STD 11 Commerce Maths

Written as per the revised syllabus prescribed

by the Maharashtra State Board
of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

Std. XI Commerce
Mathematics & Statistics - I

Salient Features

• Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus.

• Topic-wise distribution of all textual questions and practice problems at the
beginning of every chapter.
• Covers answers to all textual and miscellaneous exercises.
• Precise theory for every topic.

• Neat, labelled and authentic diagrams.
• Relevant and important formulae wherever required.

• Practice problems and Multiple Choice Questions for effective preparation.

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P.O. No. 24984
10165_10841_JUP
Preface
Mathematics is not just a subject that is restricted to the four walls of a classroom. Its philosophy and
applications are to be looked for in the daily course of our life. The knowledge of mathematics is essential
for us, to explore and practice in a variety of fields like business administration, banking, stock exchange and
in science and engineering.
With the same thought in mind, we present to you “Std. XI Commerce: Mathematics and Statistics-I” a
complete and thorough book with a revolutionary fresh approach towards content and thus laying a platform
for an in depth understanding of the subject. This book has been written according to the revised syllabus.
At the beginning of every chapter, topic–wise distribution of all textual questions including practice
problems have been provided for simpler understanding of different types of questions. Neatly labelled
diagrams have been provided wherever required. We have provided answer keys for all the textual questions
and miscellaneous exercises. In addition to this, we have included practice problems based upon solved
exercises which not only aid students in self evaluation but also provide them with plenty of practice. We’ve
also ensured that each chapter ends with a set of Multiple Choice Questions so as to prepare students for
competitive examinations.
We are sure this study material will turn out to be a powerful resource for students and facilitate them in
understanding the concepts of Mathematics in the most simple way.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on: [email protected]
Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully
Publisher

No. Topic Name Page No.
1 Sets, Relations and Functions 1
2 Complex Numbers 40
3 Sequence and Series 78
4 Angle and its Measurement 120
5 Trigonometric Functions 140
6 Plane Co-ordinate Geometry 235
7 Circle and Conics 289
8 Equations 339
9 Determinants 367
10 Limits 411
11 Differentiation 447

Chapter 01: Sets, Relations and Functions
01 Sets, Relations and Functions
Type of Problems Exercise Q. Nos.

