -
00
+----
sin 0 0</>2 2 1/;0= 0 for l' > a.
(25)

Thus they arc of the form

~n('Y1') P ;" (cos 0) for 1'< a (26)
K n('Y]')
and
1'- n
1'+ (n+l) p~n(eos 0) for 1'> a . (27)

In the above J nand fc, are the sph erical modified B essel fun ction s defin ed by

, _~ [ < 1] (- l )'n(n+ m)! _ ' n+ 1 - z n (n + m ) ! ]

1n (z)- 2 e ~ m!(n- m)!(2z)'" +( 1) e ~o m!(n- m)!(2 z)'" (28)

a nd
, n (n+ m ) !
K (z)=e- z "" , , (29)
n 7~0 m !(n - m) !(2z)1n

following Schelku noR' [6].

Now for 1'> a,
(3 0)

where the primary so urce is denoLed QP and the influence of Lhe sp hcre by Q S. Assuming a
magnetic charge (strength K ) located at point C with coordin ates (1", 0' , <I>'), t he po tential Q P
at point P with coordin ates (1', 0, </» is given by

OP= K
-" R
411'

T7 00 n (n- 1n)1 1'''

= .n-4 .
11'
"'"
L..J " "
L..J
n=O 7Il = 0
f ", (
n
+1n.) 1. (1,') n+ l 1'.)'"n (cos O) P '""cos
( 0') X cos m (</> - </> ' ) (3 1)

for l' < 1" , usin g a \I'ell-known addiLion theor em fo1' the inverse distance in sp herical h armonics
[5]. This suggests writin g

T?
L1.... n ( n - 1n ) 1. (n ) a 2n +1
s
Q =- ~~ fmc
00

411' n = O m = O n + m.) 1 11-+1.. 'Jm I I

Sn(")n+l ,,,+l X l ,, (cos O)P" (COsO )cosm(</> - </»,
1 1
1ft
(32)

where S n is an undetermined coefficien t. T he appropriate forl11 for f ois Lhus

_ K iJ.1-ow -.0 ~ (n- m) ! { ( 1' ) n+l a2n+ l } p~' (cos O)P':: (cos 0') ,
fo---411'- n=O
L..J L..J fm (
1>1=0
)1
n+ m . 1" - (1" )n+lr n S n (n + l) Xcos m(</>-</> ).
(33)

For th e in terior the solution mu st b e of t he form

KiJ.1-~W n (n- m)!J,. (1'1') P ;: (cos </» p~n(cos </>')
00 (a) n+l
1/; = - --~~f m J Bm , ' (34)
411' n = Om =O (n+ m)! n('Ya) (n+ l ) r
A
where the 1{n('Yr) solution has b een rejected since it b eco mes infinite at 1' = 0 and where Bn is
an und etermin ed coefficien t.

23
 The boundary conditions require that th e normal flux (p.Hr) inside the sphere is contin-
uous with the exterior normal flux (p.oHr) at r= a. Also the tangential fields He and H ",
must be continuous at r = a. These conditions are satisfied if

I'- o1/;J= I'-Oo1/;0J (35)

or or
r=a r=a

and
fl = 1/;ol' (36)
T= a r= a

This leads to
A n(a) - (n + 1) (1'-/1'-0)
(3 7)
Sn A n(a) + n(I'-/l'-o)

where

(38)

with a = "(a. Also,

(39)

The above expressions can now b e used to obtain an expression for the magnetic potential
due to a dipole for r> a in terms of the potential n due to a point charge. For example in
the case of a y directed dipole at (1", e/>' , z') we have

<po= -dl -
o n· (40)
oy'

The corresponding magnetic fields are thus given by

--+
H = -grad <Po (4 1)
and the v-component, for example, is

(42)

Again we shall consider the equatorial plane (see fig. 7) which is Z= z' = 0 or
(j = 8' = 7r!2. Here x=1' cos cf> X' =1" cos cf>'
y = 1' sin cf> y' = 1" sin cf>' ,
and thus,
- o = Sll1
. e/> -0+ cos e/>- 0 (43 )
oy or pOe/>
and
() . ,0+ , 0
(44)
{)y, = SIl1e/> or' cos e/> p'Ocp,'

