Question 2.

1:
Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of benzene is
dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride.
Answer

Mass percentage of C6H6

Mass percentage of CCl4

Alternatively,

Mass percentage of CCl4 = (100 − 15.28)%

= 84.72%

Question 2.2:
Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
Answer

Let the total mass of the solution be 100 g and the mass of benzene be 30 g.

∴Mass of carbon tetrachloride = (100 − 30)g

= 70 g

Molar mass of benzene (C6H6) = (6 × 12 + 6 × 1) g mol−1

= 78 g mol−1

∴Number of moles of

= 0.3846 mol

Molar mass of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) = 1 × 12 + 4 × 355

= 154 g mol−1

∴Number of moles of CCl4

= 0.4545 mol

Thus, the mole fraction of C6H6 is given as:

= 0.458

Question 2.3:
Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O in 4.3 L of
solution (b) 30 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL.
Answer

Molarity is given by:

(a) Molar mass of Co (NO3)2.6H2O = 59 + 2 (14 + 3 × 16) + 6 × 18

= 291 g mol−1

∴Moles of Co (NO3)2.6H2O

= 0.103 mol
Therefore, molarity

= 0.023 M

(b) Number of moles present in 1000 mL of 0.5 M H 2SO4 = 0.5 mol

∴Number of moles present in 30 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4

= 0.015 mol

Therefore, molarity

= 0.03 M

Question 2.4:
Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution.
Answer

Molar mass of urea (NH2CONH2) = 2(1 × 14 + 2 × 1) + 1 × 12 + 1 × 16

= 60 g mol−1

0.25 molar aqueous solution of urea means:

1000 g of water contains 0.25 mol = (0.25 × 60)g of urea

= 15 g of urea

That is,

(1000 + 15) g of solution contains 15 g of urea

Therefore, 2.5 kg (2500 g) of solution contains

= 36.95 g

= 37 g of urea (approximately)

Hence, mass of urea required = 37 g

Note: There is a slight variation in this answer and the one given in the NCERT textbook.

Question 2.5:
Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass)
aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL-1.
Answer

(a) Molar mass of KI = 39 + 127 = 166 g mol−1

20% (mass/mass) aqueous solution of KI means 20 g of KI is present in 100 g of solution.

That is,

20 g of KI is present in (100 − 20) g of water = 80 g of water

Therefore, molality of the solution

= 1.506 m

= 1.51 m (approximately)

(b) It is given that the density of the solution = 1.202 g mL −1

∴Volume of 100 g solution

= 83.19 mL

= 83.19 × 10−3 L

Therefore, molarity of the solution

 = 1.45 M

(c) Moles of KI

Moles of water

Therefore, mole fraction of KI

= 0.0263

Question 2.6:
H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H 2S in
water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law constant.
Answer

It is given that the solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m, i.e., 0.195 mol of H 2S is dissolved in
1000 g of water.

Moles of water

= 55.56 mol

∴Mole fraction of H2S, x

= 0.0035

At STP, pressure (p) = 0.987 bar

According to Henry’s law:

p = KHx

= 282 bar

Question 2.7:
Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 × 108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO2 in 500
mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
Answer

It is given that:

KH = 1.67 × 108 Pa

= 2.5 atm = 2.5 × 1.01325 × 105 Pa

= 2.533125 × 105 Pa

According to Henry’s law:

= 0.00152

We can write,
[Since, is negligible as compared to ]

In 500 mL of soda water, the volume of water = 500 mL

[Neglecting the amount of soda present]

We can write:

500 mL of water = 500 g of water

= 27.78 mol of water

Now,

Hence, quantity of CO2 in 500 mL of soda water = (0.042 × 44)g

= 1.848 g

Question 2.8:
The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out
the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition
of the vapour phase.
Answer

It is given that:

= 450 mm of Hg

= 700 mm of Hg

ptotal = 600 mm of Hg

From Raoult’s law, we have:

 Therefore, total pressure,

Therefore,

= 1 − 0.4

= 0.6

Now,

= 450 × 0.4

= 180 mm of Hg

= 700 × 0.6

= 420 mm of Hg

Now, in the vapour phase:

Mole fraction of liquid A

= 0.30
And, mole fraction of liquid B = 1 − 0.30

= 0.70

Question 2.9:
Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea (NH 2CONH2) is dissolved in 850 g
of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its relative lowering.
Answer

It is given that vapour pressure of water, = 23.8 mm of Hg

Weight of water taken, w1 = 850 g

Weight of urea taken, w2 = 50 g

Molecular weight of water, M1 = 18 g mol−1

Molecular weight of urea, M2 = 60 g mol−1

Now, we have to calculate vapour pressure of water in the solution. We take vapour pressure as p1.

Now, from Raoult’s law, we have:

Hence, the vapour pressure of water in the given solution is 23.4 mm of Hg and its relative lowering is
0.0173.
Question 2.10:
Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water
such that it boils at 100°C. Molal elevation constant for water is 0.52 K kg mol −1.
Answer

Here, elevation of boiling point ΔTb = (100 + 273) − (99.63 + 273)

= 0.37 K

Mass of water, wl = 500 g

Molar mass of sucrose (C12H22O11), M2 = 11 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16

= 342 g mol−1

Molal elevation constant, Kb = 0.52 K kg mol−1

We know that:

= 121.67 g (approximately)

Hence, 121.67 g of sucrose is to be added.

Note: There is a slight variation in this answer and the one given in the NCERT textbook.

Question 2.11:
Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, C6H8O6) to be dissolved in
75 g of acetic acid to lower its melting point by 1.5°C. Kf = 3.9 K kg mol−1.
Answer

Mass of acetic acid, w1 = 75 g

Molar mass of ascorbic acid (C6H8O6), M2 = 6 × 12 + 8 × 1 + 6 × 16

= 176 g mol−1

Lowering of melting point, ΔTf = 1.5 K

We know that:

= 5.08 g (approx)

Hence, 5.08 g of ascorbic acid is needed to be dissolved.

Note: There is a slight variation in this answer and the one given in the NCERT textbook.

Question 2.12:
Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of
polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL of water at 37°C.
Answer

It is given that:

Volume of water, V = 450 mL = 0.45 L

Temperature, T = (37 + 273)K = 310 K

Number of moles of the polymer,

We know that:

Osmotic pressure,
 = 30.98 Pa

= 31 Pa (approximately)

Question 2.1:
Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with
an example.
Answer

Homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two components are known as solutions.

There are three types of solutions.

(i) Gaseous solution:

The solution in which the solvent is a gas is called a gaseous solution. In these solutions, the solute
may be liquid, solid, or gas. For example, a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gas is a gaseous solution.

(ii) Liquid solution:

The solution in which the solvent is a liquid is known as a liquid solution. The solute in these solutions
may be gas, liquid, or solid.

For example, a solution of ethanol in water is a liquid solution.

(iii) Solid solution:

The solution in which the solvent is a solid is known as a solid solution. The solute may be gas, liquid
or solid. For example, a solution of copper in gold is a solid solution.

Question 2.2:

Give an example of solid solution in which the solute is a gas.

 Answer

In case a solid solution is formed between two substances (one having very large particles and the
other having very small particles), an interstitial solid solution will be formed. For example, a solution
of hydrogen in palladium is a solid solution in which the solute is a gas.

Question 2.3:
Define the following terms:
(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Molality
(iii) Molarity
(iv) Mass percentage.
 Answer

(i) Mole fraction:

The mole fraction of a component in a mixture is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of the
component to the total number of moles of all the components in the mixture.

i.e.,

Mole fraction of a component

Mole fraction is denoted by ‘x’.

If in a binary solution, the number of moles of the solute and the solvent are nA and nB respectively,
then the mole fraction of the solute in the solution is given by,

Similarly, the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution is given as:

(ii) Molality

Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of the solute per kilogram of the solvent. It is
expressed as:

Molality (m)

(iii) Molarity

Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved in one Litre of the solution.

