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    Absorption vs. Electric Chiller Technologies: Evans J. Lizardos, P.E

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    nurochman bp
    This document provides a simplified 3-step approach to evaluating the annual operating energy costs of absorption chillers versus electric chillers. It outlines calculating the operating cost factor based on equipment size and operating hours, efficiency factor based on efficiency ratings, and energy costs based on utility rates to determine the annual operating energy cost for each technology. An example comparison is provided that shows an electric centrifugal chiller having lower first cost, operating cost, and maintenance cost than an absorption chiller for a specific 300-ton application. Reasons for potentially choosing the absorption chiller instead are also discussed.

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    Absorption vs. Electric Chiller Technologies: Evans J. Lizardos, P.E

    Uploaded by

    nurochman bp
    62 views24 pages
    This document provides a simplified 3-step approach to evaluating the annual operating energy costs of absorption chillers versus electric chillers. It outlines calculating the operating cost factor based on equipment size and operating hours, efficiency factor based on efficiency ratings, and energy costs based on utility rates to determine the annual operating energy cost for each technology. An example comparison is provided that shows an electric centrifugal chiller having lower first cost, operating cost, and maintenance cost than an absorption chiller for a specific 300-ton application. Reasons for potentially choosing the absorption chiller instead are also discussed.

    Original Description:

    Chiller

    Original Title

    Chill Technologies 101211

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    This document provides a simplified 3-step approach to evaluating the annual operating energy costs of absorption chillers versus electric chillers. It outlines calculating the operating cost factor based on equipment size and operating hours, efficiency factor based on efficiency ratings, and energy costs based on utility rates to determine the annual operating energy cost for each technology. An example comparison is provided that shows an electric centrifugal chiller having lower first cost, operating cost, and maintenance cost than an absorption chiller for a specific 300-ton application. Reasons for potentially choosing the absorption chiller instead are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    62 views24 pages

    Absorption vs. Electric Chiller Technologies: Evans J. Lizardos, P.E

    Uploaded by

    nurochman bp
    This document provides a simplified 3-step approach to evaluating the annual operating energy costs of absorption chillers versus electric chillers. It outlines calculating the operating cost factor based on equipment size and operating hours, efficiency factor based on efficiency ratings, and energy costs based on utility rates to determine the annual operating energy cost for each technology. An example comparison is provided that shows an electric centrifugal chiller having lower first cost, operating cost, and maintenance cost than an absorption chiller for a specific 300-ton application. Reasons for potentially choosing the absorption chiller instead are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    Absorption

    vs.
    Electric Chiller
    Technologies

    Evans J. Lizardos, P.E.


    President
    LEED Accredited Professional
    Lizardos Engineering Associates, P.C.
    EVALUATION CRITERIA

    FIRST COST
    LIFE CYCLE
    COST
    MAINTENANCE
    OPERATING COST
    COST

    CLIENT ATTENTION GETTER


    Detailed Evaluation

    vs.

    Simplified Evaluation
    of Operating Costs
    Simplified Approach Applies
    to the equipment only
    Assuming that the auxiliary
    support equipment is not a
    major factor
    Absorption vs. Electric Chillers

    Chilled Water Pumps = 0

    Condenser Water Pumps


    Cooling Power Fans
    Absorption Machine Auxiliaries

    More horsepower required for


    absorption – but not a significant
    impact to the evaluation
    The Simplified Evaluation
    is most effective for
    chilled water systems
    when comparing
    heat vs. electric cooling
    technology
    Rebates & Grants
    From Utility
    Companies &
    Government Agencies
    Simplified Version is usually
    not used for following
    technologies:
    •Rooftop
    •PTAC (Hot Water Heating Coil)
    •PTAC (Heat Pump)
    •PTAC (Geothermal)
    EQUIPMENT SIZE

    Determine the tonnage and


    select the types of electric
    or absorption chillers to
    be used in the comparison
    THREE STEP APPROACH TO
    SIMPLIFIED EVALUATION

