Brief Note On Solar Tracking Systems
Brief Note On Solar Tracking Systems
Brief Note On Solar Tracking Systems
Indignation : Possible
Fortunately, India lies in sunny regions of the world. Most parts of India receive 4-
7 kWh of Solar radiation per square metre per day with 250-300 sunny days in a
year. India has abundant Solar resources, as it receives about 3000 hours of
sunshine every year, equivalent to over 5,000 trillion kWh. India can easily utilize
the Solar energy or Solar Power. Today the contribution of Solar power with an
installed capacity of 9.84 MW, is a fraction (< 0.1 percent) of the total renewable
energy installed 13, 242.41(as on 31st October 2008 by MNRE). Solar power
generation has lagged behind other sources like wind, small Hydropower
,biomass etc.,
But now realizing the potential of Solar energy, Prime Minister of India unveiled a
National Climate Change Action Plan in June 2008. The plan will be implemented
through eight missions with main focus on Solar energy in the total energy mix of
the country.
Government Authorities
Development of alternate energy has been part of India's strategy for expanding
energy supply and meeting decentralized energy needs of the rural sector. The
strategy is administered through India's Ministry of New Renewable Energy
(MNRE), Energy development agencies in the various States, and the Indian
Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA).
SEC - The Solar Energy Centre (SEC), established in 1982, is a dedicated unit of
the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India for development
of Solar energy technologies and to promote its applications through product
development. The institute was set up with a view to encourage research in the
field of Solar technology as a viable alternate energy system. The centre itself is
built taking into account principles of passive Solar design to reduce energy
consumption in the building. This is achieved by reducing heat gain in summer,
encouraging effective ventilation, natural cooling and effective insulation to
prevent heat loss during the winter, thus reducing both heating and cooling costs.
Involvement of various players in the energy sector, such as local industries, the
private construction and operations contractors, Central Electricity Authority
(CEA), MNRE and others, has helped in increasing the capacity and capability of
local technical expertise and further sustain the development of Solar power in
India in the longer term.
Tata Power and BP Solar joint venture had been the leading Solar Photovoltaic
(PV) manufacturers for the last many years. Moser Baer India Limited has entered
the Solar sector in a big way with both crystalline silicon cell technology and thin-
film technology.
Earlier this year, Khandelwal Solar Power Limited (KSPL), Reliance Industries,
Titan Energy Systems, Nano Tech Silicon India and XL Telecom & Energy also
proposed to invest in the Solar Industry.
Present Status
As a result of the efforts made during the past quarter century, a number of
devices have been developed and have become commercially viable. These
include Solar Water Heaters, Solar Cookers, Solar Lanterns, Solar Street Lights,
Solar Water Pumps.
India has started wide Solar Photovoltaic Program for about 2 decades and has
installed an aggregate 1.3 million systems. However, now the focus of the 11th
year plan is on the grid connected power generation. India's Integrated Rural
Energy Program using Solar energy had served 300 districts and around 2,300
villages.
A solar tracker is a generic term used to describe devices that orient various payloads toward the sun.
Payloads can be photovoltaic panels, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices.
In standard photovoltaic (PV) applications trackers are used to minimize the angle of incidence between
the incoming light and a photovoltaic panel. This increases the amount of energy produced from a fixed
amount of installed power generating capacity. In standard photovoltaic applications, it is estimated that
trackers are used in at least 85% of commercial installations greater than 1MW from 2009 to 2012
In concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) and concentrated solar thermal (CSP) applications trackers are used
to enable the optical components in the CPV and CSP systems. The optics in concentrated solar
applications accept the direct component of sunlight light and therefore must be oriented appropriately to
collect energy. Tracking systems are found in all concentrator applications because systems do not
produce energy unless oriented toward the sun.
Drive types
Active tracker
Active trackers use motors and gear trains to direct the tracker as commanded by a controller
responding to the solar direction.
Active two-axis trackers are also used to orient heliostats - movable mirrors that reflect sunlight toward
the absorber of a central power station. As each mirror in a large field will have an individual orientation
these are controlled programmatically through a central computer system, which also allows the system
to be shut down when necessary.
