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SAINTS AND THEIR SYMBOLS
For Key, see List of Illustrations.
 SAINTS
AND THEIR

SYMBOLS
Companion in % Cumulus anir
|)irtttre
res 0f

BY

E. A. GEEENE

ILLUSTRATED

REVISED EDITION
TWENTY-FIFTH IMPRESSION

"
I beheld, and, lo, a great multitude, which no man could number, of all
nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and
before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands. And , . .

one of the elders answered, saying unto me, What are these which are arrayed
"
in white robes? and whence came they ?

LONDON
WHITTAKER & CO., WHITE ^ART STREET
PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.G.
1909
 LONDON :

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,

DUKE STREET,, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.
 ILLUSTRATIONS
(From Sketches by the Author).

FRONTISPIECE.
PART OP THE CORONATION OF THE VIRGIN, BY ORCAGNA, IN THE
NATIONAL. GALLERY.

KEY TO ARRANGEMENT OF FIGURES.

Beginning on the left :

FIRST Row. 1. ST. PAUL ;

2. ST. MATTHEW ;
3. ST. LAWRENCE.
SECOND Row. 1. ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST; 2. ST. DAMIANO;
3. ST. ANSANO; 4. ST. NICHOLAS OF BARI ;
5. ST. DOMINIC;
6. ST. CATHERINE OF ALEXANDRIA.

THIRD Row. 1. ST. JAMES THE GREAT 2. AN APOSTLE 3. A ; ;

MONK ;
4. ST. BERNARD 5. ST. ANTONY THE HERMIT
; ;

6. ST. AGNES.

FOURTH Row. 1. AN APOSTLE 2. ST. MARK 3. ST. ROMULO

; ; ;

4. ST. AUGUSTINE ;
5. ST. JEROME 6. ST. SCHOLASTICA. ;

FIFTH Row. 1. ST. ZENOBIO ;

2. ST. PANCRAS ;
3. ST. REPARATA.

SMALL WOODCUTS.
Six PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS

FIGURE FROM A FRESCO, BY TADDEO GADDI,

. ...... IN STA. MARIA
PAGE
1

NOVELLA, FLORENCE 30

FRAGMENT FROM THE CRUCIFIXION, BY FRA ANGELICO, IN SAN

MARCO, FLORENCE 31

S. FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FROM THE CORONATION OF THE VIRGIN,

BY FRA ANGELICO, IN SAN MARCO, FLORENCE . . 187
 PREFACE.
IN issuing another edition of this little book, the author
wishes to acknowledge the kindness and favour with which
it has been received since its first publication more than

twenty years ago. The continuance of a demand for it is

the best testimony that it has fulfilled in some measure a real
want, and has encouraged the issue of a new edition. No
change has been made in the scope of the book, as experience
has apparently endorsed the aim and limitations which were
marked out in its origin.

All Saints' Day, 1907.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

THE object of this little book, as its name implies, is to be
of some assistance to the traveller in the Churches and Picture
Galleries of Europe. There, the effigies of the saints and
scenes from their histories meet us at every turn, and we lose
more than half the pleasure we might derive from the con-
templation of a work of art, when we are in ignorance of its

I
viii PEEFAGE.

real meaning, or the lesson it was intended to convey. Mrs.

Jameson's beautiful work amply supplies all that could be
desired on this subject, but it is of far too extensive a character
to be easily carried about or used as a handbook. It is hoped,

therefore, that a book like the present volume may be found

useful by many, for it is small enough to find a place in any
traveller's bag, and to be carried in the galleries as a ready
work of reference. The first part, consisting of an alphabetical
listof the principal symbols distinguishing the saints in art,
will enable the reader to identify the members of those glorious

groups of the redeemed which Orcagna and Fra Angelico

loved to paint. The second part, containing accounts of
the saints themselves, told in the fewest possible words,
will serve to explain most of the pictures relating to them.
As the book has been compiled solely with a view to art, those

only of the saints and legends which are represented in art

have been noticed ;
and no reference has been made to the
authenticity of either saints or legends.
An acknowledgment is due to the works ofMrs. Jameson,
the Rev. S. Baring Gould, and Alban Butler, which have been
of great assistance.

All Saints' Day, 1881.

 SYMBOLS DISTINGUISHING THE

SAINTS
IN AET.

ANCHOR. Sometimes three balls, S. Nicholas of Myra, A.D. 326.

or three children in a tub. Patron saint of Kussia, and many
Bishop's robes. seaports j also of children, es-

pecially schoolboys, sailors,

merchants, and travellers, and
against thieves.
ANCHOR at his side, hung round his S. Clement, M., A.D. 100. Third
neck, or held in his hand. Pope's Bishop of Rome.
or Bishop's robes.

ANGEL or Man. S. Matthew, Apostle, Evangelist,

M.
ANGEL holding a book. Benedic- S. Francesca Komana, A.D. 1440.
tine habit.*

ANGEL. Crown of red and white S. Cecilia, V.M., A.D. 280. Patron
roses. Musical instruments. saint of music and musicians.
Palm.

*
Descriptions of the various monastic habits, with other explanatory
notes, will be found in the Appendix.
 ANGARR.
ANGEL holding a flame- tipped S. Theresa, A.D. 1582. Patron saint
arrow. Dove. Carmelite habit. of Spain. Foundress of the Scalzi,
reformed Carmelites.
ANGEL leading captives. White S. John de Matha, A.D. 1213.
habit. Blue and red cross on Founder of the Order of Trini-
his breast. tarians, for the redemption of
captives.
ANGEL with pyx or chalice. Fran- S. Bonaventura, A.D. 1274.
aiscan habit. Cardinal's hat
on a tree or at his feet.

ANGEL holding fruit or flowers. S. Dorothea of Cappadocia, Y.M.,

Crown. Palm. A.D. 303.

ANGEL and Lily. Not represented S. Philip Neri, A.D. 1595. Founder
before 1622. of the Order of the Oratorians.

ANGEL holding a shield on which S. Clotilda of Burgundy, A.D. 534.

are three fleurs-de-lys,

AXGEL ploughing, in the back- S. Isidore the Ploughman, A.D.

ground. Spade. In Spanish 1170, Patron saint of Madrid
pictures only. and of agriculture.
ANGELS crowning her with roses. S. Rosalia of Palermo, A.D. 1160.
ANVIL at his feet or in his hand. S. Adrian, M., A.D. 290. Patron
In armour. Lion. saint of Flanders and Germany,
of soldiers, and against the
plague.
ANVIL. Bishop's robes, or as a S. Eloy, Lo, or Eligius, A.D. 659.
blacksmith. Patron saint of Bologna, and of
blacksmiths and horses.
ARMOUR and crown lying at his S. William of Aquitaine, A.D. 812.
side. Benedictine habit.

VS.ROW. Banner with a red cross. S. Ursula, V.M.

Dates vary from
Crown. Sometimes surrounded 237 to Patron saint of
451.
by many virgins*. Palm. young girls, and women engaged
in the education of their own
 ARRBAL. 3

ARROW transfixing his breast or S. Giles, Hermit, A.D. 725. Patroo

hand, or a hind near pierced by saint of Edinburgh, and of woods,
an arrow. Old and in Bene- lepers, cripples, and beggars.
dictine habit.

ARROWS, pierced by. Bound to a S. Sebastian, M., A.D. 288. Patron

tree or column. saint against the plague and
pestilence.

ARROWS. Millstone. Crown. * S. Pa-

Christina, V.M., A.D. 295.
Palm. tron saint of Bolsena, and one of
the patron saints of Venice.

ARROW ; sometimes piercing a S. Edmund, M., A.D. 870. Patron

crown. Wolf near. Eoyal robes. Bury St. Edmunds.
saint of

AWL, or shoemaker's knife. Two SS. Crispin and Crispianus, MM.,

men together. Palms. A.D. 300. Patron saints of Sois-
sons.

AXE. S. Matthias, Apostle, M.

AXE in his hand; or sometimes S. Proculus, M ,

circa 303. Patron
in his head. In armour. saint of Bologna.

AXE, lictor's ;
also a two-pronged S Martina, Y.M., A.D. 230.

fork.

BAG of money, Book. Pen and S. Matthew, Apostle and Evan-

inkhorn. gelist, M.

BALLS, three. Bishop's robes. S. Nicholas of Myra, A.D. 326. Pa-

tron of Russia, and many sea-
ports j also of children, espe-
schoolboys, of sailors,
cially
merchants, and travellers, and
against thieves.

S. Ursula, but when

distinguish this saint from
* It is difficult to
it is S. Christina.
found in early Italian art and without signs of royalty,
 BAN BEG.

BANNER with black Imperial eagle. S. Wenceslaus of Bohemia, M.,

Royal robes. Palm. A.D. 938.

BANNER, with red cross. Arrow. S. Ursula, Y.M. Dates vary from
Crown. Sometimes surrounded 237 to 451. Patron saint of
by many virgins. young girls, and women engaged
in the education of their own
sex.

BANNER with red cross on a white S. Keparata, V. M., 3rd century.

ground. Crown. Palm. Some- Formerly patron saint of Florence.
times in a red and white mantle.

BANNER, white, with a red cross. S. Torpe, M., A.D. 70. Patron
Classical armour. Only found saint of Pisa.
near Pisa.

BANNER. Sword. Palm. Young S. Julian of Cilicia, M. Patron

and richly dressed. saint of Rimini.

BEASTS, surrounded by. Palm. S. Thecla, Y.M., 1st century. Patron

Dark grsy or brown mantle. saint of Tarragona.

BEDS in the background. Dark S. Juan de Dios, A.D. 1550. Founder

brown habit and hood. of the Order of Hospitallers or
Brothers of Charity.
BEEH IVE. Inkhorn, pen, and papers. S. Bernard of Clairvaux, A.D. 1153.
White habit, with a cowl and Founder of the Cistercian Order
large sleeves. Sometimes demon of reformed Benedictines.
bound.
BEEHIVE at his feet. Books. S. Ambrose, A.D. 397. One of the
Bishop's robes. Four Latin Fathers of the
Church. Patron saint of Milan.

BEGGAR, half naked, at his feet, S. Martin of Tours, A.D. 397.

or rec&lvicg pan of his cloak. Patron saint of Tours, Lucca,
and penitent drunkards.
BEGGAR at his feet. Dark brown S. Juan de Dios, A.D. 1550. Founder
habit and hood. of the Order of Hospitallers or
Brothers of Charity.
 BEG
BEGGAR with a dish, old and very S. Alexis, A.D. 400. Patron saint
ragged. Sometimes palm and of pilgrims and beggars.
cross.

BEGGARS at her feet.

Carrying S. Elizabeth of Hungary, A.D.
roses in her mantle.
Royal robes 1231.
or Franciscan habit.

BEGGARS, giving alms to. Widow's *S. Elizabeth of Portugal, A.D. 1336.
veil. Crown. Franciscan habit.
BELL, sometimes suspended from S. Anthony, Hermit, A.D. 357.
the top of a crutch. Hog.

BELL. Sometimes loaf and cruse. S. Pol de Lon, A.D. 573.

BLACKSMITH with anvil, hammer, S. Eloy, Lo, or EHgias, A..D. 659.

and bellows, or Bishop's robes Patron saint of Bologna, and of
with blacksmith's tools. blacksmiths and horses.
BLOOD flowing from his head. S. Peter Martyr, A.D. 1252.
Generally pierced by a sword or
axe. Dominican habit.
BLOOD flowing from his head. S. Thomas a Becket, A.D. 117C.
Bishop's robes, or Benedictine
habit.
'

BONES, two human. Scourge. S. Ambrose, A.D. 397. One of the

Beehive. Bishop's robes. Four Latin Fathers of the
Church. Patron saint of Milan.
BOOK transfixed by a sword, or S. Boniface, A D. 755. Archbishop
stained with blood. Bishop's of Mayence. Apostle and first
robes over the Benedictine habit. Primate of Germany.
BOOKS at his feet, or in his hand. S. Augustine, A.D. 430. One of
Sometimes a heart, flaming or the Four Latin Fathers of the
transfixed by an arrow. Bishop's Church.
robes.

BOOKS, trampling under his feet. S. Cyprian of Antioch, M-, AD. 304.
Bishop's robes. Palm. Sword.

* S. Elizabeth of
Portugal is distinguished from S. Elizabeth of Hun.

gary by her venerable appearance.

 EOT CAB.

BOTTLE on the end of a staff. S. James the Great, Apostle, M.

Scallop shell. Patron saint of Spain.

BOTTLES. Giving alms to the poor. S. Omobuono. Patron saint of

Fur- trimmed tunic and cap. Cremona and of tailors.
Bex, or vase, of alabaster. Long S. Mary Magdalene, A.D. 68. Pa-
fair hair. tron saint of Provence, Mar-
seilles, and of penitent women.
Box of ointment. Surgical instru- SS. Cosmo and Damian, MM., A.D.
ments. Two men together in 301. Patron saints of the Medici,
red robes. and of medicine.
BRANCH of olive. White habit. S. Bernard of Tolomei, A.D. 1319.
Only found in late pictures. Founder of the Order of Olive-
tani, reformed Benedictines.
BRANCH of olive. Sword at his S. Pantaleon of Nicomedia, M., 4th
feet. Loose physician's robe. century. Patron saint of physi-
Palm. cians.
BRANCH of olive. Lamb. Palm. S Agnes, V.M., A.D. 304.

BRANCH twisted round his body. S. Onofrio, 4th or 5th century.

Old and half naked, and with Hermit of Thebes.
long hair.
BREAD and cruse of water. Bell. S. Pol de Leon, A.D. 573.
BUILDINGS, in his hand. S. Petronius, A.D. 430. Patrom
saint of Bologna.

CANDLE on his head, or in his hand. S. Erasmus or Elmo, M., A.D. 296.
Bishop's robes. Wheel.
CANDLE lighted. A demon trying S. Genovieve, A.D. 509. Patron
to blow it out with bellows. saint of Paris.

CAPTIVE kneeling at her feet. S. Radegunda, A.D. 587. Protec-

Broken fetters in her hand. Order of Trinitarians,
tress of the
for the redemption of captives.
CARDINAL, barefooted, with a rope S. Charles Borromeo, A.D. 1584.
round his neck. Archbishop of Milan.
CARDINAL. (Only in a group of S. Bernard degli Uberti, Abbot of
Yallombrosan saints.) Vallombrosa.
 CAECR1.
CARDINAL'S HAT, on a tree or at S. Bonaventura, A.D. 1274.
his feet. Franciscan habit.

CARDINAL'S HAT, at his feet or near S. Jerome, A.D. 420. One of the
him. Emaciated, old, and ragged, Four Latin Fathers of the Church,
or in Cardinal's robes. Lion. Founder of Monachism in the
Church in his hand. West. Patron saint of scholars.
CARPENTER'S or builder's square. S. Thomas, Apostle, M. Patror
saint of builders and architects.

CAULDRON of oil. A
boy with the S. Vitus, M., A.D. 303. Patw
palm. Generally a cock ; some- saint of Saxony, Bohemia, Sicily,
times lion or wolf. of dancers and actors, and of
those who find a difficulty in
early rising.
CENSER. Benedictine habit. Gene- S. Maurus, A.D. 584.

rally accompanying S. Benedict.

CHAIN and fetters in her hand. S. Balbina, A.D. 130.

Peculiar to Rome.

CHAINS and fetters. Benedictine S. Leonard, A.D. 559. Patron saint

habit, or deacon's robes. of prisoners and slaves.

CHALICE or Pyx. Franciscan habit. S. Bonaventura, A.D. 1274.

Cardinal's hat on a tree or at
his feet.

CHALICE. Dominican habit. Star S. Thomas Aquinas, A.D. 1274.

on his breast.

CHEQUERED HABIT. Franciscan S. Margaret of Cortona, A.D. i297

cord. Dog at her feet.

CHILD on his shoulders. Walking S. Christopher, A.D, 364.

through water.
CHILD-CHRIST in his arms, or on a S. Antony of Padua, A.D. 1231.
book. Franciscan habit.
CHILD in his arms, or at his feet. S. Vincent de Paule, A.D. 16GO.
Founder of the Sisters of Charity
8 CHI CEO.

CHILDREN, three in a tub. Bishop's S. Nicholas of Myra, A.D. 326.

robes. Patron saint of Russia,and many
seaports ; also of children, es-

pecially schoolboys, sailors, mer-

chants, travellers, and against
thieves.
CHURCH with two towers in his S. Sebald, A.D. 770.
hand. Pilgrim with wallet and
shell.

CHURCH in her hand, Royal robes. S. Cunegunda of Bavaria, A.D.

Walking over ploughshares. 1040.

CHURCH in his hand. Royal robes. S. Henry of Bavaria, A.D. 1024.
Sometimes in armour.
CHURCH in his hand. Emaciated, S. Jerome, A.D. 420. One of the
old, and ragged, or in Cardinal's Four Latin Fathers of the
robes. Cardinal's hat near. Lion. Church. Founder of Monachism
in the West. Patron saint of
scholars.

CLOAK, dividing with beggar. S. Martin of Tours, A.D. 397.

Patron saint of Tours, Lucca,
and of penitent drunkards.
CLUB. S. James the Less, Apostle, M.
COCK. A boy with the palm. S. Yitus, M., A.D. 303. Patron
Sometimes lion or wolf. saint of Saxony, Bohemia, Sicily,
and of dancers and actors, and
of those who find a difficulty in

early rising.
COMB, of iron. Bishop's robes. S. Blaise, M., A.D. 289. Patron
saint of Ragusa, of woolcombers,
of wild animals, and against dis-
eases of the throat.

,
of iron. In armour. Keys S. Hippolytus, M., A.D. 258. The
at his girdle. gaoler of S. Laurence.
transverse, or X -shaped. S. Andrew, Apostle, M. Patron
saint of Scotland and Russia.
 CEO.

CROSS at the end of a staff, or S. Philip, Apostle, M.

sometimes small in his hand, or
T-shaped.
Cuoss. Light grey habit. Beard- S. John Gualberto, A.D. 1073.
less. Sometimes a crutch. Founder of the Tallombrosan
Order of reformed Benedictines.

CROSS, blue and red on his breast. S. John de Matha, A.D. 1213.
White habit. Sometimes angel Founder of the Order of Trini-
leading captives. tarians for the redemption of
captives.
CROSS. Lily. Pyx. Franciscan S. Clara, A.D. 1253. Founder of
habit. Black veil. the Order of Franciscan Nuns
called Poor Clares.

CROSS. Crown. Palm. S. Margaret, Y.M., A.D. 306.

Dragon.

CROSS, "T' sna P e cL Javelins. Lily. S. Miniato, M., A.D. 254.

Crown. Palm.
embroidered on a S. Apollinaris of Ravenna, M., A.D.
CROSS, black,
white robe. 79.

CROSS, red, on his breast. In ar- S. Maurice, M., A.D. 286. Patron
mour. Sometimes as a Moor, saint of Austria, Savoy, and
or with eagle on banner and Mantua, and of foot soldiers.

shield.
S. Oswald, A.D. 642.
CROSS, large. Royal robes.
Louis of Toulouse, A.D. 1297.
CROWN and sceptre at his feet. S.

Franciscan habit, or Bishop's

robes embroidered with the
fleur-de-lys.

CBOWN and sceptre at his feet. S. Procopius. A.D. 1053.

Hermit's gaib. A doe by his

side.

CKO\TN and sceptre at his feet, or S. Casimir of Poland, A.D.

by his side. Lily. Young and

in royal robes.
10 CEO CUP
CROWN. Benedictine habit. Palm. S. Flavia, M., A.D. 540.

CROWN OF THORNS in his hand. S. Louis IX., King of France, A.D.

Franciscan habit, or royal robes 1270.
embroidered with the fleur-de-

CROWN OF THORNS. Stigmata. S. Catherine of Siena, A.D. 1380.

Lily. Dominican habit.

CROWNS, three, embroidered on his S. Charlemagne, A.D. 814.

robe. Globe and Cross. In ar-
mour. Ermine mantle.

CRUCIFIX, sometimes a crutch. S. John Gualberto, A.D. 1073.

Light grey habit. Beardless. Founder of the Vallombrosan
Older of reformed Benedictines.

CRUCIFIX, wreathed with the lily. S. Nicholas of Tolentino, A.D. 1309.

Star on his breast or above his
head. Benedictine habit.

CRUCIFIX. Dominican habit. Some- S. Vincent Ferraris, A.D. 1419.

times wings.

CRUCIFIX. Pyx. Dominican habit. S. Hyacinth, A.D. 1257.

CRUCIFIX. Lily. Surplice over S. Francis Xavier, A.D. 1552.
black habit. Patron saint of India.
CRUCIFIX. Ragged clothes, and S. Rosalia of Palermo, A.D. 1160.
long loose hair.
CRUTCH, sometimes with a bell S. Anthony, Hermit, A.D. 357.

hanging from it. Hog.

CRUTCH. Long beard. White S. Romualdo, A.D. 1027. Founder
habit. of the Order of Camaldolesi,
reformed Benedictines.

CRUTCH, Cross, or Crucifix. Light S. John Gualberto, A.D. 1073.

grey habit. Beardless. Founder of the Vallombrosan
Order of reformed Benedictines.

CUP, with serpent. Eagle. S. John, Apostle, Evangelist.

 CUP DOE. 11

CUP, broken, Benedictine habit. S. Benedict, A.D. 543. Founder of

the Benedictine Order.

CUP, broken. Palm. S. Donato of Arezzo, M.

CUP and wafer. Tower. Feather. S. Barbara, V.M., A.D. 303. Patron
Sword. Crown. Palm. saint of Mantua and Ferrara;
of arms, armourers and fortifica-
tions, and against thunder and
lightning.
CUP and sponge, with drops of blood. S. Pudentiana, A.D. 148.

DATES, cluster of, on palm. Cross. S. Ansano, M. Patron saint of

and dressed. Siena.
Young richly

DEMON, bound. Inkhorn, pen, and S. Bernard of Clairvaux, A.D. 1153.

papers. White habit. Some- Founder of the Cistercian Order
times beehive. of reformed Benedictines.

DEMON, bound, at his feet. White S. Norbert, A.D. 1134. Founder

over black habit. Monstrance of the Order of Premonstra-
or Cup. tesians.

509. Patron
DEMON, holding bellows, and trying S. Genevieve, A.D.

to blow out a torch or candle. saint of Paris.

DEMON, trying to blow out a lan- S. Gudula, A.D. 712. Patron saint
tern. of Brussels.

DISH, breasts on. Shears. Palm. S. Agatha, V.M., A.D. 251. Patron
Malta and Catania.
saint of

DISH. Old and dressed as a beg- S. Alexis, A D. 400. Patron saint

or pilgrim. Sometimes of pilgrims and beggars.

gar
Cross or Palm.

Drsn, eyes on. Sword or wound S. Lucy, V.M., A.D. 303. Patron
in her neck. Lamp. Palm. saint of Syracuse, and against
diseases of the eye.

Sometimes bas- S. Genevieve, A.D. 509. Patron

DISTAFF. Sheep.
ket of loaves. saint of Paris.

DOE by his side. Hermit's garb. S. Procopius, A.D. 1053.

Crown and sceptre at his feet.

12 DOG-DRA.
DOG, with a torch in its mouth. S. Dominic, A.D. 1221. Founde*
Star OD forehead. Lily. Do- of the Dominican Order.
minican habit.
DOG by his side. Pilgrim's shell S. Roch, A.D. 1327. Patron saint
and staff. Pointing to a wound of the sick, particularly the
in his leg. plague-stricken .

DOG at her feet. Chequered habit. S. Margaret of Cortona, A.D. 1297

DOVE on his shoulder, or hovering S. Gregory, A.D. 604. One of
over his head. Pope's robes- the Four Latin Fathers of the
Church.
DOVE. Benedictine habit. Lily. S. Scholastica, A.D. 543. Sister of
Generally accompanying S. S. Benedict.
Benedict.

DOVE. Heart with I.H.S., or Angel S. Theresa, A.D. Patron

1582.
holding flame-tipped arrow. Car- saint of Spain. Foundress of
melite habit. the Scalzi, reformed Carmelites.
DRAGON at his feet. In armour. S. George, M., A.D. 303. Patron
Standard. Palm. saint of England, Germany, and
Venice, and of soldiers and ar-
mourers.
DRAGON in his hand, its mouth S. Sylvester, Pope, A.D. 335.
bound with threads. Pope's or
Bishop's robes, with an ox at his
feet.

DRAGON at his feet. Bishop's S. Mercuriale, 2nd century. Bishop

robes. of Forli.

DRAGON at his feet. In armour. S. Theodore, M., A.D. 319. Patron

saint of Venice,

DRAGON under her feet. Cross. S. Margaret, V.M., A.D. 306.

Crown. Palm.

DRAGON, bound, at her feet. Pot S. Martha of Bethany, A.D. 84.

of holy water. Keys at her Patron saint of cooks and house-
girdle. Ladle. wives.

DRAGON, driving into the soa. S. Pol de Leon, A.D. 573.

 EAGFIR. 13

EAGLE. Sometimes a cup and S. John, Apostle,

Evangelist.
serpent.
EAGLE by her side. Lion. Palm. S. Pri&ca, V.M., A.D. 275.
EYES on a book. Benedictine habit. S. Ottilia, M., A.D. 720.

EYES on a dish. Sword or wound S. Lucy, V.M., A.D. 303 Patron

in her neck. Lamp. Palm. saint of Syracuse, and against
diseases of the eye.

FACB of Christ on a cloth. S. Veronica, M.

FALCON. In armour. S. Bavon, A.D. 657. Patron saint
of Ghent and Haarlem.

FEATHER. Tower. Chalice and S. Barbara, V.M., A.D. 303. Patron

wafer. Sword. Crown. Palm. saint of Ferrara and Mantua ;
also of arms, armourers and
fortifications, and against thun-
der and lightning.
FETTERS and chains, Benedictine S. Leonard, A.D. 559. Patron
habit, or Deacon's robes. saint of prisoners and slaves.

FETTERS in his hand, or at his S. John de Matha, A.D. 1213.

feet. White habit. Blue and Founder of the Order of the-
red cross on- his breast. Trinitarians for the redemption
of captives.
FETTERS and chains in her hand. S. Balbina, A.D. 130.
Peculiar to Eome.
FETTERS, broken, in her hand. A S. Kadegunda, A.D. 587. Protec-
captive kneeling at her feet. tress of the Order of Trinitarians
for the redemption of captives.
FINGER on his lip. Five stars S. John Nepomuc, A.D. 1393.
over his head. Patron saint of silence, bridges*
and running water.

FIRE in his hand. Bishop's robes. S. Brice or Britius, A.D. 444,

Bishop of Tours.
FIRE near him, or under his feet S. Anthony, Hermit, A D. 357.

Crutch with bell. Hog.

 FIE GOO.

FIRE. Throwing water on a burn- S. Florian, M. A patron saint of

ing house. Austria.

FISH and keys. S. Peter, Apostle, M.

FISH. Bishop's robes. S. Ulrich, A.D. 973. Patron saint
of Augsburg.

FISH with a key in its mouth. S. Benno, A.D. 1100.

Bishop's robes.
FISH suspended from the crozier. S. Zeno, A.D. 380. Patron saint
Bishop's robes. of Verona.

FISH at his feet. Bishop's robes. S. Corentin of Brittany, A.D. 495.

FLAME OF FIRE in his hand, or on his S. Antony of Padua, A.D. 1231.

breast. Lily. Franciscan habit.

FLEUR DE LYS embroidered on S. Louis IX., King of France, A.D.

Royal robes. Crown of thorns. 1270.

FLEUR DE LYS embroidered on S. Louis of Toulouse, A.D. 1297.

Bishop's robes. Sometimes Fran-
ciscan habit. Crown and sceptre
at his feet.

FLOWERS in her hand, or crowned S. Dorothea of Cappadocia, V.M.,

by. Palm. A.D. 303.

FLOWERS, three. Swan. Carthu- S. Hugh of Lincoln, A.D. 1126.

sian habit.

FORK, two-pronged. Lictor's axe. S. Martina, V.M., A.D. 230.

FOUNTAIN. Sword. Sometimes head S Alban, A.D. 305. England's pro-
in his hand. tomartyr.

GLOBE, surmounted by cross, S. Charlemagne, A.D. 814.

three crowns on robe. In
armour. Ermine mantle.
GOOSE by his side, Sometimes S. Martin of Tours, A.D. 397-
bishop's robes. Patron saint of Tours and Lucca,
and of penitent drunkards.
 GRAEEA. 15

BRATE or Gridiron. Sometimes S. Laurence, M., AD 258. Patron

only embroidered on his robe. saint of Nuremberg and Genoa.

HATE, long, fair, Vase or box of S. Mary Magdalene, A.D. 68.

alabaster. Patron saint of Pi ovence and Mar-
seilles, and of penitent women.
HAIR and beard long. Very old S. Paul the Hermit of Thebes, A.D.
and half naked. Sometimes a 344.
raven near.
HAIR and beard long. Very old S. Onofrio, 4th or 5th century.
and clothed only with branches. Hermit of Thebes.
HVLBERD (in Germany). S. Jude or Thaddeus, Apostle, M.

HAMMER, anvil, tongs, &c. Bishop's S. Eloy, Lo, or Eligius, A.D. G59.
.
robes, or sometimes as a black- Patron saint of Bologna, and
smith. of blacksmiths and horses.
HARROW. Bishop's robes. S. Frediano of Lucca, A.D. 560.

HAT, cardinal's, near. Old and S. Jerome, A.D. 420. One

of the Foui
emaciated. Sometimes Cardinal's Latin Fathers of the Church.
robes. Lion. Founder of Monachism in the
West. Patron saint of scholars.

HAT, cardinal's, at his feet or on a S. Bonaventura, A.D. 1274.

tree. Franciscan habit.
HAWK. Shield with nine balls. S. Quirinus the Tribune, A.D. 130.
HEAD, blood flowing from, or S. Thomas a Becket, A.D. 1170.

pierced by a sword. Bishop's

robes, or Benedictine habit.
HEAD, blood flowing from, or S. Peter Martyr, A.D. 1252.
pierced by a sword or axe. Do-
minican habit.
HEAD of a man under her feet. S. Catherine of Alexandria, V.M.,
Wheel. Crown. Palm. A.D. 307.Patron saint of Venice,
and places of education, of
science, philosophy, and elo-
quence, and against diseases of
the tongue.
16 HJEASIN.
HEAD, carrying his own. Some- S. Denis, M., 1st century. Patron
times sword. Bishop's robes. saint of France.

HEAD, carrying his own. Only S. Clair, M., 3rd century.

found in Eouen.

HEAD, carrying half, with a mitre S. Nicasius, M., A.D. 400. Bishop of
on it. Bishop's robes. Eheims.

HEAD, carrying her own. Palni. S. Valerie, M. Patron saint of

Aquitaine.
HEAD, carrying her own, accom- S. Grata, A.D. 300.

panied by a
Roman soldier with Palm. S. Alexander.
King. S. Lupo.
Queen with a veil. S. Adelaide.

HEAD, carrying his own. In ar- S. Proculus, M., circa 303. Patron
mour. Axe in his hand or head. saint of Bologna.

HEAD in his hand. Fountain in S. Alban, A.D. 305. England's pro-

background. Sword. tomartyr.

HEART, flaming, or transfixed with S. Augustine, A.D. 430. One of

an arrow. Bishop's robes. Book the Four Latin Fathers of the
at his feet or in his hands. Church.

HEART, crowned by thorns. I.H.S. S. Ignatius Loyola, A.D. 1556.

in the sky. Founder of the Society of Jesuits.
HEART with I.H.S. Carmelite S. Theresa, A.D. 1582. Patron saint
habit. Sometimes Crucifix and of Spain. Foundress of the
Lily or Dove. Scalzi, reformed Carmelites.

HERMIT praying in a hollow tree. S. Bavon, A.D. 657. Patron saint

of Ghent and Haarlem.

HERMIT. Very old, with long hair, S. Paul the Hermit of Thebes,
and half naked. Sometimes a A.D. 344.
raven near.
HIND pierced by an arrow, some- S. Giles, Hermit, A.D. 725. Patron
times through his hand. Bene- saint of Edinburgh, and of woods,
dictine habit. lepers, cripples, and beggars.
 HOG-JUIk 17

Hoo. Bell and crutch. S. Anthony, Hermit, A.D. 357.

HORN, drinking. Bishop's robes. S. Cornelius. Bishop of Rome.

HORSES, tied to wild. In armour. S. Hippolytus, M., A.D. 258. The
Keys at his girdle. gaoler of S. Laurence.
HOUSE, throwing water on a burn- S. Florian, M. A patron saint of
ing. Austria.
HUNTSMAN. Stag with a crucifix S. Hubert, A.D. 727. Bishop of
between its horns. (Hardly ever Liege Patron saint of dogs and
found in Italy.) the chase.

f-H.S. on heart. Carmelite habit. S. Theresa, A.D. 1582. Patron

Sometimes crucifixand lily or saint of Spain. Foundress of
dove. the Scalzi, reformed Carmelites.
I.H.S. in the sky. Heart crowned S. Ignatius Loyola, A.D. 1556.

by thorns. Founder of the Society of Jesuits.

I.H.S. on a tablet surrounded by S. Bernardino of Siena, A.D. 1444.

rays. Franciscan habit. Some- Founder of the Order of Obser-

times three mitres. vants, reformed Franciscans.
INK-HORN, pen, and papers. White S. Bernard of Clairvaux, A.D. 1153
habit. Beehive. Bound demon. Founder of the Cistercian Order
of reformed Benedictines.

INSTRUMENTS, surgical. Two men SS. Cosmo and Dflmian, MM., A.D.
in red robes. Palms. 301. Patron saints of the Medici,
and of medicine.

JAVELIN with the point reversed. S. "Filomena, M., A.D. 303.

Lily. Palm.
JAVELIN or "lance at his feet. S. Lambert, M., A.D. 709.

Bishop's robes. Palm.

JAVELINS. T- snaP ed cross. Lily. S. Miniato, M., A.D. 254.

Crown. Palm. Bed robe.
Ives of Bretagne, A.D 1303.
JUDGE or Doctor of Laws. Some- S.

times surrounded by widows and Patron saint of lawyers.

orphan*.
 KEY LIC.

KEYS. S. Peter, Apostle, M.

KEYS at his girdle. In armour. S. Hippolytus, M., A.D. 258. The
Sometimes an iron comb or gaoler of S. Laurence.
bound to horses.
KEYS at her girdle. Pot of holy S. Martha of Bethany, A.D. 84.
water. Ladle, Dragon at her Patron saint of cooks and house-
feet. wives.

KNIFE. S. Bartholomew, Apostle, M.

KNIFE, shoemaker's, or awl. Two SS. Crispin and Crispianus, MM.,
men together. Palm. A.D. 300. Patron saints of Sois-
sons.

LABARUM, or Standard of the Cross. S. Constantino, A.D. 335.

Classical costume.
LADLE. Dragon at her feet. Pot S. Martha of Bethany, A.D. 84
of holy water. Patron saint of cooks and house-
wives.

LAMB. Crucifix. S. John the Baptist.

LAMB. Olive-branch. Palm. S. Agnes, V.M., A.D. 304.
LAMB. Lily. Franciscan habit. S. Francis of Assisi, A.D. 1226.

Stigmata. Founder of the Franciscan Order.

LAMP. Sword or wound in her S. Lucy, V.M., A.D. 303. Patron
neck. Eyes on dish. Palm. saint of Syracuse, and against
diseases of the eye.

LANCE (in Italian pictures). S. Matthias, Apostle, M.

LANCE, or Halberd. S. Jude or Thaddeus, Apostle, M.

LANCE at his feet. Bishop's robes. S. Lambert, M., A.D. 709.

Palm.
LANTEBX. Demon trying to blow S. Gudula, A.D. 712. Patron saint
it out. of Brussels.

LEG, pointing to a wound in. Pil- S. Koch, A.D. 1327. Patron saint
grim's shell and staff. Some, of prisoners and the sick, espe-
times dog. cially the plague-stricken.

LICTOR'S are. 8. Martina, V.M., A.D. 230.

 LILLIO.
LILT. S. Joseph.

LILT. Dominican habit. Star on S. Dominic, A.D. 1221. Founder of

his forehead. the Dominican Order.
LILY. Franciscan habit. Stig- S. Francis of Assisi, A.D. 1226.
mata. Founder of the Franciscan Order.
LILY. T-shaped cross. Javelins. S. Miniato, M., A.D. 254,.
Crown. Palm. Red robe.

LILY. Franciscan habit. Flame of S. Antony of Padua, A.D. 1231.

fire in his hand or on his breast.

LILY. Young and in royal robes. S. Casimir of Poland, A.D. 1483.

Crown and sceptre at his feet or

by his side.

LILY. Crucifix. Surplice over S. Francis Xavier, A.D. 1552. Pa-

black habit. tron saint of India.

LILY and Angel. (Not represented S. Philip Neri, A.D. 1595. Founder
before 1622.) of the Order of the Oratorians.

LILY. Dove. Benedictine habit. S. Scholastica, A.D. 543. Sister of

S. Benedict.

LILT. Cross. Pyx. Franciscan S. Clara, A.D. 1253. Founder of

habit. the Order of Franciscan nuns
called Poor Clares.

LILT. Crown of thorns. Domini- S. Catherine of Siena, A.D. 1380.

can habit. Stigmata.
LILY. Sword. Lion. Palm. S. Euphemia, V.M., 807.
LILY. Javelin with point reversed. S. Filomena, Y.M., A.D. 303.
Palm.
LION, generally winged, S. Mark, Evangelist, M.
LION. Emaciated, old, and ragged, S. Jerome, A.D 420. One of the
or in cardinal' s robes. Cardinal's Four Latin Fathers of the
hat near. Church. Founder of Monachism
in the West. Patron saint of

scholars.
c 2
 LIOHIT.
LION. A boy with the palm. S. Vitus, M., A.D. 303. Patron saint
Generally a cock. Sometimes a of Bohemia, Saxony, and Sicily,
wolf and cauldron of oil. of dancers and actors, and of
those who find a difficulty in

early rising.
LION. Anvil, Sword or axe. In S. Adrian, M., A.D. 290. Patron
armour. saint of Flanders and Germany,
of soldiers,aiid against the plague.

LION. Eagle. Palm. S. Prisca, M., A.D. 275.

LION. Lily. Sword. Palm. S. Euphemia, V.M., A.D. 307.

LOAVES, three small, at her side. S. Mary of Egypt, A.D. 433. Patron
Old and worn. Long hair. saint of penitents and anchorites.

LOAVES in a basket. A shep- S. Genevieve, A.D. 509. Patron

herdess's dress and a distaff. saint of Paris.

MAN, or Angel. S. Matthew, Apostle, Evangelist, M.

MAN under his feet. In armour. S. Gereon, M. One of the Theban
Standard and Palm. Legion.
MAN'S head under her feet. Wheel. S. Catherine of Alexandria, V.M.,
Crown. Palm. AD. 307. Patron saint of Venice,
and places of education, of
science, philosophy, and elo-
quence, and against diseases of
the tongue.
MILLSTONE. In armour. S. Victor of Marseilles, M., A.D. 303.

MILLSTONE. S. Florian. A patron saint of Aus-

tria.

MILLSTONE. Arrows. Crown. Palm. S. Christina, M., A.D. 295. Patron

saint of Bolsena, and one of the
patron saints of Venice. (See p.
3, note).

MITRES, three, on a book, or at his S. Bernard of Clairvaux, A.D. 1153.

feet. White habit. Founder of the Cistercian Order
of reformed Benedictines.
 MIT- OLI. 9,1

MITRES, three. Franciscan habit. S. Bernardino of Siena, A.D. 144-1.

Founder of the Order of Obser-
vants, reformed Franciscans.

MONSTRANCE of the Blessed Sacra- S. Norbert, A.D. 1134. Founder of

ment. White over black habit. the Order of Premonstrateskms.
Sometimes demon bound.
MOOR, in armour, red cross on his S. Maurice, M., A.D. 286. Patron
breast. saint of Austria, Savoy, and
Mantua, and of foot soldiers.
MOOR in armour. S. Victor of Milan, M., A.D. 303.

MOUNDS, three, surmounted by a S. Bernardino of Siena, A.D. 1414.

cross or flag. Fianciscan habit. Founder of the Order of Obser-

vants, reformed Franciscans.

MOUNTAIN, burning, in the back- S. Januarius, A.D. 303. Patron

Palm. saint of Naples.
ground. Bishop.
MULE, kneeling. Flame in his S. Antony of Padua, A.D. 1231.

hand. Franciscan habit.

MUSICAL instruments. Palm. S. Cecilia, Y.M., A.D. 280. Patron

saint of music and musicians.

NECK, sword or wound in, rays S. Lucy, Y.M., A.D. 303. Patron

issuing from it. saint of Syracuse, and against

diseases of the eye.

NUN S. Vincent de Paule, A.D. 1660.

kneeling at his feet.
Founder of the Sisters of Charity.