It is expressed as:

Molarity (M)

(iv) Mass percentage:

The mass percentage of a component of a solution is defined as the mass of the solute in grams
present in 100 g of the solution. It is expressed as:
Mass % of a component

Question 2.4:
Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What
should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is 1.504 g mL −1?
Answer

Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in an aqueous solution.
This means that 68 g of nitric acid is dissolved in 100 g of the solution.

Molar mass of nitric acid (HNO3) = 1 × 1 + 1 × 14 + 3 × 16 = 63 g mol−1

Then, number of moles of HNO3

Given,

Density of solution = 1.504 g mL−1

Volume of 100 g solution =

Molarity of solution

Question 2.5:
A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality and mole fraction of
each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g mL −1, then what shall be the
molarity of the solution?
Answer

10% w/w solution of glucose in water means that 10 g of glucose in present in 100 g of the solution
i.e., 10 g of glucose is present in (100 − 10) g = 90 g of water.

Molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6) = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 180 g mol−1

Then, number of moles of glucose

= 0.056 mol

Molality of solution = 0.62 m

Number of moles of water

= 5 mol

Mole fraction of glucose

And, mole fraction of water

= 1 − 0.011

= 0.989

If the density of the solution is 1.2 g mL−1, then the volume of the 100 g solution can be given as:

Molarity of the solution

= 0.67 M

Question 2.6:
How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na 2CO3 and NaHCO3
containing equimolar amounts of both?
Answer
Let the amount of Na2CO3 in the mixture be x g.

Then, the amount of NaHCO3 in the mixture is (1 − x) g.

Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 2 × 23 + 1 × 12 + 3 × 16

= 106 g mol−1

Number of moles Na2CO3

Molar mass of NaHCO3 = 1 × 23 + 1 × 1 × 12 + 3 × 16

= 84 g mol−1

Number of moles of NaHCO3

According to the question,

⇒ 84x = 106 − 106x

⇒ 190x = 106

⇒ x = 0.5579

Therefore, number of moles of Na2CO3

= 0.0053 mol

And, number of moles of NaHCO3

= 0.0053 mol

HCl reacts with Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 according to the following equation.
1 mol of Na2CO3 reacts with 2 mol of HCl.

Therefore, 0.0053 mol of Na2CO3 reacts with 2 × 0.0053 mol = 0.0106 mol.

Similarly, 1 mol of NaHCO3 reacts with 1 mol of HCl.

Therefore, 0.0053 mol of NaHCO3 reacts with 0.0053 mol of HCl.

Total moles of HCl required = (0.0106 + 0.0053) mol

= 0.0159 mol

In 0.1 M of HCl,

0.1 mol of HCl is preset in 1000 mL of the solution.

Therefore, 0.0159 mol of HCl is present in

= 159 mL of the solution

Hence, 159 mL of 0.1 M of HCl is required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na 2CO3 and NaHCO3,
containing equimolar amounts of both.

Question 2.7:
A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution by mass. Calculate
the mass percentage of the resulting solution.
Answer

Total amount of solute present in the mixture is given by,

= 75 + 160

= 235 g

Total amount of solution = 300 + 400 = 700 g

Therefore, mass percentage (w/w) of the solute in the resulting solution,

= 33.57%

And, mass percentage (w/w) of the solvent in the resulting solution,

= (100 − 33.57)%

= 66.43%

Question 2.8:
An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C 2H6O2) and 200 g of water.
Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072 g mL −1, then what shall be
the molarity of the solution?
Answer

Molar mass of ethylene glycol = 2 × 12 + 6 × 1 + 2 ×16

= 62 gmol−1

Number of moles of ethylene glycol

= 3.59 mol

Therefore, molality of the solution

= 17.95 m

Total mass of the solution = (222.6 + 200) g

= 422.6 g

Given,

Density of the solution = 1.072 g mL−1

Volume of the solution

= 394.22 mL
 = 0.3942 × 10−3 L

Molarity of the solution

= 9.11 M

Question 2.9:
A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform (CHCl 3) supposed
to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass):
(i) express this in percent by mass
(ii) determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
Answer

(i) 15 ppm (by mass) means 15 parts per million (10 6) of the solution.