Light-sensing trackers typically have two photo sensors, such as photodiodes, configured differentially so
that they output a null when receiving the same light flux. Mechanically, they should be omni directional
(i.e. flat) and are aimed 90 degrees apart. This will cause the steepest part of their cosine transfer
functions to balance at the steepest part, which translates into maximum sensitivity.
Since the motors consume energy, one wants to use them only as necessary. So instead of a continuous
motion, the heliostat is moved in discrete steps. Also, if the light is below some threshold there would not
be enough power generated to warrant reorientation. This is also true when there is not enough difference
in light level from one direction to another, such as when clouds are passing overhead. Consideration
must be made to keep the tracker from wasting energy during cloudy periods.
For more information regarding active tracker control types: Active daylighting
Passive tracker
Zome works passive tracker head in Spring/Summer tilt position with panels on light blue rack pivoted to
morning position against stop. Dark blue objects are hydraulic dampers.
Passive trackers use a low boiling point compressed gas fluid that is driven to one side or the other (by
solar heat creating gas pressure) to cause the tracker to move in response to an imbalance. As this is a
non-precision orientation it is unsuitable for certain types of concentrating photovoltaic collectors but
works fine for common PV panel types. These will have viscous dampers to prevent excessive motion in
response to wind gusts. Shader/reflectors are used to reflect early morning sunlight to "wake up" the
panel and tilt it toward the sun, which can take nearly an hour. The time to do this can be greatly reduced
by adding a self-releasing tiedown that positions the panel slightly past the zenith (so that the fluid does
not have to overcome gravity) and using the tiedown in the evening. (A slack-pulling spring will prevent
release in windy overnight conditions.)
The term "passive tracker" is also used for photovoltaic modules that include a hologram behind stripes of
photovoltaic cells. That way, sunlight passes through the transparent part of the module and reflects on
the hologram. This allows sunlight to hit the cell from behind, thereby increasing the module's efficiency.
Also, the module does not have to move since the hologram always reflects sunlight from the correct
angle towards the cells.
Chronological tracker
A chronological tracker counteracts the Earth's rotation by turning at an equal rate as the earth, but in the
opposite direction. Actually the rates aren't quite equal, because as the earth goes around the sun, the
position of the sun changes with respect to the earth by 360° every year or 365.24 days. A chronological
tracker is a very simple yet potentially a very accurate solar tracker specifically for use with a polar mount
(see above). The drive method may be as simple as a gear motor that rotates at a very slow average rate
of one revolution per day (15 degrees per hour). In theory the tracker may rotate completely, assuming
there is enough clearance for a complete rotation, and assuming that twisting wires are not an issue.
Maintenance
Some solar trackers may operate most effectively with seasonal position adjustment and most will need
inspection and lubrication on an annual basis. As most trackers are made from mild steel, maintenance of
paint is typically required, and may be critical in highly corrosive environments, such as near saltwater or
in polluted industrial localities. In regions with extended Summer dry seasons the periodic washing of the
panels may significantly increase performance at a critical demand time, particularly for grid-tied systems.
Photovoltaic trackers can be grouped into classes by the number and orientation of the tracker’s axes.
Compared to a fixed mount, a single axis tracker increases annual output by approximately 30%, and a
dual axis by another 16 %
Single axis trackers have one degree of freedom that acts as an axis of rotation. The axis of rotation of
single axis trackers is typically aligned along a true North meridian. It is possible to align them in any
cardinal direction with advanced tracking algorithms.
There are several common implementations of single axis trackers. These include Horizontal Single Axis
Trackers, Vertical Single Axis Trackers, and Tilted Single Axis Trackers. The orientation of the module
with respect to the tracker axis is important when modelling performance.
Horizontal Single Axis Tracker (HSAT)
Wattsun HZ-Series Linear Axis Tracker in South Korea. These trackers use a horizontal axis.