1.1 Q.1 (i., ii., iii.)
To describe sets in Roster form Practice Problems
Q.1 (i., ii., iii.)
(Based on Exercise 1.1)
1.1 Q.2 (i., ii., iii.), Q.12(i. to iv.)
Practice Problems Q.2 (i., ii., iii.)
To describe sets in Set-Builder (Based on Exercise 1.1) Q.11 (i. to iv.)
form Miscellaneous Q.1 (i., ii., iii.)
Practice Problems
Q.1(i., ii.)
(Based on Miscellaneous)
Q.3 to Q.11
1.1
Q.13 (i. to iv.), Q.14 (i., ii.)
Practice Problems Q.3 to Q.10
Operations on Sets (Based on Exercise 1.1) Q.12 (i., ii.), Q.13 (i., ii.)
Miscellaneous Q.2, 3, 4
Practice Problems
Q.2, 3, 4
1.2 Q.1, 2, 6, 11
Ordered Pairs Practice Problems
Q.1, 2, 5, 9
1.2 Q.3, 4, 5
Practice Problems
Q.3, 4
Cartesian product of two Sets
Miscellaneous Q.5
Practice Problems
Q.5
1.2 Q.7, 8, 9, 10
Practice Problems
Q.6, 7, 8
To find domain and range of a (Based on Exercise 1.2)
given relation Miscellaneous Q.6, 7
Practice Problems
Q.6, 7
1
Std. XI : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)
1.2 Q.20, 21
Practice Problems
Q.18, 19
Types of Functions
Miscellaneous Q.9, 10
Practice Problems
Q.9, 10
1.2 Q.14, 16, 17, 18
Practice Problems
Q.12, 13, 15, 16
To find values of the given (Based on Exercise 1.2)
function Miscellaneous Q.13 to Q.17
Practice Problems
Q.12 to Q.16
1.3 Q.1
Operations on functions Practice Problems
Q.1 (i. to iii.)
1.3 Q.2 to Q.5
Practice Problems
Q.2, 3, 4, 5
Composite function
Miscellaneous Q.18 to Q.21
Practice Problems
Q.17 to Q.20
1.3 Q.6
Practice Problems Q.6
Inverse function
Miscellaneous Q.11, 12
Practice Problems
Q.11
1.2 Q.12, 13, 15, 19
Practice Problems
Q.10, 11, 14, 17
To find domain and range of a (Based on Exercise 1.2)
given function Miscellaneous Q.8, 23, 24
Practice Problems
Q.8
2
Syllabus: Methods of Representation of Sets
1.1 Sets There are two methods of representing a set which
1.2 Types of sets are as follows:
i. Roster method (Listing method):
1.3 Algebra of sets
In this method all the elements are listed or
1.4 Intervals tabulated. The elements are separated by
1.5 Cartesian product of sets commas and are enclosed within two
1.6 Relations braces(curly brackets).
Example:
1.7 Functions
The set A of all positive even integers less
1.8 Particular types of functions and their than 9 can be written as A = {2, 4, 6, 8}.
graphs
ii. Set-Builder method:
1.9 Composite function
In this method, the set is described by the
1.10 Inverse function characteristic property of its elements.
1.11 Functions in Economics In general, if all the elements of set A satisfy
1.12 Some more functions and their graphs some property P, then write A in set-builder
notation as A = {x/x has property P} and read
Introduction it as ‘A is the set of all x such that x has the
property P’.
All basic concepts of modern mathematics are based Example:
on set theory. The concepts involving logic can be Let B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
explained more easily with the help of set theory. Using the set-builder method, B can be written
It plays a crucial role in the study of relations, as B = {x/x  N, 3  x  8}
functions, probability and is used extensively in Since B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} can also be stated
as the set of natural numbers from 3 to 8
various other branches of mathematics. We shall including 3 and 8.
briefly revise and study some more concepts about
sets. Some standard sets are as follows:
N = set of all natural numbers
1.1 Sets = {1, 2, 3,…..}
A set is a well-defined collection of objects. These Z or I = set of all integers

objects may be actually listed or may be specified by = { ….3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …}
a rule. A set is usually denoted by the capital letters
Q = set of all rational numbers
A, B, C, N, R, etc. Each object in a set is called an
p 
element or a member of the set and is denoted by the =  / p,q  Z,q  0 
small letters a, b, c, etc. q 
If x is an element of set A, then we write it as x  A 1.2 Types of sets