Therefore, percent by mass

= 1.5 × 10−5 %

(ii) Molar mass of chloroform (CHCl3) = 1 × 12 + 1 × 1 + 3 × 35.5

= 119.5 g mol−1

Now, according to the question,

15 g of chloroform is present in 10 6 g of the solution.

i.e., 15 g of chloroform is present in (10 6 − 15) ≈ 106 g of water.

Molality of the solution

= 1.26 × 10−4 m

Question 2.10:

What role does the molecular interaction play in a solution of alcohol and water?

 Answer

In pure alcohol and water, the molecules are held tightly by a strong hydrogen bonding. The
interaction between the molecules of alcohol and water is weaker than alcohol−alcohol and
water−water interactions. As a result, when alcohol and water are mixed, the intermolecular
interactions become weaker and the molecules can easily escape. This increases the vapour pressure
of the solution, which in turn lowers the boiling point of the resulting solution.
 Question 2.11:
Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
 Answer

Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with an increase in temperature. This is because dissolution of
gases in liquids is an exothermic process.

Therefore, when the temperature is increased, heat is supplied and the equilibrium shifts backwards,
thereby decreasing the solubility of gases.

Question 2.12:
State Henry’s law and mention some important applications?
Answer

Henry’s law states that partial pressure of a gas in the vapour phase is proportional to the
mole fraction of the gas in the solution. If p is the partial pressure of the gas in the vapour phase
and x is the mole fraction of the gas, then Henry’s law can be expressed as:

p = KH x

Where,

KH is Henry’s law constant

Some important applications of Henry’s law are mentioned below.

(i) Bottles are sealed under high pressure to increase the solubility of CO 2 in soft drinks and soda
water.

(ii) Henry’s law states that the solubility of gases increases with an increase in pressure. Therefore,
when a scuba diver dives deep into the sea, the increased sea pressure causes the nitrogen present in
air to dissolve in his blood in great amounts. As a result, when he comes back to the surface, the
solubility of nitrogen again decreases and the dissolved gas is released, leading to the formation of
nitrogen bubbles in the blood. This results in the blockage of capillaries and leads to a medical
condition known as ‘bends’ or ‘decompression sickness’.

Hence, the oxygen tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air and diluted with helium to avoid
bends.

(iii) The concentration of oxygen is low in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitudes such
as climbers. This is because at high altitudes, partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at ground
level. Low-blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and disables them from thinking clearly.
These are symptoms of anoxia.

Question 2.13:
The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 × 10 −3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the
solution contains 5.00 × 10−2 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?
 Answer

Molar mass of ethane (C2H6) = 2 × 12 + 6 × 1

= 30 g mol−1

Number of moles present in 6.56 × 10−2 g of ethane

= 2.187 × 10−3 mol

Let the number of moles of the solvent be x.

According to Henry’s law,

p = KHx

(Since x >> 2.187 × 10−3)

Number of moles present in 5.00 × 10−2 g of ethane

= 1.67 × 10−3 mol

According to Henry’s law,

p = KHx

(Since, x >> 1.67 × 10−3)

= 0.764 bar

Hence, partial pressure of the gas shall be 0.764 bar.

Question 2.14:
What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law and how is the sign of Δ solH
related to positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law?
Answer

According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapour pressure of each volatile component in any solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction. The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range
of concentration are known as ideal solutions. The solutions that do not obey Raoult’s law (non-ideal
solutions) have vapour pressures either higher or lower than that predicted by Raoult’s law. If the
vapour pressure is higher, then the solution is said to exhibit positive deviation, and if it is lower, then
the solution is said to exhibit negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

Vapour pressure of a two-component solution showing positive deviation from Raoult’s law

Vapour pressure of a two-component solution showing negative deviation from Raoult’s law

In the case of an ideal solution, the enthalpy of the mixing of the pure components for forming the
solution is zero.

ΔsolH = 0

In the case of solutions showing positive deviations, absorption of heat takes place.

