PROJECT REPORT

Of

Vocational Training in

NTPC

Vindhyachal
(1th JUNE,19 to 30th JUNE,19)

By:
ANKUR KUMAR JAISWAL
Electrical Engineering (6th Semester)
JABALPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
JABALPUR
 Acknowledgement

My vocational training in National Thermal power

Corporation (NTPC) has been an experience which can be
summarized as both theoretically satisfying and practically
enlightening.
But this was only possible because of the guidance of Mr.
Atul Markhedkar, along with the staff of NTPC; who has not
only been helpful but also encouraging. The staff has been
helpful in clearing my doubts; and encouraging me to learn
the various new and different aspects of thermal power
generation.
I sincerely thank all the staff off NTPC for their efforts for
making my training such a success.
Thank you all.
CONTENTS
1) Complete description of Power plant

2) Boiler

3) Turbo generator

4) Excitation system of Turbo generator

5) Transformer

6) Switchyard

7) Circuit Breaker

8) Motors

9) Conclusion
10) Suggestions
VINDHYACHAL SUPER THERMAL POWER PLANT
(VSTPP)
 INTRODUCTION

NTPC is the largest thermal power generating company of India. A public

sector company wholly owned by Government of India. It was incorporated
in the year 1975 to accelerate power development in the country. Within a
span of 30 years, NTPC has emerged as a truly national power company,
with power generating facilities in all the major regions of the country.
NTPC contributes 28.5 % of the country’s entire power generation. It lights
up every fourth bulb in the country.

With ambitious growth plans to become a 56,000 MW power company by

2017, NTPC the largest power utility of India has already diversified into
hydro sector. 18 NTPC stations have already been accredited with the ISO
14001 certification. In keeping with its well focused environment protection
policy, NTPC has set up a “Centre for Power Efficiency and Environmental
Protection” (CENPEEP) which functions as a resource centre for
development and dissemination of latest technologies in environmental
management.

In a remarkable achievement, the recently conducted the Business Today-

Hewitt Associate Best Employer Survey 2003 ranked NTPC the 3rd best
among major companies in India.

VINDHYACHAL SUPER THERMAL POWER STATION

AT A GLANCE
 It is the largest power station in Asia .
 NTPC is the sixth largest thermal power generator in the World and the Second
most efficient utility in terms of capacity utilization based on data of 1998.
 It has a total installed capacity of 4760 MW.
 It consists of three stages.
 Stage 1 – 6  210 MW
 Stage 2 – 2  500 MW
 Stage 3 – 2  500 MW
 Stage 4 – 2 × 500 MW
 Stage 5 – 1 × 500MW
 Total land area 6178 acres.
 Water supply Rihand reservoir NTPC Singrauli Discharge Canal (160 cusecs)
 Coal supply from Nigahi and Dudhichua Mines of NCL (10 MMT/annum)
 Fuel oil source from Indian Oil Corporation(IOC) COLD (customer operated
lubricant and oil deposit) at Jayant.
 International Assistance from USSR and World Bank under time slice.
 Vindhyachal station belongs to the western region and feeds power to states
and union territories of:-

Madhya Pradesh 24.4%

Chattisgarh 4.7%

Maharastra 32.3%

Gujarat 20.8%

Goa, Daman & Diu 2.4%

Dadar& nagerhaveli 0.4%

Unallocated 15%
Simplified Diagram
 COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF POWER PLANT

PA fan – Primary Air fan

FD fan- Forced Draft fan
ID fan- Induced Draft fan
ESP- Electrostatic Precipitator
CEP- Condensate Extraction Pump
BFP- Boiler Feed Pump
GSC- Gland Steam Cooler
LPH – Low Pressure Heater
DA- Deaerator
HPH- High Pressure Heater
OAC- Open Approach Channel
RAH- Regenerative Air Heater
DM water- De-Mineralized water