and read it as ‘x belongs to A’ and if y is not an 1. Empty set:
element of set A, then we write it as y  A and read A set which does not contain any element is
it as ‘y does not belong to A’. called an empty set and it is denoted by  or
Example: { }. It is also called null set.
Example:
If A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, then 4  A, 7  A, 8  A,
A = {x/x  N, 3 < x < 4}
10  A
B = {x/x is a positive integer < 1}
The set of natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, Note:
rational numbers and real numbers are denoted by N, The set {0} and {} are not empty sets as they
W, I, Q and R respectively. contain one element, namely 0 and  respectively.
3
2. Singleton set: Note:
A set which contains only one element is i. Every set is a subset of itself.
called a singleton set. ii. Empty set is a subset of every set.
Example:  A and  are improper subsets of A.
A = {5}, 7. Universal set:
B = {3}, A non-empty set of which all the sets under
X = {x/x  N, 1 < x < 3} consideration are subsets, is called a universal
The set A = set of all integers which are set. It is usually denoted by X or U.
neither positive nor negative is a singleton set Example:
since A = {0} If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 8, 13, 15} and
C = {1, 2, 3, …, 50} are sets under
3. Finite set: consideration, then the set N of all natural
A set which contains countable number of numbers can be taken as the universal set.
elements is called a finite set.
Example: Venn diagram:
A = {a, b, c} A set is represented by any closed figure such as
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} circle, rectangle, triangle, etc. The diagrams
C = {a, e, i, o, u} representing sets are called venn diagrams.
Example:
4. Infinite set: .4 A
i. A = {4, 6, 9}
A set which contains uncountable number of .6 .9
elements is called an infinite set.
Example: A
ii. A = {a, b, c, d, e, f} B .a
N = {1, 2, 3, 4……} .b
B = {b, e, f} .c
Z = {…3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…..} BA .e .f .d
5. Subset:
Set A is called a subset of set B, if every 8. Equal sets:
element of set A is also an element of set B Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they
i.e., if x  A, then x  B. have the same elements and we denote this as
We denote this relation as A  B and read it as A = B.
‘A is a subset for B’. It s clear that From this definition it follows that “two sets A
i. Every set is a subset of itself i.e., A  A. and B are equal if and only if A  B
ii. An empty set  is a subset of every set. and B  A”
Example: Example:
If A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 1, 3}, then
A = B.
then A  B.
If A  B, then B is called a superset of A, 9. Complement of a set:
denoted by B  A. Let A be a subset of a universal set X then the
set of all those elements of X which do not
6. Proper subset: belong to A is called the complement of set A
A set A is said to be a proper subset of a set B and it is denoted by A or Ac.
if every element of set A is also an element of Thus, A = {x/x  X, x  A}
the set B and B contains atleast one element
which is not in A. We denote it by A  B. X
Example:
1. A = {x/x is a natural number less than 5} A
 A = {1, 2, 3, 4} A
2. B = {x/x is a divisor of 12}
 B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} The shaded region in the above figure
 AB represents A.
4
Example: Thus, A  B = {x/x  A and x  B}
Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} be an The shaded portion in the below venn diagram
universal set and A = {1, 3, 5, 6, 8}. represents A  B.
Then A = {2, 4, 7, 9}
X
Properties:
If X is the universal set and A, B  U, then A B
i. (A) = A
ii. X= AB
iii.  = X Example:
iv. A  A =  If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9},
v. A  A = X then A  B = {1, 3, 5}
Properties:
1.3 Algebra of sets If A, B, C are any three sets, then
1. Union of sets: i. A=
If A and B are two sets, then the set of those ii. AX=A
elements which belong to A or to B or to both iii. A  B = B  A (Commutative law)
A and B is called the union of the sets A and B iv. (A  B)  C = A  (B  C)
and is denoted by A  B. (Associative law)
i.e., A  B = {x/x  A or x  B} v. AA=A (Idempotent law)
The shaded portion in the below venn diagram vi. If A  B, then A  B = A
represents A  B. vii. (A  B)  A, (A  B)  B
X Distributive Properties of union and intersection