∴ΔsolH = Positive

In the case of solutions showing negative deviations, evolution of heat takes place.
∴ΔsolH = Negative

Question 2.15:
An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal boiling
point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?
Answer

Here,

Vapour pressure of the solution at normal boiling point (p1) = 1.004 bar

Vapour pressure of pure water at normal boiling point

Mass of solute, (w2) = 2 g

Mass of solvent (water), (w1) = 98 g

Molar mass of solvent (water), (M1) = 18 g mol−1

According to Raoult’s law,

= 41.35 g mol−1

Hence, the molar mass of the solute is 41.35 g mol −1.

Question 2.16:
Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid
components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a mixture of
26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane?
Answer
Vapour pressure of heptane

Vapour pressure of octane = 46.8 kPa

We know that,

Molar mass of heptane (C7H16) = 7 × 12 + 16 × 1

= 100 g mol−1

Number of moles of heptane

= 0.26 mol

Molar mass of octane (C8H18) = 8 × 12 + 18 × 1

= 114 g mol−1

Number of moles of octane

= 0.31 mol

Mole fraction of heptane,

= 0.456

And, mole fraction of octane, x2 = 1 − 0.456

= 0.544

Now, partial pressure of heptane,

= 0.456 × 105.2

= 47.97 kPa

Partial pressure of octane,

= 0.544 × 46.8
= 25.46 kPa

Hence, vapour pressure of solution, ptotal = p1 + p2

= 47.97 + 25.46

= 73.43 kPa

Question 2.17:
The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a
non-volatile solute in it.
Answer

1 molal solution means 1 mol of the solute is present in 100 g of the solvent (water).

Molar mass of water = 18 g mol−1

Number of moles present in 1000 g of water

= 55.56 mol

Therefore, mole fraction of the solute in the solution is

It is given that,

Vapour pressure of water, = 12.3 kPa

Applying the relation,

⇒ 12.3 − p1 = 0.2177

⇒ p1 = 12.0823
= 12.08 kPa (approximately)

Hence, the vapour pressure of the solution is 12.08 kPa.

Question 2.18:
Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol −1) which should be dissolved in 114 g
octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
Answer

Let the vapour pressure of pure octane be

Then, the vapour pressure of the octane after dissolving the non-volatile solute is

Molar mass of solute, M2 = 40 g mol−1

Mass of octane, w1 = 114 g

Molar mass of octane, (C8H18), M1 = 8 × 12 + 18 × 1

= 114 g mol−1

Applying the relation,

Hence, the required mass of the solute is 8 g.

Question 2.19:
A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour pressure of 2.8
kPa at 298 K. Further, 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the new vapour pressure
becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate:
i. molar mass of the solute
ii. vapour pressure of water at 298 K.

Answer

(i) Let, the molar mass of the solute be M g mol−1

Now, the no. of moles of solvent (water),

And, the no. of moles of solute,

Applying the relation:

After the addition of 18 g of water:

Again, applying the relation:

Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we have:
Therefore, the molar mass of the solute is 23 g mol −1.

(ii) Putting the value of ‘M’ in equation (i), we have:

Hence, the vapour pressure of water at 298 K is 3.53 kPa.

Question 2.20:
A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing
point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Answer

Here, ΔTf = (273.15 − 271) K

= 2.15 K

Molar mass of sugar (C12H22O11) = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16

= 342 g mol−1

5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water means 5 g of cane sugar is present in (100 − 5)g = 95 g
of water.

Now, number of moles of cane sugar

= 0.0146 mol

Therefore, molality of the solution,

= 0.1537 mol kg−1

Applying the relation,

ΔTf = Kf × m

= 13.99 K kg mol−1

Molar of glucose (C6H12O6) = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16

= 180 g mol−1

5% glucose in water means 5 g of glucose is present in (100 − 5) g = 95 g of water.

Number of moles of glucose

= 0.0278 mol

Therefore, molality of the solution,

= 0.2926 mol kg−1

Applying the relation,

ΔTf = Kf × m

= 13.99 K kg mol−1 × 0.2926 mol kg−1

= 4.09 K (approximately)

Hence, the freezing point of 5% glucose solution is (273.15 − 4.09) K= 269.06 K.