The coal from mines is received at track hopper in CHP

through BOBR Wagons. The unloaded coal (max. size 250 mm2) is
scooped into conveyor by Rotary Plough Feeders & is passed through
suspended magnet, magnetic separators, and metal detectors, to
ensure that sized coal, free of foreign material is supplied. Then it is
sent to Crusher House for further crushing to 25- mm2 size. After
crushing, the coal again screened for elimination of extraneous
materials, weighed and sent to boiler bunkers. Excess coal, if any, is
sent to coal yard for stacking. It then falls through a weigher into the
Bowl Mill where it is pulverized. The mill usually consists of a round
metal table on which large steel rollers or balls are positioned. The
table revolves, forcing the coal under the rollers or balls which crush it.
Air is drawn from the top of the boiler house by the FD Fan and
passed through the RAH, and then send to boiler for burning of coal.
PA Fan takes air from atmosphere and distributes them into 2 parts
one send to RAH for heating and other fed directly to Mill blowing coal
along pipes to boiler furnace.
The boiler consists of a large number of tubes extending the
full height of the structure and the heat produced raises the
temperature of the water circulating in them to form superheated
steam which passes to the Boiler drum. The steam is fed through the
outlet valve to the HP Turbine (High Pressure turbine) at around
540°C. After this, it is returned to the boiler and reheated before being
passed through the IP & LP Turbine (Intermediate and Low Pressure
Turbine).The water fed into boiler is DM water which is treated as
shown in diagram.
From the turbine the steam passes into Condenser to be
turned back into water. This is pumped through CEP which sends
water through GSC, LPH, and HPH for further heating and BFP then
sends it to the Economizer where the temperature is raised sufficiently
for the condensate to be returned to the lower half of the steam drum
of the boiler.
The flue gases produced in boiler are used to reheat the
condensate in the Economizer and then passes through the RAH to
the ESP where ash is collected. Finally, they are drawn by the ID Fan
into the main flue and to the chimney.
From the boiler, a steam pipe conveys steam to the turbine
through a stop valve (which can be used to shut off steam in an
emergency) and through control valves that automatically regulate the
supply of the steam to the turbine. The turbine shaft usually rotates at
3000 RPM. This speed is determined by the frequency of the
electricity system and the number of poles of machine (2- pole
machine here).
Cold water from OAC is circulated through the condenser
tubes and as the steam from the turbine passes round them it is
rapidly condensed into water. Water which gets heated up in
condenser by cooling steam is sent to Cooling tower and then left into
OAC from where it can be further used.
The electricity is produced in turbo generators and is fed
through terminal connections to Generator Transformer, those steps
up the voltage to 400kv. From here conductors carry it to Switchyard
from where it is sent for use.
 SWITCHYARD
Switchgear is one which makes or breaks an electric circuit. The
equipments which normally fall in this category are:-

 Isolators
 Switching Isolators
 Circuit Breakers
 Load Break Switches
 Earth Switches

Isolators can break an electric circuit when the circuit is to be

switched on no-load only. These are normally used in various circuits
for the purpose of isolating a certain portion when required for
maintenance etc.

Switching isolators are capable of

1. Interrupting transformer magnetized currents

2. Interrupting line charging current and

3. Load transfer switching

Its main application is in connection with transformer feeders as the

unit makes it possible to switch out one transformer while the other is
still on load.

Circuit Breakers can break or make the circuit on load and even on
faults. The equipment is most important and is heavy duty equipment
mainly utilized for protection of the various circuits and operation at
load. Normally circuit breakers are installed accompanied by isolators.

Load break switches are those interrupting devices which can make
or break circuits at 8 times the rated current. These are normally
installed on the same circuit or on the circuits which are backed up by
circuit breakers.

Earth switches are devices which are normally used to earth a

particular system to avoid accident, which may happen due to
induction on account of live adjoin circuits. These do not handle any
appreciable current at all.