NUN. Black and white habit, with S. Bridget of Sweden, A.D. 1373.
red band across her forehead. Founder of the Order of Brigit-
Crosier. staff. tines.
Pilgrim's

OLIVE-BRANCH. White habit. Only S. Bernard of Tolomei, A.D. 1319.

found in late pictures. Founder of the Order of Olive-
tani, reformed Benedictines.
22 OLIPOT.
OLIVE-BRANCH. Lamb. Palm. S. Agnes, V.M., A.D. 304.
ORGAN. S. Cecilia, VM., A.D. 280. Patron
saint of music and musicians.
OTTER by Guthbert of Durham, A.D. G87.
his side. Bishop's robes. S.

Ox. S Luke, Evangelist, M

Ox at his feet. Pope's or Bishop's S. Sylvester, Pope, A.D, 335.
robes. Dragon in his hand.

PADLOCK on his mouth, or in his S. John Nepomuc, A.D. 1393. Pa-

hand. Five stars over his head. tron saint of silence, bridges, and
running water.
PAPERS and seals. Rich attire. S. Eleazar of Sabran, A.D. 1300.

PICTURE of the Blessed Virgin. S. Luke, Evangelist, M.

PIG. Crutch and bell. Old. S. Anthony, Hermit, A.D. 357.

PINCERS or shears. Palm. S. Agatha, V.M., A.D. 251. Patron

saint of Malta and Catania.
PINCERS holding a tooth. S. Apollonia of Alexandria, V.M.,
A.D. 250. Patron saint against
the toothache.

PiNCERS,holding tongue in. Bishop's S. Lieven, M., A.D. 656.

\
robes.

PLOUGHSHARES, walking over. S. Cunegunda of Bavaria, A.D.

Royal robes. Church in her 1040.

hand.

POMEGRANATE surmounted by a S. Juan de Dios, A.D. 1550. Foun-

cross. Dark brown habit. der of the Order of Hospitallers,
or Brothers of Charity.

POT of holy water, and asperges. S. Martha of Bethany, A.D. 84.

Dragon at her feet. Ladle. Patron saint of cooks and house-
wives.

POTS, earthenware. Two young SS. Justa and Rufina, M.M., A,D.
girls with palms. 304.
 PEIEOP. 23

PBIESIS, two. Palms. SS. Peter Exorcista and Marcel-

linus, MM., A.D. 304.

PUEBE. Pen and inkhorn. Palm. S. Matthew, Apostle, Evangelist,

M.

PURSES, three. Bishop's robes. S. Nicholas of Myra, A.D. 326.

Patron saint of Russia and
many seaports ; also of children }

especially schoolboys, sailors,

merchants, and travellers, and
against thieves.
PYX. Franciscan habit. Cardinal's S. Bonaventura, A.D. 1274.
hat near.

PYX. Crucifix. Dominican habit. S. Hyacinth, A.D. 1257.

PYX. Lily. Cross, Franciscan S. Clara, A.D. 1253. Founder of
habit and cord. the Order of Franciscan nuns
called Poor Clares.

RAVEN with a loaf in its beak. S Benedict, A.D. 543. Founder of

Benedictine habit. the Benedictine Order.

RAVEN on a stone. Palm. Deacon's S. Vincent, M., A.D. 304. Patron

robes. saint of Lisbon, Valencia, Sara-

gossa, Milan, and Chalons.

RAVEN. old and half naked. S. Paul the Hermit of Thebes,

Very
hair and lieard. A.D. 341.
Long
RING. Sceptre surmounted by a S. Edward the Confessor, A.D. 1066.
dove. Royal robes.

ROD, or Asperges. Benedictine S. Benedict, A.D. 543. Founder of

habit. the Benedictine Order.

ROD. Crutch and near Anthony, Hermit, A.D. 357.

bell. Hog 8.
him.

ROPE round his neck. Cardinal's S. Charles Borromeo, A.D. 1584

robes. Barefooted. Archbishop of Milan.
24 HOSSHE.
EOSES, red and white, in her robe. S. Elizabeth of Hungary, A.D*.

Franciscan habit or royal robes. 1231.

TiosES, crown of, or holding them S. Dorothea of Cappadocia, V.M ,

in her hand. Palm. A. P. 303.

HOSES, crown of, red and white. S. Cecilia, V.M., A.D. 280. Patron
Musical instruments. Angel. saint of music and. musicians.
Palm.
ROSES, crown of. Franciscan S Eosa di Viterbo, A.D. 1261.
habit.
EOSES falling from his mouth. S. Angelus the Carmelite, A.D>
White over brown habit. 1220.

EULE, builder's. S. Thomas Apostle, M. Patron

saint of builders and architects.

SAW. Sometimes Fishes. S. Simon Zelotes, Apostle, M.

SCOURGE, with three knotted thongs. S. Ambrose, A.'D. 397. One of the
Bishop's robes. Four Latin Fathers the of
Church. Patron saint of Milan.
SCOURGE, with lead on the thongs. *S. Gervasius, M., A.D. 69.
Sword at his feet.

SEA, walking over, or in the back- S. Raymond of Penaforte, A.D.

ground. Dominican habit. 1275.

SERPENTS at her side, or feeding S. Yerdiana, A.D. 1242.

from a basket.
SEVEN youths surrounding her. S. Felicitas and her seven sons,
Veil. Palm. MM., A.D. 173. Patron saint of
male heirs.

SHEARS. Palm. S. Agatha, V.M., A.D. 251. Patron

saint of Malta and Catania.
SHEEP. Distaff. Basket of loaves. S. Genevieve, A.D. 509. Patron
saint of Paris.

SHELL. Long staff and wallet. S. James the Great, Apostle, M.

Sometimes bottle on staff. Patron saint of Spain.

* The
companion with whom he is often represented is S. Protasius.
 SHISPI. 25

SHIELD with black eagle. Royal S. Wenceslaus of Bohemia, A.D>.

robes. Palm. 938.

SHIELD with nine balls. Hawk. S. Quirinus the Tribune, M., A.D. 130.
SHIP. Anchor. Three balls. S. Nicholas of Myra, A.D. 326.
Bishop's robes. Patron saint of Russia, and many
seaports, also of children, es-
pecially schoolboys, sailors, mer-
chants, and travellers, and
against thieves.
SHOEMAKERS, two. SS. Crispin and Crispianus, MM.,
A.D. 300. Patron saints of
Soissons.

SIEVE, broken. Benedictine habit. S. Benedict, A.D. 543. Founder of

the Benedictine Order.

SKIN, carrying his own. Knife. S. Bartholomew, Apostle, M.

SKULL. Franciscan habit. Stig- S. Francis of Assisi, A.D. 122&.
mata. Founder of the Franciscan order.

SOLDIER. Red cross on his breast. S. Maurice, M., A.D. 286. Patron
Sometimes as a Moor. Palm. saint of Austria, Savoy, and
Mantua, and of foot soldiers.
SPADE. Old. S. Phocas of Sinope, M., AD. 303.
Patron saint of gardens and
gardeners.
SPADE. Labourer's dress. Some- S. Isidore the Ploughman, A.D.
times an angel ploughing in the 1170. Patron saint of Madrid
background. (In Spanish pic- and agriculture.
tures only^.
SPEAR. Roman soldier's dress. S. Longinus, A.D. 45. The cen-
turion at the crucifixion. Patron
saint of Mantua.
SPEAR at S. Lambert, M., A.D. 709.
his feet. Bishop's robes.
SPIDER over a cup. White over S. Norbert, A.D. 1134. Founder of
black habit. Sometimes demon the Order of Premonstratesiana.
bound.
SPIT. In armour. S. Quintin, M., A.D. 287.
26 SPOSTO.
SPONGE, with drops of blood. Cup. S. Pudentiana, A.D. 14-8.

STAFF, long, with wallet or bottle. S. James the Great, Apostle, M.

Scallop shell. Patron saint of Spain.
STAFF. Old. Franciscan habit. S. Francis de Paule, A.D. 1508.
Founder of the Order of Minimes,
reformed Franciscans.
STAG. Rich secular attire. Some- S. Julian Hospitator, A.D. 313.
times a boat in the background. Patron saint of travellers, boat-
men, and wandering minstrels.
STAG with crucifix between its S. Eustace, M., A.D. 118.
horns. In armour.

STAG with crucifix between its S. Hubert, A.D. 727. Bishop of

horns. Huntsman's dress or Liege. Patron saint of the chase
bishop's robes. (Hardly ever and dogs.
found in Italy.)
STAR on his forehead. Lily. Do- S. Dominic, A.D. 1221. Founder of
minican habit. the Dominican Order.

STAR on his breast. Dominican S. Thomas Aquinas, A.D. 1274.

habit.

STAR on his breast or above his S. Nicholas of Tolentino, A.D. 1309.

head. Crucifix wreathed with

lily. Benedictine habit.

STAR, holding up, in both hands. S. Swidbert, A.D. 713.

STARS, five, over his head. Finger S. John Nepomuc, A.D. 1393. Pa-
on his lip or padlock. tron saint of silence, bridges,
and running water.
STIGMATA. Frai ciscan habit. Some- S. Francis of Assisi, A.D. 1226.
times a Lamb. Founder of the Franciscan Order.
STIGMATA. Lily. Crown of thorns. S. Catherine of Siena, A.D. 1380.

Dominican habit.

STONE, beating his breast with. S. Jerome, A.D. 420. One of the
Four Latin Fathers of the Church.
Founder of Monachism in the
West. Patron saint of scholars.
 STOSWO.
STONE (millstone). Arrows. Crown. S. Christina, V.M., A.D. 295. Pa-
Palm. tron saint of Bolsena, and one of
the patron saints of Venice.
(See p. 3, note).

STONE (millstone). In armour. S. Victor of Marseilles, A.D. 303.

STONE (millstone). Sometimes a S. Florian, M. A Patron saint of

burning house in the back- Austria.
ground.
STONES. Deacon's robes. Palm. S. Stephen, Protomartyr.

STONES, carrying, in his chasuble. S. Alphege, Archbishop of Canter-

bury.
SWAN. Flowers. Carthusian habit. S. Hugh of Lincoln, A.D. 1126.

SWORD. S. Paul, Apostle, M.

SWORD and scales. S. Michael the Archangel.
SWORD at Olive or palm.
his feet. S. Pantaleon of Nicomedia, M., 4th
Sometimes hands nailed to a tree century. Patron saint of physi-
over his head. cians.

SWOKD. Books at his feet. Bishop's *S. Cyprian of Antioch, A.D. 304.
robes. Palm.

SWORD in his hand, or piercing his S. Thomas & Becket, A.D, 1170.
head. Bishop's robes.
SWOBD, pierced by, or in his head. S. Peter Martyr, A.D. 1252.
Dominican habit.
SWORD. Tower. Cup and wafer. S. Barbara, V.M., A.D. 303. Patron
Feather. Crown. Palm. saint of Mantua and Ferrara,
arms, armourers, and fortifica-
tions, and against thunder and
lightning.
SWORD in her neck. Eyes on dish. S. Lucy, V.M., A.D, 303. Patron
Lamp. Palm. saint of Syracuse, and against
diseases of the eye.

Generally seen in company with S. Justina, see Unicorn.

28 SWO-TEE,
SWORD. Lion. Lily. Palm. S. Euphemia, V.M., A.D. 307.

Sword. Crown. Palm. S* Justina of Padua, Y.M., A.D.

303. Patron Saint of Padua and
Venice.

T blue, dn his shoulder. Some- S. Anthony, Hermit, A.D. 357.

times crutch with bell, and hog.
TONGS, holding tongue in. Bishop's S. Lieven, M., A.D. 656.
robes.

TONGS, or pincers. Palm. S. Agatha, V.M., A.D. 251. Patron

saint of Malta and Catania.
TOOTH held in pincers. S. Apollouia of Alexandria, V.M.,
A.D. 250. Patron saint against
toothache.
TOWER. Feather. Chalice and S. Barbara, V.M., A.D. 303. Patron
wafer. Sword. Crown. Palm. saint of Mantua and Ferrara,
of arms, armourers, and forti-
fications, and against thunder
and lightning.

TOWEE, leaning, in a city, held iii S. Petronius, A.D. 430. Patron

his hand. saint of Bologna.

TOWERS in his hand, or in the S. Ansano, M. Patron saint of

Siena.
background. Young and richly-
dressed. Palm with dates.

TREE, foot on prostrate. Bishop's S. Boniface, A.D. 755. Archbishop of

robes over Benedictine habit. Mayence. Apostle and first Pri-
mate of Germany.
TREE, hands nailed to, over his S. Pantaleon of Nicomedia, M., 4th
head. Sword at his feet. century. Patron saint of physi-
cians.

TREE, hollow, hermit praying in. S. Bavon, A.D. 657. Patron sain/
of Ghent and Haarlem.

TREE coming into leaf, in the back- 8. Zenobio of Florence, A.D. 417
ground. Bishop's robes.
 TWOWHE. 29

Two men in red robes and caps, SS. Cosmo and Damian, MM., A.D.
with surgical instruments. 301. Patron saints of the Medici
and of medicine.
Two men in armour. Palms. SS. John and Paul,MM., A D. 862.
Two priests. Palms. SS. Peter Exorcista and Marcel-
linus, MM., A.D. 304.
Two men, one old, the other young. SS. Nazarius and Celsus, MM.
Palm and sword. A.D. 69. Patron saints of Milan.

UNICORN at her feet. Palm. S. Justina of Antioch, V.M., A.D.

304.
UNICORN. Crown. Palm. *S. Justina of Padua, V.M., A.D.
303. Patron saint of Padua and
Venice.

VASE, or box of alabaster. Long S. Mary Magdalene, A.D. 68. Pa-

fair hair. tron saint of Provence, Mar-
seilles, and of penitent women.

WALLET and long staff. Scallop S. James the Great, Apostle, M.

shell. Patron saint of Spain.
WALLET, large, over the shoulder, S. Felix de Cantalice, A.D. 1587.
dark-brown habit, peaked hood.
WHEEL. Sometimes head of a S. Catherine of Alexandria, V.M.,
man under her feet. Crown. A.D. 307. Patron saint of Venice,
Palm. and of places of education, of
science, philosophy, eloquence,
and against diseases of the

tongue.

WHEEL, Bishop's robes.

small. S. Erasmus or Elmo, M., A.D. 296.

Candle on his head or in his

hand.

* of Antioch, but if the picture

She easily confused with S. Justina
is

a Venetian painter, or at Venice, it would be S. Justina of Padua.

is by
30 won
WIXGS. Dominican habit. Crucifix. S. Vincent Ferraris, A.D. 1419.

WOLF. Sometimes holding a S. Edmund, M., A.D. 870. Patron

crowned head. Koyal robes. Bury St. Edmunds.
saint of

WOLF. A boy with palm. Gene- S. Yitus, M., A D. 303. Patron saint
rally a cock. Sometimes a lion of Sicily, Saxony, and Bohemia,
or cauldron of oil. of dancers and actors, and those
who find difficulty in early
rising.

WOUND, pointing to, in his leg. S. Eoch, A.D., 1327. Patron saint of
Pilgrim's shell and staff. Some- Sicily, of prisoners and the sick,
times dog near. especially the plague-stricken.
WOUND in her neck, rays coming S. Lucy, V.M., A.D. 303. Patron
from it. Sometimes eyes on a saint of Syracuse, and against
dish. Lamp. Sword. Palm. diseases of the eye.
 SAINTS
AND THEIR

LEGENDS
AS ILLUSTRATED

IN ART.

S. ABBONDIO, A.D. 468, Apr. 2. Bishop and patron saint of Como

though born in Thessalonica.
S. ACHILLEO. See S. NEREO.
S. ADELAIDE. See S. GRATA.
S. ADELAIDE, or ALICE, of Germany, A.D. 999, Dec. 12, was
the daughter of the Duke of Burgundy, and early married
Lothaire, King of Italy. After his death she was imprisoned
by his successor at Pavia, but escaped, and fled to Germany ?
where she married the Emperor, Otho I. She spent her life in
good works, and educated her son most carefully herself. Yet
after the death of his father, he allowed himself to be influenced
for evil by his wife, and he banished Adelaide from court.
Misfortune, however, .befell him, and he recalled his mother,
though his wife continued hostile to her After a reign of nine
years Otho II. and his wife both died and Adelaide became
Kegent. She continued her works of mercy, particularly en-
couraging and building religious houees. She died when
travelling, at Salcis.
K. ADELBERT, .\.D. 927, was an Angrlo-Saxon Benedictine, and
32 ADRAJFR.
travelled as a missionary fromNorthumbria to Bohemia, where
he converted grandmother of S. WencesOaus.
S. Ludmilla, the
S. ADRIAN, A.D. 290, Sept. 8, patron saint of Flanders and Ger-
many, of soldiers, and against the plague, was long con-
sidered in the North of Europe the chief military saint next to
S. George. He was born of a noble Roman family, and served
in the army under the Emperor Galerius Maximian. When
superintending the martyrdom of some Christians during the
tenth persecution, he was so struck by their constancy that he
was himself converted. His wife NATALIA was already a
Christian, though secretly, and when Adrian was imprisoned
for the faith she comforted and strengthened him, greatly
rejoicing that he was found worthy to suffer for Christ. When
she was forbidden to see him, she disguised herself as a man,
and thus visited him in prison and supported him in the inter-
vals of torture. Adrian was martyred by 'having his limbs
struck off on an anvil, and then being beheaded. He died
in the arms of Natalia, and was buried at Byzantium. Soon
after this the Emperor wished to make Natalia marry one of
his officers, but she fled to Byzantium, and lived near the tomb
of her husband where she was comforted with many visions of
him. And soon her pure spirit was released that she might
follow him, and when she died Adrian with angels met her,,
and together they entered the presence of God. Natalia is one
of the great martyrs in the Greek Church, as her sufferings
are considered to have been worse than loss of life.
S. AFRA of Augsburg, A.D. 307, Aug. 5, patron saint of Augsburg,
was a native of that city, where she led an evil life. She
was converted to the faith by a priest named Narcissus.
who took refuge in her house from persecution. She enabled
him to escape, but was herself taken for concealing Christians,
and confessing the faith she was burned alive. Her mother
Hilaria and her three maidens, Digna, Eunomia and Eutropia,
formerly as wicked as herself, but converted with her, were also
*oon after martyred.
 AYRAGN. 33

8. AFRA of Brescia, A.D. 121, patron saint of Brescia, was a noble

lady living in Brescia, and was converted to the faith by the

example of SS. Faustino and Giovita, and like them suffered
martyrdom.
S. AGATHA, A.D. 251,Feb. 5, patron saint of Malta, Catania, and
against was a young Christian maiden, living at Catania, in
fire,

Sicily. She was beloved by the prefect Quintia,nus,but notwith-

standing his promises and threats she refused him steadfastly.
This so enraged him against her, that his love was turned to
hatred, and finding that she was a Christian, he delivered hev
up to the most horrible tortures, after which she was cast into
a dungeon. But there she was visited by S. Peter, who healed
all her wounds. Quintianus, when he saw that she was healed,
was still more enraged, and ordered her to be burnt; but just
as the fire was kindled a great earthquake occurred, and the
terrified people, thinking it was sent as a punishment for the

persecution of Agatha, released her from the flames. Still in

great suffering, she was again thrown into the dungeon, and
bere her earnest prayers for death were heard, and her spirit
departed. About a year after her death there was a terrible
eruption of Mount Etna, and all the Catanians took refuge
near her tomb. Taking: hence her veil, they put it on a lance
as a banner, and walked in procession to meet the stream of
fire, whichat once turned aside from their city, and the eruption

ceased. Then all the heathen in Catania were converted to

the true faith.
8. AGNES, Virgin and Martyr, A.D. 304, Jan. 21, was a Koman
maiden of great beauty. When only thirteen years old she was
asked in marriage by the son of the prefect Sempronius, but
she refused him, saying she was already betrothed to One
greater than any earthly suitor. On hearing
this the prefect's*

son fell ill with disappointment and jealousy. His father, much
enraged against Agnes, whom he now found to be a Christian,
subjected heT to cruel tortures and indignities.
The young
D
34 AGNALJB.
man, thinking she must now be subdued to his will, entered her
prison, but was at once struck blind and apparently lifeless.
The prayers of Agnes, however, restored him, and Sempronius
then would have saved her; but the people declared she was a
sorceress, and called for her deatL. Accordingly she was laid
on a burning pile but the tire was miraculously extinguished,
;

.cignes remaining safe, though the executioners perished in

the flames. Then by order of the prefect she was slain with
the sword, upon the pile. The Christians buried her in the
Via Nomentana, and her tomb became their place of assembly
for devotion and there one day she appeared to them with
;

a lamb by her side, and told them of her perfect happiness and
glory.
S. AGNES of Monte Pulciano, A..D. 1317, April 20. In very early-
years this saint became remarkable for devotion, and after six
years siDent in a Dominican convent she became abbess, at the
age of fifteen. Her fasting and austerities were very great ;
4
she slept on the ground with a stone for a pillow for many
years. A
convent was built for her near Monte Pulciano by
her own people, and there she lived during the rest of her
life, working many miracles, and greatly beloved by all around
her.
S. ALBAN, A.D. 305, June 22. England's protomartyr. Born afc
Yerulam, he was educated as a heathen, but was converted
and baptized by a priest who took refuge in his house from the
persecution under Diocletian. When the priest was pursued,
Alban changed clothes with him and surrendered in his stead*
After cruel tortures he was led forth to execution. On the way
the river Colne had to be crossed, and so great a multitude was

following that the bridge was too small to enable them all to

pass but
;
at the prayer of the saint the water parted, and
they all crossed dry-footed. On reaching the place of execu-
tion, Alban prayed for water to quench his thirst, and imme-
diately a fountain sprang up before hin. He was then
 ALB ALE. 33

beheaded. The place of his burial having been

forgotten, it
was miraculously revealed to Offa, King of Mercia,
by au
angel, and over the spot where the remains were found he built
a great church and monastery.
S, ALBERT the Benedictine. See S. ADELBERT.
S. ALBERT the Carmelite, A.D. 1214, April 8, founder of the Carmelite
Order, was Bishop of Vercelli, and Patriarch of Jerusalem. As
he was embarking at Acre to attend a Lateran council in
Home, he was murdered by a man who hated him for having
reproved his sins. For this cause lie is considered a martyr.
S. ALEXANDER. See S. GRATA.
S. ALEXIS, A.D. 400, July 17, patron saint of pilgrims and beggars,
was a rich Roman noble, who in his earliest childhood
dedicated himself to God, and was noted for his holiness and
charity. His parents were anxious that he should marry, and
chose for him a beautiful bride. He dared not disobey them,
yet he had made a vow to serve God alone, so he allowed the
marriage to be celebrated in great pomp, and immediately
afterwards escaped, only saying farewell to his bride. He fled
to Mesopotamia, where the fame of his good deeds caused him
to be regarded as a saint. Therefore, fearing for his humility,
he departed and embarked in a ship, intending to go to Tarsus,
but the vessel was driven by storms back to his own country.
All the time of his absence his wife and parents had been
seeking him vainly, but now that he' had returned he was so
altered that he could not be recognized. He even begged of
his ownfather, Euphemian, who, thinking of his lost son,
possibly in as miserable a condition, ordered his servants to
provide for him. They, however, ill-treated the supposed
beggar, and only allowed him to live in a hole under the steps.
Here he lived several years and though he
;
suffered many

indignities, and was in constant hearing of his relations

mourning for his loss, he remained firm in his original resolution.

At last, when he felt he was dying, he wrote his own history
D 2
36 ALIAMB.
and laid it in his bosom. Just at that time the Pope, during
the celebration of mags, heard a voice telling him to seek in
the house of Euphemian for the man of God who should pray
forHome. Then he and all present, among whom was
Euphemian himself, hurried to the house, and there found
Alexis lying on the steps, dead, with the writing in his hand
and a light shining from his face, and they knew that this was
the servant of God of whom the voice spoke. Great was the
astonishment of his parents when they read the writing and
learned his strange history and as the people heard of it they
;

flocked to visit his relics, at which all who had any diseases
were healed. The church of S. Alexis was built on the site
of his father's house, and still encloses the steps on which
he died. His great sufferings and patience have won for
S. Alexis the title of martyr, though he did not actually die a
violent death.
S. ALICE. See S. ADELAIDE of Germany.
S. ALOYSIUS. See S. Louis GONZAGA.
S. ALPHEGE, A.D. 1012, April 19. Archbishop of Canterbury. When
the Danes took and burnt the city of Canterbury, S. Alphege
was first imprisoned, and then stoned to death, for refusing to
ransom his life. His remains were interred in S. Paul's
Cathedral, and ten years later were translated to Canterbury.
S. AMBROSE, A.D. 397, April 4. One of the Four Latin Fathers of
the Church, Bishop and patron saint of Milan. S. Ambrose
was born at Treves in Gaul, and it is related of him that when
he was an infant a swarm of bees fastened on his mouth with-
out doing him any harm, which signified his future eloquence.
He studied in Rome, and afterwards was appointed Prefect of
Liguria. Just at that time the Bishop of Milan died, and a
great dispute arose between the Catholics and the Arians as to
who should succeed him. Ambrose by his eloquence at length
pacified them. Then was heard a child's voice, crying "Ambrose
shall be Bishop ;" but he objected, saying he had not even been
 ANA-AND. 27

baptized but his reluctance was overcome by the persistence

;

of the people, and he was baptized, and consecrated

Bishop
eight days after. He devoted himself to the duties of his
office, which he performed with no respect of persons, with-

standing even the Emperor when he had done wrong. For on

one occasion Theodosius, enraged by a sedition in Tiiessalonica,
ordered a general massacre there, and soon afterwards pre-
sented himself to worship in the cathedral but S. Ambrose
;

sternly refused him admittance, and in spite of commands

and entreaties remained firm till the Emperor had performed
public penance for his sin. The preaching of S. Ambrose had
a wonderful power over his hearers ; and on one occasion a
hereticwho went intending to scoff, saw an angel prompting
him, and was at once converted to the truth by this sight.
Many visions are also recorded of this saint. At the consecra-
tion of the cathedral of Milan the relics of SS. GERVASIUS and
PJIOTASIUS were miraculously revealed to him and at another
;

time, while celebrating mass he fell into a trance and beheld

the burial of S. Martin of Tours, then taking place in France.
The Bishop of Yercelli, who was attending him on his death-
fell, asleep, but an angel awoke him in time to administer
bed,
Che last Sacraments, and then all present beheld S. Ambrose
carried up to heaven by angels.
S. ANASTASIA, A.D. 304, Dec. 25, was a Roman lady, although she
ranks among the Greek saints.Being persecuted by her own
family for professing Christianity, she was comforted and
sustained in all her trials by S. CHRYSOGONUS. After stead-
fastly enduring much suffering, she was burnt to death, and
he was beheaded and his body thrown into the sea.
S. ANDREA CORSINI, A.D. 1373, Feb. 4., was a noble Florentine, who
till the age of sixteen led a wild and evil life. At last the
grief of his mother touched his heart, and he entered a Carme-
lite church to pray. Here such a change was wrought in him
that he became a Carmelite friar in less than a year. He
38 AND ANT.

afterwards was made Bishop of Fiesole, and died at the age

of 70.
S. ANDREW the Apostle, A.D. 70, Nov. 30. Patron saint of Scot-
land and Russia. Beyond what is told of S. Andrew in the
New Testament, legends relate that he travelled to Scythia,
Cappadocia, and Bithynia, and was the first to preach the
Gospel to the Muscovites in Salmatia. After many journeys
ttnd sufferings he came to Achaia, where among his converts
was the wife of the proconsul. This so enraged her husband
that he commanded that S. Andrew should be crucified on a
cross of the form which has since borne his name. When he
first beheld it he knelt, and adored it as already consecrated by

the sufferings of his Lord. He was bound to the cross with

cords, and thus did not die until after two days, during which
he preached to his people to remain steadfast in the faith.
S. ANGELUS the Carmelite, A.D. 1220, May 5, came from the East
to preach in Sicily. There he rebuked a great lord named
Berenger for his openly sinful life, who in fury at his boldness
caused him to be hanged on a tree and shot to death with
arrows.
8. ANIANUS, A.D. 86, April 5, was a shoemaker of Alexandria,
converted by S. Mark, and for his zeal and piety ordained
Bishop of Alexandria. He governed his church with wisdom
and prudence for twenty-two years.
S. ANNE, Mother of the Blessed Yirgin. See S. JOACHIM.
S. ANSANO, of Siena, was a Koman nobleman, whose nurse had
secretly baptized him, and brought him up in the Christian
faith. "When he was nineteen he declared his faith, and con-
verted many by his preaching. He suffered in the persecution
under Diocletian, and was beheaded on the banks of the river
Arbia.
B. ANTHONY, was born at Alexandria, of rich and
A.D. 357, Jan. 17,
noble parents but having been always of a thoughtful and
;

melancholy disposition, as scon as he was old enough, he gave

 ANTONY. 39

all liis possessions to the poor and withdrew into the

desert,
where already a small company of hermits had retreated. Here
the piety and firmness of S. Anthony were assailed
by every
possible form of temptation the devil could devise, evil spirits
attacking and tearing him till he was almost dead. Yet never
for one instant did he fail, though he remained for
twenty
years in one cell, sustaining incessant and violent conflict, un-
seen by man, but miraculously supported and strengthened.
When at length he emerged from his solitude, his preaching
and miracles had such power that they drew five thousand
hermits around him in the wilderness. After seventy years'
lif 3 in the desert, when he was
ninety years old, pride crept
into his heart at the thought that no one had lived in solitude
and self-denial so long as he. But then it was revealed to
him that there was one PAUL, who had been alone in the
wilderness ninety years. Therefore he set forth in search of
Paul, meeting on the way a centaur and a satyr, the latter of
whom begged him to pray for himself and his race. At length
Anthony found Paul in a cave, but was only admitted after
many prayers and entreaties. They held long conversation
together, during which a raven suddenly flew down to them
with a loaf in its beak, and Paul explained that every day for
ninety years this raven had brought him half a loaf, but now
for Anthony's sake the portion was doubled. After they had
eaten and returned thanks, Paul told Anthony he was about
to die, and bade him return and fetch his cloak to bury him in.
Full of grief, Anthony obeyed, and on his return found Paul
already dead. He wrapped his body in the cloak, and then
two lions appeared, coming out of the desert, and they dug the
grave, in which Anthony buried him. Anthony survived Paul
fourteen years, dying in peace at the age of 105.
ANTONY of Padua, A.D. 1231, June 13, was born in Portugal,
and having entered the Franciscan Order, sailed for Morocco,
to preach. There he fell so seriously ill that he was obliged
40 ANTOX7.

to return, "but contrary winds drove his ship to the shores of

Italy. Just then S. Francis was holding the first Genere>
Chapter of his Order, whereS. Antony's education and learning
made him a valuable assistant, and he also preached and
taught in many of the universities. He travelled about Italy,,
doing much good and preaching to the people. On one occa-
sion, when the inhabitants of Rimini refused to hear him, he
turned to the sea and spoke to the fishes, who rose to the sur
face in great numbers to listen to him. Many miracles are-
recorded of this saint, of which we can only mention a few of
the most important. A noble lady, stabbed by her husband in
a fit of jealousy, was restored by the prayers of Antony, and
the husband reformed from that hour. A child scalded to*
death and a young girl drowned were both restored by the
same means. A Portuguese youth loved a lady whose family
was at feud with his own. Her brother slew him, and cast
the blame on Antony's father. The saint, although he was-
then in Padua, suddenly appeared as his father was being led
to execution, and caused the dead body of the youth to speak
and name the true authors of the deed. S. Antony, when?
"
preaching the funeral sermon of a miser, on the text Where*
the treasure is," &c., said, "His heart is in his treasure-chest,,
and there you will find it." His friends immediately searched
the chest, and there found the heart, which at the same time-
proved to be absent from the miser's body. A
youth once-
confessed to S. Antony, that in a moment of rage he had
kicked his own mother. The saint, filled with indignation,,
declared that the offending foot deserved to be cut off. The
youth in his remorse did cut it off, but when S. Antony
heard of it he healed him by his prayers. A sceptical soldier
once declared he would as soon believe in these miracles as that
a glass cup he held would not be broken, dashing it from a
balcony to the ground as he spoke. The marble on which it
fell was t, but the cup remained whole, and this wonder
i;
i.
 ANTONINO. 41

finally converted the soldier. Again : a heretic named Bova-

dilla entertained doubts on the
subject of the Blessed Sacra-
ment, and, unconvinced by S. Antony's arguments, still
required a miracle. Then the saint, carrying the Host, met
Bovadilla's mule, and commanded it to fall on its knees, which
it did at once, and notwithstanding
every inducement to make-
it rise, remained in that position till the Host had
passed.
S.Antony died in his thirty-sixth year, after a life of devotion
and self-denial, in which he was often supported by visions of
the Infant Christ. After his death he appeared to comfort
the Paduans under the cruelties of Eccellino, and to foretell
the death of the tyrant. S. Antony was canonized in 1232,
and the great Church of S. Antonio was begun at Padua in his-
honour immediately afterwards.
S. ANTONINO, A.D. 1461, May 10, was born in Florence of noble-
parents, and early showed a pious, thoughtful disposition. In
his childhood he would spend hours in prayer before a
crucifix, still kept in the Church of Or S. Michele. He was-
very anxious to enter the Dominican convent at Fiesole, and,
after putting him to some severe tests, the Prior consented.
Here he soon became noted for his talents, as well as for hi
devotion and humility, and here also he became acquainted!
with Fra Angelico, then a brother in the convent. When,
some time later, the Pope offered the archbishopric of Florence*
to Fra Angelico, he declined it, feeling himself unequal to the
task, but begged that it might Le given to Antonino instead.
The Pope granted his prayer, and Antonino fully justified
his friend's confidence, for he filled his high office with th*

greatest wisdom and prudence, and devoted his whole life to-
good works. He was particularly careful of the poor, depriving
himself of all but bare necessaries for their sake and some
;

of the charitable institutions he organized exist to this

day.
He died at the age of seventy, to the great grief of all hia
people, and. was buried in the convent of S. Mark.
42 APOATH.
43. APOLLINARIS, of Ravenna, A.D. 79, July 23, came to Eome with
S. Peter from Antioch, and was sent by the Apostle to preach
the Gospel in Ravenna. lie became the first bishop of this
city, and converted many to the true faith by his preaching
and miracles. He was at last imprisoned, but his gaoler
allowed him to escape, and he fled to Rimini. His enemies,
however, overtook him, and in their fury so beat and ill-
treated him that he died. The Church of S. Apollinaris in
Classis is built on the site of his martyrdom.
S. APOLLONIA, of Alexandria, A.D. 250, Feb. 9, was born in answer
to the prayers of her mother, who, though a heathen, had
been instructed by some pilgrims to ask in the name of the
Holy Virgin. When Apollonia was grown up she was
directed by an angel to S. Leonine, a disciple of S. Anthony,
that he might baptize her. Immediately afterwards the
angel clothed her in white, and bade her return to Alexandria,
and there preach the faith. She obeyed, and many were con-
verted by her words. Her father, however, was enraged at
tier conduct, and finding himself unable to move her
gave
her up to the prefect. He desired her to worship an idol
but instead she made the sign of the cross, and the idol fell
broken to pieces, and a demon flew from it, crying that he
was cast out by the " holy virgin Apollonia." Then she was
bound to a pillar, and all her teeth were pulled out one by
one, and as she still remained steadfast in the faith she was
burnt to death.
8. ATHANASIUS, A.D. 373, May 2. One of the Four Greek Fathers of
the Church, from whom the Athanasian Creed is named. In
his early life he received a learned education in Alexandria, but
later he renounced the world, and retired into the desert. He
did not spend his whole life there, however, for he returned to
Alexandria, where he eventually became Bishop. At the
Great Council of Nice, in 325, he stood forth as the opponent
of Arius, and indeed his whole life was one conflict with the
 43

Arians. He was finally victorious, though he suffered much,

and was exiled twenty years.
S. AUDITORE, A.D. 280, Sept. 22. One of the Theban Legion, for
which see S. MAURICE.
S. AUGUSTINE, A.D. 430, Aug. 28, one of the Four Latin Fathers
of the Church, was born in Numidia, his father being a
heathen, but his mother, S. Monica, a Christian. His
early life was spent
in every form of vice and dissipation,
to the great sorrow of his mother, who never ceased her
earnest prayers for his conversion. At length he travelled to
Milan, and there met S. Ambrose, who converted and baptized
him. It was on the occasion of the baptism of Augustine
that the Te Deum was composed, SS. Ambrose and Augus-
tine each reciting a verse in turn. Augustine now devoted
his life togood works and became Bishop of Hippo, a town
near Carthage, where he died thirty years later, during the
siege by the Vandals. His writings are very celebrated. The
"
subject from his life most often represented in art is the Vision
of S. Augustine," the story of which is that while meditating on
"
his Discourse on the Trinity," as he walked by the seashore, he
saw a child trying to fill a hole in the sand with water he was
bringing from the sea in a shell. Augustine inquired what
lie was doing, and the child said he intended to empty all the
" That
waters of the sea into his hole. impossible," ex-
is

claimed Augustine. "Not more impossible," returned the

child,
" than for a finite mind to contain the Infinite "and
he vanished.
S. AUGUSTINE, or AUSTIN, of Canterbury, A.D. 604, May 26, was sent
by Pope Gregory to preach the Gospel in England.
He con-
verted Ethelbert, King of Kent, whose whole kingdom also
became Christian. Austin was the first Primate of England,

and the rest of his life was spent in a controversy with the
British Bishops, endeavouring to make them acknowledge the
supremacy of the Pope, and those
who refused, he deprived of
44 AVEBAE.
their sees. The Benedictine Order was first introduced in
England by him.
S. AVENTORE, A.D. 286. One of the Theban Legion, for which see
S. MAURICE.

S. BALBINA, A.D. 130, March 31, was the daughter of the Prefect
Quirinus, and discovered the lost chains of S. Peter.
S. BARBARA, A.D. 303, Dec. 4. Patron saint of Ferrara and Mantua,
arms, armourers, and fortifications, a.nd against thunder and
lightning. S. Barbara was the only daughter of Dioscorus, a
noble of Heliopolis. Her father loved her so much, that fear-
ing he should lose her by marriage, he hid her from the eyes
of man in a high tower. Here she spent her time in thought
and study, which brought her to the conclusion that her
father's gods could not be the true ones. Hearing of the fame
of Origen she wrote to him for instruction, and he sent her one
of his disciples in the disguise of a physician, who converted
and baptized her. One day, after this, she told the workmen
engaged on her tower to build three windows, instead of two
as they had planned, saying to her father that she desired it
because it was through three windows (the Trinity) that the
soul received light. Thus he saw she was a Christian, and
with rage would have killed her, but she escaped to the
tilled

top of her tower, and was carried thence by angels. A shep-

herd showed Dioscorus her place of concealment, whence he
dragged her by the hair, and finding imprisonment and ill-
treatment powerless to move her, he gave her up to the pro-
consul. Under his orders she suffered cruel tortures but as
;

all was in vain, her father carried her off to a mountain

and beheaded her himself. As he was descending the moun-

tain a great storm of thunder and lightning arose, and utterly
consumed him.
S. BARNABAS the Apostle, June 11, was a Levite, born in Cyprus,
 BAB-BAV. 45

and related to S. Mark. Beyond what is recorded of him

in the Acts of the Apostles, tradition tells that after tae
separation from S. Paul he travelled as far as Italy, where he
became the first Bishop of Milan. He never parted from the
Cospelof S. Matthew, written by the evangelist himself, which
healed the sick by its touch. His preaching roused the
anger of the Jews, and they killed him with much He
cruelty.
was buried by S. Mark, and the place of his burial long after
was revealed to Antemius, who found him with the
Gospel
lying on his breast, and removed his remains to Constanti-
nople.
S. BARTHOLOMEW the Apostle, Aug. 24. Traditions vary as to
the origin of this saint, some saying that he was the son of a
prince, others that he was a husbandman. On the dispersion
of the Apostles he travelled as far as India, but on his return
through Armenia he was taken as a Christian, and having
been flayed alive, was crucified.
S. BASIL the Great, A.D. 380, June 14, one of the Four Greek
Fathers of the Church, was one of a family of saints, of whom
he was the greatest. When he had finished his studies, he retired
into thexiesert for some years, for he felt that his heart was lifted
tip by the reputation his talents had gained for him. On his
return he was made Bishop of Caesarea, and was in continual
conflict with the Arians. The Emperor Yalens, who held that
heresy, wished to force Basil to conform to the Arian rites,
and entered the church with that object but Basil paid no
;

heed to him, and Yalens on approaching the altar fell in a

swoon. Still his heart remained hardened, and the saint could
hardly obtain any concessions for the Catholics. S. Basil
founded Monachism in the East, and gave a rule which ha?
been the foundation of all other orders. His theological
writings are of great importance and celebrity.
S. BATON, A.D. 657, Oct. 1, patron saint of Ghent and Haarlem,
was Duke of Brabant, and spent his life in gaiety and world-
46 BENEDICT.
liness ; but when he was fifty his wife died, and his heart being
softened, he was brought to repentance by S. Am
and, Bishop
of Maestrich. Leaving all his possessions to be given to the
poor, he entered a monastery at Ghent, and afterwards desiring
more complete seclusion, withdrew into a hollow tree in a
forest, and there spent the remainder of his life.
S. BENEDICT, A.D. 543, March 21, founder of the Benedictine
Order, was born in Spoleto, of noble parents, and was
educated in Rome ;
but the evil he saw in the world so dis-
gusted him, that when he was fifteen he retired from it and
lived as a hermit. His nurse, who was devoted to him,
insisted on following him, and cooked food for him which she
obtained by begging. One day she broke a pot or sieve she
had borrowed, but Benedict at once renewed it by a miracle.
At length desiring greater solitude, he fled from her to a cave
in Subiaco, where a hermit named Komano supplied him with
food. Here he lived three years, enduring many temptations.
At ore time he was so haunted by the remembrance of a
beautiful Eoman woman, that he threw himself into a thicket
of thorns and brambles, where his flesh was cruelly torn, and
he never suffered from the temptation again. On the death of
Romano, Benedict had no one to provide for him, but an angel
guided a priest who had prepared some food for himself to the
saint's cave, where they shared it together. Soon the fame of
Benedict spread abroad, and all the people of the neighbour-
hood brought him offerings, and those who were sick came to
him to be healed. Many hermits had gathered near, and
they begged him to become their head. He accepted reluc-
tantly, and they were soon alarmed at the severity of his life,
and gave him poison in a cup of wine. Benedict made the
sign of the cross over it, and at once it fell broken to the earth.
After this he left them and returned to his cave but he could ;

not be alone, for crowds of hermits settled round him, and he

gave them a rule and set superiors over them. Among others
 BENEDICT.
two Eoman senators brought their sons, Maurus and
Placidus,
to Benedict, and he
taught them, and they became his con-
stant companions. Once S. Placidus fell into a lake
whence
he was drawing water S. Benedict
;
seeing him in a vision,
sent S. Maurus to his aid, who walked on the water
as if
it had been
dry land, and so rescued him. Again when his
life was attempted
by a priest, Floreutius, who offered him a
poisoned loaf; at his bidding a raven carried it where it could
do no harm. Then he sent seven young women into one of
the monasteries to tempt the monks but Benedict left Subiaco,
;

and soon after Florentius was crushed by a fall of his house.