    OCF – Operating Cost Factor


    x
    EF – Efficiency Factor
    x
    EC – Energy Cost
    =
    AOEC – Annual Operating Energy Cost
    OPERATING COST FACTOR (OCF)

    Total Full Load


    Annual Operating Hours
    (usually 800 to 1,000 hours)

    X
    Equipment Size (tonnage)
    EFFICIENCY FACTOR (EF)

    Based on coefficient of
    performance (COP) from
    ASHRAE Standard 90.1
    (energy code)

    Output
    COP =
    Input
    Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (Table 6.2.1C)

    Water Chilling Packages Conversion calculation to determine the efficiency


    Minimum efficiency requirements factor (EF)
    COP = Output/Input
    Efficiency Factor
    Equipment type Size category Minimum efficiency or
    (EF)
    Input = Output/COP
    Input = 12000 BTU/6.1
    Water cooled, 1967 BTU = 12000BTU/6.1
    electrically operated > 300 tons 6.10 COP 12000 BTU__ .58 KW/Ton
    centrifugal 3415 BTU/KW = 3.51 KW
    .58 KW = 3.51 KW/6.1
    Absorption, double effect 12000 BTU/100000
    All capacities 1.00 COP .12 Therms/Ton
    indirect-fired BTU/Therm
    ANNUAL OPERATING ENERGY COSTS

    Therm 100,000 BTU


    = = 29.28
    KW 3,415 BTU

    KILOWATT CHARGE MUST BE MULTIPLIED


    BY 29.28 IN ORDER TO COMPARE IT TO THE
    THERM COST

    29.28 KW $0.12 $3.51


    X =
    Therm KW Therm
    GAS VS. ELECTRIC UTILITY RATE
    COMPARISON RATE SCHEDULE

    Electric x 29.28 = Gas


    $ $
    KWH Therm
    $0.03 $0.88
    $0.04 $1.17
    $0.05 $1.46
    $0.06 $1.76
    $0.07 $2.05
    $0.10 $2.93
    $0.12 $3.51
    $0.14 $4.10
    $0.16 $4.68
    ENERGY COSTS (EC)

    GAS - $/Therm
    Electric - $/KWH
    Steam - $/1,000 lb of Steam
    (high temperature hot
    water)
    DETERMINATION OF “EC” FOR GAS
    AND ELECTRIC

    Total Monthly Utility Bill ($)


    Total Therms or KWH’s

    ($)
    Therm or KWH
    DETERMINATION OF “EC” FOR
    STEAM

    As of October 29, 2007

    $10.00
    1000 lbs. Steam
    GAS-FIRED DOUBLE EFFECT
    ABSORPTION MACHINE

    OUTPUT CONVERSION
    EF(INPUT) = X
    COP UNITS FACTOR

    12,000 BTU Therms


    EF = X
    1.0 100,000 BTU

    EF = .12 Therms/Ton = 12,000 BTU/Ton


    EF FOR A 300 TON OR LARGER
    ELECTRIC CENTRIFUGAL

    OUTPUT CONVERSION
    EF(INPUT) = X
    COP UNITS FACTOR

    12,000 BTU/Ton 1 KW
    EF = X
    6.1 3,415 BTU

    EF = .58 KW/Ton
    AOEC FOR ELECTRIC
    CENTRIFUGAL

    .58 KW $0.20
    300 Tons X X X 1,000 Hours
    Ton KW
    = $34,800
    AOEC FOR ABSORPTION MACHINE

    .12 Therms $1.50


    300 Tons X X X
    1,000
    Ton Therm Hours
    = $54,000
    For this example only:

    Choose an electric centrifugal


    chiller
    •Lower First Cost
    •Lower Operating Cost
    •Lower Maintenance Cost
    •Smaller Footprint
    •Excellent Part Load
    Performance
    •Licensed boiler operators
    For this example only:

    Reasons not to choose an


    electric centrifugal chiller:
    •Electric service a problem
    •Electric service costs
    •Summer Steam plant operation
    •Prefer absorption machines
    •Steam turbine driven centrifugal
    •Screw versus centrifugal
    •Licensed refrigeration operators

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