CIRCUIT BREAKER (CB)

A circuit breaker breaks the circuit when a fault occurs. Now at high
voltages, while breaking the circuit there is an arc produced between
the two pieces of contact, which produces heat and even melts the
contacts. So in a circuit breaker we use oil, SF6 etc. to control or
minimize this arc only. If the medium is SF6, then it behaves as an
inert gas and it is pretty hard to ionize the gas so that it can form arcs
while breaking the circuit.

There are different ways of classifying circuit breaker. These are:

 On basis of arc quenching medium used

i. Oil circuit breaker
 ii. Air blast circuit breaker
iii. Sulphur Hexa-fluoride (SF6) circuit breaker
iv. Vacuum circuit breaker
v. Plasma- A new type of breaker whose use has begun
recently.

 Operating mechanism
i. Spring operated circuit breaker
ii. Solenoid operated circuit breaker
iii. Pressure operated circuit breaker

Air blast interrupter: The power for extinguishing the arc is drawn
from an external source and its magnitude must be such as to
interrupt the maximum current. As such if the magnitude of fault is less
the same should be interrupted even before the current reaches its
natural zero, here heat is conducted away from the arc until current
zero, causing very rapid de-ignition and ultimately replacing arc path
by a column of compressed air of very high dielectric strength.

Oil breaker interrupter: In this type, extinguishing power is obtain

from the arc itself. The arc decomposes the oil and vaporizes it into
H2, C2H2 and small proportions of other hydrocarbon. H2, because of
its high thermal conductivity and de- igniting property, assist in cooling
the arc at the same time as the pressure within the enclosure is built
up due to the restricted venting. The final arc extinctions are achieved
by rapidly cooling and de-igniting of the gas and expelling the arc
product from the control device, resulting in the rapid built up of
dielectric strength.

Oil Circuit Breaker

These circuit breakers normally are of single break type. These
comprise of two sections. One upper compartment, the arc control
device and fixed and moving contacts and a lower moving
compartment. The arc control device is contained in a bakelite paper
enclosure which is in turn housed in a porcelain insulator.

Air Blast Circuit Breakers

In this, the interrupters are insulated from earth, by means of porcelain

insulator, the number being determined by the system voltage. The
whole of the operating mechanism of the circuit from an electrically
operated trip coil Isolation in this type of circuit breaker is achieved by
keeping the interrupter open and the contact gas is permanently
pressurized. The loss of air in pressurized circuit breaker will result in
either its reclosure or loss of dielectric strength across the open
contact such an occurrence could prove disastrous to the system and
it, has been arranged that an isolator associated with the pressurized
circuit breaker opens automatically after the circuit breaker has been
tripped. The advantage of this type of breaker is that its performance
under fault condition is excellent because high pressure air is
immediately available at contacts.

Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker:

The principle of current interruption is similar to that of an air blast

circuit breaker so it does not represent a new concept of circuit
breaking but simply employs a new arc quenching medium, SF6. The
success of the circuit breaker depends solely on the high arc
interrupting performance of this gas i.e. when it is broken down under
electrical stress it will very quickly reconstitute itself. It is five times
heavier than air and has approximately twice the dielectric strength.
The circuit breaker is completely sealed and operates as a closed
system which means that no flame is emitted during operation and the
noise level is considerably reduced.

Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

In this the medium used for making and breaking the circuit is
absolute vacuum or in other words it has got no medium which makes
it the most safest type of breaker as it will be free from electrical arcs.

NOTE: The quality of a circuit breaker depends on the tripping time

and the durability of the contact pieces on regular usage. The faster
the system is broken off the main circuit the better the circuit breaker
is.

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

 BOILER
Boiler is device for generating steam for power processing or heating
purposes. Boiler is designed to transmit heat from an external
combustion source contained within the boiler itself.
Boilers may be classified on the basis of any of the following
characteristics:
1. Use: The characteristics of the boiler vary according to the nature of
service performed. Customarily Boilers are called either stationary or
mobile.

2. Pressure: To provide safety control over construction features, all

boilers must be constructed in accordance with the Boiler Codes
which differentiates boilers as per their characteristics.