The field is thus obtained conveniently from

. , .
H v= dl [ sme/> {)2 +., 02
Sll1e/>o1"or Sll1e/> cos e/>por'oe/>
+cos e/> ,.Sll1e/> p'0e/>'o1'
0 +' 2
0
2
J
cose/> cose/> p'POcpOcp' n.
(45)
24
It should be noted that
p' = 1" for 1:)' = 7r/2
(46 )
p = 1' for
Writing

it is seen that
-=-Jll 02 1
R = ~(X_X ') 2+ (y _ y') 2
H~= K47r oyoy' R where for z=z ' = 0, (47)
and thus,

Kdl
= - 47rs3 where s=ly- y' l· (48)

The secondary fi eld is derived from

s K 00 n (n - m)! aZ"+'n P';: (cos I:))P';: (cos 1:)' ) ,

QO= -4 ~O ",~
7r n= =0
~m (n + m.
)' (1,,),,+ 1,,+
l'
1 S" n+ 1 cos m(1)- 1>). (49)

Finally (for 1';;; CL)

(50)
wher e
1
U nm =..::, [(n+ 1)2 si n 1>' sin 1> cos m(1) - 1>')
1'1'
+ m(n+ 1) sin 1>' cos 1> sin m (1)-1>' )
- m(n+ 1) cos 1>' sin 1> sin m(1) - 1>')
+m 2 cos 1>' cos 1> cos m (1)- 1>')]' (5 1)
wh ere

Y'
tan 1>' =_.
x

The quantity Sn plays rather an essential role in the final result. When the conductivity
is great or at high frequen cy, the argument 'Ya of the Bessel fun ctions may be large. In fact
if l'Yal> > 1, Sn approaches unity for all n. The behavior of Sn, as a fun ction of 'Ya and !J./!J.o, is
a convenient way to illustrate the frequency dependence of the secondary fields. Numerical
values of the real and imaginary parts of Sn are given in some detail for n = 1 in previous
papers [2, 8] and less adequately [9] for n = 2, 3, and 4. Fortunately, if the source C or the
observer P (for any respective orientations) are a distan ce from the center of the sphere which
is large compared to the radius, it is seen that only the term corresponding to S[ is important.
The response of the sphere is thus proportional to the quantity

S 'Yal;('Ya) - 2Kl,ha) wb er e
1 'Ya1;('Ya) + Kl l ('Ya)

The real and imaginary part.s of S, are plotted in figure 8 as a function of the "r elative radius" X
defined by
or
25
 For small valu es of X correspondin g to the lower frequencies, 8) is negative and, in fact,
it approaches the value - 2(J{- 1) / (J{ + 2). This could have been derived directly from
magnetostatics. At the higher frequencies 8) approach es unity which corresponds to no
penetration of magnetic flux into the body.

4 . Low-Frequency Response of a Conducting Cylinder With Arbitrary

Permeability
,iVe now wish to calculate the electrOinagnetic response of an infinitely long conducting
cylinder with any permeability. (See fig . 9.) Exterior to the cylinder p>a, the fields are a
solution of Laplace's equation and are derivable from a potential. Inside the cylinder the
-->
fields are a solution of the wave equation and are derivable from a magnetic H ertz vector 11* and
an electric Hertz vector IT with only z-components. Thus (for r < a)
--> --> 2 -->
I-I= (-'i+grad div)l1*+ -,2- curl 11, (52)
'/, fJ.W

where
-->
11*= (0,0,11;') (53)
and
-->
11= (0,0,11,), (54)
Solutions of the wave cquation
(55)
are of the form

(56)

where a = Ci+ h2 )! and 1m and J{m are cylindrical Bessel functions of tbe modified kind defin ed
by G. N. Watson [7].

P(r,;,cp)

7T
C (r' cp' )
'2'

FIGURE 7.-SpeciaZ configuration of (dipole) source C and observer P when they are located in equatorial plane of
sphe1·e.

26
 0.7

0.6

0.5

cii
.; -0.5 en 0.4
a::
E
0.3
-1 .0
0.1
-1 .5
0.1

-1.0
I 10 10 50 100 100 500 10

RFI ATIVE RAD I US X

FIGURE 8.- The variation of the response oj a conducting 8pheTe as a function oj X (=(<TiLw)}a) fOT various
permeability mtios I\" ( = ill iLO),
'-r110 real and imaginary parts of 81 arc shown.