Now one of the monks always left the choir at the hour of
prayer, and S. Benedict beheld that he was led by a little
black demon visible to no one else so he touched the monk
;

with his rod, and exorcised the demon. When some of the
convents were in want of water, the prayers of S. Benedict
caused a torrent to spring out of the earth. A poor peasant
dropped the blade of his axe into the water, while cutting-
wood, but S. Benedict held the handle in the water, and the
blade at once rose and joined to it. On Monte Cassino was a
temple where the worship of Apollo was still carried on Bene-
;

dict went and having converted the people to the truth,

there,
destroyed the temple, and built two chapels on its site. On the
same mountain he laid the foundation of the celebrated first
Benedictine monastery, where he gave the original rule of the
Order. It is said the Evil One did all in his power to hindei
the building, and a demon sat on a great stone that wa
required, and could only be moved by the prayers of S.
Benedict. Again, on digging the foundation?!, an idol was
discovered emitting a terrible fire, but the prayers of the
eaint removed it. He restored to life a monk who was
crushed while working at the building, and also a sick child at
the prayers of its parents. The King of the Goths, Totila,
heard of the fame of S. Benedict and came to visit him, but
48 BEN.

wishing to prove his power, he disguised himself, while his

armour-bearer put on the royal robes. Benedict at once
detected him, and Totila, quite overcome, prostrated himself
before the saint, who reproved his sins, and foretold what
should happen to him in the future. Now S. Benedict had a
sister, S. SCHOLASTIC A, who had formed a society of nuns
not far from her brother. He visited her once a year, and the
last time, Scholastica, feeling that it was so, begged him not
to depart; but as he persisted, a great storm came on in
answer to her prayers, and he was obliged to remain longer
with her. Three days after he saw her soul in the form of a
dove flying to heaven. Not long afterwards S. Benedict
himself died at the foot of the altar, and at the same
moment two of his disciples beheld a path going up to
"
heaven covered with rich drapery, and a voice said, This is the
path by which Benedict, the beloved of God, is now ascend-
ing to heaven."
S. BENEDICT of Aniane, A.D. 821, Feb. 12, was an officer in the army
of Charlemagne, who turned to the religious life after a
narrow escape from drown ng. 1
Distressed by the lax habits
of the monks, which he could not restrain, he retired to a
hermitage on the river Aniane, where he was surrounded by
many followers. He built a large monastery at Aix-la-
Chapelle, to which he gave the original rule of S. Benedict in all
its strictness. His life was spent in furthering monastic reform.

S. BENEDICT, or BENNET, Bishop of Wearmouth, A.D. 703, Jan. 12,

founded two Benedictine monasteries in England, and spent
much time and thought in beautifying churches and improv-
ing the services. He travelled far in search of skilled work-
men for this object, and introduced chanting into England,
according to the Gregorian manner." He wrote many books
*'

of instruction for schools and monasteries ;

and the Venerable
Bede was one of his pupils.
8, BENNO, A.D. 1100, June 16, was Bishop of Meissen- in Saxony.
 BERNARD. 49

The Emperor Henry IT., wlio had been excommunicated,

wished to force an entrance into the Cathedral of Meissen,
but Benno locked the doors and threw the key into the river
Elbe. He then withdrew to Rome, and when some time after
he returned to his diocese, he commanded a fisherman to cast
his net into the river, who on obeying him brought up a fish
with the lost key in its mouth.
S. BERNARD of Clairvaux, A.D. 1153, Aug. 20. Founder of the
Order of the Cistercians, reformed Benedictines. This great
man was born near Dijon, of noble parents, and was carefully
brought up by his mother. After completing his education
at Paris, he entered the Benedictine monastery of Citeaux at
the age of twenty. He suffered many trials and temptations,
but he soon made himself of note, for at twenty-five he was
sent to found another monastery, which eventually became
the great Abbey of Clairvaux. The fame of Bernard spread
far abroad his word became an authority, and he was called
;

upon to reconcile disputes between Kings, and even Popes. The

second Crusade was undertaken in consequence of his preach-
ing. His theological works are very celebrated. He wrote
often of the Blessed Virgin, and it is said that once while he
was doing so, she appeared to him in a vision to comfort and
strengthen him. Three bishoprics were offered him, but ho
refused them all. He died, worn out by labour and anxiety,
in his 63rd year.
S. BERNARD of Menthon, A.D. 1008, June 15, was a Savoyard of
noble birth, who early renounced the world for the religious
life. He became Archdeacon of Aosta, and founded the two
hospitals of the Great and the Little S. Bernard, where the
monks, with the assistance of dogs, search for travellers lost
in the snow. He ruled the diocese with wisdom and devotion
for forty -two years.
S. BERNARD DEI TOLOMEI, A.D. 1319. Founder of the Olivetani, a
branch of the Benedictine Order, He was born at Siena, of
50 SEE.

noble parents, and was for a long time a lawyer bat at ;

length he felt an irresistible longing for the religious life,

and retired to a " monte nliveto " near his native city. He
was followed by many others, whom he formed into a com-
munity under the reformed rule of S. Benedict, to which he
gave the name of Olivetani.
S. BERNARD DEGLI UBERTI was Cardinal, and Abbot of Yallom-
brosa. ,

S. BERNARDINO of Siena, A.D. 1444, May 20. Founder of the Order

of Observants, reformed Franciscans. This saint was of a
noble Sienese family, and was early noted for holiness of life,
as well as for beauty and talent. At seventeen he entered
a community for the care of the sick and the plague breaking
;

out soon he devoted himself to the relief of the sufferers,

after,
and though he did not take the disease, his health never
recovered from the fatigue. At twenty-three he joined the
Franciscan Order, and the power of his preaching was so
great that all who heard him were converted to a better way
of life. He always held in his hand a tablet bearing the
"I.H.S." surrounded with rays. A manufacturer of dice and
cards complained to S. Bernardino that since his preaching
he had been ruined by the cessation of all demand for these
articles. Then the saint advised him to make tablets like his
own, which he did, and they soon became so popular that the
man made a fortune. The Duke of Milan was offended at
S. Bernardino's preaching, and finding threats powerless to
silence him, sent him a present of a hundred gold ducats.
The saint at once refused them but as the messenger declared
;

he could not take them back, he spent them in releasing

debtors from prison. His care for the poor was very remark-
able, and he established the "Monte di Pieta," for lending
money on small pledges, to save them from the usury of
the Jews. He also founded a reformed order of Franciscans,
"
called Observants," beco.ae they strictly observed the origi-
 LIB BON. 51

nal rule. Three bishoprics were offered him, but he refused

them all,and died worn out with preaching and labour.
S. BIBIANA, A.D. 362, Dec. 10, was a Koman virgin, who, with her
father, mother, and sister, suffered martyrdom under Julian
the Apostate. She was slain with a dagger after being
nearly scourged to death, and her body left unburied till
found by a dog.
S. BLAISE, or BIAGIO, A.D. 289, Feb 3, patron saint of Eagusa, of
wool-combers, wild animals, and against diseases of the throat,
was Bishop of Sebaste, in Cappadocia, but was driven by
persecution to the mountains, where he took refuge in a cave.
The place was infested with wild beasts, but they were quite
subdued by S. Blaise, and lived in peace around him, coming
each morning to ask his blessing. Some hunters discover-
ing him accused him of sorcery, and dragged him before
the prefect. On the way he healed the only child of a poor
woman who was choked by a fish-bone, and caused a wolf to
restore to another poor woman her pig which it had taken.
Being brought before the governor, S. Blaise was scourged
and cast into a dungeon to starve, but the woman whose pig
he had restored, killed it, and gave it him to eat. Then he was
taken out again, and his flesh cruelly torn with iron combs
like those used by wool-combers, after which he was be-
headed.
8. BONAVENTURA, A.D. 1274, July 14. Cardinal, and Bishop of
Albano. This saint, called the " Seraphic Doctor," was born
in Tuscany, and baptized by the name of Giovanni. Bub
S. Francis having restored him when a child from a dangerous
" "
illness by his prayers, exclaimed, buona ventura ! and
ever after he was called by this name. He entered the Fran-
ciscan Order as soon as he grew up, and became one of its
most celebrated members. He went to Paris to study theology,
and was much honoured by S. Louis, but he was always so
humble that he did not consider himself worthy to receive tJie
2
52 BONIFACE.

Blessed Sacrament, so it was brought to him by an angel.

Being made General of his Order, he did much good in re-
storing harmony and discipline. The archbishopric of York
was offered him, but he declined it; and some yeais after,,
when the Pope desired to make him a cardinal, the nuncio
found the saint washing plates, and was desired to bang the
red hat on a tree till he should be ready. He was a great
writer and preacher, and assisted in the General Council of
Lyons, but soon after this he died, worn out by fatigue. One
of his principal works was the " Life of S. Francis;" and there-
is a legend, that, having left it unfinished at his death, he

came back afterwards for three days to complete it.

S. BONIFACE, A.D. 755, June 5. Archbishop of Mayence, Apostle
of Germany. This saint's real name was Winifred, and he-
was born in Devonshire of noble parents. He early entered
the neighbouring Benedictine monastery of Nutsall, but the
quiet seclusion of the life oppressed him, and he felt himself
called to preach the Gospel in heathen lands. At length he
sailed to Germany, and found a war raging there which made
he returned to Nutsall. His brethren
all his efforts useless, so
wished to make him abbot, but he would not relinquish his
original dream, and leaving them again went to Rome, hoping
for help from the Pope. Thence, having obtained his com-
mission he travelled to Germany across the Alps, where his
preaching was now very successful. He converted many to
the faith, and cut down the great oak sacred to Thor. He
was made Archbishop of Mayence and Primate of Germany,
and founded many religious houses, in one of which S. George
of Utrecht was brought up. When he was seventy-four he
laid aside all his honours, and only taking with him his
favourite work, St. Ambrose's "De Bono Mortis," went alone
into the wilderness. Here he was attacked by a troop of
heathens, anxious to avenge their gods, and beaten to death.
S. BORROMEO. See S, CHARLES BORROMEO.
 BRIBRTT. 53

S. BKICE, or BRITIUS, A.D. 444, Xov. 13, was successor of S. Martin

in the see of Tours.
S. BIUDGET, or BRIDE, of Ireland, A.D. 500, Feb. 1, was
baptized
by S. Patrick, and as she grew up devoted herself to good
works in the service of God. She was very beautiful, and her
father was anxious she should marry a powerful chief, but she
utterly refused, retreating for solitude to a grove of oaks once
sacred to idol-worship. Here she worked so many miracles
that crowds gathered round her, and thus she formed the
convent of Kildare, (or " place of the oak "), which afterwards
became so celebrated.
8. BRIDGET of Sweden, A.D. 1373, Oct. S. Founder of the Order
of the Brigittines. This saint was of the royal house of
Sweden, and married a neighbouring prince at the age of
sixteen. After his death she quitted the world, and founded
the monastery of Wastem, which she placed under the
Augustinian rule, with certain modifications revealed to her
in a vision. Her visions and revelations were very numerous.
After her death she was succeeded as abbess by her daughter,
S. Catherine of Sweden.
S. BHUNO, A.D. 1100, July 18. Founder of the Carthusian Order of
reformed Benedictines. He was born at Cologne, of noble
parents, and sent to Paris to study theology, under the noted
doctor Raymond. While Bruno was there Kaymond died,
and, as he was celebrated for apparent holiness and wisdom,
a great multitude assembled at his funeral. But in the midst
"
of the service the dead man sat up and cried, By the justice
of God I am condemned." The priests and people fled in
terror, and did not return till the next day to go on with the
service. But twice more the same thing happened, and there-
fore, full of horror, they cast the body into an unhallowed
grave. This awful incident had such an effect on Bruno that
he retired from the world with six companions. They wan-
dered
: to Grenobie, where S. Hugh, taught by a vision of
 CAS -CAT.

seven stars, gave them a cave in the mountain for a dwelling.

In 1084 Bruno founded a monastery at the village of Char-
treuse, which afterwards "became the Grande Chartreuse, to
which he gave the rule of S. Benedict, with many extra
-severities. The Pope sent for him to Home, ard offered him
hhe Archbishopric of Beggio, but he refused all honours, and,
wearying of the life at court, withdrew to Calabria, where
he founded another monastery, in which he lived till his death.
He was not canonized until 1623.

S. CASIMIU of Poland, A.D. 1483, March 4. Patron saint of

Poland. He was the son of Casimir IY. of Poland, but of so
gentle and retiring disposition, and so devoid of ambition
that he refused the crown of Hungary. He loved study, and
composed many hymns. He
gradually withdrew from the
world entirely, and died at the age of twenty, from decline.
S. CASSIAN, Aug. 13, patron saint of Imola, was a schoolmaster of
that city, who was martyred by his heathen pupils with their
iron styles used for writing.
S. CATHERINE of Alexandria, A.D. 207, Nov. 25. Patron saint oil
Yenice, of philosophy, science, eloquence, places of education,
and against diseases of the tongue. This saint was an
Egyptian princess, and in her early years devoted herself
entirely to study, becoming famed far and wide for her learn-
ing. On the death of her father she succeeded to the throne,
though she continued the same retired life. Her counsellors
prayed her to marry, but she could not be satisfied with any-
thing less than absolute perfection, and they despaired of her
consent. There were hermits in the desert, near Alexandria,
and one of them, at the bidding of the Blessed Yirgin Mary, came
to Catherine, and told her the husband she desired was the King
of Glory himself, giving her at the same time pictures of
Christ and His Mother. His image so filled her mind that
 CATHERINE. 55

she neglected all her studies, and spent her time in contem-
plation. One night she had a dream that she was presented
to the King of Glory, but that he turned from her as not-
fair enough for him. Full of grief, she asked the hermit
what she could do to become worthy of the King, and when
he found she was still a heathen, he taught her the Christian
faith, and she was baptized. That night she had another
dream, that she was again presented to the King of Glory,
and that he accepted, and was betrothed to her. On waking
she found the ring on her finger, and from that time she
utterly despised all the things of this world, and thought
only of her meeting with her Heavenly Bridegroom. Soon
after this, a great persecution arising in Alexandria, Catherine
stood forth, and argued with all the philosophers of the
kingdom, and such was the power of her wisdom that they
were first silenced and then converted. This so incensed
the Emperor Maximin that he ordered them all to be burnt,
and Catherine comforted and supported them to the end.
She herself was cast into a dungeon to be starved to death,
but angels ministered to her, and the empress visiting the
cell, found it filled with light. This wonder so overwhelmed
her that she and 200 of her attendants at once accepted the
faith. They were all slain and Catherine, having indignantly
;

refused Maximin's offers of marriage, was, by his orders,

bound between four spiked wheels, which, turning in different
directions, would rend her to pieces. But, in a moment, fire
fell from heaven, and consumed the wheels, and 3000 persons

were killed by flying pieces of them. Then, after being cruelly

scourged, S. Catherine was beheaded, and angels
carried he!

body to its grave on Mount Sinai.

S, CATHERINE of Bologna, A.D. 1463, March 9, also called S.
Caterina dei Vigri, was a maid of honour at the Court of
Ferrara, who joined the Poor Clares, among whom she
was so reverenced for her holiness that she became abbess
56 CATHERINE.

while still young. She had some talent as a painter, and

a few of her pictures still remain at Bologna.
CATHERINE of Siena, A.D. 1380, April 30. This saint, one
of the great lights of the Dominican Order, was born at
Siena, where her house is still shown, as the Oratory of
S. Catherine. She was always grave, and thoughtful beyond
her years, and when she was only seven, in consequence of a
vision, solemnly dedicated herself to God. When she grew
up, her parents, vexed at her constant dreams and visions,
desired that she should marry like their other children; but she
steadily refused, till,roused to anger, they treated her very
hardly, making her do all the work of the house, amid
mockery and ridicule. One day, however, her father suddenly
entered her room, and saw her kneeling in prayer, with a
white dove resting on her head, and, believing now in her
vocation, he allowed her to enter the Dominican convent.
She only joined the third order, however, and never became a
fully professed nun. She still lived in her little cell at her
parents' house, but, having taken a vow of silence for three
years, she entirely secluded herself, only going every day to
pray in the Church of S. Dominic. Here she underwent
terrible temptations and trials, but with fasting and scourging
she overcame them all, being suppoited also by many visions
of Christ Himself. Then she left her retirement, and
ministered to the sick, not turning away from the most re-
pulsive diseases, though she was t>ften met with thankless-
ness and indifference. Meeting one day some impenitent,
despairing robbers, on their way to execution, she accom-
panied them, speaking to them with such power and love that
they were comfoited, and died confessing their sins. Once,
while S. Catherine was at Pisa, praying before a crucifix,
she fell into a trance, and received the stigmata, which she
retained to the end of her life. Her fame being now spread
far abroad, she was called on to mediate between the Pope
 CECILIA. 57

and hostile states. She succeeded in inducing Pope

Gregory
XI. to return from Avignon to Eome, and herself accompanied
him on his entry. On the breaking out of the Great Schism
she took the part of Urban VI., and would have been em-
ployed by him on political missions, but her health failed,
and she died at the age of thirty -three, worn out with labour
and suffering.
S. CECILIA, A.D. 280, Nov. 22. Patron saint of music. She was
of a noble Roman family, and was
brought up by her parents
in the Christian faith. She early developed an extraordinary
talent for music she invented the organ, and sang hymns,
;

composed by herself, with such sweetness and beauty that

angels came from heaven to hear and join with her. She
eecretly dedicated herself to the service of God, but was ob-
liged by her parents to marry a heathen noble named
Valerian. She told him of her faith and vow, and that she had
a guardian angel who watched her day and night. Valerian
was converted by her teaching, and received baptism from S.
URBAN, who had been driven by persecution to take refuge in
the catacombs. Returning to his wife's room, he saw an angel,
who placed a crown of roses on the head of each, and told
Valerian to ask what be would, and his desire should be
granted. Valerian prayed that his beloved brother, Tiburtius,
should also know the truth and the angel, telling him his
;

request was pleasing to God, vanished. Soon after Tiburtius

entered, and being surprised at the heavenly roses, Cecilia
explained all to him, and such was the power of her words
that he, too, was converted, and went to S. Urban for bap-
tism. The three together devoted their lives to good works,
but were soon denounced to the prefect as Christians, and the,
two brothers cast into a dungeon. Here they converted their
gaoler Maximus, who soon after suffered martyrdom with
them. Cecilia took the bodies, and buried them together in
the catacomb of S. Calixtus. The prefect, desiring to possess
68

himself of her wealth, put her to many tortures, ordering hei

to be thrown into her own bath filled with boiling water. As
Bhe remained quite unharmed, he commanded that she should
be beheaded but the executioner quailed, and, having given
;

her three wounds in the neck, fled. After this she lived three
days, spent in prayer and almsgiving. At her desire, S. Urban
made her house into a place of worship, and a church now
stands on the site (S. Cecilia in Trastevere), where remains of
her bath-room are still to be seen. She was buried in the
catacomb of S. Calixtus, but in the ninth century the place
of her burial was revealed to Pope Pascal I., and he trans-
ferred her body to the Church of S. Cecilia, which he was
then rebuilding, and where it now rests.

S. CELSUS. See S. NAZARITJS.

S. CESAKEO, A.D. 300, Nov. 1, suffered martyrdom at Terracina

being put into a sack and cast into the sea for opposing the
worship of Apollo.
S.CHAD, A.D. 669, March 2, succeeded his elder brother Cedd as
Abbot of the Monastery of Lastingham, which they had
founded. He was made Bishop of Mercia and Northumbria,
and fixed his see at Lichfield, where he built a church, and did
many good works, converting and baptizing all in the neigh-
bourhood. He died two years after this, having been warned
of his end by a vision of Cedd surrounded by angels calling
him to Heaven.
8. CHARLES BORROMEO, A.D. 1584, Nov. 4. Cardinal, and Arch-
the greatest Lombard
bishop of Milan. Born of one of
families, he entered into possession of a Benedictine monastery
at the age of twelve, and was made Cardinal, and Archbishop
of Milan at twenty-three. He did a great work in his diocese,
his life to the reform of abuses, and to the
entirely devoting
care and relief of the sick and poor, spending upon them all
his great riches, and keeping bare necessaries only for him-
self. When the plague broke out in Milan all who could, fled
 CHA-CHR.
from the city, but S. Chafes went there and ministered to the
sufferers, inducing many, by his
example, to join in his labours.
During this period he walked through the city three times in
his cardinal's robes barefoot, and with a
rope round his neck,,
and falling before the crucifix in the
cathedral, offered himself
a sacrifice for the Still he had made enemies
people. by his
vigorous measures of reform, and one day, while kneeling
before the altar, he was fired at
by a Franciscan friar, but the-
bullet was happily arrested
by the rich embroidery of his
cope. He died in 1584, and a magnificent shrine was raised
over his remains in Milan.
S. CHARLEMAGNE, A.D. 814, Jan. 28.The life of the great Emperor
of the West beinga matter of history, it will not be
necessary
to relate it here, as there are no
legendary additions to it.
S. CHEBON, third century, was a Bishop of Chartres, who on his way
was attacked and beheaded by
to visit S. Denis at Paris
robbersbut nevertheless proceeded on his journey carrying
;

his head in his hand.

S. CHRISTINA, A.D. 295, July 24, patron saint of Bolsena and
Venice, was the daughter of Urbanus, Governor of Tiro, a
town on the shores of the Lake of Bolsena, and had secretly
accepted the Christian faith. One day, grieved at having-
nothing to give to a number of sick and poor, she remembered
her father's gold and silver idols, and breaking them to pieces,,
distributed them to the beggars. Her father on his return,
beside himself with rage, threw her into a dungeon and
had her cruelly scourged, but angels came and healed her
wounds. She was then tied to a millstone and cast into the-
lake, but angels upheld the millstone, and she floated back to
land. Finding this in vain, her father threw her into a furnace-
of fire, but she remained there five days unhurt. More furious-
than ever, he dragged her before the idol of Apollo to sacrifice,
but when she looked upon it it fell down before her, which so-
terrified her father that he died. His successor, howeveiy
GO VHEISTOPHEE.

continued the persecution of S. Christina. To prevent her

singing the praises of God he cut out her tongue, but she sang
more sweetly than before. Then he put her in a dungeon
with many snakes and poisonous reptiles, but they did her no
harm. At last in despair the governor had her bound to a
pillarand shot with arrows, and in this manner she at length
"
received the hardly earned crown of martyrdom."
8. CHRISTOPHER, A.D. 364, July 25, was a giant in the land of
Canaan, known by the name of OfPero, who in his pride of
great strength resolved to serve none but the greatest king on
earth. At last he thought he had found the master he desired,
and entered his service; but he soon observed that at any
mention of the name of Satan this king trembled. Offero
forced from him the confession that he feared the evil spirit,
and determining to serve him no longer, went in search of the
Satan who was stronger than he. He soon met a terrible being
at the head of a great host, and, hearing it was he whom he
sought, entered his service. On their march they passed a cross,
at the sight of which Satan was filled with terror, and Offero
obliged him to own that he feared one Jesus Christ of Nazareth
who had died on it. Therefore Offero at once left the service
of the devil, and wandered on, till at last he met a hermit, and
tisked him the way to Christ. The hermit told him he must
i'ast and pray; but Offero said such service he could not under-
stand. So then the hermit told him to use his great strength
to carry the weak over a stream near by, which was swollen to
a torrent. This service Offero gladly accepted, and he built
himself a hut of boughs by the river, where he lived ready to
come to the aid of any who needed him. He had pulled up a
whole palm-tree as a staff, and supported by this, unweariedly
carried all who called him across the river. One night he
lieard a child's voice calling him, and after much search with
"his lantern, he found a little child by the water's edge who

fogged to be taken over. Offero at once took him on his

 CRR-CLA. G1

shoulder, but the windsand waves rose fiercely, and the child
weighed heavier than anything he had borne before, and it
sometimes seemed as if Offero could never reach the
opposite
shore. When
at last he did so, the Child told him it was the
Maker of the World he had carried on his shoulder, and that
He had thus accepted his service. In token of this He bade
Offero plant his staff, which at once bore leaves and fruit.
The Child vanished, but Offero fell down and
worshipped, and
from that day his name was changed to Christopher, for he
had borne Christ. Travelling soon after to a city called Sarnos
he was taken as a Christian, and remaining steadfast in the
faith, was scourged and beheaded. On his way to death he
prayed that all who beheld him, putting their trust in God,,
should not suffer from earthquake, tempest, or fire. It is for
this cause that representations of S. Christopher are so
large
and frequent, for it was an old belief that " Whosoever shall
behold the image of S. Christopher, on that day shall not faint
or fail."
S. CHRYSANTHUS and DARIA, A.D. 284. S. Daria was a vestal

virgin, who being

converted to the Christian faith by S.
Chrysanthus, extinguished the sacred fire, and was therefore
buried alive with him, who, according to some accounts, was-
betrothed or married to her.
S. CHRYSOGONUS. See ANASTASIA.
S. CHRYSOSTOM. See S. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM.
S. CLAIR, third century, was an English noble who came as a
missionary to France, but was martyred between Rouen and
Pontoise by a band of ruffians, who beheaded him.
S. CLARA, A.D. 1253, Aug. 12. Founder of the Poor Clares, Fran-
ciscan nuns. She was born at Assisi, of noble parents, but
fired by the example of S. Francis, she desired to leave all to
dedicate herself entirely to the service of God. Being urged
by her parents to marry, she went to S. Francis for advice,
and he counselled her at once to withdraw from the world,
<62 CLEMENT.

appointing the next Palm Sunday to receive her.

That morn-
ing she accompanied her family to church to receive palm
branches. Clara, however, feeling unworthy to advance and
receive hers remained behind, and the bishop, touched by her
modesty, brought it to her. In the evening she fled to S.
Francis, who received her at the door of the Porzioncula,
where she made her solemn profession. She took refuge in a
neighbouring convent, whence her relations tried in vain to
drag her. Her sister Agnes and several other ladies joined
her, and thus was formed the community of u Poor Clares,"
who followed closely the rule of S. Francis in all its severity.
On one occasion a band of Saracens attacked their convent of
S. Damiano, at Assisi. The nuns were rilled with terror, but
S. Clara, rising from a bed of suffering, took the pyx contain-
ing the Sacred Host in her hands, knelt on the threshold in
front of them, and began to sing
4<
Thou hast rebuked the
heathen," &c. ; the enemy, panic-stricken, fled. The fame ot
this miracle drew many more around her, and the Pope visited
her himself and confirmed the rule of the order, which spread
rapidly through all Christian lands. S. Clara died at the age
of sixty, in a trance, in which she heard angels' voices calling
her.
8. CLEMENT, A.D. 100, Nov. 23, was the fellow-labourer of S
Paul mentioned in Phil. iv. 3. Becoming Bishop of Borne, the
third from S. Peter, he converted many to the faith, including
Domitilla, who being niece of Domitian, protected S. Clement
during his reign. But in the persecution under Trajan he was
sent with numbers of other Christians to work in stone
quarries. Once when they suffered from want of water, S.
Clement prayed, and then beheld the Lamb of God standing
on a mountain near. On his digging at this spot a torrent of
water rushed forth, which refreshed them all. This miracle
roused the anger of the heathen, and they cast the saint into
the sea bound to an anchor. But at the prayer of his brethren
 CLOCOS. 03

the sea retreated three miles, and disclosed a ruined temple, in

which the body of S. Clement reposed. And this miracle was
repeated on every anniversary of his martyrdom.
6. CLOTILDA, A.D. 534, June 3, was a Burgundian princess, and the
wife of Clovis, King of the Franks. She prayed and strove
long in vain for the conversion of her husband, but one day
when he was almost defeated in battle, he called upon the God
of 'Clotilda, and was finally victorious. At his baptism by S.
Remi a dove brought the vial of oil miraculously from heaven,
and having had a vision that an angel brought
S. Clotilda
three lilies, and S. Remi, the banner of France
for her, Clovis,
was changed from three toads to the Fleur de Lys.
S. CLOUD, A.D. 560, Sept 7, was a grandson of S. Clotilda, who,
when his brothers were murdered by their uncles to obtain
the kingdom, fled to a Benedictine monastery, where he became
a monk, and thus saved his life.
S. CONSTANTINE, A.D. 335. The life of the Emperor Constantine is

a matter of history. For the legend of Constantine and

Sylvester, see S. SYLVESTER.
S. CORENTIN, A.D. 495. Patron saint of Quimper and a great part
of Brittany. He was
a hermit, living in the forest of Ploma-
diern, near Chateaubin, to whom a most remarkable fish was
sent to nourish him. Every morning it swam into the spring
near his hermitage, and S. Corentin, having cut a slice off it,
the fish swam away, lively as ever. King Gradlon, hunting
with his court in the forest, beheld the miracle, and was so
much impressed by it, that he gave S. Corentin his country-
house for a monastery, where S. G-uenole, among many others,
was educated. Later the province of Cornouaille was erected
into a diocese, and S. Corentin made first Bishop o
Quimper.
SS. COSMO and DAMIAN, A.D. 301, Sept. 27. Patron saints of
the Medici and of medicine. These two brothers were Ara-
bians, brought up in the Christian faith, who devoted their
64 COS CEO.

study of medicine and the care of the sick. They

lives to the
became most skilful in their art, and the fame of their
wondrous cures spread far and wide at last being denounced
;

as Christians, they were cast into the sea, but were saved by
angels and then into the fire, but it did not harm them. They
;

were next bound to crosses and stoned, but the stones, instead
of hitting them, struck their enemies, so that many were killed.
Finally, these two saints were beheaded, three of their brothers
also suffering with them. Long afterwards a man who had a
cancer in his leg was praying to SS. Cosmo and Damian in
their church in Rome, when he fell into a profound sleep, and
dreamt that the saints came and cut off his diseased leg, re-
placing it by one of a dead Moor and -anointing it witn
miraculous ointment so that it joined perfectly. On awaking
he tound that he had the leg of the Moor; and search being
made for the dead body, it was discovered that truly there had
been an exchange of legs.
S. COSTANZO, second century, was a Bishop of Perugia, who suf-
fered martyrdom under Marcus Aureliu*
SS. CRISPIN AND CRISPIANUS, A.D. 300, Oct. 25. Patron saints of
Soissons. These two brothers accompanied S. Denis from
Eome to France to preach the Gospel. They were shoemakers,
and worked for the poor for nothing, angels providing them
with leather. They were martyred at Soissons, being beheaded
after suffering many tortures.
CROSS. The legend of the Holy Cross is a subject so often met
with in art that it may be useful to insert it here. When
Adam was sick unto death he sent his son Seth to the Gate of
Paradise to pray for him. There an angel gave him three
seeds to put under his father's tongue after his death, or
according to other accounts the branch of a tree, to plant
upon his grave. On his return Adam was dead, and Seth
obeyed the commands of the angel. A tree grew and
flourished from the tomb of Adam, and it was with a brunch
 CJtOSS. 65

of this that Moses turned the waters of Marah sweet. In

the days of Solomon it was cut down for the building of the
temple ; but the workmen were unable to make use of it, and it
was thrown away into a pond or stream, where it served as a
bridge. The Queen of Sheba coming to visit Solomon would
have crossed this bridge, but having a vision of the Son of
God crucifiedupon.it, she fell down and worshipped it. Solo-
mon, hearing of this, buried it in the ground, and the spot became
afterwards the Pool of Bethesda, whose healing powers came
from the sacred wood as well as from the angel. At the time
of our Lord's Passion it floated on the surface of the water, and
was taken to make the Cross. After the Crucifixion it re-
mained buried for three hundred years, till it was discovered
by S. Helena, the mother of Constantine, together with the
crosses of the two thieves, under a temple of Yenus. As they
did not know which was the Cross of Christ, they were all
taken to a sick woman, and when she touched the True Cross
she was immediately healed. S. Helena then divided it in
halves, one of which she left at Jerusalem, the other she
carried to Constantinople, and part of this latter was sent to
Rome, where the Church of Sta. Crone in Gerusalemme was
built to contain it. In 615 Chosroes, King of Persia, carried
away the part of the Cross left at Jerusalem, and building a
great tower placed it there beside himself, and desired all men
to worship him as king of kings. This aroused the indig-
nation of the Emperor Heracliu^, and he went against
Chosroes with an army, and defeated him, and recovered the
True Cross. He brought it back to Jerusalem with great
rejoicing, but, as hewas about to enter the city, the wall closed
up and prevented him. Then an angel appeared, and reproved
him for daring to enter in pomp and splendour that gate
through which his Lord had passed barefoot and riding
upon an ass. Heraclius at once dismounted, and takiDg
off all his royal robes he took the Cross on his shoulder and
*
p
60 CUNCTP.
f-~ m

walked barefoot up to the wall, which then parted and let him
enter, and he restored the holy relic whence it had been taken.
S. CUNEGUNDA, A.D. 1040, March 3, was the wife of S. Henry,
King of Bavaria, who without any foundation suspected her
of evil, but she triumphantly proved her innocence by walking
unharmed over red-hot ploughshares. Soon after this she
entered a Benedictine convent, where she spent the rest of her
life in hard labour and charitable works. She was buried
with her husband in Bamberg Cathedral.
S. CUNIBERT, A.D. 660, Nov. 12, was Bishop of Cologne, who,
guided by a dove, discovered the remains of S. Ursula and her
companions. He was a friend and counsellor of King Dago-
bert, Pepin d'Heristal, and other rulers of his time.
S. CUTHBERT, A.D. 687, March 20, was in his youth a shepherd,
but was called by the vision of an angel to leave worldly
things and seek only the heavenly; Therefore he went for
instruction to S. Aidan at Melrose Abbey. Another vision,
of angels carrying the soul of his master to heaven, induced him
to enter the monastery, and thence he travelled far, preaching,
and converting many. After a time he withdrew to Lindis-
f arne, and lived a life of seclusion on the island now called

Holy Isle, but then an abode of evil spirits, and angels pro-
vided him with bread. He was made Bishop of Lindisfarne,
where he was greatly beloved, and many miracles were wrought
by his prayers. Once, when he was lying on the shore ap-
parently dead from long prayers and mortification, two otters
tame out of the water and licked him all over till life returned
to him. After his death miracles were performed at his shrine,
and pilgrimages made to it but his bones were finally trans-
;

ferred to the Cathedral of Durham, for protection against the

Danes.
8. CYPRIAN, A.D. 258, Sept. 16, was Bishop of Carthage, and
suffered martyrdom in the reign of Valerian. He left many
valuable writings.
 CJPDEN. 67

S3, CYPRIAN and JUSTINA of Antioch, A.D. 304, Sept. 26. S

Justina was a fair and wise maiden, living at Antiocli, who,
having dedicated herself to the service of God, rejected the
addresses of a youth who wished to marry her. In despair he
went to Cyprian, a magician of that city, who was skilful in
every diabolical art, and asked his help to charm her. But
when Cyprian saw the maiden, he loved her, and desired hel
for himself. He tried to tempt her with the aid of all his
demons, but in vain. Astonished at her constancy, he de-
clared he would worship none other than her God, and was
converted and baptized. He became remarkable for his good
deeds and his humility, till at last, persecution breaking out, he
and Justina were both taken and thrown into a cauldron of
boiling pitch; by a miracle, they escaped unhurt, and were
therefore beheaded.
S. CYRIL of Alexandria, A.D. 444, Jan. 28, was the Patriarch of
that city, and took a prominent part in the theological con-
troversies of the time. His good fame is much sullied by the
murder of Hypatia, committed with every cruelty by his
followers in a church. He is sometimes added as a fifth in
pictures of the Four Greek Fathers.
SS. CYRIL and METHODIUS were two Greek monks of the Order of
S. Basil, who went to preach to the Slavonic tribes of Bulgaria.
Methodius was a painter, and, being asked by the King of
Bulgaria for something terrible, painted "The Last Judg-
ment," in explanation of which Cyril preached such a powerful
sermon that all who heard it were at once converted. In this
manner they worked together with great success for many
years.