3. Materials: Selection of construction materials is controlled by boiler

code material specifications.

4. Size: Rating core for boilers standardize the size and ratings of
boilers based on heating surfaces. The same is verified by
performance tests.

5. Tube Contents: In addition shell type of boiler, there are 2 general

steel boiler classifications, the fire tube and water tube boilers.

6. Firing: The boiler may be a fired or unfired pressure vessel.

7. Heat Source: The heat may be derived from

1. The combustion of fuel
2. The hot gases of other chemical reactions
3. The utilization of nuclear energy

8. Fuel: Boilers are often designated with respect to the fuel burned.
9. Fluid: The general concept of a boiler is that of a vessel that is to
generate a steam.

10. Circulation: The majority operate with natural circulation.

Some utilize positive circulation in which the operative fluid may be
forced ‘once through’ or controlled with partial circulation.

11. Furnace position: The boiler is an external combustion device in

that the combustion takes place outside the region of boiling water.
The relative location of the furnace to the boiler is indicated by the
description of the furnace as being internally or externally fired. The
furnace is internally fired if the furnace region is completely
surrounded by water cooled surfaces. The furnace is externally fired if
the furnace is auxiliary to the boiler.

Boiler accessories:-

Boiler furnace: A boiler furnace is that space under or adjacent to a

boiler in which fuel is burned and from which the combustion products
pass into the boiler proper. It provides a chamber in which the
combustion reaction can be isolated and confined so that the reaction
can be isolated and confined so that the reaction remains a controlled
force. It provides support or enclosure for the firing equipments.

Boiler Drum: The function of steam drum is to separate the water from
the steam generated in the furnace walls and to reduce the resultant
solid contents of the steam to below the prescribed limit of 1ppm. The
drum is located on the upper front of the boiler.

Economizer: The purpose of the economizer is to preheat the boiler

feed water before it is introduced into the steel drum by recovering the
heat from the fuel gases leaving the boiler. The economizer in the
boiler rear gas passes below the rear horizontal super heater.

Super Heater: There are 3 stages of super heater besides the side
walls and extended side walls. The first stage consists of horizontal
super heater of convection mixed flow type with upper and lower
banks located above economizer assembly in the rear pass. The 2 nd
stage super heater consists of pendant platen which is of radiant
parallel flow type. The 3rd stage super heater pendant spaced is of
convection parallel flow type the outlet temperature and pressure of
the steam coming out form the super heater is 540 ºC and 157 kg/cm2.

Preheater: The function of preheater is to reheat the steam coming out

from high pressure turbine to a temperature of 540 ºC.
Burners: there are total 24 pulverized coal burners for corner fired
C.E. type boilers and 12 oil burners provided each in between 2
pulverized fuel burners.

Igniters: There are 12 side Eddy plate oil/ H.E.A igniters per boiler.
The atomizing air for igniters is taken from plant air compressor at 7
kg/cm.
There are 2 igniter air fans supply air for combustion of igniter oil.
Mainly
2 types of igniters are used:-

1. eddy plate igniter

2. high energy arc type igniter

TURBO GENERATOR

Stage-I

Rated Voltage: 15.75 kV

Rated Power: 247 MVA
Stator Current: 9067 A
Rotor Current: 2640 A
Frequency: 50 Hz
Connection: YY (DOUBLE -STAR)
Rotor Voltage: 313 V

Power Factor: 0.85 LAG

Rated H2 Pressure: 4KgF/cm2
Maximum Torque at
Short Circuit: 8 TIMES
Operational Duty: S1
Class of Insulation: B

Stage-II

Rated Power: 588 MVA

500MW
Rated Voltage: 21 kV
Rotor Current: 16200A
Rated H2 pressure: 4kg/cm2
Power factor: 0.85 lag
Stator winding cooling: Direct water cooling
Stator core and rotor
Cooling: Direct H2 cooling
Short circuit ratio: 0.48
Rated Speed: 3000 rpm
Frequency: 50 Hz
Connection: YY