Question 2.21:
Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB 2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20 g of
benzene (C6H6), 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 Kwhereas 1.0 g of AB4 lowers it by 1.3 K.
The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1 Kkg mol−1. Calculate atomic masses of A and B.
Answer

We know that,

Then,

= 110.87 g mol−1

= 196.15 g mol−1

Now, we have the molar masses of AB2 and AB4 as 110.87 g mol−1 and 196.15 g mol−1 respectively.

Let the atomic masses of A and B be x and y respectively.

Now, we can write:

Subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we have

2y = 85.28

⇒ y = 42.64

Putting the value of ‘y’ in equation (1), we have

x + 2 × 42.64 = 110.87

⇒ x = 25.59

Hence, the atomic masses of A and B are 25.59 u and 42.64 u respectively.

Question 2.22:
At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the
osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what would be its
concentration?
Answer

Here,

T = 300 K

π = 1.52 bar

R = 0.083 bar L K−1 mol−1

Applying the relation,

π = CRT

= 0.061 mol

Since the volume of the solution is 1 L, the concentration of the solution would be 0.061 M.

Question 2.23:
Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.
(i) n-hexane and n-octane
(ii) I2 and CCl4
(iii) NaClO4 and water
(iv) methanol and acetone
(v) acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H6O).
Answer
(i) Van der Wall’s forces of attraction.

(ii) Van der Wall’s forces of attraction.

(iii) Ion-diople interaction.

(iv) Dipole-dipole interaction.

(v) Dipole-dipole interaction.

Question 2.24:

Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility in n-octane
and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH3OH, CH3CN.

Answer

n-octane is a non-polar solvent. Therefore, the solubility of a non-polar solute is more than that of a
polar solute in the n-octane.

The order of increasing polarity is:

Cyclohexane < CH3CN < CH3OH < KCl

Therefore, the order of increasing solubility is:

KCl < CH3OH < CH3CN < Cyclohexane

Question 2.25:

Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in
water?

(i) phenol (ii) toluene (iii) formic acid

(iv) ethylene glycol (v) chloroform (vi) pentanol.

Answer

(i) Phenol (C6H5OH) has the polar group −OH and non-polar group −C 6H5. Thus, phenol is partially
soluble in water.

(ii) Toluene (C6H5−CH3) has no polar groups. Thus, toluene is insoluble in water.

(iii) Formic acid (HCOOH) has the polar group −OH and can form H-bond with water. Thus, formic acid
is highly soluble in water.
(iv) Ethylene glycol has polar −OH group and can form H−bond. Thus, it is highly soluble
in water.

(v) Chloroform is insoluble in water.

(vi) Pentanol (C5H11OH) has polar −OH group, but it also contains a very bulky non-polar −C5H11 group.
Thus, pentanol is partially soluble in water.

Question 2.26:
If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g mL−1 and contains 92 g of Na+ ions per kg of water,
calculate the molality of Na+ ions in the lake.
Answer

Number of moles present in 92 g of Na + ions =

= 4 mol

Therefore, molality of Na+ ions in the lake

=4m

Question 2.27:
If the solubility product of CuS is 6 × 10 −16, calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous
solution.
Answer

Solubility product of CuS, Ksp = 6 × 10−16

Let s be the solubility of CuS in mol L−1.

Now,
=s×s

= s2

Then, we have, Ksp =

= 2.45 × 10−8 mol L−1

Hence, the maximum molarity of CuS in an aqueous solution is 2.45 × 10 −8 mol L−1.

Question 2.28:

Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) when 6.5 g of C9H8O4 is
dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.

Answer

6.5 g of C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.

Then, total mass of the solution = (6.5 + 450) g

= 456.5 g

Therefore, mass percentage ofC9H8O4

= 1.424%

Question 2.29:
Nalorphene (C19H21NO3), similar to morphine, is used to combat withdrawal symptoms in narcotic users.
Dose of nalorphene generally given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of 1.5 × 10−3m aqueous solution
required for the above dose.
Answer

The molar mass of nalorphene is given as:

In 1.5 × 10−3m aqueous solution of nalorphene,

1 kg (1000 g) of water contains 1.5 × 10−3 mol

Therefore, total mass of the solution

This implies that the mass of the solution containing 0.4665 g of nalorphene is 1000.4665 g.