00

P(p,CP ,z }

C(p', cpr , z'}

z, y
p

fl o

00

FIGURE g.- Th e cylindrical body and SOUTce C and observer P with the cylindrical coordinate system.

External to t hc cylindcr (1'> a) ---;

lI=- gracl Q (57)

where
(58)

For a I11H,gnetic ch arge at C' (pI, q/, z') l1. ncl the observe r at P (p, ¢ , z),

(59)

27
 y
P(x,y,o)

C (x . yl. 0)

FIGURE 1O.- Special configumtion of (dipole ) source C and observer P when they are located in equatorial plane
of cylinder .

where R is the usual linear di stan ce b etween C and P. Using a formula giv en by V\"atson [7}
we find
(60)
where
(61)
with
(62)

Usin g the addition theorem

00
K o(hP ) = "22 ~1nKm(hp')I", (hp) cos m(</>-</>') (63)
m=O
for p < p' and with
~o= l , ~1n= 2 (m= l , 2, 3 .. . ), (64)

it now readily follows th at

(65)

This latter equ ation can b e written symbolically in the mann er

(66)
wh ere r is the op erator
K m~
+00 oo J _00
4 1T2
+oo K ",(hp' ){ . . . . }e- ih (Z-Z'l dh e-im (</>-</>'l . (67)

This suggests writing

(68)
or
Q= r[I", (hp) + Am(h)Km(hp)J (69)

28
for the external fields and
(70 )

(71 )

for the internal fi elds. The corresponding magnetic field components are
Hp= - rh[I~(hp)+ A", (h)K~,(hp )] }
~m
H q,= r. p [I", (hp) + A ", (h)K", (hp )] T~ a (72)

Hz= r~h[Irn (hp) + A m(h)K ",(hp)]

and

(73)

The unknown coefftcienLs am, b"" and A m, which are fun ctions of h, arc determined from
the boundary condiLions. Th ese are th e normal flu x, (i.e., /J.IIp) fLnd t he t a ngenLial field s,
(i. e. , IIq, and H z) ar e con Linuous a t T= a. Th e explicit r esult for A m(h) is found to b e

(74)

wh er e
-I
" () I ;"(a) (75)
"" a =
a1 -
()
a 'fit

and
(76)

Th e precedin g results can now b e employed to calculate th e magnetic field of a m agn eLic
dipole. In tb e case of ,1, y-direcLed dipole ft t C t he potentiftl fL t Pis - dlo Qjoy'. Th e y-com-
ponen t of th e field aL P is ob tained from
0 2Q
Hy=+ dl ~ · (77 )
uyuy

R es tricting our attention again to t he plane z= z' = 0 and for x= x' (see fi g. 10), we h ave

(78)
where s= y - y' > O. Noting t hat
o . 0+ 0
oy = sm cp op cos cp pO¢' (79)
it readily follows t h at

l1..dl + 00 J + oo [ , . im ]
H~ = 4.7T":;-m~ oo - A mCh) hKm (l~p)
00 S ill cP- P K m(hp ) cos cp

X [hK~ (hp) sin cp' + i;: K mChp') cos cp' ] e- ih(Z- Z'ldhe- im (q, - q,'l , (80)

where A mCh) is given expli citly above.

29
 5. A Related Cylindrical Problem
The above general solution for an infinitely long cylinder with dipolar excitation is rather
complicated. The presence of the infinite integrals and the existen ce of Bessel functions of
generally complex argument complicate the numerical aspects of the problem. It appears,
however, that simplifications can be made under certain limiting conditions. For example, if
the radius a is small and at low freq uencies, ha is much less than unity over the important range
of the integration. Thus,

(81)

where K = /1-//1-o. In the case of very high conductivity iT'al> >1this simplifies further to

A",(h) ~ (82)

The square bracket term in eq uation (81) thus characterizes the frequency dependence of the
response and is a function only of K and 'Ya.
The secondary magnetic field Fls for the ease of finite 'Ya can then be written in terms of
-7
value of Fls for infinite 'Ya in the following way (for a given mode numbrr m)

(m = 1,2,3, .. . ), (83)

where

T = _ [ mKI", (/t X) _·/{ XI,~ (/t X) ] (84)

", mKI", (--/i X) + ,Ii XI,;, (~i X)

and wh ere X = (IT/1-w) ~a.