This Turbo generator is basically a Synchronous Alternator. The

stator houses the armature windings and the rotor houses the field
windings. D.C. voltage is applied to the field windings through the slip
rings. When the rotor is rotated the lines of magnetic flux cut through
the stator windings. This induces an e.m.f. in the stator windings.
The rotor is rotated at 3000 rpm by the turbines and a frequency
of
50 Hz is required, by the formula f=nP/2, we see that it is a 2 pole
machine. The generator used in NTPC has YY configuration in the
stator. This is done to distribute the amount of generated current
among the two circuits in order to increase the amount of output
current by reducing the branch impedance since voltage induced
remains constant.

Generator Components:
1. Rotor: The rotor is a cast steel ingot and it is further forged and
machined. The rotor is to be designed very accurately as it has to
work on speeds such as 3000 rpm. Also a fairly high current is to be
carried by the rotor windings to generate the necessary magnetic field.

2. Rotor winding: Silver bearing copper is used for the winding with
mica as the insulation between conductors. A mechanically strong
insulator such as micanite is used for lining the slots. When rotating at
high speeds centrifugal force tries to lift the windings out of the slots,
so they are screwed to the rotor body. The two ends of the windings
are connected to slip rings, usually made of forged steel.

3. Stator: The stator is the heaviest load to be transported. The major

part of this load is stator core. This comprises of an inner frame and
outer frame. The outer frame is a rigid fabricated structure of welded
steel plates, within this shell is a fixed cage of girder built circular and
axial ribs. The ribs divide the yoke into compartments. The inner cage
is usually fixed to the yoke by an arrangement of springs to dampen
the double frequency vibrations.
The stator core is built from a large number of punchings or
sections on thin steel plates. The use of CRGO can contribute to
reduction in weight of stator core.

4. Stator windings: Each stator conductor must be capable of carrying

the rated current without overheating. The insulation must be sufficient
to prevent leakage currents flowing between the phases to earth.
Windings for the stator are made up from copper strips wound with
insulated tape which is impregnated with varnish, dried under vacuum
and hot pressed to form a solid insulation bar. These bars are then
placed in stator slots and held in with wedges to form the complete
winding. The end turns are rigidly braced and packed with blocks to
withstand the heavy forces.

Generator Cooling:-

Rotor Cooling System: The rotor is cooled by means of gap pick up

cooling, wherein the hydrogen gas in the air gap is sucked through the
scoops on the rotor wedges and is directed to flow along the
ventilating canals milled on the sides of the rotor coil, to the bottom of
the slot where it takes a turn and comes out on the similar canal milled
on the other side of the rotor coil to the hot zone of the rotor. Due to
rotation of the rotor, a positive suction as well as discharge is created
is created due to which a certain quantity of gas flows and cools the
rotor.
The conductors used in the rotor windings are hollow which is
done to have internal cooling of the rotor.

Hydrogen Cooling System: Hydrogen is used as a cooling medium

due to its high heat carrying capacity and low density. But it can also
form an explosive, or escape out of the generator casing which may
result into many catastrophic results. So the pressure of H2 should be
maintained properly. The filling in and purging of H2 is to be done
safely without bringing in contact with air. To fill H2 inside generator
first CO2 is filled through generator and then H2 is passed since H2 has
no reaction with CO2 and while taking H2 out of generator first H2 is
taken out then CO2 is passed through generator and then air is
allowed to enter.
To stop the hydrogen from escaping the generator casing oil
sealing is done. The shaft of the rotor has many blades connected at
the end of the shaft. Each of the blades rotates in the slot engraved in
the generator casing. Now these slots are filled with oil up to a certain
level, so that the ends of the blades rotate in an oil medium which is
separated among them. So when the H2 tries to escape and comes
near the end of the shaft it passes through the blade that is through
the oil in the slot, due to which a major part of it gets obstructed and
the left out gas proceeds to the next slot. Now at the end there is
almost no or negligible amount of gas leakage.