The axis of rotation for Horizontal Single Axis Tracker is horizontal with respect to the ground. The posts
at either end of the axis of rotation of a Horizontal Single Axis Tracker can be shared between trackers to
lower the installation cost.
Field layouts with Horizontal Single Axis Trackers are very flexible. The simple geometry means that
keeping all of the axis of rotation parallel to one another is all that is required for appropriately positioning
the trackers with respect to one another.
In addition, with backtracking, they can be packed at any density without shading.
Horizontal Trackers typically have the face of the module oriented parallel to the axis of rotation. As a
module tracks, it sweeps a cylinder that is rotationally symmetric around the axis of rotation.
Several manufacturers can deliver single axis horizontal trackers. In these, a long horizontal tube is
supported on bearings mounted upon pylons or frames. The axis of the tube is on a North-South line.
Panels are mounted upon the tube, and the tube will rotate on its axis to track the apparent motion of the
sun through the day.
The axis of rotation for Vertical Single Axis Trackers is vertical with respect to the ground. These trackers
rotate from East to West over the course of the day.
Field layouts must consider shading to avoid unnecessary energy losses and to optimize land utilization.
Also optimization for dense packing is limited due to the nature of the shading over the course of a year.
Vertical Single Axis Trackers typically have the face of the module oriented at an angle with respect to the
axis of rotation. As a module tracks, it sweeps a cone that is rotationally symmetric around the axis of
rotation.
Single axis SunPower T20 trackers, with roughly 20 degree tilt, at Nellis Air Force Base, in Nevada, USA.
The arrays form part of the Nellis Solar Power Plant and was designed and built by SunPower
corporation. Credit: U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Larry E. Reid Jr.
All trackers with axes of rotation between horizontal and vertical are considered Tilted Single Axis
Trackers. Tracker tilt angles are often limited to reduce the wind profile and decrease the elevated end’s
height off the ground.
Field layouts must consider shading to avoid unnecessary losses and to optimize land utilization.
With backtracking, they can be packed without shading perpendicular to their axis of rotation at any
density. However, the packing parallel to their axis of rotation is limited by the tilt angle and the latitude.
Tilted Single Axis Trackers typically have the face of the module oriented parallel to the axis of rotation.
As a module tracks, it sweeps a cylinder that is rotationally symmetric around the axis of rotation.
One scientifically interesting variation of a Tilted Single Axis Tracker is a Polar Aligned Single Axis
Trackers (PASAT). In this particular implementation of a Tilted Single Axis Tracker the tilt angle is equal
to the latitude of the installation. This aligns the tracker axis of rotation with the earth’s axis of rotation.
These are rarely deployed because of their high wind profile.
Dual axis trackers have two degrees of freedom that act as axes of rotation. These axes are typically
normal to one another. The axis that is fixed with respect to the ground can be considered a primary axis.
The axis that is referenced to the primary axis can be considered a secondary axis.
There are several common implementations of dual axis trackers. They are classified by the orientation of
their primary axes with respect to the ground. Two common implementations are Tip - Tilt trackers and
Azimuth-Altitude trackers.
The orientation of the module with respect to the tracker axis is important when modelling performance.
Dual Axis Trackers typically have modules oriented parallel to the secondary axis of rotation.
A Tip – Tilt Dual Axis Tracker has its primary axis horizontal to the ground. The secondary axis is then
typically normal to the primary axis. The posts at either end of the primary axis of rotation of a Tip – Tilt
Dual Axis Tracker can be shared between trackers to lower installation costs.
Field layouts with Tip – Tilt Dual Axis Trackers are very flexible. The simple geometry means that keeping
the axes of rotation parallel to one another is all that is required for appropriately positioning the trackers
with respect to one another.
In addition, with backtracking, they can be packed without shading at any density
The axes of rotation of Tip – Tilt Dual Axis Trackers are typically aligned either along a true North
meridian or an east west line of latitude. It is possible to align them in any cardinal direction with
advanced tracking algorithms.
Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Tracker - 2 axis solar tracker, Toledo, Spain
Point focus parabolic dish with Stirling system. The horizontally rotating azimuth table mounts the vertical
frames on each side which hold the elevation trunnions for the dish and its integral engine/generator
mount Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Tracker (AADAT)
An Azimuth – Altitude Dual Axis Tracker has its primary axis vertical to the ground. The secondary axis is
then typically normal to the primary axis.
Field layouts must consider shading to avoid unnecessary energy losses and to optimize land utilization.
Also optimization for dense packing is limited due to the nature of the shading over the course of a year.
This mount is used as a large telescope mount owing to its structure and dimensions. One axis is a
vertical pivot shaft or horizontal ring mount, that allows the device to be swung to a compass point. The
second axis is a horizontal elevation pivot mounted upon the azimuth platform. By using combinations of
the two axis, any location in the upward hemisphere may be pointed. Such systems may be operated
under computer control according to the expected solar orientation, or may use a tracking sensor to
control motor drives that orient the panels toward the sun. This type of mount is also used to orient
parabolic reflectors that mount a Sterling engine to produce electricity at the device.[8]
The selection of tracker type is dependent on many factors including installation size, electric rates,
government incentives, land constraints, latitude, and local weather.
Horizontal single axis trackers are typically used for large distributed generation projects and utility scale
projects. The combination of energy improvement and lower product cost and lower installation
complexity results in compelling economics in large deployments. In addition the strong afternoon
performance is particularly desirable for large grid-tied photovoltaic systems so that production will match
the peak demand time. Horizontal single axis trackers also add a substantial amount of productivity during
the spring and summer seasons when the sun is high in the sky. The inherent robustness of their
supporting structure and the simplicity of the mechanism also result in high reliability which keeps
maintenance costs low. Since the panels are horizontal, they can be compactly placed on the axle tube
without danger of self-shading and are also readily accessible for cleaning.
A vertical axis trackers pivots only about a vertical axle, with the panels either vertical, at a fixed,
adjustable, or tracked elevation angle. Such trackers with fixed or (seasonably) adjustable angles are
suitable for high latitudes, where the apparent solar path is not especially high, but which leads to long
days in summer, with the sun travelling through a long arc.
Dual axis trackers are typically used in smaller residential installations and locations with very high
government Feed In Tariffs.
Gemini House rotates in its entirety and the solar panels rotate independently, allowing control of the
natural heating from the sun. The inventor stands in the middle of the group
Rotating building
This cylindrical house in Austria (latitude above 45 degrees north) rotates in its entirety to track the sun,
with vertical panels mounted on one side of the building. This is a unique example of a vertical axis
tracker.[9]
Multi-mirror concentrating PV
Energy Innovations test units
This device uses multiple mirrors in a horizontal plane to reflect sunlight upward to a high temperature
photovoltaic or other system requiring concentrated solar power. Structural problems and expense are
greatly reduced since the mirrors are not significantly exposed to wind loads. Through the employment of
a patented mechanism, only two drive systems are required for each device. Because of the configuration
of the device it is especially suited for use on flat roofs and at lower latitudes. The units illustrated each
produce approximately 200 peak DC watts.
A multiple mirror reflective system combined with a central power tower is employed at the Sierra
SunTower, located in Lancaster, California. This generation plant operated by eSolar is scheduled to
begin operations on August 5, 2009. This system, which uses multiple heliostats in a north-south
alignment, uses pre-fabricated parts and construction as a way of decreasing startup and operating costs.
The SOLAR TRACKER 2 CIRCUIT KIT (Catalog #ST2) from MTM Scientific contains all the electrical
parts you need to build a circuit which will automatically find and follow the sun across the sky. This
tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. This kit is
perfect for driving a single axis solar tracker with a 12 VDC gear motor that you provide. The kit includes 2
photocells, an IC comparator, resistors, diodes, 2 limit switches, 2 relays, terminal connectors and a 16
page booklet. A printed circuit board is also included with the kit, which makes it easy to assemble and
test the circuit quickly. The tracker circuit is powered by the same 12 VDC that drives your motor. Single
axis solar tracking is great for projects such as solar optical concentrators, solar ovens, fresnel lenses,
and solar electric photovoltaic panels. The instructions explain how the circuit works, how single axis sun
tracking works and how to select a DC gearhead motor. This kit is perfect for the person that wants a
quick start on building a single axis solar tracker.