S. DAMIAN. See S. COSMO.

S. DARIA. See S. CHRYSANTHTJS,
S. DELPHINE. See ELEAZAR.
S DENIS, first century, Oct. 9. Patron saint of France. In art
7 2
6S DIEGO.

the legend which confuses S. Denis, Bishop of Paris in the

third century, with Dionysius the Areopagite, is so universally
represented that it must be thus related here. Dionysius was
an Athenian philosopher, who, while studying astrology in
Egypt, was much perplexed by the sudden darkening of the
whole world for three hours, which took place during the
crucifixion. On his return to Athens he heard S. Paul preach
" The Unknown God," and
there of being converted was
ordained priest, and then Bishop of Athens. He travelled
first

to Jerusalem to behold the Blessed Virgin, and was as-

tonished at the glory which surrounded her. He was also
present at her death and tnrial, of which he left an account
in writing. He next travelled to Rome, and was present at
the martyrdom of S. Paul, and thence was sent by S. Clement
to preach in France. At Paris he made many converts, and
was able to send missionaries into other countries. At length,
being accused to the Emperor, he was imprisoned with his two
companions, SS. Rusticus and Eleutherius, who had come
with him from Borne, and soon after they were all beheaded
together. Their bodies having been left to the wild beasts,
Denis, that his remains should not be dishonoured, took his
head in his hands, and walked thus two miles to the place now
called Montmartre. The relics of all these martyrs were
afterwards placed in the abbey of S. Denis.
8. DIEGO D'ALCALA, A.D. 1463, Nov. 3, was cook at the Capuchin
convent of Alcala, and having been canonized at the request
of Philip II., various legends were told of him. It is said that
while engaged in cookino "be became so rapt in ecstasy as to
be lifted off the earth, and meanwhile angels continued his
occupation for him. On being detected in giving away bread
to the poor, he opened his habit, which was found full of roses.
He rescued a child whose mother had shut him into an oven
and lighted the fire by mistake, and restored sight to another
child who was blind, by anointing his eyes with oil from the

lamp before the altar. On one occasion, when he and a lay

 DIG-DOM. C3

brother were ready to perish with hunger on a journey, angels

came and spread a repast before them.
S. DIGNA. See S. AFRA of Augsburg.
S. DOMINIC, A.D. 1221, Aug. 4. Founder of the Order of Domini-
cans, or Preaching Friars. This saint was of a noble Castilian
family. Before he was born his mother dreamt that she gave
birth to a black and white dog with a torch in its mouth, and at
his baptism a star descended, and rested on his brow. He
early
gave evidences of a saintly and ascetic disposition, beginning to
do penance at six years old. Having accompanied his Bishop
on a political mission to France, Dominic was so distressed at
the heresy of the Albigenses, which he found widely spread
there, that he first entertained the idea of an order of preachers
for the conversion of heretics. He obtained from the Pope,
who had had a dream of S. Dominic upholding the falling
Church, authority to preach in the Yaudois. There one day,
finding the heretics obstinate against his teaching, he threw
his book into the fire, but at once it leaped out uninjured ;

this happening three times, while the books of the heretics

were consumed, converted many. The fierce war against the
Albigenses broke out about this time, but it is very uncertain
how far S. Dominic was concerned in it. He continued his
preaching, in which he was joined by several others and this
;

laid the foundation of his Order, though it was not finally con-
firmed till later. Being in Rome, he went to S. Peter's to pray for
a blessing on his Order, and there SS. Peter and Paul appeared,
and gave him a staff and a Book of the Gospel, telling him to
go forth, for God had chosen him to preach His Word. He
also founded an Order of Dominican nuns, and reformed the
convents in Kome. Once, while he was in the monastery of
S. Sabina, in Rome, the brothers who lived by begging could
not procure any food, but S. Dominic made them all sit at the
table, and pronounced the blessing, when immediately
two
angels appeared bearing bread auJ wine, which they set before

the brethren and then vanished. A young Lord Napoleon,

7C DONATO.

nephew of Cardinal di Fosse Nova, having been killed by a

fall from his horse, S. Dominic
laid the body before the altar,
when at his command the youth arose whole and well. On
another occasion, when he was attending a banquet at the
funeral of a child, he desired that the dead body should be
laid on the table, and then restored it to life. During the war
against the Albigenses, some English pilgrims, to avoid entering
the heretical city of Toulouse, endeavoured to cross the river
Garonne in a small boat. It was overturned in a storm, but
the pilgrims were all saved through the intercession of S.
Dominic. The indefatigable labours of the saint at length
brought on a fever, of which he died at Bologna. At the time
of his death a monk at Brescia beheld his soul borne up to
heaven on a throne by the Blessed Virgin and angels. His
remains were carried in great state to the splendid shrine at
Bologna, where they now repose*
S. DONATO of Arezzo, fourth century, was the companion in his
youth of Julian the Apostate, but the Emperor having turned
from the faith, persecuted the Christians. Donato's father
being one of the victims, the saint fled with pne companion, a
monk Hilarion, to Arezzo, where they converted many, per-
forming several miracles.. Once a tax-gatherer going on a
journey left all the money he had collected in the care of his
wife, who buried it, but died suddenly without being able to
tell any one the spot. Her husband on his return in great
distress appealed to S. Donato, and having prayed at her tomb
the saint commanded her to declare where she had hidden the
money. To the wonder of all she at once responded. Afte?
he was made Bishop of Arezzo, while he was celebrating mas?
the chalice was broken by some pagans, but at the prayer of
S. Donato it joined again before a drop was spilt. The number
of conversions resulting from this miracle so incensed his
enemies that after much torture they beheaded him, Hilarion
being at the same time scourged to death.
 DOR DUX. 71

S. DOROTHEA of Cappadocia, A.D. 303, Feb. 6, was brought up a

Christian, and became famed for her beauty and piety. On the
outbreak of the persecution, having refused to sacrifice to
idols, she was imprisoned. Her two sisters, who had apos-
tatized, were sent to persuade her to do the same but her
;

example of faith and steadfastness brought them back to the

truth, and they suffered martyrdom, being supported to the
end by Dorothea. She herself after many tortures was con-
demned to be beheaded. On her way to execution a young
man named Theophilus, mocking her, asked her for some of
the flowers and fruit from the garden to which she was going,
and she promised to send some to him. Just after her death
a heavenly youth appeared, bearing three roses and three
apples, which he carried to Theophilus from her and said that
she awaited him in the garden. When Theophilus received
them his heart was touched, and being converted to the faith
he also suffered martyrdom.
S. DUNSTAN, A.D. 968, May 19, was a monk of Glastonbury, who,
through the fame of his talents, was called to court, where,
however, his influence became so great that he was driven
away as a sorcerer. He retired to Glastonbury, where he
occupied himself in working in metals and ;
his musical powers

being remarkable, he made himself an organ with brass pipes.

One day, it is said, while he was working in his cell, the devil
came totempt him, but the saint seized him with red-hot
pincers, and he fled in pain and
terror. The King, whose
conscience was aroused by a narrow escape from an accident,
repented of his injustice to Dunstan, recalled
him to court,
and made him Abbot of Glastonbury bat his successor, Edwin,
;

offended at Dunstan's reproof of his sins, drove him away

again. On the accession of Edgar to the
throne he came
finally intopower, and was made Archbishop of Canterbury.
He founded many schools and religious houses, and did his
72 EBBED3L
utmost to extend civilization and learning. He left many
writings relating his visions, and several miracles are recorded
of him.

S. EBBA. was a princess, and Abbess of Coldmgham. "When the

Danes attacked her convent, she and all her nuns disfigured
their faces, lest they should fall a prey to the enemy.
Horrified at the sight they presented, the Danes set fire to the
convent, and the whole sisterhood thus suffered martyrdom.
S. EDITH of Wilton, A.D. 984, Sept. 16, was the daughter of King
Edgar. Her mother, Wilfrid a, was a nun whom the King
had dragged from her convent. She escaped, and returned
as soon as possible, and her daughter was born in the con-
vent. Her father gave Edith a rich dowry, but she refused to
live at court, and spent all her money in founding the con-
vent of Wilton. Her learning and beauty made her famous.
She,was also remarkable for the costliness of her attire, and
defended herself against the reproofs of S. Ethelwold, saying
that God could see the heart beneath any garment. She died
in her twenty -third year.
13. EDITH of Polesworth was a daughter of King Egbert, and became

a nun in the convent of Polesworth, under S. Modwena.

S. EDMUND, A.D. 870, Nov. 20, was King of East Anglia at the
lime of a great invasion of the Danes. He was utterly de-
feated by them in the battle of Hoxne and afterwards, as he
;

refused to be subject to an infidel, he was bound to a tree,

shot to death with arrows, and afterwards beheaded. When
the Christians wished to bury the body the head could no-
where be found, till at last they discovered it guarded by a
frolf, who allowed them to take it, and followed it to the
burial. Being placed on the body it united instantly, showing
only a red line where it had been severed. A
great church
and monastery were built over the shrine of the saint, and
the town round them was called Bury St. Edmunds.
 EDWELE. 73

S. EDWARD the Confessor, A.D. 1066, Jan. 5, was the third son of
King Ethelred of England, but even before his birth was
declared heir to the throne in preference to his brothers,
because of a prophecy of S. Dunstan. When he came to the
throne he released his subjects from the tax of Danegelt,
because when the money was brought to him he beheld a
demon dancing on it. A young man once, thinking the King
asleep, took as much money .as he could carry out of his
coffer. Edward saw him, but only observed, "Be not so
covetous;" and when his treasurer lamented the loss, said
that he who had taken it probably needed it more than they
did. This saint had many visions once he beheld Christ on the
:

altar during the celebration of mass, and another time he

foresaw the drowning of the leader of a Danish fleet coming
to invade England. One day, as King Edward was returning
from hearing mass in honour of S. John the Evangelist, a
pilgrim begge i from him, and he gave him a ring from his
own finger. Twenty-four years after, two English pilgrims,
returning from the Holy Land, met another pilgrim, who told
them to go and salute their king, and thank him for the
alms he had given a poor pilgrim many years ago. He also
gave them the ring to take back to Edward, with the message,
*'
In six months thou shalt quit the world, and remain with
me for ever." The astonished pilgrims asked who he was ;
and he replied, " I am John the Evangelist," and then vanished.
The pilgrims delivered the ring and the message to the King,
who prepared joyfully for his departure, and died on the
following Epiphany.
S. EGIDIO. See S. GILES.
SS. ELEAZAR, or ELZEAR, and DELPHIXE, A.D. 1300. S. Eleazar,
Count of Sabran, and S. Delphine, his wife, were both mem-
bers of the Third Order of S. Francis. They devoted them-
Belves to good works, and Eleazar ruled his affairs with

prudence and wisdom. Once, just after his father's death,

74, ELEELL
be found among his papers letters falsely calumniating him-
self, and recommending his father to disinherit him. Instead
of taking revenge, Eleazar burnt the letters in the presence
of their author, who was by this means converted into a true
friend. Delphine survived her husband many years, but after
his death always lived in strict seclusion.
S. ELEUTHERIUS. See S. DENIS.
S. ELIGIUS. See S. ELOY.
S. ELISABETH, mother of S. John the Baptist See S. JOHN THE
BAPTIST.
S. ELIZABETH of Hungary, A.D. 1231, 'Nov. 19, was the daughter
of the King of Hungary, but being betrothed at four years
old to Louis, son of the Landgrave of Thuringia, she was
at once sent to that court, and brought up there. During
her father-in-law's lifetime she was happy, but after his death
the landgravine, hating her retiring disposition and devotion
to charity, ridiculed and ill-treated her, in which course she
was followed by her daughters and the whole court. Louis
loved her tenderly, but had not sufficient strength of character
to protect her. The one object of her life was the care of
the sick and poor; all she had she gave away, saving up even
her food to have more to give. She was under the direction
of a priest named Conrad, a stern, harsh man, who laid the
severest penances on her. At the royal banquets she frequently
ate only a piece of bread, and she always wore sackcloth
beneath her robes. Once, as she was proceeding to a state
banquet in all her royal robes, a miserable half-naked beggar

appealed to her mercy for the love of God. She could not
then stay to minister to him, so she took off her royal mantle
and gave it him. Just as she was confessing to her hus jana
what she had done, her maid came in with the mantle, that she
had found hanging in the wardrobe. Then Elizabeth was
tilled with awe, for she knew that it was the Lord Himself

who had come to prove her. Another time she found a poor
 ELIZABETH. 75

leprous child, deserted by every one, and she took him in her
arms and laid him on her own bed. The landgravine, en-

raged, called Louis to see, but when he came he found, instead

of a leper, a radiant Infant, who smiled on them and vanished.
She Eisenach daily, carrying them supplies
visited the poor of
of food herself. And
one day her husband met her on the way,,
and asked what she had in her mantle. As she hesitated to-
tell him he opened it, and found it full of red and white
ro'ses. Then taking one of the roses for himself, he bade her
go on her way. During a terrible famine, followed by the
plague, she entirely supported the people, and founded
hospitals, nursing those herself whom no others would touch.
In 1226 Louis took the Cross, to the unspeakable grief of his
and on his way died of fever, at Otranto, in Calabria.
wife,
His brother Henry at once seized all his possessions, and
turned Elizabeth out of the castle in the depth of the winter.
No one dared give her shelter, and at last she took refuge in
an inn, where she maintained herself by spinning wool. But
when the knights who had gone with Louis returned, they
were .full of indignation, and dethroned Henry, making
Elizabeth's eon Herman, landgrave. The city of Marburg
was bestowed on Elizabeth, and she lived there with her
daughters. She was accompanied by Conrad, under whom
her life became one course of penance. She parted from all
her children, fearing to love them too much and at last, worn
;

out with humiliation and privation, she died, at the age ol

twenty-four. She was buried amid the sorrow of all her
people, and the Church of S. Elizabeth was soon built over
her shrine, and attracted innumerable pilgrims.
S. ELIZABETH of Portugal, A.D. 1336, July 8, was daughter of
Pedro III., King of Aragon, and grand -niece of S. Elizabeth of
Hungary. When quite young she married Dionysius, King of
Portugal, who treated her with cruelty and neglect. She bore
all her trials with the utmost patience for forty years, always
70 ELMELO.
striving to reconcile the dissensions in her family, for which
reason she is known in Spain as S. Isabel de Paz. She did
much good to the sick and poor, and was a member of the
Third Order of S. Francis.
8. ELMO. See ERASMUS.
S. ELOY, ELIGIUS, or Lo, A.D. 659, Dec. 1. Patron saint of Bologna
and Noyon also of all workers in metals, blacksmiths, farriers,
;

and horses. This saint was born of poor parents near

Limoges. Being apprenticed to a goldsmith in that city, he
soon showed such a remarkable talent in metal work that he
was sent to Paris to work for Clotaire II. The King wished
for a golden throne set with jewels, and was anxious to find an
honest as well as a skilful man to make it. Eloy undertook
the work, and made two thrones instead of one out of the
materials given him. He thus became a favourite at court,
and in the reign of Dagobert was made Master of the Mint.
The dies used for the coins were cut by him, and some bearing
his name still remain. So great was his holiness of life that
lie was at length made Bishop of Noyon, and preached with

wonderful eloquence in many lands, going, it is said, even as

far as Denmark and Sweden. He never abandoned his art,
but now only used it to make sacred vessels for the church and
beautiful shrines of saints. Once some precious things that
lie had made having been stolen from the church of S.
Oolumba, he went there, and in a loud voice commanded the
eaint to make the thief restore them and she at once obeyed.
;

Often during his work S. Eloy was tormented by a demon, till

at last he seized him by the nose with red-hot pincers, and
thus discomfited him. On another occasion a horse was
brought to him to be shod, which, being possessed by a devil,
kicked so furiously that no one dare touch it. The saint cut
off its leg, put on the shoe, and then with the sign of the
cioss joined the leg on again, to the great astonishment of
 ELPETII. 77

S. ELPHEGE. See S. ALPHEGB.

S. ENURCHNTJS, or EVURTIUS, A.D. 340, Sept. 7, was sent from Rome
to France for the redemption of captives.
.
Here he was
chosen Bishop of Orleans in consequence of a dove
settling on
his head, and ruled his diocese twenty years,
doing 'many
miracles. Once,when preparing to build a Church of the Holy
Cross, the workmen by his direction began to dig the founda-
tions in a certain spot, and there found a pot containing
enough gold to pay for the church.
SS. EPIIESUS and POTITUS, fourth century, were two friends. The
former, an officer under Diocletian, was sent to extirpate the
Christians in Sardinia, but being warned by Christ in a dream,
not to persecute His servants, he marched against the heathen
instead. He received from S. Michael a standard with the
cross on a red ground, and was helped by him in battle. But
at length he was convicted of Christianity, and with S. Potitus
suffered martyrdom, being cast into a furnace of fire.

S. EPHREM, A.D. 378, Feb. 1, was a Syrian hermit, who, on account

of his theological writings, is considered one of the Fathers of
the Greek Church.
S. ERASMUS, or ELMO, A.D. 296, June 3, was a Bishop who suffered
. martyrdom at Formia, now Mola de* Gaeta, duiing the perse-
cution of Diocletian, in a peculiarly horrible manner, his
bowels being unwound and coiled upon a wheel. He i
invoked against storms by the sailors of the Mediterranean.
S. ERCOLANO, A.D. 546, was Bishop of Perugia, and during its siege
by the Goths supported and encouraged the people in the
defence. When at length the city was taken by the Goths he
was beheaded, and his body thrown into a ditch. Here it was
afterwards found beside that of a little child, and they were
both buried together.
S. ETHELBERGA, 7th cent., Oct. 11, was the first abbess of the first
Benedictine convent in England, which she ruled with great
prudence and wisdom.
73 ETHEUN.
S. ETHELDREDA, A.D. 679, June 23, was a princess of East Anglia,
who while very young married Joubert, King of the Gervii,
and being left a widow in three years, married Egfrid, King of
Noithumbria. After twelve years she withdrew from the
world with his consent, and entered the convent of Colding-
ham but later Egfrid repented his permission, and tried to
;

drag her from her retreat. She fled to a rock, since called S.
Ebb's Head, pursued by her husband, but was saved from
him by the tide suddenly rising and making the rock inacces-
sible. Egfrid therefore finally left her, and married another
wife. On
her return, as she slept she dreamt that her staff,
which she had planted in the ground, blossomed into a great
tree. She soon after founded the cathedral and monastery of
Ely, on the island of that name, her own possession, of which
she became abbess; receiving her pastoral staff from S.
first

Wilfrid, Archbishop of York, who had been driven by the per-

secution of Egfrid and his second wife to take refuge in the
Isle of Ely. She was succeeded in her office by her sister,
S. Sexberga. Four hundred years after the death of S.Ethel-
dreda, a man who had led an evil life repented in sickness, and
vowed to serve God in the monastery of Ely. On his way to
accomplish this he was taken for his crimes and imprisoned ;
but on his invoking S. Etheldreda, she appeared in the night
with S. Benedict and liberated him.
S. EUGENIA was a lady of Alexandria, noted for her great learning.
Being converted to Christianity she retired to the desert in
male attire, and was known as the monk Eugenius. She
suffered martyrdom in Rome in the reign of Severus.
S. EULALIA, A.D. 303, Dec. 10, was a Spanish maiden, who when
only twelve years old flung down an idol, and defied the Eoman
prefect. She was therefore martyred with many tortures. At
the moment of her death a white dove came from her mouth,
and flew to heaven.
S. EUNOMIA. See S.-ArnA of Augsburg.
 EUPEV8.
S. EUPHEMIA, A.D. 307, Sept. 16, was a Greek saint, who suffered
martyrdom near Byzantium. After many tortures she was
cast into the fire, but it would not burn her ; then to wild
beasts, but they refused to touch her ; so at length she was
slain by the sword.
5. EUSTACE, A.D. 118, Sept. 20. The original name of this saint
was Placidus ; he was an officer under the Emperor Trajan,
and though a heathen, lived a just and upright life. Being
fond of the chase he was one day hunting in the forest, when
he was attracted by a white stag, which he pursued to a high
rock, and then he saw that it bore a crucifix between its
"
horns, and a Voice cried, Placidus, I am Christ, whom thou
hast served without knowing Me." Placidus fell on his face
and exclaimed, " Lord, I believe." The Yoice told him that he
must suffer many tribulations, but he joyfully accepted them
all for Christ's sake. On his return he was baptized with his
whole house, and he took the name of Eustace. His tribula-
tions soon commenced. All his possessions were stolen, and
his wife was carried off by pirates. Utterly destitute, he
wandered forth with his two children, and coming to a broad
stream, he swam across with one child, and left it on the bank
to return for the other. But when he was in the middle of the
stream he saw a wolf on one side and a lion on the other each
carry off a child, while he was helpless to prevent it. Plunged
in grief, he lived for fifteen years in a retired village, till the
Emperor having need of him, sent for him and placed him
at the head of his soldiers, bestowing on him many honours*
Meanwhile his wife had escaped, and his children were rescued
from the wild beasts, so once more they were all united. This
happiness was of short duration, for soon after, as they refused
to join in a public thanksgiving to the gods for victory, the
whole family were enclosed in a brazen bull, under which a
great fire was kindled, and they all suffered martyrdom
together.
80 EWAFEL.
SS. EWALD THE BLACK and EWALD THE FAIR, A.D. 700, Oct.
twin brothers, Saxons, who left England to preach the gospel
in foreign lands. They came first to Friesland, where S.
Ewald the Fair healed a demoniac woman but pressing on to
;

Westphalia, they were attacked and martyred by the bar-

barians; S. Ewald the Fair being killed with a club, and.S.
Ewald the Black slain by the sword. Their bodies were
thrown into a river, but a light remained shining above the
spot, so they were eventually found, and buried in the Church
of S. Cunibert, at Cologne.

S. FABIAN, A.D. 250, Jan. 20, was chosen Bishop of Rome in

consequence of a dove alighting on his head during the
time of election, and suffered martyrdom fourteen years after-
wards.
S. FAITH, A.D. 290, Oct. 6, was a Gaulish virgin, who suffered
horrible tortures with unflinching constancy. She was beaten
with rods, then bound to ,a brazen grate, under which a fire was
kindled, and she died declaring her faith in Christ. Many
were converted by her example, and suffered with her.
SS. F AUSTIN o and Jo VITA, A.D. 119, Feb. 15, were two brothers,
living at Brescia, who were converted by S. Apollonius.
They devoted their lives to good works, but being denounced
as Christians, were by the Emperor's orders thrown to the
wild beasts. However these refused to harm them, so they
were carried beyond the gates of Brescia and beheaded.
S. FELICITAS and her SEVEN SONS, A.D, 173, ISTov, 23. This saint
was a. Roman matron of great wealth, who spent her life in
charity to the poor and the careful education of her sons. Her
holy example having drawn many to the Christian faith, she
was accused and brought before the prefect. As he found it

impossible to induce her to sacrifice to idols, he threatened her

sons, thinking thus to move her. But she earnestly exhorted
them to die rather than yield, and therefore one by one they
 FEL FEE. 8i

were put to death before her eyes. Januarius, the eldest, was
scourged with thongs loaded Tvith lead Felix and Philip were
;

beaten to death with clubs Sylvanus was dashed from a

;

rock Alexander, Yitalis, and Martial were beheaded.

; Their
mother, who had comforted and supported them to the end,
only prayed that she might soon follow them but she was kept
;

in prison four months, and then beheaded, or, according to somo

accounts, cast into a caldron of boiling oil.
S. FELIX, or FELICE. See S. NABOB.
S. FELIX DE CANTALICE, A.D. 1587, May 8, was born in Umbria of
very poor parents. Having entered a Capuchin monastery, ho
was afterwards sent to the Capuccini at Rome, where he was
appointed to beg for the daily food of the brotherhood. There
had never before been known such plenty as he brought in;
and it is related that when he was begging one stormy
night, a radiant child met him, who gave him a loaf of bread,
and blessing him vanished. S. Felix spent forty-five years
at the Capuccini, where his life was an example of devotion
and self-denial. He was the first saint of the Capuchin
order.
S. FELIX DE VALOIS. See S. JOHN DE MATHA.
S. FERDINAND of Castile, 1152, May 30, was the son of
A.D.

Alphonso, King of
Leon, and Beringaria of Castile. His
parents were separated by command of the Pope for having
married within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity, and
Beringaria returned to Castile. On her father's death she
inherited the kingdom, but resigned iu favour of her son
Ferdinand, who, in a few years, also came into possession of the
crown of Leon. He was always very much under the in-
fluence of his mother, and she lived with him even after his
marriage with Joan of Ponthieu, who loved her as much as
Ferdinand did, and their home was a bright example of peace
and happiness. S. Ferdinand ruled his kingdom with wis-
dom and prudence, and is famed for his wars against the
82 FIL-FIN.

Moors, in which he was always victorious, S. James himself

appearing in one battle and righting for him, He was about
to pursue them into Africa when he died. He was buried in
the Cathedral of Seville. His only daughter, Eleanor, married
Edward I. of England. ^
S. FILOMENA, A.D. 303, Aug. 10. In the year 1802 a tomb was
discovered in the catacomb of Priscilla, in Rome, containing
the skeleton of a young girl, and bearing rude paintings of a
scourge, two arrows, a javelin, an anchor, and the olive-branch,
and also the following fragment of an inscription :

LUMENA PAX TE CUM FI

These remains were preserved for several years in the Lateran,

till a Neapolitan priest begged for some relics of the martyrs

to revive devotion among his people, and the bones thus found
were given to him, the inscription being filled up and trans-
"
lated so as to mean
S. Philumena rest in peace. Amen."
Then another priest had a vision of S. Filomena, in which it
was revealed to him that she suffered for the Faith, having
incurred the wrath of the Emperor for refusing to become his
wife. A second vision was vouchsafed to a young artist, in
which the various torments borne by S. Filomena were dis-
closed, and the Emperor's name declared to be Diocletian. As
it was not easy to reconcile the last statement with historical

fact, it was supposed that the youth meant Maximian. The

history of the saint being now established, her relics were
carried in great state, working many miracles by the way,
to the church of the little town of Mugnano, not far from
Naples. She has since become one of the most popular saints
in Italy.
S. FINA, A.D. 1253, March 12. Patron saint of San Gemigniano.
This saint during almost her whole life suffered terribly from
disease, but she did not let this prevent her from devoting
herself towork among the sick and poor, and was uniformly
patient and cheerful. She was warned of her approachiEg
 FLAFRA. S3

death by S. Gregory in a vision, and when she died all the

bells ofSan Gemigniano began to toll of their own accord.
While she was being carried to her burial she lifted
up her
hand to bless her aged nurse, who was at once healed of a
painful illness.
S. FLAVIA. See S. PLACIDUS.
S. FLORIAN was born at Enns, in Lower Austria, and
though a
Christian became a Roman soldier.
Many miracles are
recorded of him, in particular that he once
extinguished a
great fire with a single pitcherful of water. He finally
suffered martyrdom by being tied to a stone and thrown into
the liver Enns.
S. FBANCESCA ROMAN A, A.D. 1440, March 9, is the principal saint of
the order of the Olivetani. She was born in Rome, and from
her earliest years evinced the utmost piety and humility.
She was anxious to enter a convent, but her parents insisted
upon her marrying a rich nobleman. She continued her de-
votion after her marriage, but always obeyed the calls of
"
domestic duties, saying that she could find God in her house-
hold affairs.!' One day, when she had been called away four
times at the same verse of the office of the Blessed Virgin, on
her final return she found the page written in letters of shin-
ing gold. Ser charity to the poor was untiring she went ;

every day into the country to collect wood for them. After
the death of her husband, S. Francesca joined a community of
women, whom she had already brought together for devotion
to good works, and became their superior. They were under
the rule of S. Benedict, and took the name of Oblates. Several
miracles are recorded of her. Through her prayers a dead
child was restored to life, and the course of an epidemic
raging in Rome arrested. When her sisterhood was almost
destitute of bread she miraculously increased the supply. AD
angel always accompanied and guarded her, who was visible to
none but herself. She -died, to the unspeakable grief of her
G 2
81 FRANCIS.

sisterhood and all the poor of Borne, in the house of her son,
where she had gone to comfort him in sorrow.
S. FRANCIS of Assisi, A.D. 1226, Oct. 4 Founder of the Order of
Franciscans. This saint, one of the most famous in art, was
born at Assisi, and baptized by the name of Giovanni. His
father was a rich trader in silk and wool, and gave him a
good education. He learnt French, and thus earned the nick-
name of Francesco (the Frenchman), by which he was ever
after known. In his youth he was fond of pleasure, and was
a great spendthrift, but his ready charity to all won him
much love among his fellow- citizens. It is said that at this
time a half-witted man
meeting Francis in the street spread
his own garment on the ground for him to walk over, pro-

phesying that he would be honoured and revered throughout

the whole world. A
war breaking out between Assisi and
Perugia, Francis took part in it, but was made prisoner, and
kept at Perugia a year. Soon after his return fever attacked
him, and the possible approach of death made him turn his
thoughts from this world to God. On his recovery he one
day met a poor man in rags who asked for alms, and Francis
recognized him as formerly one of the chief men of Assisi,
who had commanded in the war. Greatly touched by this
change of fortune, he took off his handsome clothes and
gave them to the poor man, putting on his rags himself.
That night he had a vision that he paw a great number of
precious things and arms, all marked with the cross, and
Christ stood among them and said, "These are the riches
reserved for My servants, and the wherewith I arm
weapons
those who fight for Me." Francis could not understand this
vision, but thought it meant he was to be a great warrior.
Not long afterwards, as he was praying before a crucifix in
the little ruined church of S. Damiano, near Assisi, he heard
a voice say, "Francis, repair My Church." He,
thinking
only that the structure he had been praying in was meant,
 FRANCIS. 85

seized some of his father's goods, sold them, and gave the
money to the priest of S. Damiano to restore it. "When his
father found what had been done he was so full of rage that
Francis, in fear, hid himself several days in a cave, and when
he came out was so worn and exhausted by cold and privation
that no one knew him. His fatGer, thinking him mad, shut
him up in a little cell for days; but his mother "secretly re-
leased him, and he fled to the Bishop. When his father
pursued him, Francis tore off his clothes and threw them to
him, declaring that henceforth he recognized none but his
Father in Heaven. The Bishop wept with admiration, and
covered Francis with his mantle. S. Francis now began his
life of self-devotion he wore a tunic of coarse brown serge,
;

bound with a cord, and wandered about the country tending

the sick and lepers, and begging from the rich to give to the
poor. Everywhere he preached repentance, charity, and a
new life of good works. Gradually companions joined him,
and he gave them a rule of life, the first principle of which
was complete poverty they must possess absolutely nothing*
Besides this, they were to preach to the ignorant, and give-
all they could obtain by begging to the poor. This voluntary-
poverty is what is meant by the marriage of S. Francis with
the Lady Poverty, the subject so often met with in art. He
went himself to Rome, hoping to obtain the Pope's sanction
for his Order, but was at first refused. However, the Pope
had a vision, in which he saw the Church of the Lateran
falling, but upheld by S. Francis. On waking, the Pope
was obedient to the vision, and granted S. Francis's request,
giving him dispensation to preach. He returned at once
full
to his cell, and gathered his companions
called the Porzioncula,
around him. Here he established his Eule, with its three vows
of Poverty, Chastity, and Obedience, and with the humility
which was his great characteristic, gave to his order the name
of Frati Minori. His burning desire for the conversion of
8C FRANCIS.

sinners stretched beyond his own country merely, and he

determined to preach to the Mohammedans, hoping he might
receive the crown of martyrdom at their hands. He set sail,
but was driven back by storms; then attempting to reach
Morocco through Spain, was stopped by illness, yet he would
not give up his project, and eventually did reach Damietta.
He presented himself before the Soldan, and, to prove the
truth of his mission, offered to pass through the fire, if one
of the Imauns would do the same. But the Soldan, thinking
him mad, or deficient in mental power, sent him back guarded,
without allowing him to preach, but treated him with respect.
It was a bitter disappointment to Francis not to have con-
verted one soul to the truth, or won the crown of martyrdom
himself. Shortly before this he had held the first General
Chapter of his Order, at which 5000 friars were present, and a
few years after, having obtained the final confirmation of
Pope Honorius III. for his Order, he retired from the office of
superior, and lived alone in a cave on Monte Alverna. He
was sustained in his fastings and self-mortification by many
visions of the Blessed Yirgin, who placed her Infant Son in
his arms ; and some of the brethren discovering him during
one of these trances, beheld him lifted off the earth. Another
time, when he was praying apart at midnight, they beheld a
fiery chariot, bearing a globe of light, drive thrice round the
place where they were and this they recognized as the spirit
;

of S. Francis, absent from his body, but present with them.

In his visions S. Francis was once shown the thrones in
heaven prepared for himself and his brethren. Terrible
temptations attacked him in his solitude with recollections of
ease and luxury, but he rushed ont, and rolled in a thicket of
thorns, which ever after bore roses, but never again thorns.
At one time, when the city of Arezzo was torn with factions
and dissensions, S. Francis beheld demons dancing over the
walls. Therefore he sent Silvester, his companion, to com-
 FRANCIS. 87

mand them to depart in the name of God, which

they did
at once, and the strife in Arezzo was healed. As he was
travelling over the mountains, on one of his missions of
preaching, he and his companions nearly died of thirst. But
at the prayers of the saint a stream broke from a
neigh-
bouring rock, at which they were all refreshed. He neglected
none in his preaching, and once, coming upon a great multi-
tude of birds, he stopped and preached to them. They all
\vaited, and listened in silence, and did not disperse till S.
Francis had given them his blessing Once, when at dinner
with a pious young noble, the Count of Celano, it was re-
vealed to him that the life of his host was drawing to an end.
He told the count, who confessed, and set his house in order,
and then sat down to dinner but before the end he fell down
;

dead. When preaching to the poor and ignorant S. Francis

frequently showed them a representation of the birth of our
Lord, to imprint firmly on their minds the great truth of the
Incarnation, and it was over this Presepio that the first
Christmas carols were sung. When in Eome he was called
pon,to preach also before the Pope and the Cardinals. Once,
when S. Antony of Padua was speaking at a General Chapter
of the Order, S. Francis, then at Assisi, suddenly appeared in
the midst of his brethren, his arms stretched out in the form
of a cross. He often returned to his cell in Monte Alverna,
and there, after forty days' fasting, he had a wondrous vision
of a seraph with six wings, bearing between them the form of
a man crucified. When he awoke from the contemplation of
it, he found that in his hands, feet, and side, he carried the
marks of the wounds of Christ. The last two years of his
life he suffered much pain, becoming very we'ak, and almost
blind from incessant tears, and longed for death, looking for-
ward to it with the utmost joy. When he felt it near, he
desired to be laid on the earth, and so died, surrounded by
his brethren. At the same moment a dying friar beheld the
88 FRANCIS.

departure of S. Francis* spirit, and springing np, he cried,

"
Tarry, father I come with thee," and then fell back dead.
!

All the people of Assisi came to behold S. Francis for the last
time, laid upon the bier. One of them refused at first to
believe in the stigmata, but having actually touched the
marks, he was convinced. S. Francis was carried to his
grave amid much grief and lamentation, particularly of S.
Clara and her sisterhood and was buried by his own desire
;

in a place where malefactors were executed and interred.

Two years after, the great double Church of S. Francesco rose
in his honour, and his body was removed there, where it still

remains. The Pope Gregory IX. was not at first ready to

canonize S. Francis but one night the saint appeared to him
;

in a vision, and showed him plainly the stigmata, after which

the Pope hesitated no longer. Several miracles are recorded
of S. Francis after his depth. A
man who invoked him when
almost slain by robbers was healed. Through his intercession
the soul of a woman who had died unabsolved was allowed to
return to her body, that she might confess and receive absolu-
tion. He appeared to prove the innocence of a Bishop falsely
accused of heresy, who had invoked him and again to liberate
;

a poor man cast into prison for debt, who had vainly begged
for pity in his name. Finally, when a child of the Spini
family fell from a window of their palace in Florence, and
was killed, S. Francis appeared, at the prayers of the parents,
as the body was being carried to burial, and restored it to life.
8. FRANCIS BORGIA, A.D. 1572, Oct. 11, was a Spanish noble, Here-

ditary Duke of Gandia. His early life was spent at court ;

he was both a statesman and a soldier. But his melancholy
nature, combined with his intense religious fervour, was so
wrought upon by the death of his great friend Garcilasso de
la Yiga, the poet, and above all by the death and funeral of
Isabella, the wife of Charles V., that he took a solemn oath to
none henceforward but the everlasting God. He could
 FEANCIS. 89

not immediately retire from the world, for his duties as Viceroy
of Catalonia called him, and he had a devoted wife and several
children. Therefore he set himself to the best possible per-
formance of those duties, and encouraged civilization and
education in his province. "While considering the latter sub-
ject he first became acquainted with the Society of Jesuits ;
and on the death of his wife, which freed him from all earthly
ties, he solemnly renounced the world, and going to Rome
offered himself to S. Ignatius Loyola. By him he was sent
back to Spain to preach. For seven years S. Francis occupied
the position of General of the Society of Jesus, and spent much
time and thought in the arrangement of the great scheme of
education originated by Ignatius. He died worn out by his
labours and anxieties, and was buried in the Gesu at Rome,
whence his body was afterwards transported to Madrid, where
it now remains.
S. FRANCIS DE PATJLE, A.D. 1508, April, 2, founder of the Minimes,
a reformed Order of Franciscans, was born in Calabria, of poor
parents. At the age of fifteen, after having made a pilgrimage
to the, shrine of S. Francis of Assisi, he became a hermit, tak-
ing up his solitary abode in a cave near Reggio. In course of
time others gathered round him, and he formed them into an
Order, giving them the rule of S. Francis, with increased severi-
ties, and they took the name of Minimes, as being the least of
all in the Church of God. Once when he wished to cross to
Messina on a mission of preaching, and the sailors declared it
impossible, he laid his cloak on the sea, and accompanied by
two brethren embarked in it, and was thus safely borne across
the strait. The fame of his miracles and saintliness at length
reached the dying Louis XI. of France, who sent for him*
Francis, knowing it was only with the desire of a miraculous
cure, at first refused to go ; but receiving a command from the
Pope to accede to the King's request, was obliged to obey. He
was received at Pies sis les Tours with every honour, and Louis
90 FRANCIS.

himself fell and implored him to prolong his life.

at his feet
The saint replied that and death were in the hands of God
life

only, and exhorted him to repent, and submit to the Will of

God. Louis died soon after, but at the desire of Charles VIII.
Francis still remained in France, where he had much influence
at court. Some courtiers ridiculed him, calling him " Le Bon-
homme;" and the nickname remained to him, but was taken
tip by the people in a different sense, and his Order became
known and loved as Les Bons-hommes. S. Francis died, and
was buried at Plessis, the last offices to the dead being per-
formed by Louise d'Angouleme, mother of Francis I. The
Huguenots tore his body from the grave in 1562, and burnt it
on the wood of a large crucifix, which event greatly added to
his popularity.
8. FRANCIS DE SALES, A.D. 1622, Jan. 29. Joint founder, with
S. Jeanne de Chantal, of the Order of Visitation of S. Mary.
He was of a noble Savoyard family, and became Bishop of
Geneva in 1602. His tolerance and gentleness to sinners were
o great as often to incur censure. He is chiefly celebrated
for his earnest preaching against heresy, and his devotional
"
writings, of which the most famous is The Introduction to
}
the Devout Life.'
S. FRANCIS XAVIER, A.D. 1552, Dec. 3. Patron saint and apostle
of India. He was of a noble family in the South of France,
and having gone to Paris for his education he there became
the friend of Ignatius Loyola. By him he was sent as a mis-
sionary to India, and on the way his earnest preaching entirely
converted the crew, who had hitherto lived careless and evil
lives. It is said that during this journey he once dropped his
crucifix into the sea, but a lobster restored it to him, holding it
out of the water in its claws. From India he travelled to
Japan, working indefatigably, and happy amid the severest
hardships. Many miracles are said to have been worked by
him the sick and blind restored, the dead raised, and idola
 TEE GEN. 91

caused to fall to the ground before him. Francis died on his

way to China, being put ashore, while very ill, by the sailors of
the vessel he was in, and left to perish from exposure on the
sands. His body was afterwards removed from the grave on
the beach, where it was first laid, to a great church at Goa
built in his honour.
S. FREDIANO, A.D. 560. Patron saint of Lucca. He was a native
of Ireland, but came on a mission to Italy, and became Bishop
of Lucca. When the river Serchio overflowed its banks,
threatening the town with destruction, S. Frediano drew a
harrow along the ground, and the river followed it. Thus he
turned its course, and Lucca was saved.

S. GABKIEL isthe second of the Archangels. He is mentioned

twice in the Book of Daniel, and always appears as the Mes-
senger of God. In the New Testament he foretells to Zachariah
the birth of S John the Baptist and, his highest mission of all,
;

he announces to the Blessed Virgin the birth of Christ. And

it is thus that he is always best known as the Angel of the
Annunciation.
S. GATJDENZIO, A.D. 359, Oct. 14. Bishop and patron saint ol
Bimini. He suffered martyrdom from the Arians, by whom
he was scourged and stoned to death.
S. GAUDENZIO. Patron saint of Novara, was Bishop of that
city.
S. GEMINIANTJS, A.D. 450. Patron of Modena ; was bishop of that
city, and was so famed for his miraculous power that
the
emperor sentfor him to Constantinople to cure his daughter,
who was possessed by a demon. S. Geminianus also saved

Modena, during his lifetime from destruction by the Huns, and

after his death from inundation.
S. GENEVIEVE of Brabant was the wife of a count, who, deceived by
the false accusations of his steward, condemned her to death.
His orders were not executed, and she was only left alone ii.
02 GENEVIEVE.

the forest, where she gave birth to a child, which was tended
by a white doe. Finally she was discovered by her hnsband
when hunting, and having established her innocence was once
more united to him, while the steward was punished with
death.
S. GENEVIEVE of Paris, A.D. 509, Jan. 3, was a peasant, born near
Paris, and was occupied as a child in keeping sheep. She
was always of a quiet and pious disposition, and once when
S. Germain, Bishop of Auxerre, saw her he was inspired with
a foreknowledge of her future greatness, and, finding she
earnestly desired it, solemnly dedicated her to the service of

God. From her earliest childhood miracles were wrought by

her means. Her mother having struck her, became blind
for nearly two years, but was at length restored by bathing
her eyes in water over which Gene vie ve had made the sign of
the cross. On the death of her parents she lived with a relative
in Paris, and soon became famed for her sanctity. Yet she
suffered greatly from the torments of demons, who constantly
blew out the candles she had lighted for the sacred offices, but
her prayers and faith always relit them. On another occasion,
when she was making a pilgrimage to the shrine of S. Denia
in company with several others, their candles were all blown
out in a storm. But Genevieve lifted up hers, and it was at
once relighted. After some years, when Paris was threatened
by Attila, King of the Huns, Genevieve exhorted the terrified
people to remain at their posts, declaring that heaven would
protect them. And truly the enemy retired without ap-
proaching Paris. This increased the devotion of the people
to her, and when a terrible plague, the "mal ardent," broke
out she again rescued them, and obtained its cessation by her
prayers. Once more, when Paris was besieged by Childeric,
S. Genevieve did her utmost to alleviate the suffering from
famine. She managed boats that went ap the Seine for pro-
>isions, and protected them from storm by her prayers. But
 GEOEGE. 93

the town was finally taken, and then Genevieve exerted her
influence over the conqueror, and obtained pardon for her
people from him. Clovis, his son, also greatly respected
S. Genevieve, and through her the first Christian church war
built in Paris and heathenism finally destroyed.
S. GEORGE, Patron saint of England, Germany,
A.D. 303, April 23.