Stator Cooling System: The stator is cooled by distillate which is fed

from one end of the machine by Teflon tube and flows through the
upper bar and returns back through the lower bar of another slot. The
stator winding is cooled in this system by circulating DM water through
hollow conductors. The DM water should be at 40°C. As it is a closed
loop the water that comes out of the generator is again cooled and
demineralized. Water passes through lower bars along the length to
the other end returns through the upper bars of another slot and drain
into drain header.

3 PHASE EXCITER

Rated power: 2135 kVA; 10.5 kW

Rated voltage: 520 V
Stator current: 2370 A
Rated Speed: 3000 RPM
Frequency: 50 Hz
Connection: YY (DOUBLE-STAR)
Self- excitation required: 65 V, 154 A
Make: USSR
YY connection is given to reduce effective impedance of windings and
to
increase amount of current output since the voltage induced remains
constant.

Excitation system Details:

Stage-I Stage-II
Type Static Brushless
Excitation power 2000 kW 3780 kW
Excitation Current 2600 A 6300 A
Excitation voltage 310 V 600 V
 EXCITATION SYSTEM OF THE TURBO GENRATOR

Excitation energy for the Turbo Generator (TG)is obtained from a

separate
excitation source using a thyristor exciter, which provides the
controlled rectifier current to the field winding. The thyristor (service)
exciter consists of an auxiliary A.C. generator mounted on the TG
shaft and two thyristor converters cooled by distillate from the TG
FIELD BREAKER R

ARMATURE Y
ROTATING
DIODES B

FIELD
(PM)

MAIN GENERATOR
PILOT
EXCITER EXCITER

stator cooling circuit.

Either of the converters is arranged in a 3-φ bridge circuit. The
converters are connected in parallel and they function simultaneously.
Each converter has its own individual thyristor firing control system,
which is interconnected through the circuits for synchronizing of firing
pulses applied to the two converter arms. Due to this interconnection,
uniform sharing of load current between the parallel–operating
converters is provided and besides, each thyristor firing control system
duplicates the other if loss of supply voltage occurs.

If the service exciter fails, the TG field excitation can be provided from
the standby exciter. For this purpose, the use is made of a separately
installed set consisting of a D.C. generator and an A.C. driving motor.

The auxiliary generator is of the self –excitation type. Power to the

field winding is obtained from the rectifier transformer connected to
generator stator winding and the thyristor converter cooled by natural
air circulation. Application of the auxiliary generator field flashing is
accomplished by means of short- time connection of a 220 V separate
power source. When applied, the separate power source provides a
buildup of the generator terminal voltage up to 10-20 % of the rated
value, here upon the connected thyristor bridge starts to function and
promotes a build up generator terminal voltage up to the rated value.

Changing automatically or manually the firing angle of the thyristors in

the converters accomplishes control of the TG filed excitation. With a
decrease of the auxiliary voltage to 80 % of the rated value or in the
case of its complete loss, the regulator and thyristor firing control
system are supplied with back up power from a 220 V storage battery.
With the restoration of the auxiliary voltage to 84% of the rated value,
the back-up power supplies are blocked.

TRANSFORMER

The transformers used in a power station have its sides abbreviated

as Low Voltage (LV) and High Voltage (HV) rather than primary and
secondary.

Major transformers in a power station:

1) Generator transformer: The generator is connected to this

transformer by means of isolated bus duct. This transformer is used to
step up the generating voltage of 15.75 KV or 21 KV (depending on
the generator) to grid voltage normally 400 kV. This transformer is
generally provided with OFAF cooling.

2) Unit Auxiliary Transformer (UAT):

The UAT draws its input from the main bus duct connecting generator
to the generator transformer. It is used for the working of large devices
such as boilers, heavy motors etc. The total kVA capacity of UAT
required can be determined by assuming 0.85 power factor and 0.9
efficiency for total auxiliary motor load. For large units, it has become
necessary to use more than one auxiliary transformer. It uses the
generated 15.75kV or 21 kV to covert into 6.6 kV.