NEW FEATURES of ST2: This updated solar tracker design includes many new and useful features
suggested by our customers during the last 3 years. This circuit has automatic reset to the East at sunset
to capture first light the next morning. Another useful feature is the simplified wiring connections, which
are all made using screw type wire terminals. The circuit board has been redesigned to fit inside a
standard outdoor junction box. In addition, the ST2 allows using a motor power supply other than 12 VDC,
for example a 24 VDC linear actuator. Please note that this is a kit which requires assembly and
soldering. You must provide a 12 VDC power supply, wire, mechanical parts and DC motor (or
actuator) for your single axis sun tracking project to be complete.
Solar Tracker Circuit Specifications: 3 Amp Max Motor Current, 12 VDC Supply
Please note: This circuit kit is for controlling a 12 VDC electric motor that you provide. To track the sun
you will also need to build the mechanical drive for having your motor move your project. The instruction
booklet gives some examples. A dual axis tracker can be built by using 2 kits.
Description
The single axis tracking system offers a simple solution and is more commonly used. As the name
implies, a single axis tracking system is a system that only moves over one axis, horizontal or
vertical. The horizontal type is generally used in tropical regions where direct sunlight is strong but
duration of daylight is short. The vertical type is typically used in regions with high latitudes where
direct sunlight is less strong but duration of daylight is long.
Technical overview:
1. Mounting system may be tilted up to 100
2. Azimuth tracking range of -110 to +110 (East to West)
3. Tracking accuracy up to 0.2
4. Flexibility of size of solar panels to be installed
5. Material choice aluminium or galvanised steel
6. External coating water-resistance and anti-corrosion
7. Robust to withstand wind load of up to 150km/h
8. Simple and hassle-free installation for cost efficiency
9. Extensive warranty period of 5 to 15 years
Dual Access Tracker
Description
Technical overview:
Mounting system may be tilted up to 80
Azimuth tracking range of -110 to +110 (East to West)
Tracking accuracy up to 0.5
Flexibility of size of solar panels to be installed
Material choice aluminium or galvanised steel
External coating water-resistance and anti-corrosion
Robust to withstand wind load of up to 150km/h
Simple and hassle-free installation for cost efficiency
The RayTracker single-axis tracker system positions the solar panels facing toward sun to produce
maximum energy through the day. It features distributed actuation with a low-voltage DC actuator and 80
foot building-block unit. Distributed actuation permits for more energy and power. This eliminates
mechanical connections between the rows. The 80 foot building-block of the solar tracking system is
fitting for installing kilowatts and megawatts in tens and hundreds, respectively.
The RayTracker GC single-axis tracker system increases its energy production through Shade Avoidance
Technology, which removes the tracker-to-tracker shading. Its tracking function is controlled by a
microprocessor controller that utilizes accurate astronomical algorithm and GPS time reference to make
the panels face the sun automatically. Each actuator’s position is monitored by the controller. One
controller is capable of servicing 12 RayTracker GC units. The RayTracker GC is a PV racking system
that is complete with pre-drilled panel mounts, hardware and module-specific. Its building-block unit is
capable of housing 24 to 32 PV modules to generate power from 5.5kWp to 7kWp. This tracking system
has a length of 79.7ft and height of 6ft, and weighs 1800lbs.
Universal
Six standard UTR and UTR-F Track Racks™ fit all common photovoltaic modules.
Easy to Transport
The Universal Track Rack™ is "knocked down" and packaged in one to four (depending on the size of the
rack) easy-to-handle boxes that fit conveniently into a pickup truck.
Incorporating over three decades of tracker design and fabrication experience, the UTRF Series Tracker
is the most popular design for large arrays. It features sturdy welded-steel construction,
absorbers, and early morning wake-up fin to catch the first sunlight of the day.