The total field is, of course, a sum over all modes, but because of the factor I m(ha )/K m(ha) ,
the relative response decreases rapidly \vith in cl'casi!lg vflJUP. of m. This folloviTS from the
approximation
1m(ha) (ha)2m
(85)
K m (ha) ,...., (m!) (m - 1) ! 22n - 1 '
which is valid for (ha)2« l.
To shed further light on the above approximate form , it is constructive to examine a
related problem . If the so urce is an infinite line source of electric curren t 10 located at (Po, CPo )
and parallel to t he z-axis, it is known tha t the secondary fi eld s due to the presence of the cylin de']"
are [10]
1 '" a 2m
I-I~= -2° ~ Tm m ",+1 sin m (cp - CPo) (86)
7r m~ 1 Po P

and

(87)

30

L
The structure of thi s exact two-dimensional solu tion is very similar to tbe approximated form
of tltO three-dim el1sional solution ment ioned above. Apparently if a is reasonably small, the
induced currents flow mainly in the axial direction even for a lo calized excitation and thus Lite
fr equen cy depenrlence of the induced eddy currents are adeq uatcly desc rib ed by t he form of the
solution of tlte corresponding two-dimensional problem .
TltO 11 umerical values of the real and imaginary parts of the function Tm a re illustrated in
figure 11 , where they are plotted as a funetion of X, t ltO " relative radiu s" of the cylinder , for
vfl,rious val ues of the permeability ratio K. It is noted t hat the factor T I , corresponding to
the dominant mode, is very similar to the factor 8 1 for the sphere shown in fi g ure 8.
0.5

08

0.6 OA

OA

0.1 0.3
;-.- ..:
'"
a:
E
-0.1 0.1

- 0.4

-0.6 0.1

-0.8 zoO
1000
-I

0.5

0.8 -

0.6 - OA

0.4

0.1 0.3
~ ~
'"
a: .§
-0.1 0.1

-OA

-0.6 0.1

-0 8

-I

0.5

0.8

0.6 OA

OA -

0.1 0.3
~ ;-. '"
E
'"
a:
-0.1 0.1

-OA

-0.6 0.1

-0 8
1000 200
-I 0
0.5 10 30 0.5

RELATIVE RADIUS x
FIGURE ll.-The variation oJ the res ponse oJ a conducting cylinder as a Junction oJ XC = Ca.uw)t a) for variolls
permeability ratios K ( = .u/.uo).
rrhc real and imagin ary p arts of "/\, 7'2, and T a arc sho\\"n .

31
 The work in this paper was carried out while the author was employed by N ewmont Explo-
ration Limited, Danbury, Conn. The author thanks Drs. A. A. Brant and N. F . Ness of this
organization for their h elpful suggest.ions and advice.

6 . References
[1] C. A. H eila nd, Geophysical exploration (Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York , N.Y., 1940).
[2] J . R. Wait, A co ndu cting sphere in a time varying magnetic field , Geoph ysics 16, 666 (195 1).
[31 J . R . 'W ait, Mutual electromagnetic cou pling of loops over a homogeneo us ground , Geophysics 20, 630
(1955); contains many references to related work.
[4] S. H . 'Yard and H . A. Harvey, E lectromagnetic s urveying of di a mo nd drill holes, Can. Mining Manual,
1 (1954).
[5] \'V. R. Smythe, Static an d dynamic electri city, 2d ed. (McGraw-Hill Boo k Co ., New York, N.Y., 1950);
such functions are tabulated in Tables of assoc iated Legendre pol y nomials (Columbia Univ . Press,
New York, N.Y.).
[6] S. A. Schelkunoff, E lectro magnetic waves (D . Van Nostrand Co ., In c., New York, N.Y., 1943).
[7] G. N. vVatson , Theo ry of Bessel fun ctions (Cambridge Un iv. Press, Engla nd, 1945).
[8] S. H . vVard, A method for meas urin g the electri cal co ndu ctivi ty of diamond drill core spec imens, Geoph ysics
18, 434 (1953) .
[9] J. ll. vVait, A co ndu ctin g permea ble sphere in t he prese nce of a coil cal"l'ying an oscillating current, Can.
J. Phys. 31, 670 (1953) .
[lO J J . ll. vVait, The cy lindrical ore body in the prese nce of a cable car rying an oscillating current, Geoph ys ics
17, 378 (1952) .

B OULDER, COLO. (Paper 64Bl- 16)

32