The maximum short circuit currents on auxiliary bus should be limited

within the maximum switch gear rating available. The maximum
permissible voltage dip while starting the largest single auxiliary motor,
usually boiler feed pump, shall remain within acceptable limits.

3) Station Transformer: The station transformer is used to feed the

power to the auxiliaries during the start ups. This transformer normally
rated for the initial auxiliary load requirements of unit. In physical
cases this load is of order of 60% of the load at full generating
capacity. It is also provided with on load tap changer to cater to the
fluctuating voltage of the grid.

4) ICT (Inter Connecting Transformer): It connects 400KV substation

to 132 KV substations.

5) CPT (Construction Power Transformer): This is the transformer

which gives the output for construction in which the voltage required is
220 V.

420 KV
GENERA C
15.75 GT Line
TOR B
KV
U ICT
A
T 132 KV

ST

C C
B KV
6.6 6.6
B KV

13 June PMI Revision 00 8

Cooling of transformer:
Heat is produced in the winding due to the current flowing in the
conductors (I2R) and in the core on account of eddy currents and
hysteresis losses. In small dry type transformer heat is dissipated
directly to the atmosphere. In oil immersed transformer heat is
dissipated by
THERMO SIPHON ACTION.

The purpose of using oil is:-

1. Cooling: Provides a better cooling and helps in exchanging heat
2. Insulation: A non conductor of electricity so good insulator.

The oil used is such that its flash point is pretty high so that it doesn’t
have any possibility to catch fire.
There various types of cooling:-
1. AN – Air Natural
2. ON – Oil Natural
3. AF – Air forced
4. OF – Oil forced
5. ONAF – Oil natural Air forced
6. OFAN - Oil forced Air natural
7. OFAF – Oil forced Air forced

The oil serves as the medium for transferring the heat produced inside
the transformer to the outside transformer. Thermo siphon action
refers to the circulating currents set up in a liquid because of
temperature difference between one part of the container and other.
When oil gets heated up the oil with greater temp, goes to the upper
side of the transformer. Now if it is Oil natural it is cooled in it as it is
whereas in Oil Forced a radiator is being constructed and a pump is
being attached to it to pull the oil from the upper part of the
transformer.
Now this oil in the chamber gets cooled either by direct heat
exchanging through the atmosphere which is called Air Natural or by
forced air draft cooling by a radiator with many electric fans which are
automatically switched on and off depending upon the loading of
transformer which is known as Air Forced cooling.
As the oil gets cooled it becomes heavier and sinks to the bottom.

Transformer accessories:
Conservator: With the variation of temperature there is corresponding
variation in the oil volume. To account for this an expansion vessel
called conservator is added to the transformer with a connecting pipe
to the main tank. It is also used to store the oil and make up of the oil
in case of leakage.

Breather: In conservator the moisture from the oil is excluded from

the oil
through breather it is a silica gel column, which absorbs the moisture
in
air before it enters the conservator air surface.
Radiator: This a chamber connected to the transformer to provide
cooling
of the oil. It has got fans attached to it to provide better cooling.

Stage –1

GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS 6 Nos (one for each

unit)
RATING: 250 MVA
NO LOAD VOLTAGE: 420/15.75 kV
CURRENT: 343.66/9164.29 A
TYPE OF COOLING: OFAF
VECTOR GROUP: Ynd11
MAKE: BHEL

UNIT AUXILIARY 6 Nos (one for each unit)

TRANSFORMERS (UAT)
RATING: 32 MVA
TRANSFORMATION RATIO: 15.75 12% / 6.9-0-6.9
kV
VECTOR GROUP: d/ d-d 11-11

STATION TRANSFORMERS 2 Nos

RATING: 63 MVA
TRANSFORMATION RATIO: 132 12% / 6.9-0-6.9 kV
VECTOR GROUP: Yo/ d-d 11-11
MAKE: RUSSIA
The transformers used in Stage 2 are single phase transformers that
mean
3 single phase transformers are totally used for power transmission.
The rating there is 600 MVA out of which the real power output is 500
MW.
The input in this case is 21 kV. The reason for using 3 different
transformers in this case is due to the high power rating.
To reduce the losses the core is made up of a special type of material
which is CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented) steel which is further
laminated to reduce the eddy current losses.
Switchyard