Venice, soldiers, and armourers. He was born in Cappadocia,

of noble parents, and served in the Roman army. At length,
one day he arrived at a town according to some accounts
in Libya, according to others in Syria whose inhabitants
were being destroyed by a most terrible dragon. They had
given him all their flocks and herds, and now had daily to
sacrifice two of their children, taken by lot from all those
under fifteen. The day that S. George approached this town
the lot had fallen upon the King's daughter, and she was being
led forth to her fate amid wailing and lamentation. But the
saint having heard the cause of all this grief, declared he
would deliver her. As soon as the dragon appeared, S. George
attacked him, and after a fierce struggle was finally victorious,
fastening him to the earth with his lance. He then led his
conquered enemy into the city, and agreed to kill him, on the
condition that the people should believe in the God through
whose power he wrought the deed. The King and all his
people, to the number of 20,000, were at once converted, and
were baptized in one day. Then S. George cut off the dragon's
head, and the King loaded him with rewards, but he gave them
all to the poor and went on to Palestine. Here he beheld the
edict of Diocletian against the Christians put up on the
gates of the temples, and boldly tore it down and trampled it
under foot. He was at once taken, and cruelly tortured for
eight days. Being quite immovable he was given a strong
poison to drink ; but having made the sign of the cross over it,
he drank it unharmed, and the magician who had composed
it was so struck by the miracle that he was straightway con-
04, GEE.

verted to Christianity. S. George was then bound to a wheel

made of knives, but it was broken by angels therefore they
;

cast him into a caldron of boiling lead, and thinking him now
subdued, brought him before an idol to sacrifice. Crowds
assembled to behold the act, but S. George prayed to God,
and a great storm of thunder and lightning suddenly arose
and utterly destroyed the idol's temple, numbers of the people
being crushed under its ruins. Finally S. Georgo was be-
headed, and thus received the crown of martyrdom.
S. GEKEON, AD. 286, Oct. 10, was one of tbe commanders of the
Theban Legion (see S. MAURICE), who after the martyrdom of
S. Maurice, with the greater part of the legion, led the re-
mainder of the force to Cologne, where, having refused to
sacrifice to idols, they all suffered martyrdom together.
SS. GEEVASIUS and PHOTASITJS, A.D. 69, June 19, were twin brothers,
who suffered martyrdom at Milan at the same time as SS.
Nazarus and Celsus, S. Gervasius being beaten to death with
loaded scourges, and S. Protasius beheaded. Their bodies
had been buried by one of the Christians in his garden, and
the site, having been forgotten, the Church of SS. Nabor and
Felix had been built over it. Here, 300 years later, S. Ambrose
was praying, being at that time filled with the desire to obtain
some relics for a new church he had just built, when he had
a vision of SS. Peter and Paul, leading two young men
clothed in white, and he was told they were the martyrs
Gervasius and Protasius, and that their bodies reposed beneath
the church. Search having been made, two gigantic bodies
were found, with the heads severed, and in the tomb a writing
revealing their history. These relics were carried in grand
procession, healing all who touched them, to the new church,
which was dedicated in the names of SS. Gervasius and
Protasius. But later S. Ambrose himself was buried there,
and it thenceforward took his name, and is still famous as
S. Ambrogio Maggiore.
 G1LGKE. 95

8. GILES, or EGIDITTS, A.D. 725, Sept. 1,

patron saint of Edinburgh,
and of woods, cripples, lepers, and was an Athenian
beggars,
prince, revered for his miraculous gifts. Having healed a sick
man whom he found in a church, by laying his cloak over
him, and fearing danger to his soul from the fame which this
event obtained him, he withdrew to a solitary cave not far
from Nimes, in France, where he lived as a hermit, nourished
only by wild herbs, and the milk of a doe which had followed
him. One day the King of France, hunting near this retreat,
shot the doe, and, pursuing it, came upon the aged hermit
holding in his arms the doe, which was pierced by the arrow
through his hand. The King, seeing he was a man of God,
begged forgiveness, and wished to persuade S. Giles to return
with him but he refused to quit his solitude, and remained in
;

the cave till his death. The spot became so sacred through
his memory that a church and monastery were built there in
his honour, and a large town, which rose around them, was
called by his name.
S. GRATA, A.D. 300, Sept. 4, was the daughter
of S. Lupo, Duke of

Bergamo and both of whom she converted to the

S. Adelaide,
faith. When S. Alexander, one of the Theban Legion (see
S. MAURICE), suffered martyrdom, she herself wrapped the head
in fine linen, and reverently buried his body. On the death
of her father, S. Grata succeeded him, and governed her people
well, setting them an example of good works. She built
churches and hospitals, and did all in her power to further
the spread of Christianity. She died at length in peace and
prosperity.
S. GREGORY the Great, A.D. 604, March 12. One of the Foui
Latin Fathers of the Church. Born in Koine, and carefully
educated by his mother, he first entered the profession of the
law but being strongly drawn to a religious life, he turned his
;

house on the Coelian hill, into a monastery and hospital, arid

lived in a cell there as a Benedictine monk, spending his life
86 OEEGOET.

in study. When a great plague broke out in Kome he was

indefatigable in nursing the sick, and, just as it ceased, lie
beheld the Archangel Michael, standing on the Mole of
Hadrian, sheath his sword. On the death of Pope Pelagius,
Gregory was universally called to fill his place but he feared
;

to be unworthy of so high an office, and fled. He was sought

at once, his pursuers being guided by a light to the place
where he was, and he was then obliged to accept the Popedom.
Having accepted it, he fully justified the choice of the people;
humble himself, and the first Pope who took the title of
" Servant of the servants of
God," he yet used his power to
the utmost good, endeavouring to abolish slavery in all Chris-
tian lands, and to extend the kingdom of Christ. It was he
who sent S. Augustine as missionary to England. The celi-
bacy of the clergy was instituted by him, and he gave form to
the doctrine of purgatory, making it an article of faith. He
rearranged -the Liturgy, and introduced the style of chanting
still called Gregorian. It is told of him, as of many other
saints, that a dove could be seen on his shoulder, prompting
him when writing. His charities were endless, and it is said
that when only a monk he gave away to a beggar his last
possession, a silver bowl given him by his mother. Years
afterwards, when he became Pope, he daily entertained twelve
poor men at his own table ; but one night he beheld thirteen.
His steward, when asked, could only count twelve, and there-
fore Gregory addressed the thirteenth, inquiring who he was.
" I am the " whom thou didst
beggar," was the reply, relieve ;
but My Name is Wonderful, and through Me thou shalt
obtain whatever thou shalt ask of God." Then he knew that
he had entertained an angel, or possibly Christ Himself.
Several other legends are related of him for instance, a man
;

who doubted .the Eeal Presence of Christ in the Blessed

Sacrament came near while S. Gregory was celebrating, and
keheld Christ crucified descend upon the altar, surrounded bj
 GREGORY. 97

the instruments of His Passion. Again, the Empress Con-

stantia begged S. Gregory for some relics of SS. Peter and
Paul ; but he refused, saying he dared not disturb them, and
eent her instead part of the cloth in which the body of S. John
the Evangelist had been wrapped. This, however, the Em-
press rejected with disdain ; and S. Gregory, to show the value
of such things to the faithful believer, laid the cloth
(Brandeum) on the altar, and cut it with a knife, when blood
instantly flowed from it. The care of S. Gregory for the
souls of all men is well shown in the following story related
of him. When thinking of the character and many good
deeds of the Emperor Trajan he grieved that such a soul
should be lost for ever. He particularly remembered the
bright example of justice shown by Trajan when a poor widow'
complained 'to him that his son had slain her only one. The
Emperor, though hurrying to war when appealed to, stopped
at the widow's call, judged the case, and gave her a large sum
of money, at the same time delivering up his own son to her.
Meditating on this, Gregory entered a church, and prayed
earnestly for the soul of the good Emperor. While praying,
he heard a voice, which told him that in answer to his prayer
the soul of Trajan was released ; but, as he had prayed for one
condemned bythe justice of God, he must choose either two
days in purgatory, or sickness and suffering
the rest of his
life on earth. S. Gregory chose the latter, and never again
that a monk
enjoyed good health. Another legend relates,
whom S. Gregory had excommunicated, for violating his vow
of poverty and hoarding money, died without absolution.
The saint, horror-struck, wrote out the form of absolution,
and bade a deacon read it over the grave of the monk, who
after this appeared to S. Gregoiy, and assured him of
his

deliverance from punishment.

GREGORY NAZIANZEN, A.D. 390, May 9. One of the Four Greek
Fathers of the Church. Born of a saintly family, (his father,
H
98 GUD-I1EL.

S.Gregory Bishop of Nazianzus, and his mother and two

sisters being canonized,) he very early in life dedicated him-
self to God, in consequence of a vision in which Chastity and

Temperance appeared to him as heavenly virgins, and called

him to join them in Paradise. At Athens, where he was
sent
to study, he formed a friendship with S. Basil and Julian,
afterwards the Apostate. Having succeeded his father in the
/?ee of Nazianzus, he exerted himself earnestly in controversy

with the Avians at Constantinople. The Emperor Theodosius

made him bishop of that city but its dissensions and contro-
;

versies so distressed him, that at length he could bear them no-

longer, and, resigning office, he retired to a small estate of his
own. Here, in peace and quiet, he composed his beautiful
Greek hymns and here he died, broken down by his humilia-
;

tions and austerities.

Gu ALBERTO. See S. JOHN Gu ALBERTO.
S. GUDTJLA, A.D. 712, Jan. 8, patron saint of Brussels, was born
of noble parents, and her mother, herself a saint, early dedi-
cated her to the service of God. She is chiefly remarkable for
the persistence with which she performed her devotions, not-
withstanding all the opposition of the Evil One, who constantly
blew out the lantern with which she found her way to church,
while the prayers of the saint always relighted it.
S. GUTHLAC, A.D. 714, April 11, was the leader of a band of robbers,
who being converted, withdrew first to the monastery of
Kepton, and then to a desolate marsh, where, in his solitude,
he was much tormented by demons but with the aid of his
;

patron S. Bartholomew he overcame them all. A great church

and monastery, dedicated to S. Bartholomew, were built on
the site of S. Guthlac's hermitage, and became famous as
Croyland Abbey.

S. HELENA, A.D. 328, Aug. 18, is generally considered to have been,

a British princess, the daughter of King Coilus, and was born
 HENET. 99

York or Colchester. By her marriage with Constantiua

either at
Chlorus she became the mother of Con stan tine. She is
famous as the discoverer of the True Cross. For this legend
see CKOSS.
S. HENRY of Bavaria, A.D. 1024, July 14, was Emperor of Germany
and married S. Cunegunda, daughter of the Count of Luxem-
burg. He and his wife were both noted for the number of
churches and religious houses they built, devoting all they
possessed to this object. Henry undertook a war with the
-
heathen Slavonic nations, hoping for their conversion, and
having put himself under the especial protection of SS.
Adrian, George, and Laurence, and armed himself with the
sword of S. Adrian, these three saints enabled him to defeat
his enemies, and were often seen fighting for him in battle.
He also attacked the Saracens in Apulia, and finally drove
them away. Yet, after all, he grew weary of the cares and
anxieties of a throne, and desired to enter the monastery of
Yerdun. The prior to whom he applied told him the first
vow required was obedience, and on Henry declaring he was
ready and willing to obey, the prior commanded him to
retain his place as Emperor, saying that he would best prac-
tise obedience by remaining where God had placed hinu
Henry therefore retained his honours till his death. The-
following legend is related touching the fate of his soul. A
hermit was disturbed in his solitary cell by a company of
demons rushing past, and he called to them, inquiring where
they went. They replied that the Emperor Henry
was on the
his soul.
point of death, and they were hastening to
seize

The hermit then desired them on their return to tell him how
and deeds
they had succeeded. That night Henry died,
his

were weighed in the balance by the Archangel Michael. The

scale of evil deeds was far the heavier, and the demons were
and cast into
overjoyed ; but just then S. Laurence appeared,
the other scale a golden cup presented by the Emperor to his
K 2
100 HEE-HIL.
clmrcli. This at once so weighed down the scale of good deeds
that the demons fled in despair ; one of them, however, in
revenge broke off a handle of the cup, which he showed to the
hermit as he told him the tale. Thus not only was the soul
of the Emperor Henry saved, but he was made a canonized
saint of the Church.
S. HERMAN- JOSEPH, A.D.1236, April 7, was born at Cologne, of very
poor parents. Once, while praying before an image of the
Blessed Virgin, he longed to make her an offering, and having
nothing but an apple, which was all he had for his dinner, he
offered that to her in trustful love. This was so pleasing to
her, that she took the apple and gave it to the Infant Christ
in her arms, and both smiled upon Herman. Herman after-
wards entered the Order of the Premonstratesians, and the
Blessed Yirgin favoured him with many visions, in one of
which she put a ring on his finger and called him her espoused,
and in consequence of this he received the second name of
Joseph.
S. HEUMENGILD, A.D. 586, April 13, was the son of Leovigild,
King of the Yisigoths, and suffered martyrdom at the hands
of his own father for abandoning the Arian heresy to em-
brace the Catholic faith.
S. HILAEION. See S. DONATO of Arezzo.
S. HILARY, A.D. 363, Jan. 13, patron saint of Parma, was bishop of
Poitiers, but came to Lombardy to preach against the Arians,
and hence is much reverenced in Italy. His relics are de-
posited in the cathedral of Parma.
S. HILDA, A.D. 680, Nov. 17, was Abbess of Whitby, having under
her rule monks as well as nuns. She governed her monastery
so well that its members became famous, six of them being
elected bishops ; and kings and great men often came to her
for advice. She was strongly opposed to the jurisdiction of
the Pope in England, but in a Council at which she presided
she was overruled, and obliged to yield. She died beloved and
 HIP RUG. 101

venerated by her people, after a life spent, despite

many
infirmities and sufferings, in good works. At the moment of
her death one of her nnns, though at a distance, beheld her
spirit borne to Paradise by angels. This nun became after-
wards known as S. Bees.
S. HIPPOLYTUS, A.D. 258, Aug. 13,
patron saint of horses, was tho
gaoler of S. Laurence, but was converted to the Christian faith,
together with all his family, by the teaching and example ol
tne saint. After the martyrdom of S. Laurence on the gridiron,
Hippolytus reverently buried the remains, and in consequence
suffered martyrdom with all his house, his family being
first beheaded, and then he himself bound to the tails of wild

horses, and dashed to pieces.

S. HUBERT of Liege, A.D. 727, Nov. 3, patron saint of the chase
and dogs, was a nobleman of Aquitaine, who at the court of
Pepin d'Heristal gave himself up to all worldly pleasures,
especially the chase. One day in Holy Week he went to hunt
in the forest of Ardennes, and there he met a pure white stag
bearing a crucifix between its horns. Struck with awe and
wonder, he awoke to a sense of the sinfulness of his former
life, and renouncing the world entirely lived a hermit
in the-
forest of Ardennes. After some years of study and instruc-
tion under S. Lambert he was ordained priest, and finally
became Bishop of Liege.
S. HUGH of Grenoble, A.D. 1132, April 1. Bruno first
When^S.
retired from the world with his six companions, S. Hugh,
then Bishop of Grenoble, bad a vision of seven stars resting
over a certain spot of ground in his diocese, which induced
him to give the land to S. Bruno, and on it was built the
" Grande Chartreuse." S.
Hugh often left the honours of hia
high office "to live for a time as a simple monk in the Carthu-
sian convent. Once, when he arrived there, he found the
monks assembled in the refectory,but unable to partake of a
and
meal, for they were on no occasion allowed to eat flesh,
102 HUG UFA.
fowls were the only food to be had. S. Hugh by the sign of
the cross changed the fowls into tortoises. At the end of his
life he was greatly troubled with doubts and questionings

touching God's providence in allowing evil in the world, but

knowing them to be suggested by the devil he struggled
earnestly against them, and though subjected to this
trial for the rest of his life, his faith in God was never
weakened.
B. HUGH of Lincoln, A.D. 1126, Nov. 17, was a Carthusian monk,
sent to England by Pope Urban III. Becoming Bishop of
Lincoln, he rebuilt the cathedral which had been destroyed by
an earthquake and it remains to this day, though his shrine
;

was melted down and carried away at the Bef ormation.

S. HUGH of Lincoln, the martyr, A.D. 1255, July 27, was a child
crucified by the "Jews, in ridicule of Christ, and in revenge
for the ill-treatment they received from the English.
S. HUMILITY, or UMILTA, A.D. 1310, foundress of the Order of
Yallombrosan nuns. Her real name was Kosana, and early in
life she dedicated herself to the service of God, but was forced

by her family to marry Ugoletto Caccianemici of Faenza.

However, she persuaded her husband that it was better they
should lead separate lives, and induced him also to retire
from the world.
S. HYACINTH, A.D. 1257, Aug. 15, was a Pole of noble family, early
noted for his piety and talent. When at Borne, in the train of
his uncle Ivo, Bishop of Cracow, he met S. Dominic, and was
greatly struck by his preaching. Finding that the saint was
obliged to refuse the request of Ivo to send missionaries to
Bussia, as all the brethren were occupied, S, Hyacinth de-
clared his readiness to go. He entered the Order of S.
Dominic, and thenceforth devoted his life to preaching to the
wild and savage people of Bussia and Sclavonia, even pene-
trating as far as Scandinavia and Denmark. Many religious
houses were founded by him, and it is told of him that when one
 IGNATIUS. 103

of them at Kiov, in Russia was attacked

by hordes of Tartars,
he fled, carrying with him the Pyx and the
image of the Virgin
from the church, lest they should be desecrated
by the pagans.
Stopped in his flight by the river Dnieper, he conrted death by
plunging into the stream rather than submit the holy things
to profanation, but was
miraculously enabled to walk over
the surface of the water. L.e also raised a drowned
boy to
life, and cured the deadly Lite of a scorpion. After forty
years' untiring labour he died, worn out, in the monastery he
had founded at Cracow.

8. IGNATIUS of Antioch, A.D. 107, Feb. 1. This saint is

always
considered to have been the little child whom Jesus " set in
the midst," and said " of such is the kingdom of heaven." He
was, together with his friend S. Polycarp, a disciple of S. John
the Evangelist, and afterwards became Bishop of Antioch. It
is said that he was permitted to hear the angels sing, and that

it was in imitation of the heavenly choir that he introduced

antiphonal singing in churches. When Trajan came to

Antioch S. Ignatius was brought before him for refusing to
sacrifice fco idols, and remaining obstinate, was taken to Rome,
where he was torn in pieces by lions in the amphitheatre.
His remains were collected by the Christians, and carried to
Antioch, but later some were brought back and laid up in the
Church of S. Clemente.
6. IGNATIUS LOYOLA, A.D. 1556, July 31, the founder of the Society
of Jesuits, was of a noble Spanish family, and spent the early
years of his life amid the pleasures of the court and the army.
But a long illness, caused by a wound received in war, wrought
a change in his mind, and he resolved henceforth to fight only
against the spiritual foes of God. On his recovery he laid
up his arms before an altar of the Blessed Virgin, and retired
to Mauresa, where he spent his life in the severest possible
jjenance, but underwent such torment from doubt that he
104 ILDISA.
became, nearly mad. He was comforted and sustained by
heavenly visions and having spent four years in theological
;

study to qualify himself for teaching, he went to Paris. Here

he met S. Francis Xavier and others, who, together with him-
self, formed a. community, and, in consequence of a visiou
vouchsafed to Ignatius in which he beheld an angel bearing
a tablet, with the inscription " In hoc vocabitur tibi nomen,"
adopted the name of the Society of Jesus. Their three
principal objects were preaching, the guidance of souls, and
the education of the young, and they imposed upon themselves
a vow of unconditional obedience to the Pope. S. Ignatius
had some difficulty in obtaining the confirmation of the Pope
for his Order; but it was finally instituted, and he became its
General. Many miracles of healing the sick and casting
first
out devils are related of him.
S. ILDEFONSO, or ALPHONSO, A.D. 667, Jan. 23, was one of the first
members of the Benedictine Order in Spain, and became Arch-
bishop of Toledo. He wrote a book to prove the perpetual
virginity of the Blessed Virgin, and afterwards had two visions
to assure him that she regarded it with favour. Once at mid-
night, when be entered his cathedral, he beheld the Blessed
Yirgin seated on his own episcopal chair, surrounded by choirs
of angels, while a dazzling light filled the church. She called
Ildefonso, saying he was a true and faithful servant, and gave
him. a wondrous chasuble, which the angels arranged on his
shoulders. At another time S. Leocadia rose from her tomb
and appeared to him, telling him that his book had received the
approval of Heaven and before she disappeared he cut off a
;

corner of her veil or Spanish mantilla, which was long preserved

as a relic in the cathedral of Toledo.
S. ISABELLA of France, A.D. 1270, Aug. 31, was the sister of S.
Louis, and expended her whole dowry in founding the great
convent of Longchamps, a community of Poor Clares dedicated
to the humility of the Blessed Yirgin.
 TSIJAU.
S. ISIDORE of Seville, A.D, 606,
April 4, succeeded his brother
S. Leander as Bishop of Seville, and like him was noted as the
determined enemy of the Arians. He died on the
steps of the
altar, after having given all his possessions to the
poor.
S. ISIDORE the Ploughman, A.D. 1170, May 10, was a
poor ignorant
labourer, whose cruel master would not allow him time for
devotion until going into the fields one day he saw S. Isidore
;

wrapt in prayer, while two angels were ploughing for him ;

after which he treated him with greater respect. Another
day,
when his master thirsted, S. Isidore struck a rock with his ox
goad, and water immediately flowed from it. He restored to
life his master's ohild who had fallen into a
well, and performed
various other miracles.
S. IVES, or Yvo of Bretagne, A.D. 1303, May19, patron saint of
lawyers, was of a noble Breton family, and from a child
evinced a saintly disposition. He studied the law in Paris,
living as strictly as a hermit, and devoting much of his time to
prayer and charity. On his return to Brittany the Bishop of
Treguier appointed him judge advocate of his diocese. He
pleaded for widows and orphans gratuitously, and often recon-
ciledenemies by his exhortations, and prevented their appealing
"
to the law. At length he became a priest, but still used his
legal knowledge for the aid of the poor and ignorant. The
fatigue of his many good works and self-mortification finally
so wore him out that he died.

S. JAMES the Great, Apostle and Martyr, A.D. 44, July 25, patron
saint of Spain. It will only be necessary here to relate the
mediaeval legends of S. James. According to these he was a
noble baron, and was a fisherman only for amusement. After
the Ascension he travelled to Spain to preach the Gospel,
where, on the banks of the Ebro, he beheld the Blessed Virgin
on a pillar of jaspar, who told him to build there a church io
106 JAMES.

her honour, and foretold the future conversion of the province.

S. James obeyed her, and thus was founded the celebrated
Church of Our Lady of the Pillar. He then returned to Judea,
where he was violently opposed by a sorcerer named Her-
mogenes, who sent his scholar Philetus to compete with him.
The saint defeated and converted Philetus, which so enraged
Hermogenes that he bound him with evil spells and said his
new master might deliver him. S. James being appealed to
by Philetus, sent him his cloak, which freed him at a touch, to
the great wrath of Hermogenes, who despatched demons to
take both the saint and his disciple. Angels, however, inter-
cepted and chastised the demons, and sent them back to Her-
mogenes. The sorcerer, now utterly vanquished by the power
of the apostle, threw his evil books into the sea, and declared
himself converted. Having received from S. James his staff
to protect him from the revenge of the demons, he set forth to
preach the gospel. Soon after this, the enmity of the Jews
being roused by the miracles and good deeds of S. James, he
was beheaded. His disciples fearing to bury his body placed it
in a ship according to some accounts, of marble which
was guided by angels to the coast of Spain. Here the body
was taken out and laid on a great stone, which became soft
like wax and closed round it, showing that this was its chosen

resting-place. But that country was governed by a wicked

queen named Lupa, who harnessed wild bulls to the stone,
hoping it would thus be dragged away and dashed to pieces,
instead of which they quietly drew it into her own palace. This
miracle at once converted Queen Lupa and all her subjects, and
they built a great church to receive the saint's body. Yet in
sifter years the body was lost, till A.D. 800, when its place of
concealment was revealed to a friar, and it was at once removed
to Compostella. So many miracles were then wrought at the
shrine that pilgrims visited it from all parts of Europe, and
S. James became the patron saint of Spain. It is said that
 JAM-JAN. 107

lie has appeared

many times since then, often fighting for the
Christians against the Moors. The first time was in 939, when
having assured the King of Castile, the night before the battle,
of future victory, S. James was seen on a white
charger, bearing
a white banner, leading the Christians on to the fight. A
" "
great victory was gained, and ever after this Santiago !

became the Spanish war-cry. Another appearance of the saint,

often illustrated in art, is thus related a German with his
:

wife and son were journeying on a pilgrimage to Compostella,

when the daughter of the host of one of the inns at which they
rested fell deeply in love with the son, and enraged at his
rejection of her, hid her father's silver cup in his wallet. The
young man was consequently convicted of theft, and hanged.
His parents, in deep grief, performed their pilgrimage, praying
earnestly to S. James for help. On their return, as they wept
by the gibbet where their son was still hanging, he spoke, and
said S. James had sustained and comforted him. The parents
rushed to the judge, crying, " Our son lives." The judge, seated
at dinner, scoffingly replied he was as much alive as the fowls
in a ,dish on the table before him, when at once the fowls a
cock and hen stood up on the dish. Full of astonishment
they all ran to the gibbet and took down the youth, who was
restored to his parents, while the fowls were carefully protected
by the Church.
S. JAMES the Less, Apostle and Martyr, May 1. He was a relation
of our Lord, and said to have borne such a strong resemblance
to Him that it was this which made the kiss of Judas neces-
sary. He wasthe first Bishop of Jerusalem, and suffered
martyrdom from the Scribes and Pharisees, being thrown
from a parapet of the temple, and finally slain with a fuller's
club by one of the mob below.
S. JANUARIUS, A.D. 303, Sept. 19. Patron saint of Naples, and
against the eruptions of Vesuvius. He
of the city
was
protector
Bishop of Benevento, and having come to Naples to encourage
108 JEROME.
the Christians, then suffering under the tenth persecution,
was thrown to wild beasts with six of his companions. These,
however, refused to touch him, and as fire proved equally
powerless to harm him, he was beheaded.
S. JEROME, or HIERONYMUS, A.D. 420, Sept. 30, one of the Four Latin
Fathers of the Church, and patron saint of scholars and students,
especially theologians, was born in Dalmatia, of rich parents,
and was educated for the law ; but when about thirty he
received baptism, and at once went to the East to visit the
scenes of the life of Christ. He then retired to a desert on
the borders of Arabia, where he lived four years the life of a
hermit, clothed only in sackcloth, and in bitter mortifications,
struggles with temptation, prayer, and fasting, until he
became emaciated almost to a skeleton. By way of penance
for his great love of earthly learning he undertook the study
of Hebrew, which he intensely disliked, and became sufficiently
master of the language to make his great translation of the
Bible into Latin, which has ever since been famous as the
Vulgate. After ten years of wearisome controversy in the
East he went to Borne, and boldly attacked the self-indulgence
of the clergy, eloquently teaching the duty of self-denial and
humiliation. His influence was very great, particularly among
women two, Marcella and Paula, were the most noted of his
converts, and the former is considered by some to have been
the first founder of a religious community of women. Be-
turning after a time to the East he lived in a monastery,
founded by himself, at Bethlehem and there is a legend that
;

while he was living thus he saw a lion, limping as if in pain,

approach him as he was sitting at the gate of the monastery.
All others fled in terror but S. Jerome went up to the lion,
;

a ad upon its lifting its paw and showing a thorn embedded in

it, took out the thorn and bound up its paw. From that time
the grateful lion refused to leave the saint, who gave it as
occupation the protection of an ass employed in bringir g wood
 JOACHIM. 109

from a forest. Once, however, while the lion was

slept, the ass
stolen by some merchants, and the lion
having searched
for it in vain, returned full of sorro>v to his master. The
saint, believing that he had eaten the ass, made him. carry
the wood in its stead as a punishment. At last the lion found
his old companion in a caravan of merchants, and drove all
their camels intp the monastery at Bethlehem, which so
alarmed the merchants that they acknowledged the theft, and
received pardon from the saint. After many years spent at
Bethlehem the aged saint, feeling .he was about to die, was
taken into the chapel and there expired, immediately after
receiving the last sacrament.
S, JOACHIM, March 20, was the husband of S. Anne, and the
father of the Blessed Yirgin. He was a native of Nazareth,
and a rich man, but he was childless. Being very devout, on
a great feast day he brought double offerings to the temple ; but
the high priest Issachar refused to receive them, saying it was
not lawful for him to make an offering to the Lord, as he had
begotten no issue. Joachim searched all the registers of
Israel, and found truly that all the righteous men who had
lived before him had been fathers of children, and filled with
sorrow he withdrew alone into the fields, and there fasted and
prayed forty days. His wife Anne meanwhile mourned at
home, and when her handmaid Judith wished to persuade her
to adorn herself for a feast of the Lord, she rebuked her so
sharply that Judith in anger taunted her with her childless-
ness. Then S. Anne put on her bridal attire and went into
her garden, where she wept and prayed to the Lord. And
there an angel appeared to her, who told her that her prayer
was heard, and that she should have a child who should be
blessed throughout the whole world. And another angel
came and told her to go forth to meet her husband, for he was
the good
returning with his shepherds, having also heard
news. S. Anne vowed that whether her child should be a
110 JOHN.

man-child or a maid, she would dedicate it to the Lord. She

'went forth, as the angel bade her, to seek her husband, and
they met at the Golden Gate, and she fell on his neck and
embraced him, and told him the joyful tidings that they
should be no longer childless. They returned home together,
and in due time S. Anne brought forth a daughter, whom she
called Mary, and who was afterwards the mother of our
Lord.
S. Joim the Baptist, June 24. The whole history of this saint is
given by the Evangelists, and legends have not added much
to it. It is said that the Blessed Virgin remained with S.
Elizabeth until the birth of her child, whom she took in her
arms and presented to Zacharias. Also, that at the time of
the massacre of the Innocents, S. Elizabeth fled with her
infant into the wilderness, and when the murderers pursued
them, a rock opened miraculously and enclosed them both,
keeping them safe from harm till all danger was over". Zacha-
rias having refused to reveal their hiding-place, was slain
" between the "
temple and the altar (S. Matt. xxii. 35). S.
John is generally considered to have retired into the desert
while still very young, and his deathis placed about two years

before that of our Lord. When he descended to Hades he is

said to have brought the good tidings of approaching deliver-
ance to the departed spirits, thus being in a double manner the
forerunner of Christ.
S. JOHN, Apostle and Evangelist, A.D. 99, Dec. 27. Beyond what
is recorded of S. John in the New Testament, legends add that

he took care of the Blessed Virgin, who had been confided to

him by our Lord, till her death, and then travelled, generally
with S. Peter, preaching the Gospel, and founded the Seven
Churches of Asia Minor. During the persecution under
Domitian he was sent to Borne, and cast into a cauldron of
boiling oil, but it failed to harm him. He also drank of a
poisoned cup uninsured, having first made over it the sign of
 JOHN.

the cross, which caused the poison to issue forth in the

shape
of a serpent. Accounts differ as to whether this was the
sacramental cup, or was given him by order of the
Emperor,
or whether he was challenged to drink it by the
high priest of
Diana to prove the truth of his teaching. These miraculous
escapes caused him to be accused of magic, and he was exiled
to the island of Patmos, where he wrote the Book of the
Revelations. On the death of Domitian he was released from
Patmos and returned to the Church at Ephesus, where he
formerly had chiefly lived. As he was entering the city he
met a funeral procession, which was that of Drusiana, a
woman in whose house he had lodged, and who was famed for
good works. He made the bearers set down the bier, and
prayed earnestly that God would restore Drusiana to life. His
prayer was heard she arose and returned to the city, and
;

S. John once more lodged with her. Now before his exile S.
John had taken charge of a young man of great promise*
whom, on his departure, he had confided to the care of a
Bishop. But in the absence of the saint the young man fell
into evil ways, tillhe finally became the leader of a band of
robbers. When S. John returned he was filled with grief at
learning what had happened, and at once set off in search of
his former disciple. The robbers took him, and brought him
before their leader, who, recognizing his old master, would
have fled, but S. John pleaded with him to stay and hear him.
Then he spoke so lovingly and earnestly that the robber was
quite melted, and with tears declared his true repentance,
and
prayed for forgiveness. S. John comforted and encouraged
him, and he became entirely converted, and never returned to
his former sinful life. Another legend relates that two young
pien, who had given up all they possessed for Christ, after-
wards repented. S. John, knowing their thoughts, made them
collect a heap of atones and faggots, and turning these into

gold bade them take back their riches since they preferred
112 JOHN.

enjoying them on earth instead of in heaven. S. John

remained at his Church of Ephesus for the rest of his life but ;

accounts differ on the subject of his death. According to

some he has never died, but only laid himself in the grave to
eleep till just before the second coming of Christ, when he will
rise and preach, with Enoch and Elijah, against Antichrist.
This idea arose from the words of our Lord in S. John xxi. 21.
Others say that he died without pain or change, and rose im-
mediately with his body, and ascended into heaven. He is said
to have appeared twice after his death. The first time was to
the Empress Galla Placida, in the following manner. She
was on her way from Constantinople to Eavenna by sea, when
she was overtaken by a fearful storm, and in great terror
vowed to build a magnificent church to S. John the Evange-
list if she arrived in safety. She did escape the storm, and
fulfilledher vow, but was greatly distressed at having no relics
of the saint with which to consecrate the church. One night,
when she was earnestly praying, S. John himself appeared to
her, and as she fell at his feet to embrace them, he left his
sandal and disappeared. This sandal was preserved as a relic
in the church for many years. His second appearance has
been already related under S. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR.
S. JOHN CAPISTRANO, A.D. 1465, Oct. 23, was a Franciscan monk,
sent by the Pope to preach a crusade against the Turks, after
the taking of Constantinople. He so encouraged the Christian
army at the siege of Belgrade, even leading them against the
enemy with his crucifix in his hand, that they were completely
successful. He died the same year, and was canonized in 1690
in commemoration of the deliverance of Vienna from the
Turks.
S. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, A.D. 407, Jan. 27, one of the Four Greek
Fathers of the Church, was born at Antioch, of rich and noble
parents, and early became distinguished for his great talent a?
& pleader. But at the age of twenty-eight he forsook the
 JOHN. 113

world and retired into the wilderness, where he

spent six
years in solitude and such severe penance that his health
broke down, and he was obliged to return to Antioch.
Sopn
after he was ordained priest, and a dove descended on his head
at the time of his consecration. The
eloquence for which he
had formerly been renowned was now used in the service of
and from this he won his title of Chrysostom " the
Christ,
Golden-mouthed," none but S. Paul having ever excelled
him. He was greatly beloved by the people of Antioch, whom
he had saved from the vengeance of the Emperor Theodosius ;
and when he was chosen Patriarch of Constantinople he had
to escape secretly, or his people would never have allowed him
to leave them. He did not relax his self-denial and humilia-
tion in his highoffice, but continued the same hard-working
life,converting numbers to the faith. His influence was
particularly remarkable over women, and his correspondence
with one named Olympia is considered one of his greatest
works. His unremitting attacks against sin among all classes
roused the. wrath of the wicked Empress Eudoxia, and she
banished him. The neglect andcruelty of the guard who were
conducting him to his distant place of exile was more than his
feeble strength could bear, and he died on the road.
The legend sometimes met with in art, called " The Peni-
tence of S. John Chrysostom," is a purely imaginary fable of
no real connexion with S. Chrysostom at all.
S. JOHN GTJALBERTO, A.D. 1073, July 12, founder of the Vallom-
brosan Order of Keformed Benedictines, was born at
Florence of a noble family, and received a good education.
While yet a youth, his only and dearly loved brother Hugo was
killed in a quarrel, and Gualberto determined on prompt ven-

geance. One Good Friday evening, as he was mounting the

steep road which leads from the gate of the city to S. Miniato,
he suddenly met the murderer, alone and unarmed, and would
have slain him on the spot; but the man fell on his
I
1U JOHN.

knees, and stretching out his arms like a cross, implored

Gualberto, by the mercy of Christ who suffered on that day,
to spare his life. Gualberto paused, remembering that Christ
on the cross had prayed His murderers, and after a minute
for
of stern conflict with himself, and earnest prayer for God's
help, he forgave and embraced his enemy. As he went on his
way he passed the Church of S. Miniato, which he entered,
and kneeling before the crucifix prayed for mercy, weeping,
and giving thanks to God, who had saved him from a terrible
crime. As he prayed it seemed to him that the figure of
Christ bowed its head in token of forgiveness. He felt that
life had changed for him, and that he could not return to the

world, so he at once entered the Benedictine monastery at

S. Miniato. The monks wished to elect him abbot, but he
withstood all persuasions to accept the office,' and retired to a
hermitage of Yallombrosa in the Apennines, not far from
Florence. Many other hermits, however, gathered round him,
and, as he was obliged to govern them, he gave them the rule
of S. Benedict in its original severity. Thus originated the
Order of Yallombrosa, which received the confirmation of the
Pope, and spread so rapidly that twelve monasteries were
erected in Gualberto's lifetime. The monasteries of San Salvi
and the Trinita at Florence both belonged to this Order. S.
Gualberto was much distressed to find that some of his

disciples spent large sums in beautifying their convents, and

on one occasion, while sternly reproving them, he foretold the
destruction 'of a monastery, which soon after took place by
the inundation of a mountain torrent. Certain miracles are
related of S. John Gualberto among others, that he increased
;

the supply of provisions when some of his monks were starving.

A monk named Fiorenzo was tormented when on a sick-bed
by a demon ; but S. John came to him, and held up the cross
he always carried, and thus exorcised the evil spirit. The saint
did his utmost to oppose the evil practices which had crept
 JOHN. 115

into the Church, and particularly withstood a

notoriously bad
man, Pietro di Pavia, who had purchased the Archbishopric of
Florence. Pietro, in revenge, attacked and burnt the monas-
tery of S. Salvi, killing some of the monks, and would have
done worse things, if a monk, since known as Peter
Igneu?,
had not demanded the ordeal by fire. He successfully passed
through it, and thus procured the deposition of the Arch*
bishop.
S. JOHN DE MATHA, AJ>. 1213, Feb. 8, founder of the Trinitarian
Order for the Kedemption of Captives, was born of noble
parents in Provence, and was dedicated by his mother to the
service of God. He became a priest, and while he was cele-
brating his first mass he beheld a vision of an angel clothed in
white, with a blue and red cross on his breast, and his hands
on the heads of two slaves. Believing this to be a special
call from God to work for the release of captives S. John
sold all his possessions, and withdrew for a while into soli-
tude. He was joined by S. Felix de Yalois, and together
they arranged an Order for the Redemption of Captives. The
Pope, having had a vision like St. John's, at once confirmed it,
under the title of the Order of the Holy Trinity, and ordained
the habit to be white with a blue and red cross, that the three
colours might signify the Three Persons of the Blessed Trinity.
The two friends then set forth to proclaim their mission, and
\vere joined by many others, the brotherhood being known in
France as Les Mathurins. They collected such large sums of
money that they were able to ransom many hundred cap-
tives. Once, when S. John was returning with 120 liberated
slaves, the enraged Saracens tore up the sails of his ship and
broke off the rudder but he held up his mantle as a sail,
;

praying for the guidance of God, and was thus safely conveyed
to the port of Ostia. His travels and fatigues quite broke
down his health ; but, though he was obliged to remain in
ttome the last years of his life, he continued, notwithstanding
I 2
11(3 JOS JOS.

his sufferings, to preach and to visit the prisons till his

death.
S. JOHN NEPOMUC, A.D. 1393, May 16. Patron saint of silence, and
against slander, of bridges and running water, and protector
of the Order of the Jesuits. He was confessor to the wife of
"Wenceslaus IY., Emperor of Germany, a bad and cruel man,
who endeavoured to extract from him by bribes and threats
the confessions of the Empress. Furious at finding all his
endeavours vain, the Emperor threw S. John into a dungeon
and tortured him. The Empress, deeply distressed, at length
succeeded in obtaining his release, and tended his wounds with
her own hands. He returned for a short time to the court,
but the Emperor soon repeated his demand, and, mad with
rage at the silence of the saint, ordered his guards to throw
him from a bridge into the river Moldau. As he sank five
stars in the form of a crown appeared over the spot. When
the Emperor saw it he fled in terror from his palace to the
fortress of Carlstein but the empress found the body, and
;

buried it with all honour in the Church of the Holy Cross.