Our UTRK-040 and our UTR-020 are perfect for small PV systems and pumps.
Gravity turns the tracker, using the heat from the sun to move liquid from one side to the other side,
to reliably track the sun’s path from east to west. No motors, no gears and no controls to fail.
Universal
Six standard UTR and UTR-F will fit all common photovoltaic modules.
Easy to Transport
Global Market Leaders :
WattSun Trackers can be used for any solar tracker application . These trackers for water
Trackers pumping, remote homes, or village and industrial power. These tracker control systems
USA, New are not limited to Wattsun PV Trackers.
Mexico
Traxle Trackers The main load-bearing part of Traxle is an aluminum or stainless steel pipe, oriented
Czech slantwise on the north/south axis. Arms with photovoltaic panels are attached to the
Republic pipe.
SolaTraka Designed and manufactured in Australia, the SolaTraka is a reliable tracking system
Australia made for Australia conditions, that dramatically increases solar panel output by as
much as 30%.
Solon Mover The Solon Mover is the largest industrially manufactured solar tracking system world-
Germany wide. Mover power stations enable us to supply entire cities with solar energy and thus,
for the first time, to make solar energy available in a new dimension.
Zomeworks Zomeworks has been a leading developer and manufacturer of passive energy
USA, New products since 1969. This Company ‘s innovative product lines include temperature
Mexico regulating enclosures, photovoltaic mounting structures, and architectural sun control
devices.
DegerEnergie Tracking systems for 100- 2100 Watt nominal power, rapid assembly system for
Germany transport savings.
FEiNA Main products are trackers for flat panels and concentration PV.
Spain
FusionSeeker Universal sensory solar tracker controllers - ultra high tracking accuracy, great electrical
Slovenia capabilities, ultra high reliability, long expected life time, watertight...
Spain solar trackers have been subjected to the toughest resistance and energy efficiency
tests.
Indian Vendors :
ENERGY CONSERVATION SYSTEMS is one of the leading windfarm monitoring agency with ISO 9001 : 2008
certified Services of performance analysis services in Porbandar & Kutch (Gujarat)India, which is working on
behalf of Windmills' Owners as a consulting agency having experienced professionals from technical and
commercial disciplines and engaged in promotion of Renewable Energy Projects with mission for showing
right way to maintaining their investment on right way, fact guide lines and information with concepts clear
vision. Our services are very well accepted in the market and the Clienteles of reputed windmills suppliers
like M/s. Suzlon Energy Limited, M/s. Enercon (I) Ltd. & M/s. Vestas Limited & so on. Presently the Company
has around 25...
Business type: Energy management Advisory Services & Windfarms Monitoring Agency
Product types: energy efficient appliances, wind energy system components (small), energy efficient
homes and buildings, solar tracking systems, wind energy systems (small), waste to energy systems,
SMALL WINDTURBINES INSTALLATIONS AND MAINTENANCE - 300W TO 2KW.
Service types: consulting, installation, engineering, site survey and assessment services, contractor
services, maintenance and repair services, testing services
Address: 706, Shree Chambers, Opp. M. E. M. School, Porbandar, Gujarat India 360575
Telephone: 0286 2242635
FAX: 0286 2251635
Web Site: http://www.energycon.in
E-mail: Send Email to Energy Conservation Systems
Aquarius International
Business type: Marketing and Service agents for Solar PV Industry in India
Product types: Entire Range of Photovoltaic Test Equipment - Sun Simulators, Cell Testers, Solar Cell &
Module Laminating Equipment, Production Equipment, Silicon Wafer Production Equipment, Laser Scribing
and cutting machines, EVA/Tedlar Films, PV Glass, semi conductor and solar grade wafers , and project
module line consultancy..
Service types: PV module testing equipment
Address: Unit 16, Chirag House Plot 44/7, Sector 18, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, Bombay, Maharashtra India
400705
Telephone: +91-22-27672454
FAX: +91-22-7672434
Automation Solutions
CREATECH TECHNOLOGIES
Ecologic
ERENA Technologies(India)
HBeonLabs
Sharada Inventions