MOTOR

A 3-φ induction motor, stator connected 2 or 3φ supply

produces a rotating magnetic field. Speed of rotation is
proportional to the main frequency and inversely proportional
to the no. of pair of poles. Stator can have single layer
windings with each coil side occupying one stator slot. Many
type of stator windings are encountered. 2 most common
types are:-
1. Single Layer winding – Each winding is distributed over a
number of stator slots.
2. Double Layer winding – Each stator slot contains sides of
two
separate coils.

Definition: Motor form the single largest prime mover found in

power stations and are used for multipurpose.

Induction motor: There are various types and sizes of motors

used
in the power stations. These are used for various purposes as
prime movers. Apart from the simple motor used in different
areas, these HT motors used in the various heavy duty
equipments. These are FD, ID, PA fans, boiler feed pumps,
CW
pumps, etc. These motors have certain special features like
cooling, auto starting, inter locks and control. These are
generally
squirrel cage motors. The rotor never rotates at the
synchronous
speed. Off load, the induction motor has poor efficiency and
power factor. On load we get an efficiency of 85% and 0.8
power
factor.

Synchronous Motor: These are motors which always run at

synchronous speed and speed of rotation depends upon the
pair
of poles. Synchronous motors do not start on their own they
need
an external exciting system which gives it an initial rotation.
Generally an induction motor is used for this purpose. As the
load
increases, load angle increases and power drawn from the
supply
increases. With an excessive load, the rotor pulls out of
synchronism. When operating at synchronous speed the
power
factor can be changed by varying the degree of excitation.
The motors are generally started using DOL (Direct Online
Starters)

Rating of Various motors attached to pumps and fans:

1) BFP-4000 kW, 6.6kV, 405A, p.f.-0.89, 2979 RPM. This is

the
biggest motor of power plant consuming a huge power and
rotating at speed greater than that of turbine.

2) CEP-250 kW, 6.6kV,26A,1480 RPM

3) Mill motors-340 kW,6.6kV,41 A,991 RPM

4) CWP-2000 kW, 6.6 kV, 250 A, p.f.-0.74, 300RPM.This is

also a
big motor which needs to pump large quantity of water
thereby
reducing its speed.

5) ID fan-1250 kW, 6.6 kV, 147 A, 597 RPM

6) PA fan-420 kW, 6.6 kV, 45.9 A, 1490 RPM

7) FD fan-1st speed - 550 kW, 6.6 kV, 73 A, 597 RPM

2nd speed -1000kW, 6.6 kV, 114 A, 746 RPM
 CONCLUSION

Industrial training being an integral part of engineering

curriculum provides not only easier understanding but also
helps acquaint an individual with technologies. It exposes
an individual to practical aspect of all things which differ
considerably from theoretical models. During my training, I
gained a lot of practical knowledge which otherwise could
have been exclusive to me. The practical exposure
required here will pay rich dividends to me when I will set
my foot as an Engineer.

The training at NTPC Vindhyachal was altogether an

exotic experience, since work, culture and mutual
cooperation was excellent here. Moreover fruitful result of
adherence to quality control awareness of safety and
employees were fare which is
much evident here.
Model of CHP at VSTPP
SUGGESTION
1.Bicycle should be provided to the trainees, so they can
explore more without being exhausted in the heat.

2. Each unit should have its own hydrogen plant for cooling.

3.Flue gas desulphurization(FGD) plant should be made

in unit. So the less polluted gases goes to atmosphere.

4. Workers in coal handling plant(CHP) should provide a

special medical check-up.

5. Effiency should be increased.