SS. JOHN and PAUL, A.D. 362, June 26, were brothers, officers in
the service of Constantia, and suffered martyrdom under
Julian the Apostate. The Church of SS. John and Paul in
Borne is built over the spot where their house once stood.
S. JOSEPH, March 19. Husband of the Blessed Virgin. Yery little
is told of S. Joseph in the Gospels we only know that he was
;

of the lineage of David, and by trade a carpenter. Legends

add that he was already old and a widower at the time of his
marriage to the Blessed Yirgin. It is said that many suitors
desired to marry her, and that they all agreed to deposit
their staves or wands in the Temple for a night. In the
morning Joseph's wand was found to have budded into leaves
and flowers, and a dove, dazzling white as snow, issued from
it, showing
that he was the one chosen by God. The other
suitors broke their wands in despair and one youth named
;
 JOVJUA. 117

Agabus fled to Mount Carmel and became an anchorite

there. There are several other legends connected with the
flight into Egypt, which will be found under MARY the
BLESSED VIRGIN. Accounts differ as to the time of the
death of S. Joseph, though it is generally considered to have
taken place before our Lord's public appearance. He is said
to have been 111 years old, and to have died surrounded by
all his children and Jesus and Mary. There is an old his-
tory describing the scene the great grief of Mary, and how
Jesus comforted her. It also tells that evil spirits strove for his
soul, but that Jesus rebuked them, and Michael and Gabriel
descended from heaven and bore his spirit back with them.
S. JOVITA. See S. FAUSTINO.
S. JUAN DE LA CRUZ, A.D. 1591, Dec. 14, was the first barefooted
Carmelite, and was a friend of S. Theresa, whom he assisted
in her work of reform, being noted himself for his extreme
severity and penance. He had many visions, and on one
occasion made a rude sketch of the Divine apparition, which
was long preserved in the Convent of the Incarnation at
Avila.
S. JUAN DE ihos, A.D. 1550, March 8, founder of the Hospitallers
or Brothers of Charity, was born in Portugal, of poor but
virtuous parents. When he was about nine years old, a
priest who had travelled a great deal was hospitably received
by his parents, and told such exciting tales of adventure that
Juan was tempted to run away from home and follow him.
His new friend, however, soon forsook him, and he was obliged
to earn his living as a shepherd. He next entered the army,
and led a wild and reckless life. After many adventures and
narrow escapes from death, he returned to his old home, but
found that his parents had both died with grief at his loss.
The shock of this terrible news quite changed him, and even
disturbed his reason. He determined that the rest of his life
siiould be spent in expiation of what he considered the em of
113 JUD-JUL.

parricide. After some time spent in prayer and meditation,

he resolved to go to the assistance of the neglected souls in
Morocco, and there, if possible, to obtain the crown of martyr-
dom. He therefore took service with a Portuguese nobleman,
who, with his whole family, had been exiled to Ceuta, where
they were reduced to the extremity of poverty and distress.
Juan entirely supported them until they found other aid r
when he returned to Spain and devoted himself to the care of
the poor. After some time he had a vision of a radiant child,,
holding in his hand a pomegranate, (in Spanish porno de
"
Granada), who said to him, Go, thou shale bear the cross in
Granada." Juan accordingly went to Granada, and entered
a church -where a crowd had assembled to hear a famous
preacher. His impressionable mind was so wrought upon by
what he heard that he cried aloud, and rushing forth, threw
himself upon the stones. He was taken as mad and im-
prisoned, and suffered a cruel scourging daily. After a time
the preacher who had so affected him came to him, and Juan,
becoming soothed and calmed by his visit, was allowed his
freedom. He returned at onc.e to his works of mercy, receiving
the sick and poor in his own little shed, himself lying outside
to make room for them. Gradually he was joined by a few
others, and at length the first hospital of the Order of Charity
was begun. It was a building large enough to hold 200
destitute persons, and for these S. Juan begged and worked,
devoting his whole life to this ministration. He did not him-
self intend to found a religious order, but merely did the work
before him simply and devotedly and from his first effort
;

originated all the numberless hospitals and houses of mercy

throughout Christendom. He never rested from his labour
till he died, worn out with toil and suffering.

S. JUDE. See S. SIMON.

S. JULIA, fifth or sixth century, May 22. By some accounts she
was a noble virgin, by others she was the Christian slave of a
 JULIAN. no
Carthagenian merchant, who took her with him to Corsica.
Here a great pagan sacrifice was being celebrated, and as
Julia refused to take part in it she was cruelly beaten and
then crucified. Her remains were carried to Brescia, where a
church and convent were built to receive them, and she
became one of the patron saints of the city.
S. JULIAN of Cilicia, date uncertain, March 16. Patron saint
of Eimini. All -we know of this saint is the account
given
by S. Chrysostom of his cruel martyrdom, borne with un-
flinching courage. He was thrown into the sea in a sack
full of serpents, and his body afterwards placed in a sarco-

phagus, which was guided over the sea by angels till it

reached Rimini.
S. JULIAN HOSPITATOR, A.D. 313, Jan. 9, patron saint of travellers,
boatmen, and wandering minstrels, was a rich count, who
lived in great state, and spent his time in feasting and hunting.
One day, after he had pursued a deer for a great distance, it
turned and spoke to him, saying, " Thou who pursuest me to
death shalt cause the death of thy father and mother.'' Horri-
prophecy, and hoping to prevent the possibility of
fied at this
its would not return home, but at once rode
fulfilment, he
away to another country. Here be took service under the
king, and greatly distinguished himself. He also married and
lived happily, quite forgetting the terrible prophecy. But-
meantime his parents, distressed at his loss, did not cease to-
search for him, and at length came to his castle. Julian,
was absent at the time, but his wife, hearing who they were,,
gave them welcome and put them in her own chamber to rest*
When he returned he went straight to his chamber, and, not
recognizing his parents at once, by a fatal mistake slew them
both in a fit of rage. When he learnt what he had done he
was stupefied with horror, but at length, rousing himself, de-
termined to spend the rest of his life in devotion to God's
service, that so he might be forgiven his fearful sin. He and
120 JUS.

his wife left that country,and established themselves in a cell

near a great river, which was so often swollen by mountain
torrents that many were drowned in endeavouring to cross it.
Here he founded a hospital, and occupied himself with tending
the sick and taking all who asked him across the river. One
night, while a storm was raging, he heard a voice calling to
him, and going out he found a leprous youth lying on the
opposite shore. Julian ferried him across, and, as he seemed
almost dying from cold and exhaustion, laid him on his own
bed and watched him tenderly. Just as morning dawned a
light shone from the leper's face, and he rose up, saying,
"
Julian, the Lord hath sent me to thee, for thy penitence is
accepted, and thy rest is at hand," and then vanished from
their sight. Julian and his wife fell down and praised God
for His mercy, and soon afterwards they both died peacefully.
43 S. JUSTA and BUFINA, A.D. 304, July 19, patron saints of
Seville, were two sisters who earned their living by making
earthenware pots. Some women wished to buy vessels to be
used in the worship of Yen us, but the sisters refused to sell
anything for idolatrous purposes, and this so roused the anger
of the would-be purchasers that they broke all the earthen-
ware contained in the shop. The saints then dashed the
image of Yenus to the ground and broke it in pieces. They
were immediately carried before the prefect, and, declaring
themselves Christians, were condemned to torture. Justa
was put to death on the rack, and Eufina was strangled.
They are supposed to be the special protectors of the Giralda
at Seville, and to have saved it from destruction during a
bombardment of the city.
8. JUSTINA of Antioch. See S. CYPRIAN.
8, JUSTINA of Padua, A-.D. 303, Oct.7, patron saint of Padua and
Venice, was a native of Padua, of royal birth, and was
brought up by her father in the Christian faith. After his
death she was denounced as a Christian, and condemned to
 LAULAU.- 121

death by the Emperor. She gladly opened her arms to receive

the stroke, and fell, pierced through her bosom
by the sword.

S. LAMBERT, A.D. 709, Sept. 17, was a Bishop of Maestricht, who

strove to protect his people from the oppression and
cruelty of
tlieir rulers. There are two accounts of his death, one that
lie was
slain in revenge for the execution of two
sacrilegious
robbers, who had been put to death without his knowledge ;
but the other and more generally received story is, that he was
slain as he knelt in prayer, his arms extended in the form of a
cross, by some of the adherents of Pepin d'Heristal, whom he
had dared to rebuke for his sins. There is a legend of S.
Lambert, illustrating the fervour of his devotion, that, when
only an acolyte, he brought coals of fire in his surplice to light
the incense before the altar.
S. LAURENCE, A.D. 258, Aug. 10, patron saint of Nuremberg,
Genoa, and the Escurial, was born at Huesca in Aragon, but
while very young went to Borne and served Sixtus II. as
deacon. The Pope observing his modesty and piety made
him archdeacon, and confided all the treasures of the church
to his care. When Sixtus was accused as a Christian, and led
out to
martyrdom, Laurence accompanied him, begging to be
allowed to suffer with him. He was comforted with the
assurance that in three days he should follow his master, and
was bidden to at once distribute all the treasures to the poor,
that they might not fall into the hands of the heathen. S.
Laurence obeyed the injunction, and spent the next three days
in ministering to the sick and poor. Among others he healed of
sickness a pious widow named Cyriaca, who had sheltered many
Christians in her house. The prefect having learned that all
the treasures of the church were in the care of S. Laurence
demanded them from him. Then the saint called together all
the poor and suffering among the Christians, and presenting
122 LAZ-LEA.
"
them to the prefect said, Behold the treasures of Christ's
Church." The prefect, full of rage and disappointment,
tortured him and cast him into a dungeon, where he con-
verted his gaoler Hippolytus, who, in consequence, after-
wards suffered martyrdom, Finding all efforts to subdue
S. Laurence fail, the prefect ordered him to be laid on a huge
gridiron and a fire lighted underneath, and thus he was
roasted to death, his patience and constancy all the time
calling forth the wonder of his executioners. Hippolytus
reverently buried his remains in the Yia Tiburtina, and a
" S. Lorenzo fuori le
church, now known as mura," was built
by Constantine over the spot. S. Laurence received from the
" II
people of Eome the title of cortesa Spagnuolo " the
courteous Spaniard, because, when 200 years after his death his
sarcophagus was opened to receive the relics Of S. Stephen,
he moved to the left, thus leaving the place of honour on the
right hand to S. Stephen. For the legend of S. Laurence and
the soul of the Emperor Henry, see S. HENRY.
S. LAZARUS, Sept. 2,patron saint of Marseilles. The history of
his resurrection from the dead is related in S. John xi.
Legends add that he was at one time a soldier, but relin-
quished his calling and accompanied his two sisters to Mar-
seilles, of which city he was subsequently made first bishop.
S. LEANDER, A.D. 596, Feb. 27, patron saint of Seville, was the son of
the Duke of Carthagena, but while still young retired from the
world and embraced the religious life. He became Archbishop
of Seville, and is chiefly famous for his determined opposition
to Arianism. He travelled to Eome, and there formed a firm
friendship with S. Gregory the Great. On his return he con-
verted his nephew Hermengild to the Catholic faith, who in
consequence suffered martyrdom HERMENGILD). He
(see S.
was persecuted by King Leovigild during his reign, but on the
death of that king, who did not live long, was left in peace,
the successor to the throne being favourable to the Catholics.
 LEO. 123
__
S. Leander, for his earnest
striving against heresy, has beer*
"
the Apostle of the Goths/ 5
called
S. LEO the Great, A.D. 461,
April 11, Pope. There is a legend of
S. Leo, that when Kome was threatened the Huns under
by
Attila he interceded for the city, and that the
apostles SS. Peter
and Paul appeared in the air, and threatened the barbarian
with instant death if he did not at once retreat. This BO
terrified Attila that he fled.
S. LEOCADIA, A.D. 303, April 26, patron saint of Toledo,and a native
of that city, endured persecution under Diocletian, being de-
nounced as a. Christian and thrown into a terrible dungeon.
Here she heard of the martyrdom of her friend S. Eulalia,
and prayed earnestly that she might be united to her. Her
prayer was heard, and she died in the prison. According to
another legend she was thrown from a rock, and a chapel was
built on the spot to enclose her remains. It was here that she
rose from the tomb to appear to S. Ildefonso (see ILDEFONSO).
S. LEONARD, A.D. 559, Nov. 6, patron saint of prisoners and slaves,,
was born in France, his father holding office under King
Theodobert. He was brought up at court, where he became
a great favourite. He always took a special interest in
prisoners, and did all in his power to relieve them, often pro-
curing for them the pardon of the king, besides spending large
sums in ransoms. At length he wearied of the life at court,
and retired into a solitude near Limoges, where he passed
several years in prayer and meditation. Some time after,,
his prayers having saved the life of the queen when she was
at the point of death, the king, to show his gratitude, granted
S. Leonard a tract of land in the forest, which he cleared, and
formed there a religious community. Here he spent the rest
of his life, constantly occupied in good works. His humility
was so great that he would never accept higher office in the
Church than that of deacon.
S. LEOPOLD, A.D. 1136, Nov. 15, one of the patron saints of
12 4 L1ELON.
Austria. He was Margrave of Austria, and was remarkable
for the justice and mercy with which he ruled his kingdom.
He married Agnes, widow of the Duke of Swabia, and soon
after, as they stood together on a balcony of their palace on
the Leopoldsberg, and contemplated the great stretch of
country before them, they vowed to build a house to the
service of God, in thankfulness for his blessings. At that
moment the wind caught Agnes' veil and carried it out of
eight. Eight years afterwards, Leopold, while hunting in the
forest,found this veil on a tree, and remembering his vow
cleared a space, and founded there the church and monastery
of Kloster-Neuberg, round which a town soon arose. Leopold
was buried in the church, and the veil of Agnes was long
preserved among its relics.
S. LIEVEN, A.D. 656, Nov. 12, was an Jrish poet, educated in the
famous schools of his native country. He entered a Bene-
dictine monastery, but could not rest there, feeling himself
called to preach to the heathen. Therefore, having been con-
secrated bishop in Ireland, he journeyed to the Low Countries,
and while preaching near Ghent was attacked and martyred.
His tongue was cut off, and he was then beheaded. His"
hostess, and her son known as S. Brice, suffered at the same
time.
S. LIOBI, A.D. 779, Sept. 28, was a poetess remarkable for her
learning, and the companion of S. Walburga. Charlemagne
and his wife were much attached to her, and endeavoured to
persuade her to live with them, but nothing could tempt her
from the convent life. She was buried in the monastery of
Fulda, near S. Boniface.
S. Lo. See S. ELOY.
S. LONGINUS, A.D. 45, March 15, patron saint of Mantua, was the
centurion who with a spear pierced the side of our Lord
at the Crucifixion, and was so moved by the wonders that
took place at His death, that he cried, " Truly, this man was
 LOS LOU. 125

the Son of God." It is in consequence of this that he has

always been honoured as the firstfruit to Christianity among
the Gentiles. Legends add, that when he put his hands,
stained with the sacred Blood of Christ, to his eyes, an im-
perfection of sight from which he had always before suffered
was at once removed. Being converted, he was baptized by
the apostles, and for nearly thirty years preached and taugbfc
at Caesarea, turning many to the true faith. At last he was
taken for refusing to sacrifice to idols and was so eager to
;

obtain the crown of martyrdom that he told the governor,

who was blind, that his sight would be restored if he con-
demned him to death. Longinus was accordingly beheaded,
and the governor, having received his sight, was so struck by
the miracle that he immediately embraced Christianity.
S. LORENZO GITJSTINIANI, A.D. 1455, Sept. 5, was of a noble
Venetian family, and was most carefully educated by his
mother. When he was nineteen he believed himself to be
God by a vision, and notwithstanding
called to the service of
the earnest desire of his family that he should marry, as
he was the eldest son, he fled to the Augustinian cloister
of S'. Giorgio-in-Alga. Here he soon became noted for the
severity and piety of his. life, and was
made successively
Bishop of Castello and Patriarch of Yenice. He devoted his
life to works of mercy, and the conscientious discharge of
his duties. The poor werehis especial care, and he deprived
himself of all but bare necessities that he might have more
to give to them. He was greatly beloved by his people*
and was honoured by them as a saint immediately after his
death.
S. LOTJISBELTRAN, or BERTRAM), A.D. 1581, Oct. 9, was a friend
of S. Theresa, and celebrated as a preacher. He was a
member of the Dominican Order, and travelled to Peru to
preach to the heathen. There he taught as a missionary
several years ; but finding a great obstacle in the evil example
120 LOTT-LVC.

set by the Christians who had already settled there, he

earnestly endeavoured to reform them. His efforts, however,

were all in vain, and he returned to Valencia, where he died.
S. Louis, King of France, A.D. 1270, Aug. 25. The life of
Louis IX. of France is so well known in history that it will
be unnecessary to relate it here.
S. Louis GONZAGA, or ALOYSIUS, A.D. 1591, June 21, was the eldest
son of the Marchese di Castiglione, but resigned his in-
heritance to a younger brother, and became a member of the
Society of Jesus when he was scarcely eighteen. He was
honoured for the holiness of his life and his many talents ;

but died in his twenty-third year of a fever, which he took

while nursing the sick in Rome.
8. Louis of Toulouse, A.D. 1297, Aug. 19, was son of the King
of Naples, and nephew of S. Louis of France. 'When he was
fourteen he was obliged to act as hostage for his father to the
King of Aragon, and during the long years of captivity and
hardship acquired a disgust of the world and a longing
for the religious life. As soon as he was set at liberty he
resigned his inheritance to a younger brother, and entered the
Order of S. Francis. He was then twenty-two, but was soon
made Bishop of Toulouse. He only lived two years longer,
which he spent in good works among his people, by whom
he was greatly beloved. He died at his father's castle in
Provence, where he was born, and his remains were carried
to "Valencia, and buried there.
8- LUCY, A.D. 303, Dec. 13, patron saint of Syracuse, and against
diseases of the eye, was a noble virgin, born at Syracuse, who
was betrothed against her will to a pagan youth. Her mother,
having long suffered from a grievous malady, was persuaded
by S. Lucy to accompany her on a pilgrimage to the shrine
of S. Agatha, to pray that she might be healed. While they
<were praying at the tomb S. Lucy beheld a vision of S.
"
Agatha, surrounded by angels, who said to her, Well art
 LVDLUK 127

thou called Lucy, (that is light,) for thou shall be a light

a ad mirror to the faithful," and added that her prayers were
heard, and her mother should be healed. In her joy at her
recovery her mother gave her consent to S. Lucy dedicating
herself to God, and spending all her dowry in alms to the
poor. But wnen the youth to whom she was betrothed
heard of her resolution he was filled with rage, and denounced
her as a Christian. The governor before whom she was taken
commanded her to sacrifice to idols, and on her refusal ordered
her to be dragged away, and forcibly subdued to his will.
It was, however, found impossible to move her oxen and
;

ropes and the spells of magicians were equally vain. Finally,

a large fire having been kindled around her without harming
her, a soldier pierced her neck with a sword, and she died.
There is a later legend, originating in the endeavour of
painters to express her name Lucy light by placing an
eye near her, which relates that in order to discourage the
suit of a youth who loved her for the beauty of her eyes,
she plucked them out with "h.er own hands, and sent them
to him in a dish. The youk was so struck with remorse
that he became a Christian, and Lucy's sight was restored to
her by a miracle.
S. LUDMILLA, A.D. 927, Sept. 16, patron saint of Bohemia, was
queen of that country, and was converted to Christianity by
the preaching of S. Adalbert. King Wenceslaus was her
grandson, and she instructed him in the Faith, which roused
the anger of his mother and his brother, and a civil war broke
out between the Christian and heathen parties in Bohemia.
The pagan queen and her son hired murderers, who surprised
S. Ludmilla as she was praying in her oratory, and strangled
her with her own veil.

S. LUKE, Oct. 18, Evangelist, and patron saint of painters. Very

little is known of S. Luke beyond what we can gather
from
the New Testament. He was probably not converted till
128 LUPMAE.
after the ascension of our Lord, and lie became the devoted
disciple and companion of S. Paul, remaining with him all
through his imprisonment in Borne, till the apostle's death.
He was by profession a physician, and since the discovery in
the catacombs of -a portrait of the Blessed Virgin, inscribed
"
as painted by Luca," he has been always regarded as a
painter also ; and legends add that he carried everywhere
pictures of our Lord and the Blessed Virgin, by means of
which many were .converted. Accounts differ as to the
manner of his death according to some he died peacefully,
;

according to others he was crucified with S. Andrew at Patras.

S. LUPO. See S. GRATA.

S. MACARITJS, A.D. 394, Jan. 2, was a native of Alexandria, who

retired into the Desert, and became one of the most famous
of the Egyptian hermits. Many him the
stories are told of ;

one oftene"st represented in art is that of his inquiring of a

mummy's skull which he had found to whom it had belonged.
"
The skull having replied To a pagan," he then asked where
" " Are
was its soul ; and the skull replied Deep in hell."
"
there any deeper than thou art ? continued the hermit.
"Yes," answered "the head, "the Jews are deeper." "Are
"
there any deeper than the Jews ? Macarius inquired. " Yes,
truly," replied the head, "the Christians whom Jesus re-
deemed, and who show by their deeds they despise His
doctrine, are deeper still."
S. MACLOTJ, or MALO, A.D. 565, Nov. 15, was a native of Wales,
and received his education in the famous schools of Ireland.
He retired into Brittany to avoid being made bishop; but
became Bishop of Aleth in 541. His remains were carried to-
S. Malo when the see was transferred thither.
S. MARCELLA, or MARTILLA, A.D. circa 68, was the handmaid of
SS. Martha and Mary, and was with them set adrift in u
 129

boat, but reached Marseilles in safety. It is said that she

wrote the life of Martha, and travelled as far as Sclavonia,
preaching the Gospel.
S. MARCELLINUS. See S. PETER EXORCISTA.
S. MARGARET, A.D. 306, July 20. This saint was the daughter
of a priest of Antioch, and was secretly converted to Chris-
tianity by her nurse. When she grew up the governor of
Antioch desired to marry her, but she refused him with
scorn, and at the same time declared herself a Christian,
to the horror of her parents, who fled, and abandoned her
to the power of the governor. He subjected her to the most
cruel tortures, but nothing availed to move her constancy.
She was then cast into a dungeon, and here Satan, in the
form of a terrible dragon, came to tempt and alarm her but
;

when she held up the cross she always carried, he fled in

confusion. Another version of the legend is, that he swal-
lowed her, but immediately burst asunder, and she escaped
unharmed. Being once defeated, he came again to tempt her
in the form of a man, but he succeeded no better. She was
then dragged from the dungeon, and greater tortures inflicted
upon her, which she bore with such patience and firmness
that 5000 persons were converted by her wonderful example,
and The governor, seeing this,
desired to suffer with her.
and fearing that more would follow her, ordered her to be
beheaded, and she thus at length received with joy the
Crown of martyrdom.
S. MARGARET OF CORTONA, A.D. 1297, Feb. 22, was born in Tus-
cany. Her mother having died while she was quite a child,
her father took a second wife, who treated her so cruelly
that she fled from home, and fell into an evil way of
life. She lived thus for ten years, till one of her lovers
was murdered when returning from a visit to her, and his
littledog guided Margaret to the spot where his body lay.
-She was so horror-struck by the sight that remorse filled
K
130 MAE.
her heart, and she desired to return as a penitent to her
fathers house. He and his wife, however, refused to receive
her, and she was left alone in the world. She felt strongly
tempted to go back to her former life of wickedness, but she-
prayed earnestly for God's direction, and it was revealed to
her that she should ask for help at the Franciscan convent
at Cortona. She obeyed at once, and going barefoot to the
church, humbly begged to be admitted as a penitent. But
even here they would not receive her till she had shown
unmistakable proofs of true repentance. At length she
entered the Third Order ; and one day, while she was kneeling
in prayer before the crucifix, the figure of Christ bent His
head, as a sign that her repentance was accepted and she was
forgiven.
S. MARIA MADDALENA DE' PAZZI, A.D. 1607, May 25; She was of a
noble Florentine family, and entered a Carmelite convent,
where she underwent many trials and temptations; but she
overcame them all, and the piety and humility of her life
caused her to be honoured by all around her.
S. MARK, the Evangelist, A.D. 68, April 25, patron sairt of Venice,
was the beloved disciple and companion of S. Peter, by whom
he is said to have been converted after the ascension of our
Lord. He accompanied the apostle to Kome, and there wrote
his Gospel at his dictation. He travelled thence to Egypt,
where he founded the Church of Alexandria. It is said that
one day he met in the street of Alexandria a poor cobbler,
who had so wounded his hand with his awl as to be unable
to earn a living. S. Mark healed him, and he became con-
verted, and was so earnest in the faith that after the death of
S. Mark he was made Bishop of Alexandria, and is known aa
S. Anianus. After twelve years spent in preaching in dif-
ferent parts of Egypt, S. Mark was accused by the heathen of
sorcery, in consequence of the many miracles he wrought.
They laid hands on him while he was engaged in prayer, and
 MARK 131

dragged him along the streets, over rocks and stones, till
he died. Just then a terrible storm of hail and lightning
arose, which utterly destroyed his murderers. His remains
were buried at Alexandria ; but in the year 815 some Venetian
merchants carried them off to Venice, where the great
Church of S. Mark was built to receive them. Various legends
are related of S. Mark's appearances in Venice, which was
regarded as under his especial protection. The most remark-
able of them took place in the following manner On the night
:

of the 25th of February, 1380, a terrible storm raged in

Venice. For three days previously the waters had risen con-
stantly, till they were higher than had ever before been
known. In the midst of it an old fisherman had, with great
difficulty, succeeded in reaching the Eiva di S. Marco, when
he was accosted by a stranger, who begged to be taken over
to S. Giorgio Maggiore. The fisherman declared it was im-
possible, but at length was persuaded to yield to his request.
Having performed the passage, and landed safely, the stranger
was joined by another man, and they both desired to be
rowed to S. Niccolo di Lido. After some demurs the fisher-
man again consented, and the water appeared smooth to him
as he went. At their destination a third stranger joined
them, and they all commanded the fisherman to row out
beyond the two castles, though now the storm was raging
fiercely. When they came to the open sea they met a huge
galley full of demons, coming at terrific speed to overwhelm
Venice. The sea suddenly became calm, and the three men
rose up, and with the sign of the cross exorcised the demons ;

then they and their ship vanished utterly. The fisherman,

at their command, landed the three men at the places where
they had embarked. As the last was departing he told him
to go and tell the Doge and the Procurature of S. Mark the
things that he had seen, for that without them Venice would
have been destroved that night. He added that he himself
x 2
132 MAR.
was S. Mark, and that his two companions were S. George
and S. Nicholas.Lest the Procurature should not believe the
fisherman, S. Mark gave him a ring, saying they would find
it gone from the sanctuary. The fisherman showed the ring
to the Doge, and search being made, it was not to be found
in its usual place among the treasures. Then the fisherman
was amply rewarded, and a grand procession of the relics of
these saints was ordained, in thanksgiving for the deliverance
of Venice from so great a danger. Another legend relates
that the slave of a nobleman of Provence persisted in worship-
ping at the shrine of S. Mark, notwithstanding the constant
prohibition of his master. He was therefore condemned to
the torture but, just as he was about to be subjected to it, S.
;

Mark himself descended from heaven, and destroyed the im-

plements of torture, and saved the slave who -had trusted in
him.
S. MARTHA of Bethany, A.D. 84, July 29. Patron saint of cooks
and housewives. The old legends always regard Mary Mag-
dalene as identical with Mary of Bethany, and according to
. them it was Martha who guided her sinning sister to the feet
of Christ. After the Ascension, when the whole family were
driven to Marseilles (see the legend of S. MARY MAGDALENE),
Martha taught the people in the neighbourhood of Aix. Now
at that time a terrible dragon, called the " Tarasque," lived
in the Eiver Eh one, and ravaged all the country. But when
Martha came there she completely overcame him, by sprink-
ling him with holy water, and bound him fast by her girdle,
so that the people were able to approach and slay him.
Afterwards a church was built on the spot, and the city of
Tarascon rose around it. She spent her whole life in good
works, and the honour has been assigned to her of being the
first to found a religious community of women. She died
peacefully, surrounded by her own people.
8. MARTIAL. Date uncertain, June 30. According to some
 MAE. 133

accounts S. Martial lived in the third century; but others

assert that he was one of the seventy-two
disciples sent forth
to preach by our Lord. He attached himself to S. Peter, and
accompanied him to Eome, where the apostle ordained him
Bishop, and sent him forth to preach. He travelled as
far as Limoges, and became the first Bishop of that city.
Among his converts was a beautiful virgin named VALERIE,
who, by rejecting the suit of the Duke of Guyenne, so enraged
him that he had her beheaded but, to the astonishment of all
;

present, she took up her head and carried it to S. Martial,

who was celebrating mass, and laid it down at the foot of
the altar. The executioner, who had followed her into the
church, died at the fearful sight, after testifying that he
beheld her body surrounded by angels.
S. MAKTILLA. See S. MARCELLA.
S. MARTIN ofTours, A.D. 397, Nov. 11, patron saint o! Tours,
Lucca, and penitent drunkards, was an officer in the Roman
army, and though his parents were heathen, he became con-
verted to Christianity when he was fifteen. He won the love
and admiration of his fellow-soldiers by the purity of his life,
his humility, and his courage. One severe winter, while the
army was at Amiens, he met at the gate of the city a pool
beggar, almost naked, and ready to die of cold. S. Martin
quickly drew his sword, and cutting his cloak in two, gave
.

half to the beggar. That night Christ appeared to S.

Martin, wearing the half cloak, and said that it was to Him
that he had given it, and that He accepted the deed of charity.
At the age of forty S. Martin desired to leave the army, and
devote himself entirely to God's service but when the
;

Emperor Julian the Apostate heard it, he taunted him with

cowardice, saying he wished to escape an approaching battle.
S. Martin, to refute this accusation, begged to be set defence-
less in the forefront of the fight, and, armed only with the
cross, he would boldly face the enemy. His request was
 MARTINA.

granted, but the next day the enemy sent to sue for peace,
so the trial was not made. S. Martin then quitted the army,
and after a life of devotion for many years, was elected Bishop
of Tours. Many miracles are recorded of him during this
time. He restored to life the son of a poor widow, and healed
a favourite slave of the governor who was possessed by a
demon. Once while he was celebrating mass he beheld a
miserable naked beggar, and bade his deacon clothe him. As
he hesitated to obey, S. Martin put his own chasuble over the
beggar, and while he continued the sacred office a globe of
fire appeared above his head, and his arms, stretched out to

elevate the Host, were covered by angels with gold and silver
chains. S. Martin was indefatigable in his efforts to root
out paganism he destroyed all the temples of false gods, and,
;

notwithstanding the opposition and attacks of demons, finally

succeeded in driving the heathen religion out of his district.
He came to be regarded with such veneration and honour that
the Empress Helena, when entertaining him, insisted on
serving him with her own hands. The Emperor Yalentinian
once failed to show respect to S. Martin, and remained seated on
his entrance but the chair took fire beneath him, and thus
;

obliged him to do honour to the saint. Such crowds of

people were attracted by his fame that S. Martin retired to
a solitary cell, a short distance from Tours, and hence sprang
the famous monastery of Marmoutier. After thirty years
of earnest work in his diocese S. Martin died, and was wor-
shipped as a saint immediately after his death.
8. MARTINA, A.D. 230, Jan. 30, was a young Eoman virgin, who
suffered a cruel martyrdom after many tortures. In the
seventeenth century some remains, supposed to be those of
S. Martina, were discovered under the very ancient church
built to her honour in the Forum. This event added greatly
to her popularity, and many churches and chapels were
dedicated to her.
 MAEY. 135

iiYTHE BLESSED VIRGIN. The legends relating to the Blessed

Virgin would of themselves fill a volume 'but all that can
;

be attempted here is to mention some of the principal scenes

of her life, which will serve to explain the series of pic-
tures- illustrating her history that are so frequently to
be met with. For the legends preceding her birth see S.
JOACHIM. When she was three years old she was taken by
her parents to be presented in the Temple. They invited
other daughters of Israel to accompany her lest she should
fear and turn back; but she alone ascended all the steps
to the altar, where the High Priest received her, and blessed
I.er, saying, "Mary, the Lord hath magnified thy name to
all generations, and in thee shall be known the redemption
of Israel." Then her parents returned home, blessing God
that she had not turned back from His service. But
Mary remained and dwelt in the Temple, where she studied,
and embroidered the purple and fine linen for sacred uses,
angels constantly ministering to her. When she was fourteen
years old it was revealed to the High Priest that Mary
should be married. She said that she had been dedicated to
the service of God ; but that she would obey the command of
the Lord. For the history of her marriage, see S. JOSEPH.
The next great events in her life are the Annunciation and

the Visitation to S. Elizabeth, related in the first chapter of

S. Luke's Gospel, and legends have not added much to the
Evangelist's narrative. At the time of the Nativity of her
Divine Son it is said that the stable was flooded with heavenly

light, and that both she and Joseph knelt

at once and
adored the new-born Saviour of the world. The adoration of
the Magi is the most ancient subject in Christian art. It
iias always been considered that they were kings, and were
three in number. It is said that the prophecy of Balaam,
*'
There shall come a star out of Jacob," &c., had always
l>een preserved as a tradition in his own country, and that when
136 MARY.
the wise men
beheld the star, which, according to old legends^
was in the shape of a radiant child, they at once recognized
it as the fulfilment of this prophecy. They travelled far,
over mountains and rivers, till they came " where the young
Child was," and fell down before Him, offering Him their gifts.
Then they returned to their own country ; and there is a
very old tradition that when S. Thomas came to India he
found there theee three wise men, and baptized them, and
they went into the far east to preach the Gospel, and there
obtained the crown of martyrdom. The Empress Helena
discovered their remains, and brought them to Constantinople,
whence they were afterwards carried to Cologne, and placed
in a splendid shrine in the cathedral. When the jealousy
of Herod was so much excited by the visit of the Magi that
he commanded the " murder of the innocents," Joseph was
warned in a dream to take the young Child and His. Mother
and flee into Egypt. There are many legends relating to
this period. It is said that the ox and the ass who were
in the stable at Bethlehem accompanied them, and that as
they went through a thick forest all the trees bowed before
the Holy Child, the aspen only excepted, which remained
upright in its pride. Therefore Jesus cursed it, and at His
words it trembled in all its leaves, and trembles to this day.
Another time, at the command of Jesus, a palm-tree bowed
its branches to shelter His Mother and Himself. They en-
countered many dangers. Once they were seen by a man
sowing wheat, and Mary told him, if any inquired of him,
"
to answer Such persons came by while I was sowing
wheat." Then, by a miracle, Jesus caused the wheat to
spring up and ripen in one night. The next day, when the
man was cutting it, the pursuers of the Holy Family camo
up, and asked if he had seen them. He answered as he had
been told, and they turned back again. While crossing the
plains of Syria, the Holy Family were attacked by two
.
 2IAEY. 137

robbers. One would have plundered them, but the other sud-
denly changed, and bribed his companion with forty groats to
leave them in peace. Then he led them to a safe place
among
the rocks, and gave them lodging for the night. The Blessed
"
Virgin said to him, The Lord will receive thee on His right
hand, and grant thee pardon for thy sins." And it came to
pass; for these same robbers were afterwards crucified on
each side of Jesus, and the merciful robber became the Peni-
tent Thief. When Jesus was at length brought to Egypt,
all the idols fell on their faces before Him. The Holy Family
rested at the end of their travels under a grove of sycamores
in the village of Matarea, and a fountain miraculously sprang
up hard by for their refreshment. Angels also waited on
them continually. After the return to Judea we hear no
more of the Blessed Virgin, with the exception of the dispute
in the Temple and the marriage in Cana, tilfthe time of the
Crucifixion. Then, as she stood beneath the Cross, Jesus
confided her to the care of S. John, and he "took her to
his own home." She, however, always appears in art mourn-
ing over the sacred body of her Son when it has been taken
down from the Cross, and is also considered to have been
present at the entombment. There is a very old tradition
that Jesus appeared first of all to her on His Resurrection,
even before He showed Himself to Mary Magdalene in the
garden. It tells that ever since the Crucifixion she
had re-
mained alone in her chamber, waiting and praying earnestly
for the fulfilment ofHis promise. Then suddenly He came
to her, clothed in white, bearing the standard of the Cross,
and followed by all the saints of the Old Testament, whosfe
souls He had delivered from prison. She fell on His neck
and embraced Him, and He snowed her His wounds, and
told her that all pain had for ever passed away, for He had
become victorious over death and hell. At the Ascension
he was present, and prayed her Divine Son to leave her
138 MART.
not long behind Him ; she was also with the apostles in the
upper chamber at Jerusalem when the Holy Ghost descended
on the Day of Pentecost. At length, after
many years,
when the time of her death drew nigh, an angel appeared to
"
Ler, saying once more, Hail, Mary," and told her that in
three days her soul should leave her body, for her Son awaited
her in. Paradise. He .also gave her a palm branch gathered
in Paradise, that she might have it borne before her bier
in the day of her death. She humbly prayed that the
apostles might be united to her once more before her depar-
ture ; and the angel assured her that her prayer was granted,
and she should. see them again. Then, by miraculous power,
allthe apostles, who were preaching in different parts of the
world, were suddenly brought together in the house of the
Blessed Virgin. She rejoiced, and thanked God, and after
praying w^th them, entrusted the palm to S. John, desiring
him to carry it before her bier and then lay down on her
;

bed to wait for death. At the third hour of the night, as the
apostles stood around her, Jesus Himself appeared, surrounded
with angels and saints, and bore the soul of His Blessed
Mother back with Him to heaven. The apostles reverently
carried her to the grave but on the third day her body
;

arose, and ascended into heaven, to rejoin her soul. She

was received by her Divine Son, who placed her on His right
hand, and crowned her Queen of Heaven. When the apostles
visited her tomb they found that her body was gone, and in
its place blossomed lilies and roses. (For the legend of the
Holy Girdle, see S. THOMAS.)
8. MARY of Egypt, A.D. 433, April 2, was a native of Alexandria,
who even exceeded Mary Magdalene in the wickedness of her
life. After nearly twenty years of complete abandonment to
sin, she felt a sudden desire to join a large company whom sh(
beheld embarking for Jerusalem to celebrate the Feast of the
Cross. She accompanied them on their journey, but
 MAET. 139

when she attempted, like them, to enter 'the Church of Jeru-

salem, some invisible power held her back, and it was impos-
sible for her to cross the threshold. Then she knew it was by
reason of her sins, and was struck with remorse and horror at
her former evil life. She prayed earnestly, and humbled her-
self before God, and was enabled to enter the church on
at last
her knees. Full of repentance she determined to spend the
rest of her life in solitude and penance and taking with her
;

nothing but three loaves, she went forth into the desert. Here
she dwelt alone for forty -seven years, her loaves by a miracle
never failing, and her hair growing long enough to be a cover-
ing when her garments dropped to pieces. At length she was
discovered by an aged priest, named Zosimus, whom she
begged to keep silence about her, and to return at the end of
a year to administer the last sacraments to her before her
death. He complied with her request, but on his return found
himself unable to cross the Jordan, and Mary was miraculously
brought over it to come to him. Having received the Blessed
Sacrament, and absolution from all her sins, she once more
desired Zosimus to depart for a year. On his second return
he found her lying dead, with a request that he would bury
ber written ou the sand near her. As he was too old to accom-
plish this alone, a lion came out of the desert and helped him.
Then Zosimus went back and spread abroad the story of God's
mercy to the penitent woman.
MARY MAGDALENE, A.D. 68, July 22, patron saint of Mar-
seilles, Provence, and of penitent women. The old legends
always consider S. Mary Magdalene as identical with Mary of
Bethany. They add, that she was rich and noble, and lived
with her brother Lazarus and sister Martha in their castle of
Magdalon, on the ea of Galilee. Mary so abandoned
"
herself
to every form of vice that she became known as the sinner"
Martha was deeply distressed at her sin, and at length
brought her to Jesus, who and
cast out of her seven devils,
140 MARY.
with true repentance she for ever renounced her evil life. Her
iove for Jesus was great in proportion to the sins He had for-
given ; she was last at the Cross and the first at the sepulchre.
After the Ascension she, with her brother and sister, MAXIMIN,
one of the seventy-two disciples who had baptized them,
Cedon, a blind man restored to sight by our Lord, and
MAHCELLA, a handmaid, were set adrift by the Pagans in a
vessel without sails or rudder. However, they were safely
wafted to Marseilles, where the people, being heathen, at first
refused to receive them but Mary preached to them so elo-
;

quently, and performed such wondrous miracles, that they

were all converted and baptized. About this time a certain
Provencal prince, half converted by Mary Magdalene, told her
of his great wish to have a son, and asked her if she could
obtain his desire from her God. She said that if he would
believe, God would hear his prayer. He promised to believe ;
but still retaining some doubts, he and his wife sailed for
Jerusalem to see and inquire of S. Peter. On the way a
terrible storm arose, in the midst of which a son was born to
him, but the mother died. The sailors would have thrown the
body overboard, but the prince persuaded them to lay it on a
little rocky island which they passed, and he also left the

living child there, praying S Mary Magdalene to save its life.

.