Therefore, mass of the solution containing 1.5 mg of nalorphene is:

Hence, the mass of aqueous solution required is 3.22 g.

Note: There is a slight variation in this answer and the one given in the NCERT textbook.

Question 2.30:
Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250 mL of 0.15 M solution in
methanol.
Answer

0.15 M solution of benzoic acid in methanol means,

1000 mL of solution contains 0.15 mol of benzoic acid

Therefore, 250 mL of solution contains = mol of benzoic acid

= 0.0375 mol of benzoic acid

Molar mass of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) = 7 × 12 + 6 × 1 + 2 × 16

= 122 g mol−1

Hence, required benzoic acid = 0.0375 mol × 122 g mol −1

= 4.575 g
Question 2.31:
The depression in freezing point of water observed for the same amount of acetic acid, trichloroacetic
acid and trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above. Explain briefly.
Answer

Among H, Cl, and F, H is least electronegative while F is most electronegative. Then, F can withdraw
electrons towards itself more than Cl and H. Thus, trifluoroacetic acid can easily lose H + ions i.e.,
trifluoroacetic acid ionizes to the largest extent. Now, the more ions produced, the greater is the
depression of the freezing point. Hence, the depression in the freezing point increases in the order:

Acetic acid < trichloroacetic acid < trifluoroacetic acid

Question 2.32:
Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of CH 3CH2CHClCOOH is added to 250
g of water. Ka = 1.4 × 10−3, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol−1.
Answer

Molar mass of

∴No. of moles present in 10 g of

It is given that 10 g of is added to 250 g of water.

∴Molality of the solution,

Let α be the degree of dissociation of

undergoes dissociation according to the following equation:

100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol−1) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass 180 g
mol−1). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the vapour pressure of
pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total vapour pressure of the solution is 475
Torr.

Answer

Number of moles of liquid A,

= 0.714 mol
Since α is very small with respect to 1, 1 − α ≈ 1

Number of moles of liquid B,

Now,
= 5.556 mol

Then, mole fraction of A,

= 0.114

And, mole fraction of B, xB = 1 − 0.114

= 0.886

Again,
Vapour pressure of pure liquid B, = 500 torr

Therefore, vapour pressure of liquid B in the solution,

= 500moles
Total × 0.886
of equilibrium = 1 − α + α + α

= 443
1+α torr

Total vapour pressure of the solution, ptotal = 475 torr

Vapour pressure of liquid A in the solution,

pA = ptotal − pB

= 475 − 443

= 32 torr

Now,
= 280.7 torr

Hence, the vapour pressure of pure liquid A is 280.7 torr.

Question 2.37:
Vapour pressure of pure acetone and chloroform at 328 K are 741.8 mm Hg and 632.8 mm Hg
respectively. Assuming that they form ideal solution over the entire range of composition, plot
ptotal’ pchloroform’ and pacetone as a function of xacetone. The experimental data observed for different
compositions of mixture is.

100 ×xacetone 0 11.8 23.4 36.0 50.8 58.2 64.5 72.1

pacetone /mm Hg 0 54.9 110.1 202.4 322.7 405.9 454.1 521.1

pchloroform/mm Hg 632.8 548.1 469.4 359.7 257.7 193.6 161.2 120.7

Answer

From the question, we have the following data

100 ×xacetone 0 11.8 23.4 36.0 50.8 58.2 64.5 72.1

pacetone /mm Hg 0 54.9 110.1 202.4 322.7 405.9 454.1 521.1

pchloroform/mm Hg 632.8 548.1 469.4 359.7 257.7 193.6 161.2 120.7

ptota(mm Hg) 632.8 603.0 579.5 562.1 580.4 599.5 615.3 641.8

It can be observed from the graph that the plot for the ptotal of the solution curves downwards.
Therefore, the solution shows negative deviation from the ideal behaviour.

Question 2.38:
Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition. The vapour pressure of
pure benzene and naphthalene at 300 Kare 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the
mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100 g of toluene.