At Jerusalem S. Peter quite convinced him of the truth of

Christianity, and after two years he returned. Stopping to visit
the island where he had left the body of his wife, he not only
found that by the prayers of S. Mary Magdalene the life of his
child had been preserved, but that his wife also was restored
to life. They all went at once to Marseilles, and falling at S.
Mary Magdalene's feet, thanked and blessed her ; and all the
people of that country, hearing of the miracle, became con-
verted to Christianity. After some years of preaching and
active good works, Mary retired to a terrible wilderness, where
spent thirty years in utter solitude, mourning, and
 MAX MAT.

doing penance for her sins. She would have died but for
the ministration of angels ; and a hermit, who lived not
far off, once beheld them bearing her towards heaven.
Some legends assert that S. Mary Magdalene died in
a church, after receiving the last Sacrament at the hands
of S. Maximin ; but according to the more generally re-
ceived account, she died in the desert, watched over and
tended by angels.
S. MARY THE PENITENT, sixth century, March 16, was the niece of
a famous hermit named Abraham, and was by him brought
up to the strictest life of solitude and mortification. At
length when she was twenty years old, a young hermit
tempted her to flee with him, and for two years she led an evil
life in a distant city. Abraham, warned by a dream in which
he beheld a dove being devoured by a dragon, went forth to
seek his niece, and at length found her overwhelmed with
despair and misery. -She gladly returned with him to her cell
in the desert and a life of penance. She spent her remaining
years in earnest devotion and good works, so that maoy
miracles were wrought by her prayers.
S. MATTHEW; Apostle and Evangelist, A.D. 90, Sept. 21. Beyond
what we gather concerning the life of S. Matthew in the
Gospels,it is said that after the Ascension he travelled to

Egypt, where he was honourably entertained by the eunuch

whom S. Philip had baptized. He overcame two magicians of
that country who cast spells on the people, causing great
diseases, and healed the daughter of the King of Egypt of
leprosy, besides restoring his son to
life. Accounts differ as
to the manner of S. Matthew's death according to some he
;

was martyred by the sword or spear but the Greek legends

;

maintain that he died a peaceful death.

S. MATTHIAS, Apostle, Feb. 24, was chosen by lot to take the place
of the traitor Judas. Beyond this, all we know of him is that
he preached and suffered martyrdom in Judea.
142

S. MATJRELIO, patron saint of Ferrara, was first Bishop of that city,

and suffered martyrdom by being beheaded.
S. MAUKICE, A.D. 286, Sept. 22, patron saint of Austria, Savoy,
and Mantua, and of foot soldiers, was leader of the Theban
Legion of the Eoman army, which numbered 6666 soldiers, all
Christians. Once while crossing the Alps, the Emperor
Maxiinin ordered a grand sacrifice to his gods to be celebrated.
The whole legion refused to take part in it, or to continue with
the army, as they now learnt it was to attack the Christians,
Maurice boldly declaring to the Emperor that before all
things they were the soldiers of Jesus Christ. Maximin was
so enraged that he commanded the rest of the army to fall
upon the legion and kill every man; and he was obeyed, the
Christian soldiers standing calm and unresisting to meet their
death. The spot where this took place has been since known
as Saint-Maurice.
S. MAURTJS, A.D. 584, Jan. 15, was the son of a Roman senator ;
and when only twelve years old was confided to the care
of S. Benedict, whose constant
companion he became.
(See S. BENEDICT.) After the death of S. Benedict, S.
Maurus introduced the Order into France, and founded the-
great monastery since known as S. Maure-sur-Loire, where
he died.
S. MAXIMIN. MARY MAGDALENE.
See S.
S. MENNA, Nov. 11, was a Greek, and an officer in the
A.D. 301,
Boman army under the Emperor Galerius Maximian, by
whose orders he suffered martyrdom.
S. MERCUKIALE, second century, was the first Bishop of Forli, and
became remarkable for the determination with which he drove
out paganism from his whole diocese.
S, MERCUEITJS was a Greek serving in the Eoman army, who
suffered martyrdom by order of Julian the Apostate, because
Later, while Julian was
of his firmness in the Christian faith.

fighting against the Persians, S. Basil had a vision of the

 METMIQ. 143

Blessed Virgin surrounded by angels, who told him to waken

Mercurius that he might slay Julian the great
blasphemer.
S. Basil hurried to the tomb, but both the
body and the
weapons buried with it were gone. Returning the next day,
however, he found the body there as before, only the lance was
stained with blood. Now, on the day of battle against th
Persians, an unknown warrior, pale and bareheaded, riding a
white charger, swiftly approached the Emperor Julian, pierced
him through the body with a lance, and vanished. Julian
feeling his death- wound, threw a handful of his blood into the
" Thou hast
air, crying, conquered, Galilean ; thou hast con-
quered," and fell back dead. Then Mercurius, for it was he,
returned to his tomb to rest till the Day of Judgment.
S. METHODIUS. See S. CYRIL.
S. MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL is the first of the angels, and the
"
greatest and mightiest of all created beings. When there was
war in heaven," it was he whom God sent to cast out Lucifer.
He is also regarded as the Angel of the Resurrection; he
receives the souls of the departed, and weighs them in the
balance and it is he who will sound the great trumpet to bid
;

the dead arise on the Last Day. In the Old Testament S.

"
Michael has always been believed to have been the Angel of
"
the Lord who appeared to Abraham (Gen. xxii. 11), who led
the children of Israel through the wilderness, who appeared to
Joshua before Jericho (Josh. v. 13), and to Gideon (Judges vi.
11), who destroyed the Assyrian army (2 Chron. xxxii. 21),
"
and delivered the " Three children from the fiery furnace
(Dan. iii. 25). There are various legends relating the appear-
ances of S. Michael on earth since the Christian era. The
first is told thus:a man named Galgano, who possessed many
herds on the mountains, once lost one of his bulls, and after
much searching found it on the summit of the mountain at the
entrance of a cave. He commanded his servant to shoot it,
but the arrow returned and struck the breast of him who sent
144 MINIATO.

it, killing him instantly. The master, in great distress, sent

to ask advice of the Bishop. After three days of prayer and
fasting, the Bishop beheld a vision of S. Michael, who said that
the spot where the bull had stood was especially sacred to him,
and the servant was slain for profaning it. He also desired
that a church should be built there to his honour. On enter-
ing the cave three altars were found already prepared, and a
spring issuing from the rocks near cured all diseases. The
place became famous, and the Church of Monte-Galgano
attracted pilgrims from all parts of Italy. Again, in the
eighth century, S. Michael three times appeared in a vision to
< S. Auberfc, Bishop of Avranches, bidding him found a church
in his honour on the rock in the Gulf of Avranches. The
Bishop was also told that a bull would be found there, and a
spring of healing water, and he must build -the church over
the ground trodden by the animal. As he departed, the
Angel pressed the Bishop's head with his thumb, leaving
a mark which remained ever after. A small church was
built at once ; but later the Dukes of Normandy erected the
splendid Abbey of Mont S. Michel, which became a favourite
place of pilgrimage, and S. Michael was chosen patron
saint of Normandy. For the apparition to S. Gregory, see S.
GKEGORY.
8. MINIATO, A.D. 254, was by birth a prince of Armenia, but took
Kornan army under Decius. While the Emperor
service in the
was with the army, encamped on a hill outside Florence, S.
Miniato was brought before him, accused of being a Christian,
and was by him condemned to be thrown to wild beasts in the
amphitheatre. These, however, refusing to touch the saint, he
was cast into a cauldron of boiling oil, stoned, hanged, and
shot with arrows; but through all his torments was
strengthened and comforted by an angel, who clothed him
with a heavenly garment. Finally he was beheaded, and thus
received the crown of martyrdom.
 MODNEO. 145

S. MOD WEN A, eighth century, July 6, was an Irish virgin to whom

power had been given to cure many diseases. Having healed
the epileptic son of King Egbert, she was persuaded by him to
come to England, and a monastery was built for her at Poles-
worth in Warwickshire. King Egbert confided to her care his
daughter Edith, afterwards known as S. Edith of Poles worth.
S. Modwena's learning, as well as the holiness of her life,
earned for her great renown in all the country.
S. MONICA, A.D. 387, May 4, was the mother of S. Augustine, and,

deeply grieved for the sins of his youth, she wept and prayed
forhim till he repented. She is ajso honoured as the first
Augustinian nun.

SS. NABOB, and FELIX, A.D. 303, July 10, were two martyrs who
suffered at the city of Milan. Afaithful Christian, named

Philip, buried their remains in his garden ; but the church

built over the spot to their honour is now known as S.
Francesco.
S. NATALIA. See S. ADRIAN.
SS, NAZAEIFS and CELSTJS, A.D. 69, July 28. S. Nazarius was a
Jew, and was baptized by S. Peter. In company with S.
Celsus, his young disciple, he travelled through Gaul, preach-
ing the faith. The people of Genoa would not hear them,
and threw them into the sea but it refused to drown them,
;

and they escaped and came to Milan. Here they met SS.
Gervasius and Protasius, and S. Nazarius comforted and sup-
ported them in their sufferings and martyrdom; but soon
after he and S. Celsus were both taken, and beheaded outside
the Porta Romana at Milan.
S. NEOT, A.D. 878, July 31, was the kinsman and preceptor of
Alfred the Great, and was noted for his learning and humility.
He journeyed to Rome seven times, but spent the end of his
life in a desolate solitude in Cornwall, where he died.
L
146 NER-NIC.
SS. NEREUS and ACHILLEUS, century, May 12, were chamber-
first
lains of Flavia Domitilla, niece of the Emperor Domitian,
whom they persuaded to reject the suit of the heathen son
of the consul. For this cause they all three suffered martyr-
dom.
was Bishop of Rheims, who, when
S. NICASIUS, A.D. 400, Dec. 14,
that city was besieged by the Yandals, put himself at the
head of his clergy, and walked in procession to meet the
enemy, singing hymns. One of the barbarians cut off the
upper part of the saint's head, but he continued his singing
for some time before he fell dead.
S. NICHOLAS of Myra, or Bari, A.D. 326, Dec. 6. Patron saint of
Russia, Venice, Freiberg, and many seaport or commercial
towns, and of children, especially schoolboys, sailors, tra-
vellers, merchants, and against thieves. This saint was born
of noble and virtuous parents, in Asia Minor. The first day
of his life he stood up in his bath and praised God for his
birth. His parents, seeing his wonderful and early piety,
dedicated him to God, and as soon as he was old enough he
became a priest. His parents dying while he was still young,
Nicholas inherited their vast possessions, which he spent in
works of charity to the poor. There was a certain nobleman
in the city who was so poor that he could not provide for his
daughters, and was greatly troubled in mind how to save
them -from starving. Nicholas heard of it, and anxious to
help them without their knowledge, threw a bag of gold in at
their window for three successive nights. With these the
nobleman portioned his three daughters, to his great joy and
relief of mind.Some time after S. Nicholas sailed for the
Holy Land, and on the way such a terrible storm arose that
the ship seemed on the point of destruction. But the saint
rebuked the storm, and it at once ceased. On the same
voyage he restored to life one of the sailors, who had been
Crowned by falling overboard, On his return from the Holy
 NICHOLAS. 147

Land, S. Nicholas lived in seclusion at the city o.f Myra. The

bishop of that city having died, it was revealed to the clergy
that they should elect as his successor the first man who
should enter the church the next morning. This proved to
be S. Nicholas, whomthey immediately consecrated bishop,
and he worthily filled his highoffice. Not long after, a grievous
famine visited the diocese, and S. Nicholas, hearing there
were vessels laden with corn in port, desired the captains
to supply him with a portion. They replied that they dared
not, for it was all measured, and must be delivered into the
Emperor's granaries. He insisted, however, assuring them
that they would suffer no loss. At last they obeyed him, arid
found, as he had said, that they had none the less to deliver
at Constantinople. The corn, moreover, that S. Nicholas gave
to the people increased so miraculously that they had enough
for two successive years. During this famine, while travelling
in his diocese, he lodged in the house of an evil-disposed man,
\vho, when other provisions failed, stole and killed little
children, and salted them for eating. He offered some of
this fearful food to S. Nicholas, who at once perceived the
wickedness of therhost, and going to the tub which contained
the remains, made the sign of the cross over it, when three
,

children arose alive and well. He restored them to their

mother, a poor widow, and the fame of this wonderful miracle
spread far and wide. At one time S. Nicholas entertained
three tribunes of the Eoman army as it was marching through
bis diocese. Just then he by his own power released three
innocent men condemned to death by the prefect, thus greatly
exciting the admiration of the tribunes. Meanwhile
som^
enemy maligned them to the Emperor, and he cast their

into a dungeon with the intention of executing them the next

day. Then they thought of S. Nicholas and
what they had
beheld him accomplish, and cried to him for help. The saint
tit once responded to their call, and appeared in a vision to the
L 2
US NICHOLAS.

Emperor, threatening him with the wrath of heaven if he did not

at once release those men. The Emperor thereupon not only
set them free, but bade them go to Myra to thank S. Nicholas,
and sent him as a gift a richly-bound copy of the Gospels
written in letters of gold. And ever after this miracle all who
are in danger call on S. Nicholas for help. After many years
spent in good works and devotion to the care of his diocese,
S. Nicholas died, to the great grief of all his people, and was
buried in the church at Myra. All attempts to remove his
remains were in vain, till in the year 1084 some merchants,
during the distraction of the country by the crusades, suc-
ceeded in carrying off his body to their own city of Bari,
where a splendid church was built to receive it. Several
miracles are recorded of S. Nicholas after bis death. A
Jew'
who could not help believing in his power set an image of the
saint over his vreasures to guard them, but notwithstanding
this they were all stolen by robbers. Full of rage, the Jew
struck and mutilated the image; and that night S. Nicholas
appeared to the robbers, wounded and bleeding, to desire them
to restore the stolen property. They were so much alarmed
that they at once obeyed, and the Jew became converted by
the miracle. Again, a man who was anxious to have a son
and heir vowed a gold cup to S. Nicholas if he would obtain
him his desire. His prayer was heard and he ordered the
golden cup, but found it so magnificent that he could not part
with it, and procured an inferior one for the saint. On his
*

way it, his little son, in attempting to fetch water in

to offer
the gold cup, fell into the river and was drowned. His
fir?t

father in profound grief repented of his covetousness, but pro-

ceeded notwithstanding to present the less valuable cup to the
saint. Three times it fell off the altar, and then his son appeared

bearing the golden cup, and saying he had been preserved bj

S. Nicholas. In his joy the father offered both the cupsv
which were now accepted, and he returned with his eon ID
 NIC NIL. 149

safety. Another time, a Christian youth had been taken

prisoner by the heathen, and made to serve as their king's
cupbearer. One day the king, observing that he was sad,
inquired the reason and he replied that it was because he
;

knew his whole family were assembled to celebrate the festival

of S. Nicholas, and he only was absent. The
king scoffingly
declared that S. Nicholas was not great enough to deliver
the youth out of his hand but at that moment the saint
; ap-
peared in a whirlwind, and taking the lad by the hair trans-
ported him, still holding the royal cup, into the midst of his
family, who were praying for his restoration.
NICHOLAS of Tolentino, A.D. 1309,Sept. 10, was born at S.
Angelo, near Fermo. His parents, long childless, had
earnestly prayed to S. Nicholas of Myra for a son, and when
their prayers were heard dedicated their child to the service of
God. At the moment of his birth a star of great brilliancy
shot from S. Angelo to Tolentino, where the saint afterwards
lived, thus foretelling his future fame and sanctity. He
entered an Augustinian convent while still very young, and
from that time spent his life in unequalled penances and
mortification. He never touched animal food ;
and it is said
that when, weak and exhausted in a severe illness, a dish of
doves was brought to him, he made the sign of the cross over
them, and they flew away. Besides his fervent devotion, ho
was famed far and wide for the eloquence of his preaching,
and his numerous miracles and visions. After his death,
. when the city of Cordova was visited by the plague, the image
of S. Nicholas of Tolentino was carried in solemn procession
through the streets. A priest bearing a large crucifix met
this procession, and the sacred Figure bent forward and
embraced that of S. Nicholas, and immediately the plague
was stayed.
NILTJS of Grotta Ferrata, A.D. 1002, Sept. 26, wai by lineage a
Greek, and was born at Tarentum, In middle age the
150 NILVS.

death of his wife, whom

he dearly loved, turned his thoughts
from the things and he entered the Greek Order
of this world,
of S. Basil. A war with the Turks obliged him to take
refuge in Italy, where he was received in the Benedictine
convent of Monte Cassino. At this time the province of Capua
was ruled by the widow of the late prince in the name of her
two sons. She had wickedly incited these youths to murder
their cousin, a noble, whose power she dreaded but struck
;

with remorse, she confessed her crftne to S. Nilus, who how-

ever refused to give her absolution till she had made amends
by delivering one of her sons up to the family of the murdered
man. This she would not do, and even tried to bribe S.
Nilus to remove this condition. In just anger he told her
that what she would not voluntarily sacrifice God would exact
from her and this came to pass, for very soon afterwards her
;

youngest son murdered the eldest in a church, and for this

horrible crime was himself executed. S. Nilus at one time
travelled to Eome and lived in the monastery of S. Alexis,
where he became famed for his wondrous miracles of healing,
in particular for curing an epileptic boy by anointing him
with oil from a lamp hanging before the altar. The dis-
tracted state of the city, where war was raging between the
parties of the Pope and Emperor, so distressed S. Nilus that
after severely reproving both sides he finally left Eome, and
retired to a cave near Frascati, now known as Grotta Ferrata.
Here the Emperor Otho, touched by remorse, caine to implore
for the intercession of the saint, offering to build and endow
him a monastery, or do anything he might ask. S. Nilus
refused all bribes, and only asked that the Emperor would
repent. Otho then returned to Eome, where in a very short
time he died miserably by poison. S. Mlus himself died not

long afterwards, and by his special desire was buried secretly ;

but over the site of his hermitage soon arose the splendi J
church and monastery of S. Basilio of Grotta Ferrata, where,
 NOR031O.
in honour of S. Nilus, the Greek rule of S. Basil ia ob-
served.
NOEBERT, A.D. 1131-, May 6, founder of the Order of Premon-
stratesians, -was born at Cologne, and spent his youth at the
court of Henry IV., where he gave himself up to pleasure and
folly. At length, when riding one day far from any shelter,
he was exposed to the fury of a a ball of fira
terrible storm,
falling close at his feet. This narrow escape from death
caused him to repent/ and to turn from his former evil life. He
gave all he possessed to the poor, and travelled for several years
in the north of France and Flanders, preaching repentance.
So many were converted and wished to follow him that he
formed them into a community under the rule of S. Augustine,
and established his monastery on a spot indicated to him by
the Blessed Virgin, called Pre-montre, from which the new
Order took its name. His fame having spread, he was made
Archbishop of Magdeburg. Now there lived at Antwerp a
heretic named Tankelin, whose evil doctrines did much harm
in the neighbourhood, but S. Norbert coming there com-
all

pletely vanquished him by his eloquence and learning. Once

while S. Noibert was celebrating mass he beheld a venomous
spider in the cup. To drink was death, but rather than
commit the profanity of pouring out the sacred contents he
drank the whole, and miraculously remained unharmed.

S. OMOBTJONO, patron saint of Cremona and of tailors, was a

merchant who ordered his affairs so well that he became very
prosperous. All his money he spent in doing good to the sick
and and far from becoming impoverished by his bound-
poor,
less charity his riches constantly increased. Once, while
travelling with his family, he gave their whole store of pro-

visions to a company of starving pilgrims, but found after-

wards that angels had replenished his wallet with bread and
152 ONO-OSW
wine. S. Omobuono died in peace while kneeling in prayer
before the crucifix in the church of S. Egidio.
S. ONOFRIO, fourth or fifth century, June 12, was a hermit of Thebes,
who dwelt alone in the desert for sixty years, unseen by man.
His only garment was of leaves, and his hair and beard grew so
long that he lost all resemblance to a human being. He was at
length discovered by another monk, named Paphnutius, who
first beheld him crawling on the ground, and was afraid,
thinking he was some wild beast ; but when he knew who he
was, and heard all his trials and sufferings, he was filled with
reverence and wonder at the holy man. At S. Onofrio's
request, Paphnutius remained with him till after his death,

(which took place almost immediately), that he might bury

Jiim. Paphnutius wrapped the remains of the saint in half of
his own cloak, and laid him in a hole in the rocks, filling up
the entrance with stones. Then, obedient to a heavenly
vision, he went and spread abroad the history of S. Onofrio.
"S. OSWALD, A.D. 642, August 5, was King of JSTorthumbria, and an
earnest disciple of S. Aidan, Prior of Melrose. In a battle
against Cadwalla, a British prince, Oswald erected a great
cross with his own hands, round which he and his soldiers
knelt and prayed, and then going into the fight, gained a
complete victory. His charities to the poor were endless, and
one day, while he was sitting at meat with S. Aidan, he gave
to three poor beggars the silver dish that was set before him,
with all that it Aidan took his right hand, ex-
contained.
claiming, never perish!" And this wish was
"May this hand
granted, for when Oswald fell, fighting against the Mercians,
the enemy cut off his head and hands, and put them on
stakes, whence they were rescued, and long preserved as relics,
the head in S. Cuthbert's shrine, and the hands in the Castle
of Bamborough. The last breath .of this good king was spent
in praying for his enemies, that God would hare mercy on
their souls.
 OTIPAN. 153

S. OTTAVIO, was one of the Theban Legion. See S. MAURICE.

S. OTTILIA, A.D. 720, Dec. 13, patron saint of Alsace and Stras-
burg, and against diseases of the .eye, was a blind daughter of
the Duke of Alsace. When she was an infant her father
desired to have her carried away and left to die; but her
nurse remained faithful to her, and fled with her to a convent.
There Erhard, a Bishop of Bavaria, directed by a heavenly
vision, found and baptized her and on her baptism she im-
;

mediately received her sight. Her cruel father having repented

on his deathbed and left her all his possessions, she devoted
them to building the convent of Hohenburg, where she was
joined by manynuns, whom she placed under the rule of S.
Benedict. She never rested till by her earnest prayers and
tears she had released the soul of her father from purgatory.
She died after a life of such extreme severity that she has
earned the title of martyr.
S. OUEN, A.D. 673, Aug. 24, succeeded S. Eomain as Archbishop
of Kouen, and also filled the high office of Chancellor under

Dagobert I and Clovis II.

S. PANCRAS, A.D. 304, May 12, was a young boy, who, when only
fourteen, was so desirous to obtain the crown of martyrdom,
that he offered himself up to the heathen. He bravely de-
clared and defended his faith before the emperor, who ordered
him to be beheaded by the sword..
8. P^TALEON, fourth century, July 27, patron saint "of physi-
cians, was a native of Nicomedia, who for his great skill became
physician to the Emperor Galerius Maximian.
His mother
was a Christian, and had instructed her son in the same faith,

but during his life at the corrupt court of the emperor, he

almost forgot all the good he had learnt, At length he came
under the influence of an aged priest, named Hermolaus, who
encouraged and him in the faith, and aroused him
strengthened
154 PAT PAIT.
to good works, so that he used his great talents in healing all
the sick who cam 6 to him, and restoring sight to the blind*
"When the persecution of the Christians broke out he was con-
demned to be beheaded, together with Hermolaus. Pantaleon
was first bound, and his hands nailed above his head to an olive
tree, which budded into leaves and fruit immediately his blood
flowed to the roots.
8. PATRICK, A.D. 464, March 17, apostle and patron saint of
Ireland. While quite a youth this saint was carried away cap-
tive from Britain to Ireland, and passed many years in hard
labour in the fields. At length he escaped, but was con-
stantly haunted by visions of the heathen in Ireland, crying
out to him to come over and help them. He therefore went to
the Pope, and haviug received his sanction, returned to Ireland,
where he spent forty years, preaching to the people, and
-

enduring endless sufferings and trials with unwearied patience.

He fully established Christianity in Ireland, and founded the
schools of religious learning for which the island afterwards
became so famous. He died at Down, in Ulster, and was
buried there.
S. PAUL the Apostle June 29, A.D. 65. The history of the great apostle
of the Gentiles is fully recorded in the New Testament, and

legends have not added much to it. They relate that he suffered
martyrdom outside the Ostian Gate of B/ome, by being beheaded,
on the same day that S. Peter was crucified within the city. As
S. Paul passed along the Ostian way to his execution, a Roman
matron converted by S. Peter, named Plautilla, waited by the
roadside to see him for the last time and to receive his blessing.
When the apostle saw her, he stopped and asked her for her
veil to bind his eyes while he received the stroke, promising to
return it to her afterwards. Plautilla believing his word, at
once gave him the veil, though many mocked at her ; and her
faith was not misplaced ;
for S. Paul appeared to her in a
vision, and restored the veil, stained with blood. It is said that
 PAUPET.
when the saint's head was struck off it bounded three times
on the ground, and at each place where it touched a fountain
of water sprang forth, the first hot, the second warm, and tLe
*'
third cold. The spot is still venerated as the Tre Fontane,*'
'and the fountains remain, though the difference in their tem-
perature is no longer perceptible.
S. PAUL the hermit of Thebes. See S. ANTHONY.
SS. PAUL and JOHN, brothers. See SS. JOHN and PAUL.
S. PAUL of Leon, See S. POL.
S. PAULINUS YORK, A.D. 644, Oct. 10, was sent from Borne to
of
assist S. Augustine in his great work of introducing Christi-
anity into England. His preaching was very successful, for
lie converted King Edwin, and Coifi the high priest of the

Druids, and the people soon followed their example. Pauli-

nus became the first Archbishop of York, which high office he
worthily held for forty years.
S. PETER the Apostle June 29, A.D. 65. The history of the first of the
apostles is
fully given in the New Testament, and it will only be
necessary here to notice the various legends that have been
related of him. At one time there was a powerful magician
among the Jews, Simon Magus by name, who was so enraged at
being surpassed by the wonders wrought by the apostles, that
failing to extract their secret from them by bribes, he threw his
books into the Dead Sea, and departed to Eome, where he became
a favourite of the Emperor Nero. S. Peter, determined to defeat
him finally, followed him to Kome, and being joined by S. Paul,
challenged the sorcerer to make good his boasted powers, and
to raise a dead youth to life in the presence of the emperor,
Simon tried all his arts in vain, but at the word of the apostles
the dead at once arose. Then Simon endeavoured to assert his
power by flying in the air, and having crowned himself with
laurels, he sprang from a high tower, and was supported in the
air for a short time by demons. S. Peter, however, fell on hia
knees and prayed that they might drop him, which they imme-
1 50 PETEE.

diately did, so that he fell and was dashed to pieces. "When

the first persecution tinder Nero broke out in Borne, the Chris*

tians implored S. Peter not to peril his life, which was so pre-
cious to the Church, by remaining in danger, and at length
with great difficulty persuaded him to flee from the city. As
he was hurrying along the Appian way, and was about two
.

miles from the gate, he suddenly met our Lord Himself jour-
neying towards Borne bearing His cross. S. Peter exclaimed
in surprise, " Lord, whither goest thou ?" (Domine quo vadis P) 1
Jesus, looking upon him with sadness, replied, "I go to Borne,
to be crucified again," and vanished. And S. Peter knew it was
a sign that by deserting his place he was denying his Lord,
and so returned at once to the city. Being taken and im-
prisoned with S. Paul in the Mamertine dungeon, he con-
verted their gaolers, Processus and Martinian. When S.
Peter wished to baptize them, there was no water but at his ;

prayer a spring broke through the stone floor, and remains to

this day. Soon after, S. Peter was taken out and crucified,
with his head downwards at his own desire, for he declared
himself unworthy to suffer the same death as his Lord.
S. PETER of Alcantara, A.D. 1562, Oct. 19, was a Spanish Fran-
ciscan monk, who led a life of great sanctity and mortification.
His faith and trust were so firm that on one occasion he was
enabled to walk over water as safely as if it had been dry
land.
SS. PETER EXORCISTA and MARCELLINUS, A.D. 304, June 2, were
two priests, who, during the persecution of the Christians,
were cast into a dungeon. Their gaoler had a daughter named
Paulina, who was sick, and S. Peter undertook to heal her if
her father would believe in God. The gaoler only sqoffed, and
put the two saints into a deeper dungeon, and loaded them
1 The little church of " Domine quo vadia" at Rome, is built on the spot
where this took place.
 PETEB. 157

with chains, declaring that if now thoir god could deliver

them he might then believe on him. That same night they
appeared to the gaoler in his bed-chamber, who, awestruck at
the power of God, immediately believed and was baptized,
together with all his family and three hundred other converts.
BS. Peter and Marcellinus were then condemned to be be-
headed ; and lest the Christians should honour the place of
their burial, they were taken to a forest several miles from -

Home, and there made to dig their own graves. They then
received the crown of martyrdom with joy, strengthening and
supporting one another.
S. PETER MARTYR, A.D. 1252, April 28. This saint is honoured by
the Dominicans only less than S. Dominic himself. He was
born of heretical parents, in the north of Italy, but at the age
of fifteen embraced the Catholic faith, and entered the Order
of S. Dominic. The intolerance and amounting to cruelty,
zeal,
with which he attacked became so remarkable,
all heretics
that the Pope appointed him inquisitor-general. At last two
noblemen of Venice, who had suffered much from the oppres-
sion of Peter, hired two ruffians to assassinate him. They
lay in w,ait for him in a wood through which he was obliged
to pass on his way from Como to Milan. He was accom-
panied by a lay brother, and the assassins fell upon them
both, and murdered them with great cruelty. The last act of
the saint was to endeavour to write the words of the creed
with his blood upon the ground.
S. PETER NOLASCO, A.D. 1258, Jan. 13, founder of the Order of
Our Lady of Mercy for the redemption of captives. He
was a young nobleman of Languedoc, who in his youth en-
gaged in a crusade against the Albigenses but meeting S.
;

John de Matha he caught his enthusiasm for the relief of the

suffering, and in imitation of the elder saint, founded an
Order for the redemption of slaves, and prisoners for debt, to
which he gave the name of " Our Lady of Mercy." It was
159 PET.

not originally a religious order, but consisted of knights and

noblemen, with the King of Aragon at their head, who also
gave them his own arms as a badge. It soon spread from
Barcelona, where it was instituted, to all parts of Spain. S.
Peter Nolasco became the first General, and spent his whole
iifein releasing captives from the Moors. Many visions were
granted him, and there is a legend that when he was too old
and infirm to move, angels carried him in. their arms to the
foot of the altar to receive the Blessed Sacrament. He died
peacefully at a great age.
8. PETER BEGALATO, A.D. 1456, March 30, was a native of Yalla-
dolid, who having entered a Franciscan convent, became
remarkable for his extreme devotion to prayer, and the piety
a,nd humility of his life.
S. PETRONILLA, first century, May 31, was the
daughter of S. Peter,
and accompanied him to Borne, where she was attacked by an
incurable malady. When some of his disciples were at meat
with him they asked the apostle why he did not heal his
"
daughter. He replied, It is good for her to remain sick,"
but to prove the power of the word of God, commanded her to
rise and serve them, which she did, and then was obliged to
lie down as helpless as before. After many years, having
become perfect through suffering she was healed. Then, as
her beauty was very great, she was asked in marriage by a
young heathen nobleman named Valerius Flaccus. Fearing
his power, she dared not refuse him, but told him to return in
three days and she would go home with him. Meanwhile she
prayed most earnestly to be delivered from this marriage and ;

her prayers were heard, for when at the end of the three days
Flaccus came in state to espouse her, he found her dead. The
friends who had accompanied him carried her to her grave,
crowned with roses, and Flaccus followed them mourning
bitterly.
S. PETHONIUS, A.D. 430, Oct. 4, patron saint of Bologna/, camo of a
 PHILIP. 159

noble Eoman family,and was converted to the faith while a

youth. Having been ordained Bishop of Bologna, he set him-
self earnestly to suppress the Arian heresy in his diocese, and
the success which crowned his efforts earned for him much
fame.
S. PHILIP, Apostle, May 1, patron saint of Brabant and Luxem-
burg. Little is told of S. Philip in the Gospels, but legends
relate that after the Ascension he preached in Scythia for

twenty years, and then travelled to Hierapolis in Phrygia,

where the people worshipped a great serpent or dragon, as a
personification of the god Mars. S. Philip called it from
beneath the altar, and when it came it sent forth such a
horrible odour that many persons, among them the king's
son, were killed by it. S. Philip restored them all to life;
then holding up the cross he always carried, commanded the
dragon in the name of that holy sign to depart, and it at once
obeyed him. This so enraged the priests of the dragon that
they seized the apostle, and having bound him to a cross,
stoned him to death.
S. PHILIP the Deacon, June 6. All we know of this saint are the
three notices of him in the Acts of the Apostles his ordina-
;

tion to the office of Deacon, (Acts vi. 5), and the history of the
conversion and baptism by him of the eunuch of Candace,
" four
Queen of Ethiopia. (Acts viii. 26.) He also had
daughters, virgins, which did prophesy," and entertained S.
Paul in his house when the apostle was on one of his journeys.

(Acts xxi. 8.)

S. PHILIP BENOZZI, A.D. 1285, Aug. 23, principal saint of the Order
of the Servi, was born in Florence, and intending to be a

physician, studied medicine in various places in Europe.

But
one day, when he had returned to his native city, as he was
praying in the Church of the SS. Annunziata, he beheld a
vision of the Blessed Virgin, who called him to join her
Servants. He immediately obeyed, and entered the newly
ICO PHILIP.

founded Order of the Servi. He soon became noted as a

preacher, and exerted himself to the utmost to reconcile th?
different parties which were then waging war in almost all
the cities of Italy. He became General of the Order,
and obtained for it the confirmation of the Pope. Many
legends relate his good deeds and miracles. Once while he
was going to visit the Pope, he met a poor leper by the way,
and gave him his only shirt. Another time, as S. Philip and
some of his companions were mounting the steep road of their
monastery of Monte Senario, some profligate young men,
gamblers, mocked and insulted them. A storm coming on,
the youths fled under a tree for shelter, but were all killed by
lightning, while the monks peacefully proceeded on their way.
S. Philip among other miracles of healing, cured a woman

possessed by an evil spirit ; and even after his death wonders

were wrought by his relics.
S. PHILIP NEKI, A.D. 1595, May 26, founder of the Order of the
Oratorians, was of a noble Florentine family, and early
became remarkable for his scholarship and for his great
charity. He became the almoner, and was often the counsellor,
of S. Charles Borromeo, and always used his influence for
the utmost good. He went to Eome as tutor and director
to the noble family of the Massimi, and while he was there
the son and heir fell dangerously ill. S. Philip came to him
and asked him if he was willing and resigned to die. He said,
" I am." Then S. "
Philip answered, Go in peace," and he at
once lay back, and expired peacefully. Active works of charity
were ever the principal objects of S. Philip's life, and he
united with himself young noblemen and students, whom he
formed into a community. They bound themselves by no
vows, and did not withdraw from the world, but only devoted
themselves to the care of the poor and helpless. The Order
"
took the name of the Oratorians," from the little oratory
where they first assembled j and received the confirmation of
 PRO-POL. 161

the Pope, who at the same time gave them the Church of S.
Maria della Navicella. S. Philip Neri died at the age of
eighty-two.
S. PHOCAS, A.D. 303, July 3. Patron saint of gardens and gardeners,
lived outside the gate of the city of Sinope, in Pontus, and
supported himself on the produce of his garden, giving all
beyond absolute necessities to the poor, and entertaining
all homeless travellers who came to him. One night two
strangers asked for admittance, and he received them most
hospitably, setting before them the best he could provide.
Then they told him that they were in search of a certain
Phocas, who had been denounced as a Christian, and that
wherever they found him they were to put him to death.
Phocas said nothing, but having shown them their bed-
chamber, went out and dug a grave among the flowers in his
garden. The next morning he told his guests that he was the
Phocas they sought. At first they recoiled from shedding the
blood of their host but when he declared himself ready and
;

willing to die for God, they beheaded him on the edge of the.
grave he had himself dug, and buried him there.
S. PLACLDTJS, A.D. 584, Jan. 15, was the son of a Koman Senator,,
who confided him to the care of S. Benedict when he waa
only five years old, and he grew up to become the constant
companion of the saint. After the death of S. Benedict,
Placidus went to Sicily, where his sister, S. FLAVIA, and two of
his brothers, joined him but in a few years pirates attacked
;

their convents, and the whole family, with thirty of their com-
panions, suffered a cruel death at their hands.
S POL or PAUL DE LEON, A.D. 573, March 12, patron saint and first
Bishop of Leon, and founder of the cathedral in that city,
was a Welsh prince, who at the age of sixteen retired to Brit-
tany. Here he lived a life of good works, subsisting on bread
and water only, and performing many miracles and wonders.
He is said to have freed the Isle of Rptz from a devastating
M
102 POT PEG.
dragon, by commanding it to cast itself into the sea and a
;

little bell, still existing, and by which many marvellous cures

of headache and ear-ache are said to be wrought, was, accord-
ing to the legend, found by S. Pol in the mouth of a fish.
S. POTITUS. See S. EPHESUS.
S3. PBAXEDES and PUDENTIANA, A.D. 148, July 21, and May 19,
were the daughters of the Senator Pudens, with whom S.
Paul lodged when he was in Kome, and together with their
father, their mother Sabinella, and their brother No vat us,
became converted to the Christian faith. When their parents
and brother died, these two saints inherited all their posses-
sions, which they spent in relieving the poor ; and when the
persecution of the Christians broke out, they sheltered num-
bers in their own house, remains of which are still to be
seen in Eome. They visited those who had suffered torture
for the faith, and carefully tended their wounds. They also
reverently buried the bodies of the martyrs, and having
collected their blood in a sponge, put it all in a well near
their house. Although they daily perilled their lives they
neither of them suffered martyrdom, but died in peace, after
giving all they had to the poor. A priest named Pastorus
aided them in their works of mercy, and afterwards wrote
their history.
S. PRISCA, A.D. 275, Jan 18, was a Eoman virgin, who being
denounced as a Christian when only thirteen years old, was
thrown to the Instead of attacking her they came and
lions.
licked her feet,and she was in consequence imprisoned, and
finally beheaded. Her body being cast out after her martyr-
dom, an eagle came and watched it till it was found and
buried.
S. PKOCOPIUS, A.D. 1053, July 4, was a King of Bohemia, who re-

linquished his crown to live as a solitary hermit in a forest.

After many years,a prince named Ulrich, hunting in the
forest pursued a hind till it fled for protection to S. Procopius,
 1(J3

who thus was discovered, and ever after honoured as a

saint.
8. PEOCULUS, A.D. 445, was a Bishop of Bologna, who suffered
martyrdom by order of Totila, King of the Goths.
S. PEOCULUS, A.D. circa 303, patron saint of Bologna, was a Roman
soldier, who, moved with righteous indignation, slew with an
axe the officer sent to enforce an edict against the Christians,
and was immediately taken and martyred.
S. PROTASIUS. See S. GERVASIUS.
S. PUDENTIANA. See S. PKAXIDES.

QUATTRO CORONATI, A.D. 400, Nov.

were four brothers, sculptor?
4,
and architects, Rome, who, with the five artist com-
living in
panions with whom they are generally associated, and who
are known as "i Cinque Martiri," refused to use their arts
in the adornment of a heathen temple. For this they all
suffered martyrdom on the same day, some being scourged
to death, others thrown into the sea in iron cages, and the
rest beheaded.
S. QUINTIN, A.D. 287, Oct. 3, was an officer in the Roman army
who relinquished his post on his conversion to Christianity,
and preached to the people at Amiens and in Belgium. At
length being accused before the prefect, he was by his orders
first impaled on an iron spit, and then beheaded. His body
was thrown into the river Somme, but an angel appeared to a
lady named Eusebia, and told her where she should find it.
She had it reverently taken up, and buried in a chapel that
she built to receive it. Achurch was soon erected over the
spot, and around it a town arose, bearing the name it still
retains of S. Quintin.
8. QUIRINUS, A.D. 130, March 30, was a Roman tribune, who
becoming converted to Christianity enraged his officers by his
preaching. At their orders his tongue was torn out and
H 2
164 QVIRAN.
thrown to a hawk, and he was then torn to pieces by wild
horses, or, according to other accounts, beheaded with the sword.
S. QUIRINTJS, A.D. 309, June 4, one of the patron saints of Austria,
was Bishop of Sissek in Croatia, and suffered martyrdom by
being thrown into a river with a millstone round his neck.

S. RADEGTINDA, A.D. 587, Aug. 13, was the daughter of the King of
Thuringia, and when quite a child was carried away captive
with the rest of her family by Clothaire Y. of France, whom
she eventually married. She delighted in deeds of charity
and self-denial. One day, being grieved at her inability to
release some captives whose lamentations she heard, she
prayed earnestly for them, and their fetters broke from off
them, so that they could escape. At the end of her life S.
Radegunda retired from the world, and entered a convent at
Poitiers founded by herself, where she did much good in
ministering to the sick and needy.
S. RAMON. See S. RAYMOND NONNATUS.
S. RANEGRI, A.D. 1161, July 17, patron saint of Pisa, was a native
of that city, of noble birth, and devoted to all worldly
pleasures. One day, when Ranieri was in the midst of his
folly, a holy man who was passing by looked sorrowfully upon
him, and the young man, touched with a sense of his sins, at
once turned his back on the world and resolved to live hence-
forward a life of repentance. He journeyed to the Holy Land,
where he dwelt as a hermit in the desert for twenty years,
undergoing the severest mortification but supported by many
heavenly visions. He subsisted entirely on bread and water,
for the latter of which he had an especial veneration, and

wrought many miracles in connexion with it. Nevertheless,

when a dishonest innkeeper mixed water with his wine, he ex-
posed the fraud, and exhibited a demon of hideous form seated
oa the casks, to the wonder of all beholders. At length S
 EAP-EAY. 1C5

Ranieri returned to Pisa, where lie died, and was buried in tL,
cathedral.
S. RAPHAEL THE AKCHANGEL, has always been considered the
guardian angel of all human souls. He appears in the
History of Tobit, as the leader of young Tobias. He is also
supposed to have been the seraph who brought to the shep-
"
herds the good tidings of great joy," on the first Christmas
morning.
S. EAYMOND NONNATUS, or RAMON, A.D. 1240, Aug. 31, was a mem-
ber of the Order of Our Lady of Mercy, and was sent to
Algiers to ransom captives. There his heart was so touched
by the misery he witnessed, that when his money was ex-
hausted he sold himself, to be able to rescue one captive
more. The Moors treated him with the utmost barbarity,
and, to stop his preaching to his fellow-captives, put an.
iron padlock on his mouth. After many years of suffering he
was released, and was made a Cardinal by Pope Gregory IX.
Shortly before his death he was elected also to the office of
General of his Order.
S. RAYMOND DE PESTAFORTE, A.D. 1275, Jan. 23, was a Spanish
nobleman, who early in life resolved to devote himself to
religion, and entered the Order of S. Dominic. His devotion
and active charity won the admiration of all, and he became
the third General of his Order. He preached a crusade
against the Moors with such effect, that the Christians did
not rest till they had finally driven them from Spain. It is
eaid that S. Raymond, having dared to reprove the King of
Aragon for his sins, the latter became so enraged that he
refused to allow the saint to return to Spain from Majorca
But Raymond spread his cloak on the water, and set his staft
in the middle, with a corner of the cloak for a sail, and having
embarked upon this he arrived safely at Barcelona. The king
was so struck with astonishment at this miracle that he re-
pented, and ever after accepted and obeyed the admonitions
166 HE G ROC.

of the saint. S. Eaymond died at Barcelona in his hundredth

year.
S. EEGTJLTJS, sixth century, was a bishop in Africa, who, wearied
at the ceaseless contentions between the Catholics and Arians,
fled toTuscany, where he lived for some time as a hermit.
When Italy was invaded by Totila, King of the Goths,
Begulus was beheaded but he took his head in his hand, ancl
;

walking some distance gave it to two awestruck disciples, who

received and buried it.
S. EEMY, or EEMIGITJS, A.D. 533, Oct. 1, was Bishop of Eheims, and
the principal event in his life is the baptism by him of Clovis,
King of the Franks. After his death his relics were first
buried in the Church of S. Christopher, but afterwards trans-
lated to the Benedictine abbey at Eheims.
S. EEPARATA, 3rd century, patron saint of Florence before 1298, was a
virgin, born at Csesarea in Cappadocia, and when only twelve
years old was denounced as a Christian before the Emperor.
She suffered the most cruel tortures, and was finally beheaded.
At the moment of her death, her spirit, in the form of a dove,
was seen to ascend to heaven.
S. EICHAKD of Pontoise, A.D. 1182, was a child crucified by the
Jews, in ridicule of Christ, and in revenge for the injuries to
which they were subjected.
8. EOCH, A.D. 1327, Aug. 16. Patron saint of prisoners and
the sick, especially the plague-stricken, was born in Lan-
guedoc, of noble parents, by whom he was virtuously brought
up but they died before he was twenty, leaving him vast
;

possessions. These he sold at once, and having given all the

money to hospitals and the poor, he started on a pilgrimage
to Eome. When he reached Aquapendente, he found that
city desolated by the plague, and directly set himself to nurse
the sick in the hospitals. He worked with untiring love, and
many wonders of healing were wrought through his prayers.
Feeling that the <:are of the sick was his vocation, S. Eoch
 ROMA1N. 1G7

travelled from place to place wherever lie heard there was the
plague, only praying God that he might be found worthy to
die a martyr to this cause. For a long time he toiled among
the sufferers unharmed, but at length, at Piacenza, he took the
plague, which was of a peculiarly virulent kind. As he could
not bear to distress the other inmates of the hospital by the
cries and groans of pain he was unable to repress, he dragged
himself out into the streets, but was harshly driven away lest
he should spread the infection. He just succeeded in reaching
a wood, where he fell down hoping for death. But though he
was far from all human dog which had never for-
aid, his little
saken him, ran daily into thecity, and fetched thence a loaf of
bread, and angels came and ministered to him till he re-
covered. Then he returned home; but he had become so*
altered and emaciated by disease and suffering that no one-
knew him, and his own uncle imprisoned him as a spy. He
looked upon this as the will of God, and refrained from de-
claring who he was, and justifying himself. For five years
he remained in the dungeon, until at last the gaoler, entering
his cell one morning, found him lying dead, with a bright
light shining around him, and a writing by his side revealing
his name and history. His uncle, full of remorse for his un
conscious injustice, buried him, with great honour, in his-
native town of Montpelier.
S. EOMAIN, A.D. 639, Oct. 23, was Bishop of Eouen, and exerted'
himself so successfully against the heathen Gauls that h&
"
earned the title of Apostle of Normandy." It is said that
when Eouen was nearly destroyed by the overflowing of the
Seine, S. Eomain commanded the waters to go back but as they ;

receded, a terrible dragon issued from the slime and mud that
vas left. With the help of a murderer the saint overcame and
aestroyed the dragon ; and in memory of this miracle the

Chapter of Eouen had the privilege of releasing a criminal

condemned to death.
163 ROM EOS.

3. ROMTJALDO, A.D. 1027, Feb. 7, founder of the Order of Camaldo-

lesi, reformed Benedictines, was a nobleman of Eavenna, and
when only twenty witnessed the murder by his father of a
near relation. Horror-struck, he resolved to devote his life to -

doing penance for his father's sin, if by this means he might

expiate it. He entered the Benedictine Order at S. Apol-
-

linare-in-Classis, but was so much distressed at the lax and

often sinful lives led by the monks, that he was filled with the
desire to restore the order to its original purity. He was met
with every possible opposition, and even persecution, in his
good work, but he persevered notwithstanding all difficulties,
and succeeded in founding many establishments of the
reformed Order. He changed the habit from black to white
in obedience to a vision ; and the first institution being on
a spot among the Apennines called the Campo Maldoli, the
Order hence derived its name. S. Romualdo died after a life of
constant labour and conflict, at the great age of a hundred and
twenty.
.-S. ROMULO, first century, July 23, was a Roman noble, who being
converted by the teaching of S. Peter, received a mission from
him to preach at Fiesole. He became the first bishop of that
tjity ; but when the persecution of the Christians broke out, ho
was taken, and cast into a dungeon. After enduring the
most cruel tortures he was finally slain with a dagger.
S. ROSA DI LIMA, A.D. 1617,Aug. 30, was born in Peru, and from her
earliest years showed a disposition to asceticism. When obliged
to wear a wreath of roses, she arranged it so that the thorns
should pierce her, and destroyed her beauty with quicklime to
discourage her numerous suitors. She toiled night and day to
snpporc her parents, chiefly working with her needle. She
became a member of the Third Order of S. Dominic, and died
at the age of thirty.
K. ROSA DI VITERBO, A.D. 1261, May 8, was a member of the Third
Order of S. Francis, and did a good work in Yiterbo, where, by
 BOS8EB. 169

her preaching and example, she drew many to the service of

Christ. Her boundless charity made her greatly beloved bj
all the people.
S. B.OSALIA of Palermo, A.D. 1160, Sept. 4, was a noble virgin,
who renounced the world in her sixteenth year, and retired to
a solitary cave on the Monte Pellegrino, where she lived
engaged in prayer and severe penance, and died undiscovered.
Many years after, her body was found unchanged, her head
crowned with heavenly roses, and her name written on a rock
near her. Twice since her death her intercessions are said to
have saved the city of Palermo from the plague.
S. BurmA. See S. JTJSTA.
S. BTJSTICUS. See S. DENIS.

was a noble Eoman matron,

S. SABINA, second century, Aug 29,
by her slave Seraphia. They
converted to the Christian faith
both suffered martyrdom together under the Emperor Ha-
drian. The church in Eome bearing her name was built over
the her house in the fourth century.
site of
S. SCHOLASTICA. See S. BENEDICT.
S. SEBALD, or SIWARD, A.D. 770, was the son of a Danish king
settled in England, and accompanied S. Boniface on his
missionary expedition to Germany. His preaching and won-
derful miracles converted many. On one occasion, when he
found two fellow-missionaries, SS. Willibald and Winibald,
ready to perish with hunger and weariness, he changed stones
into bread, and water into wine, for their support. Another
time, when a family he often visited had exhausted their stock
of firewood in a very severe whiter, and were almost dying of
cold, S. Sebald bade them bring in the icicles hanging round
the roof to use for fuel, and they burnt brightly. While the
saint was preaching at ISTuremburg, a profane blasphemer
scoffed at his doctrine but S. Sebald prayed for a sign, and
;
170 SEBASTIAN.

immediately the earth opened and swallowed up his enemy. As

he was sinking, he repented, and cried for mercy, and was
rescued and forgiven by S. Sebald. Once the poor man whom
the saint had miraculously supplied with fuel, fell under the
displeasure of his lord for supplying his benefactor with fish on
fast days, and so suffered the loss of his eyes. But as soon as
S. Sebald heard it, he restored him to sight by his prayers
For the rest of his life S. Sebald dwelt near Nuremburg,
preaching and labouring for the conversion of the heathen
with untiring zeal.
S. SEBASTIAN, A.D. 288, Jan. 20, patron saint against the plague,
and pestilence, was born at Narbonne, of noble parents, and
served as an officer in the Roman army. He was secretly a
Christian, and used his power to the utmost for the protection
of his brethren. He also converted to the f aitji many of his com-

panions. At length two of them, Marcus and Marcellinus, were

taken as Christians and put to torture, which they bore with
unshaken constancy ; but as they were being led to execution,
their parents, wives, and children surrounded them, weeping,
and beseeching them not to fling away their lives. This was
harder to bear than the torture, and the two companions
wavered. Just then S. Sebastian rushed forward, and ear-
nestly prayed them to die sooner than deny Christ. At his
words they hesitated no longer, and bravely went to their death,
while almost all those present were converted by the exhorta-
tions of the saint. S. Sebastian was then denounced as a
Christian but the Emperor loved him, and endeavoured first
;

to move him by reasoning with him privately. Finding this

quite ineffectual, he ordered him to be shot to death with
arrows, at the same time desiring that an inscription should
be written over him declaring he had no fault but being a
Christian. The archers having pierced S. Sebastian with
many arrows left him for dead, but a devout widow, named

Irene, who came to bury his body, found that life had not
 171

departed, as none of the arrows had touched a vital part.

She took him home, and tended him carefully till he recovered.
His friends implored him to flee from Eome but he determined
;

to confront Diocletian once more, and waiting for him on some

steps he was obliged to pass, addressed the Emperor, pleading
for the persecuted Christians, and rebuking him for his sins.
Diocletian was struck with amazement at the sight of the
man he thought dead, but enraged at his words caused him to
be beaten to death with clubs. His body was thrown into the
Cloaca Maxima, whence it was rescued by a lady named Lu-
cina, and buried in the Catacombs, near SS. Peter and Paul.
From his connexion with arrows S. Sebastian came to be
regarded as the especial patron saint against pestilence,
(always symbolized by arrows), and there. is a tablet in S.
Pietro-in-Vincoli in Eome recording a notable instance of the
deliverance by him of that city from the plague.
S. SECUNDTJS, patron saint of Asti, was one of the Theban Legion.
See S. MAURICE.
S. SEXBERGA. See S. ETHELDREDA,
S. SIGISHUND, A.D. 525, May 1, was Duke of Burgundy at a time
when the contentions between the Arians and the Catholics
were raging. His father was an Arian, and had murdered the
Catholic parents of S. Clotilda, his near relation, but Sigis-
naond was a devout Catholic. The false accusation of his
second wife having caused him to put to death his eldest son,
Sigismond bitterly repented of his crime, and prayed that he
might suffer punishment in this world instead of in the next.
And so it came to pass for his kingdom was invaded by the
;

sons of Clotilda, who imprisoned and then slew him. His

body was thrown into a well, but was recovered, and buried in
the monastery of S. Maurice.
SS. SIMON and JUDE, or THADDETJS, Oct 28. Very little i? known
of these saints, as much confusion exists in all histories oi
172 SIR-STA.

them. They are generally considered to have been brothers,

and, according to some accounts, kinsmen of our Lord ; but
according to others they were among the shepherds to whom
the angels declared the glad tidings of Christ's birth. They
are thought to have preached together in Syria and Mesopo-
tamia, and travelling as far as Persia, to have been there taken
and martyred, S. Simon being sawn asunder, and S. Jude slain
with a halberd.
S. SIBO, or SYRUS, fourth century, was the first Bishop of Pavia.
He ruled his diocese for fifty-six years, and it is doubtful
whether he suffered martyrdom.
SLEEPERS OP EPHESUS, A.D. 250, June 27, were seven young men,
named Maximian, Malchus, Marcian, Dionysius, Serapion,
John, and Constantine, who in the persecution under Decius fled
for refuge to a cave in mount Ccelian. There they fell asleep
for 196 years, without knowing it was more than one night.
When they awoke, one of them in fear and trembling ventured
into the city to buy food, but was struck with astonishment to
find everything changed, and all the people Christian. His
strange behaviour aroused suspicion, and he was brought
before the bishop, who by questioning him elicited the whole
history of the miracle. Now at this time a heresy prevailed
denying the resurrection of the dead, and when the Emperor
Theodosius with the bishop and many others went to the
cave to behold the sleepers, one of them, by the inspiration of
God, declared that they had been raised before the day of
judgment, that all might henceforward trust in the resur-
rection of the dead. And then they once more lay down, and
their spirits peacefully departed to God,
R. STANISLAS KOTSKA, A.D. 1589, Nov. 13, was a young Polish
nobleman, who, meeting S. Francis Borgia, was persuaded by
him to enter the Society of Jesus. He became noted for his
devotion and humility ; and it is said that once while he was
 STE-SW1. 173

sickat Yieniia, in tlie house of a Protestant, the Blessed

Sacrament was brought to him by angels. He died in Home
when only seventeen.
8. STEPHEN, Protomartyr, Dec. 26. Nothing is related of S
Stephen beyond what we read in the Acts of the Apostles
There is a legend which tells that, 400 years after his death,
Gamaliel appeared in a vision to a priest, and revealed to him
that he had buried the body of S. Stephen in his own garden,
together with that of Nicodemus and other saints. The relics
were found, and attested by many miracles, and those of S.
Stephen were brought to Borne and deposited in the sepulchre
of S. Laurence. See S. LAURENCE.
S. STEPHEN ofHungary, A.D. 1038, Sept. 2, was the first Christian
King ofHungary, and became the apostle and legislator of his
country, changing it from savage heathenism to peace and
civilization. The Pope sent him the royal crown, which was
preserved a few years ago at Presburg.
till

S, SUSANNA, A.D. 290, Aug. 11, was a noble Roman virgin, related
to the Emperor Diocletian, who, as she was remarkable for
her beauty and wisdom, desired her to marry his son. She,
however,, had dedicated herself to God, and refused to comply
with the wish of the Emperor, who became so enraged at this
opposition that he ordered her to be slain in her own house.
S. SWIDBERT, A.D. 713, March 1, was a monk in a Benedic-
tine monastery in Northumberland, who travelled to Fries
land to preach to the heathen. He converted many, and
built a monastery on the Rhine near Dusseldorf, where he
died.
S. SWITHIN, A.D. 862, July 15, was Bishop of Winchester, and pre-
ceptor of Alfred the Great His charities to the poor were
boundless, and when he died he desired to be buried with them
outside the church. The clergy, however, desired to inter him
in a splendid tomb within the church ; but on the appointed
day such torrents of rain fell they were unable to proceed.
174 SYLVESTER.

This continued for forty days, and then the clergy accepted
the warning, and obeyed the wish of their bishop in leaving his
body in a humble grave.
8. SYLVESTER, A.D. 335, Dec. 31, was Bishop of Boine but in the
;

persecution under Constantine he fled to a cave on Monte

Calvo. Meanwhile, the Emperor fell sick of a terrible leprosy,
and was told by his priest that only a bath of children's blood
could cure him. He therefore ordered it to be prepared ; but
on his way the mothers of the three thousand intended victims
surrounded him, weeping and imploring mercy. Constantine
could not resist them, and released the children, saying he
would prefer death to the cruelty of such a remedy. That
night SS. Peter and Paul appeared to him in a vision, and to
reward him for his good deed, told him to send for Sylvester,
who would show him a pool where he might wash and be clean.
Then bidding him henceforward worship only the God of the
Christians, they vanished. On awaking, Constantine sent for
Sylvester, who came gladly, thinking it was to martyrdom.
The Emperor conversed with him, and finally was converted
and baptized, his leprosy completely disappearing when he
emerged from the font. He conferred great benefits on the
church; among others, he decreed that the Bishop of Borne
should be chief over all others, and laid the foundation of the
Basilica of S. JohnLateran. Now the Empress Helena wished
tier sou to worship the God of the Jews, and sent for the most
learned among the rabbis to argue with S. Sylvester, but he
confounded them all. Then one who was a magician defied
Sylvester, saying he knew the name of the Omnipotent, which
no creature can hear and live and a fierce wild bull being
;

brought in, he whispered the name in its ear, and it fell dead.
Sylvester, however, declared that it was not the name of God
he had uttered, but of Satan; for God, who made all things alive,
did not strike dead ; and he desired the magician to restore the
bull to life, but he could not. Then Sylvester, making the
 THECLA. 175

sign of the cross, commanded it to rise and go in peace, and it

immediately obeyed him. All who were present, beholding

thia wondrous miracle, believed. Soon after, Constantint
called upon Sylvester for aid against a terrible dragon, who
daily devoured three hundred men, and the bishop completely
overcame it, and binding thread thrice round its mouth, de-
livered it to the people to be slain. Sylvester once sheltered
in his house a man named Timotheus, who was afterwards
martyred for the faith. The prefect, believing that Timotheus
Lad left a treasure, threatened Sylvester with torture if he did
not give it up to him. The bishop only responded, "Thou
fool, this night thy soul shall be required of thee ;" and truly,
when the prefect was at dinner a fish-bone choked him, so that
he died.

S. THECLA, first century, Sept. 23, patron saint of Tarragona, was

a virgin, living in Anconium, who, when S. Paul came to preach
in that city, spent the whole day at the window listening to
him. This conduct so enraged her betrothed that he appealed
to the governor, who threw S. Paul into prison but S. Thecla
;

bribed the jailors to allow her to enter the dungeon, and

receive more teaching from the apostle. When the governor
heard of this, he ordered that S. Paul should be scourged and
driven from the city, and that Thecla should be burnt ; but
the flames refused to touch her, and she escaped with S. Paul
to Antioch. There she was again accused, and cast to wild
beasts but neither would they harm her, and therefore the
;

people let her go. She once more joined the apostle at Myra,
and there preached to the people, performing so many miracles
of healing sick, that the jealousy and rage of the
on the
physicians were excited, and they sent a band of men to
attack her. When she beheld them coming, she prayed for
176 THE.

deliverance, and a rock opened to receive her, and she was

seen no more.
S. THEODORE, A.D. 306, Nov. 9, formerly patron saint of Venice
was a Eoman officer under Licinius, who suffered martyrdom,
after attesting his zeal for the faith by setting fire to the
temple of Cybele.
S. THEONESTUS, A.D. 286, one of the Theban Legion. See S.
MAURICE.
8. THERESA, A.D. 1582, Oct. 17. Patron saint of Spain, and founder
of the Scalzi, a reformed Order of Carmelites, was born at
Avila, in Castile, of noble parents; and from her earliest
childhood diligently studied the lives of the saints and
martyrs. These so fired her imagination, that when she was
nine years old she, and a little brother a year younger, set off
alone to the country of the Moors, hoping, there to obtain the
crown of martyrdom. They were followed and brought back,
and then resolved to become hermits ; but their resolve was
again frustrated. They therefore did what they could, spend-
ing all their money in almsgiving, and delighting in fancying
themselves monks and nuns. However, after the death of
her mother, Theresa became drawn into the pleasures of the
world, till scarcely any religious principle was left in her
mind. "Her father, seeing this, placed her in a convent, and
all her old enthusiasm for the religious life returned. Yet
the struggle between her desire for the security of the con-
vent, and her aversion to seclusion, was so great as to throw
her into a serious illness. At length she decided to take the
vows, and entered the Carmelite convent at Avila at the age
of twenty. It was, however, twenty years before she found
the peace she had hoped for in the cloister. She has left an
account of her struggles, trials, and temptations, from which it
" "
appears that the Confessions of S. Augustine were her great
comfort, and that reading them seems to have been the turn-
ing-point of her life. In time she began to occupy herself in
 "ROMAS. 177

and at last entertained the idea of

active deeds of charity,
reforming the Carmelite order, which had fallen from the
original severity of its rule. She began with eight nnns only,
in a small convent built for her by her own townspeople,
which she dedicated to S. Joseph; but in the course of twenty
years she accomplished the great work of introducing the re-
formed Carmelite rule in the monasteries as well as in the
convents. Her main principle was, that they should possess
absolutely nothing, and should subsist solely upon charity.
She founded seventeen religious establishments for women,
and fifteen for men, and spent her last years in visiting and

regulating them. All her life she suffered from disease, which
greatly increased towards the end, and she died at length in
the convent of S. Joseph. She wrote many religious works,
and also a history of her own life.
THOMAS, Apostle, Dec. 21, patron saint of Portugal and
Parma, also of architects and Besides what we
builders.
learn from the few notices of S. in the New
Thomas
Testament, tradition recounts that after the Ascension he
travelled to India, where he found the Three Magi, and bap-
tized them. He is said to have suffered martyrdom at
Meliapore, being pierced with a lance at the foot of a cross
he had raised. In "the sixteenth century his relics were taken
from that city, and deposited at Goa. The following legends
are also related of him. Once, when he was at Caesarea, it
was revealed to him in a vision that he was to go with some
messengers sent by Gondoforus, King of the Indies, to search
for skilled builders and
architects to erect the most splendid
palace ever seen. He
obeyed, and Gondoforus received him
gladly ; and having furnished him with large sums of money
to build this magnificent palace, departed for two years.
When he was gone S. Thomas gave away all the treasure in
alms to the poor, and the king, on his return, was so enraged,
that he cast him into a dungeon, intending to devise for him
2J
173 THOMAS.
some horrible death. But just then the brother of Gondo-
forus died,and four days after appeared to the king, telling
him that he had been shown by angels the glorious palace
of gold and silver that Thomas, the servant of God, had
built for him in heaven. Then Gondoforus hastened to the
prison and released S. Thomas, who told him that those who
would possess heavenly things must care little for the things
of this world and that though his riches might prepare him
;

such a palace they could not follow him thither. It is with

reference to this legend that S. Thomas is represented with
the builder's rule. Another legend, known as that of the
"Madonna della Cintola," relates that S. Thomas, being
absent at the ascension of the Blessed Virgin to heaven,
doubted the fact of her ascension, and desired to look into
her tomb. It was found empty, and moreover the Virgin,
in pity for his want of faith, dropped her girdle down to him
to assure him of the truth ; and this girdle has ever since
been preserved as a relic in the Cathedral of Prato.
S. THOMAS AQUINAS, March 7. This saint, taown as
A.D. 1274,
the "Angelical Doctor," was born in Calabria, of a noble
family, and was related to many of the crowned heads of
Europe. He was and gentleness
early noted for his piety,
and sweetness of temper, and when only seventeen entered
the Dominican Order at Naples. His family were so enraged
at this step that they seized and carried him home; but
his resolution was not to be moved, and he converted his
two sisters, who helped him to escape. He returned at once
to his convent, ivhere he concealed his great learning from
a sense of humility, so that it was long unsuspected, and
he was even nicknamed "Bos," the ox, for his apparent
dulness. However, he gradually gained a reputation, which
steadily increased, and he became the greatest theologian
of his age. Yarious high offices were offered him, but he
refused them all. He died at the Cistercian convent of
 THOTKO. 179

Fossa-Nova, spending his last strength in an effort to finish

his Commentary on the Song of Solomon. His theological
works are very numerous, and of great value.
S. THOMAS 1 BECKET of Canterbury, A.D. 1170, Dec. 29, is the
most popular of English saints; but his life is too well
known from English history to need repetition here.
S. THOMAS of Yillanueva, A.D. 1555, Sept. 17, was born of a
noble Spanish family. His parents, though poor, gave all
they could spare in charity, and Thomas followed their good
example, even from a child giving his clothes and food to
the poor. When he was thirty he entered the Augustine
Order, and became remarkable for the power of his preaching.
The Emperor Charles Y. highly esteemed him, and often
took his advice on ecclesiastical matters. S. Thomas was
at length made Archbishop of Yalencia, but he retained the
same simple habits as before his elevation. His appearance
was so poverty-stricken that the Chapter once presented him
with a large sum of money to purchase a fresh supply of
clothes, but he gave it all to an hospital. Almost his entire
revenue he devoted to works of charity, carefully organized
by himself. His extraordinary generosity to the poor earned
"
for him the surname of the Almoner."
S. TOKPE or TKOPES, A.D. 70, May 17, patron saint of Pisa, was a
noble Roman, who served in the army under Nero. Having
been converted by S. Paul, he suffered martyrdom by being
beheaded. There is a tradition that, at the time of a great
drought at Pisa, the head of S. Torpe was carried in procession
through the streets, when by the prayer of the saint such tor-
rents of water rushed down the bed of the river that the head
itself was swept away. In the midst of the profound grief of
the people two angels rescued the sacred relic, and restored it
to the Archbishop.
S. TROPHiMUSof Aries, first century, Dec. 29, was an Ephesian, the
disciple of S. Paul, whom he accompanied
on his journeys
N 2
180 VLB If 3

(Acts xx. 4). It was his supposed presence in the Temple that
caused the tumult related in Acts xxi. 27. The apostle was
obliged to leave him at Miletum, sick (2 Tim iv. 20), but
he afterwards followed him to Borne. He was sent thence to
preach at Aries, and became first bishop of that city.

S. ULRICH, A.D. 973, July 4, patron saint of Augsburg, was born of

a noble family, and was made Bishop of Augsburg at an early
age. Many miracles are related of him, among others, that
he once converted flesh into fish that his people might not
break a fast. He was buried in the church of S. Afra, at
Augsburg, and his shrine became a favourite resort of pilgrims.
S. UMILTA. See S. HUMILITY.
S. URBAN, Pope. See S. CECILIA.
S. URSULA AND THE ELEVEN THOUSAND VIRGINS, A.D. 237, or 383, or
451, Oct S. Ursula is the patron saint of girls, especially
21.

schoolgirls, and women occupied in the education of their own

sex. She was the daughter of the King of Brittany, and the
fame of her beauty and learning spread so far that many
princes desired to marry her but she rejected them all. Among
;

. her suitors was Conon, son of the King of Britain, to whom she
sent a message that under three conditions only would she
accept him first, that he must be baptized secondly, that he
; ;

would give her as companions ten of the noblest ladies of his

kingdom, each with a thousand virgins as attendants, and a
thousand also for herself thirdly, that they should spend three
;

years in visiting sacred shrines, She thought that her demand

was impossible, or, if by any means it could be fulfilled, eleven
thousand virgins would be saved. The messengers took back
such an account of Ursula's wisdom and beauty, that Conon
did not rest till he had gathered together eleven thousand vir-
gins, and brought them to Brittany. Then S. Ursula assembled
 URSULA.

them in a green meadow, and there preached to them so

eloquently, that they were all converted, and received baptism

in a stream flowing near. A large fleet of ships was prepared
to take the virgins on their voyage. Accounts differ as to
whether Conon accompanied them or remained in Brittany,
but many bishops went with them. They had no sailors, the
virgins themselves managing the vessels with the greatest skill ;
yet by some mistake they sailed north instead of south,
and
were driven up the Ehine as far as Cologne. Here it was
revealed to S. Ursula that she and her companions should
suffer martyrdom on that spot, and they all rejoiced greatly.

They then proceeded up the river, and having crossed the Alps
by the miraculous aid of angels, at length reached Eome. The-
Pope Cyriacus was much amazed at beholding such a company;
but, when Ursula explained the cause of their coming
and im-
plored his blessing, he received
them gladly. Now Conon,
at the absence of his bride, had followed her'by a
impatient
different route,and arrived in Eome the same day. He knelt
with Ursula before the Pope, and received baptism at his hands,
after which he no longer desired to marry her, but only
to
share her crown of martyrdom. Having performed their

devotions at the shriue of SS. Peter and Paul, the whole

com-
home. But at a tribe of Huns,
pany set out to return Cologne
instigated by some
wicked officers, who feared that the whole
Eoman army in Germany would become converted, fell upon
the virgins and slew them all. They met their
fate without

at The King of tin

resistance, and rejoicing their martyrdom.
struck the noble bearing of S. Ursula,
Huns was greatly by
him with
and wished to make her his wife but she rejected
;

gcorn. This so enraged the barbarian

that he bent his bow
cud pierced her with three arrows. Thus she died, and
her
to heaven.
ep iit was born by angels
;
182 VAL7IC.
S. YALEKIE, or YAL^E. See S. MAETIAL.
S. YERDIANA, A.D. 1242, Feb. 1, was a poor girl, who being adopted
by a rich relation to wait upon his wife, made herself beloved
and trusted by all. She became remarkable for the extent
of her charity, and one day during a severe famine in Florence

^he gave away a large box of beans to the poor. "When her
master heard it he was very angry, but the next day the boi
was found miraculously replenished. At length she obtained
her relation's consent to her retiring into a Yallombrosan con-
vent, where, by her own request, she was walled up in her cell,
and food was lowered to her through a little window. Daily
two snakes crawled into this cell, and at first Yerdiana was
filled with repulsion at the sight of them but she determined
;

and always shared her scanty portion of

to conquer the dislike,
food with them. After many years of solitude and penance
.
she was one morning found dead in her cell, by some peasants
who came to provide her with food.
S. YERONICA was, according to some accounts, the daughter of
Salome, and niece of Herod according to others she was the
;

woman healed of the issue of blood by touching the hem of

Christ's garment. When Jesus was on His way to Calvary,
she gave Him a handkerchief to wipe His face, and ever after
the representation of His features remained impressed upon
it. Many cures were said to have been wrought by the
sacred cloth in later years. S. Yeronica was sent for to
Kome to heal the Emperor Tiberius with it of a terrible
but he died before her arrival. She, however, remained
disease,
in Rome
with SS. Peter and Paul, and suffered martyrdom
under Nero.
S. YICTOE of Marseilles, A.D. 303, July 21, was a soldier in the
Roman army under Diocletian. During the great persecution,
'when commanded to sacrifice to Jupiter, he not only refused,
bat overthrew the altar and dashed the idol to pieces. He
then underwent terrible tortures without flinching, and after
 V1CV1N. 1 3

being crushed with a millstone was finally beheaded. When

he died angels were heard singing "Vicisti, Yictor beate,
vicisti."
S. VICTOR of Milan, May 8, was a Mauritanian, serving
A.D. 303,
in the Eoman While it was quartered at Milan he
army.
was accused as a Christian, and put to the severest torture,
even being thrown into a heated oven. He finally suffered
martyrdom by being beheaded.
S. VINCENT, A.D. 304, Jan. 22, patron saint of Lisbon, Valencia
Saragossa, Milan, and Chalons, was a native o Saragossa
He was ordained deacon before he was twenty; and when the
persecution under Diocletian broke out he was denounced as
a Christian, together with his Bishop, Valerius. Now Valerius
was so aged that his voice was inaudible therefore Vincent,
;

having obtained his leave to speak for both, spoke, pro-

claiming the faith and defying torture. The proconsul, en-
raged, banished Valerius, and inflicted the most horrible
torture on S. Vincent, tearing his flesh with forks, and then
casting him into a dungeon strewed with potsherds. But
angels came and strengthened him, and his gaolers heard
their songs and beheld the dungeon full of light, and were so
filled with wonder that they fell down and worshipped God,
Then the proconsul resolved to try another course, and had
him laid on a soft bed covered with rose-leaves, and allowed
all his friends to come and see him. But immediately he was
" as
placed there, his spirit, disdaining such indulgence?,"
if

departed peacefully. His body was cast out to the wild

beasts, but a raven came and guarded it. Then it was thrown
far out to sea attached to -a millstone but when those who had
;

taken it out rowed back to land, they found the body already

lying on the shore, and this wonder so alarmed them that

they fled. Then the waves hollowed a grave in the sand, where
the body lay, unknown, for many years, till the place of its
burial was revealed to some Christians, who transported the
184 VINCENT
remains to Valencia. In the eighth century, when the Chris-
tians were driven from Valencia by the Moors, they took the
body of S. Vincent with them, and fled to a certain promon-
tory, which has ever since been known as Cape S. Vincent.
Here again ravens guarded the remains of the saint; and
when, four hundred years later, the King of Portugal trans-
lated the relics to Lisbon, two ravens sat on either end of the
ship and guided it to its destination. The body o S. Vincent
finally reposed in the Cathedral at Lisbon, the crows remain-
near till in the course of years they multiplied
ing always it,

to such a large number that special sums of money had to be

devoted to their support.
S. VINCENT FERRARIS, A.D. 1419, April 5, was born at Valencia,
and having entered the Order of S. Dominic in his eighteenth
year, became one of its most celebrated preachers. He
travelled through almost every country in Europe, preaching
and working miracles, and though he could only speak his
native language, he was everywhere understood. He died at
Vannes in Brittany, where he spent the last two years of his
life.

S. VINCENT DE PATJLE, A.D. 1660, July 19, founder of hospitals

for deserted children, and of the Order of Sisters of Charity,
was born in Gascony, and entered the Franciscan Order at
the age of twenty. He was once taken by pirates, and
obliged to labour two years at Tunis as a slave, but at the
end of that time he converted his master and his wife, and
they all escaped together. Eemembering all the suffering he
had witnessed during his captivity, he* set himself earnestly
to do good to all prisoners, both to their bodies and souls,
preaching to them, and endeavouring to ameliorate their con-
dition. He did not rest here, but, filled with pity for the
deserted children he found in the streets, he established a
home for them called the " Maison des Enfants trouves," and in-
stituted the Order of Sisters of Charity to take care of them, and
 VITWAL. 185

for other works of mercy. S. Vincent de Paule was a friend

of Cardinal Eichelieu and Louis XIII., and attended the
latter on his death-bed. He himself died at S. Lazare, having
won the title of "Pere des Pauvres," and the good works
founded by him remain to the present day.
S. YITALIS, first century, April 8, patron saint of Ravenna, was a
soldier in the Eoman army under Nero, and together with his
two sons, SS. Gervasius and Protasius, was converted to the
Christian faith by S. Peter. Having supported one of the
martyrs during his sufferings, and afterwards buried his body,
S. Yitalis was accused as a Christian, and after undergoing
cruel torture was buried alive.
S. VITUS, A.D. 303, June 15, patron saint of Bohemia, Saxony, and
Sicily, of dancers and actors, and those who find a difficulty
was a young Sicilian nobleman, secretly con-
in early rising,
verted to the Christian faith by his nurse. His father, who
was a heathen, was so incensed when he heard of his son's
conversion that he scourged him, and cast him into a dungeon.
Bit angels came, and danced in the prison in the midst of
dazzling light, and when the father of S. Yitus looked in and
beheld this he was struck with blindness. The prayers of the
saint restored his sight ; but as he did not cease to persecute
him, S. Yitus and his nurse fled to Italy. There, however, he
was denounced as a Christian, and thrown into a cauldron of
boiling oil. After his death a wolf guarded his body, till it was
found and buried by the Christians.

S. WALBTJRGA, A.D. 728, May 1, was the niece of S. Boniface, whom

she accompanied on his mission to Germany. She became
abbess of a Benedictine convent at Heidenheim, which she
governed so well that a community of monks was also put
under her care. She was well versed in the study of medicine,
end performed many wonderful cures. , She was buried at
Eichstadt, and a s^-eam of oil issued from the stone near her
186 WEN-ZEN.
"
tomb, which the people called Walpurgis oil ;" and so many
miracles of healing were wrought by it that it became a great
resort of pilgrims, and a church was built over the spot.
S. WENCESLAUS, or WENZEL, A.D. 938, Sept. 28, was Duke of Bohe-
mia, and was converted to the Christian faith by his grand-
mother, S. Ludmilla. As his mother and brother, Boleslaus,
remained heathen, war broke out between the two parties. S.
Wenceslaus was protected in battle by angels but his mother
;

having induced him to visit her, Boleslaus murdered him at

the foot of the altar. There is a familiar legend of S. Wen-
ceslaus, that one cold winter night when he went out, as his
custom was, to carry food and fuel to the poor, his aged servant
who accompanied him was so overcome by cold that he felt he
could go no farther ;
but the saint bade him set his feet in
the footprints he made going before, and when the old man
did so, warmth came from them and revived him, so that he
could aid S. Wenceslaus in his good works without danger
from the cold.
S. WEHBERGA, A.D. 708, Feb. 3, patron saint of Chester, was niece
of S. Etheldreda, by whom she was brought up in the convent
at Ely. She founded many convents, and became Abbess of
Eepandum, where she had monks as well as nuns under her
rule.
5. WILLIAM of Aquitaine, A.D. 812, was Duke of Aquitaine, and
noted for his bravery and wisdom. Having been converted by
S. Benedict of Aniane he retired to a monastery built by him-
self, where he died not many years afterwards.

6. ZENO, A.D. 380, April 12, patron saint of Verona, was born in
Africa, but having come to Italy was made Bishop of Yerona,
where he made himself remarkable for his good works, and his
wise rule of his diocese. Legends differ as to the manner of
his death, but he is generally considered to have suffered

martyrdom under Julian the Apostate.

 187

S. ZENOBIO, A.D. 417, May 25, was a noble Florentine, who, having
been commissioned by the Pope to quell the religious conten-
tions that distracted Florence, was elected Bishop of that city,
and worthily filled his high office, converting many to the faith
by his miracles and his example of devotion. He restored to
life a man killed by falling from a precipice when on his way

to bring relics to Florence from S. Ambrose. Moreover, a

child who had been confided by his mother to the care of S.
Zenobio while she made a pilgrimage to Kome, died during her
absence. She laid him at the feet of S. Zenobio, and the
saint's prayers restored him to life. WhenZenobio was being
carried to his grave in the Cathedral of Florence, such crowds
of people surrounded him to touch his garment for the last
time, that the body was pushed aside against a tree near the
Baptistery, and the tree, though oldand withered, at onr e put
forth fresh leaves.
 APPENDIX.
NOTES ON THE MONASTIC ORDERS, AND THE HABITS BY WHICH
ARE DISTINGUISHED.

The oldest and most important Order is that of

THE BENEDICTINES,
founded by S. Benedict, and distinguished by a habit entirely
black. This Order, having been reformed at different times,
embraces the following branches :
The Camaldolesi, founded by S. Komualdo.
The Carthusians, founded by S. Bruno.
The Cistercians, founded by S. Bernard of Clairvaux.
The Olivet ani, founded by S. Bernard dei Tolomei.
The Oratorians, founded by S. Philip BTeri.
The Vallombrosans, founded by S. John Gualberto.
Of these the Camaldolesi, the Carthusians, the Cistercians, and the
Olivetani are habited :n white ; the Oratorians in black and ;

the Vallombrosans la light grey.

THE AUGUSTINE ORDER,
claiming S. Augustine as its founder, comprises the minor Orders
of
The Brigittines, founded by S. Bridget of Sweden habit, black.
:

The Premonstratesians, founded by S. Norbert habit, black or

:

brown, with a white cloak.

The S&rvi, founded by S. Philip Benozzi habit, black.
:

The Trinitarians, founded by S. John de Matha: habit, white,

with a blue and red cross on the breast.
100 APPENDIX.
The Order of Mercy, founded by S. Peter Nolasco :
habit, white,
-with a badge of the arms of the King of Aragon.

THE CAEMELITES
claim as their founder the prophet Elijah, but were first definitely
formed into an Order by S. Albert of Yercelli. The habit of
the Order dark brown with a long scapulary, and a white
is

mantle. The reformed branch, known as

The Scalzi, or barefooted Carmelites, was founded by S. Theresa.
THE DOMINICAN ORDER,
founded by S. Dominic, is distinguished by a white habit under a
long black cloak with a hood.
THE FRANCISCAN ORDER,
founded by S. Francis of Assisi, and distinguished by a brown or
grey habit bound by a knotted cord, embraces the following
reformed branches :

The Capuchins, dark brown habit, with a long pointed hood.

The Cordeliers, brown habit.
The Minimes, founded by S.Francis de Paula: brown habit, short
scapulary with rounded ends, and a knotted cord.
The Observants, founded by S. Bernardino of Siena :
grey habit,
and cord.
The Poor Clares, Franciscan nuns, founded fcj S. Clara :
grey
or brown habit, and cord.

The JERONYMITES
claim S. Jerome as their founder.
THE JESUITS,
founded by Ignatius Loyola, are distinguished by a straight
black cassock and square cap.

The Order of the VISITATION OP S. MARY

was founded by S, Francis de Sa-les and S Jeanne Frangoise dc
Chantal.
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