A B If a, b, c  R, then
a  (b + c) = (a  b) + (a  c)
This is known as distributive property of
AB multiplication over addition.
Example: In set theory, the operation of union and intersection
i. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, of sets are both distributive over each other i.e.,
then A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8} If A, B, C are any three sets, then
ii. If A is the set of all odd integers and B i. A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
is the set of all even integers, then ii. A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
A  B is the set of all integers. We verify these distributive laws using Venn
diagrams shown below. The shaded portion in each
Properties: figure shows the set obtained by performing the
If A, B, C are any three sets, then operation given below the figure.
i. A=A
i. X X
ii. AX=X A = A
iii. A  B = B  A (Commutative law)
iv. (A  B)  C = A  (B  C) B C B C
(Associative law)
v. AA=A (Idempotent law)
vi. If A B, then A  B = B A  (B  C) (A  B)  (A  C)
vii. A  (A  B), B  (A  B) X X
ii. A A
2. Intersection of sets: =
If A and B are two sets, then the set of those
elements which belong to both A and B i.e., B C B C
which are common to both A and B is called
the intersection of the sets A and B and is
A  (B  C) (A  B)  (A  C)
denoted by A  B.
5
De Morgan’s laws Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, then
If A and B are two subsets of a universal set X, then
A  B = {1, 3, 5} and B  A = {8}
i. (A  B) = A  B
ii. (A  B) = A  B Note:
We verify these laws using Venn diagrams shown i. The sets A  B, A  B, B – A are mutually
below. The shaded portion in each figure shows the disjoint sets i.e. the intersection of any of these
set obtained by performing the operation below the two sets is the null (empty) set.
figure: ii. A  B = (A – B)  (A  B)  (B – A)
i.
X X Number of elements in a set:
A B = A B Let A be a set. Then the total number of elements in it
is denoted by n(A).
Example:
(A  B) A  B Let A = {8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
X X  n (A) = 5
ii. A A The number of elements in the empty set  is zero.
B = B
i.e., n () = 0
Results:
(A  B) A  B
For given sets A, B
Disjoint sets: 1. n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if they have 2. When A and B are disjoint sets then
no element in common i.e., A  B = . n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B)
Example: 3. n(A – B) + n(A  B) = n(A)
If A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {3, 5, 7}, then A  B =  4. n(B – A) + n(A  B) = n(B)
 A and B are disjoint sets. 5. n(A – B) + n(A  B) + n(B – A) = n(A  B)
The venn diagram of the disjoint sets A and B is 6. For any sets A, B, C
shown below: n(A  B  C) = n(A) +n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B)
X  n(B  C) – n(A  C) + n(A  B  C)
Power set:
A B The set of all subsets of set A is called the power set
of A and it is denoted by P(A).
Example:
AB= If A = {a, b, c}, then
P(A) ={, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {a, c},
3. Difference of sets:
{a, b, c}}
If A and B are two sets then the set of all the
elements of A which are not in B is called Note:
difference of sets A and B and is denoted by If A contains n elements, then the power set of A
A  B. i.e., P(A) contains 2n elements.
Thus, A  B = {x/x  A and x  B}
Similarly, B  A = {x/x  A and x  B} 1.4 Intervals
In the below venn diagrams, shaded region
Open interval:
represents A  B and B  A .
If p, q  R and p < q, then the set {x/xR, p < x < q} is
X X called open interval and is denoted by (p, q). Here all
the numbers between p and q  (p, q) except p and q.
A B A B R
p x q
AB BA  (p, q) = {x/xR, p < x < q}
6
Closed interval: Exercise 1.1
If p, q  R and p < q, then the set {x/xR, p  x  q}
is called closed interval and is denoted by [p,q]. 1. Describe the following sets in Roster form:
Here all the numbers between p and q  [p, q] i. {x/x is a letter of the word
including p, q. ‘MARRIAGE’}
R  1 9
p x q ii.  x / x isan integer,   x  
 2 2
 [p, q] = {x/xR, p  x  q} iii. {x/x = 2n, x  N, n  N}
Semi-closed interval: Solution:
If p, q  R and p < q, then the set {x/xR, p  x < q} i. Let A = {x/x is a letter of the word
is called semi-closed interval and is denoted by [p, q). ‘MARRIAGE’}
R  A = {M, A, R, I, G, E}
p x q
 [p, q) = {x/xR, p  x < q}  1 9

ii. Let B =  x / x is an integer and   x  
[p, q) includes p but excludes q.  2 2
 B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
Semi-open interval:
If p, q  R and p < q, then the set {x/xR, p < x  q} iii. Let C = {x/x = 2n, n  N}
is called semi-open interval and is denoted by (p, q].
 C = {2, 4, 6, 8, ….}
R
p x q
2. Describe the following sets in Set-Builder
 (p, q] = {x/x  R, p < x  q} form:
(p, q] excludes p but includes q.
i. {0}
Remarks: ii. {0,  1,  2,  3}
i. Set of all real numbers > p
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
i.e., (p, ) = [x/xR, x > p} iii.  , , , , , , 
 2 5 10 17 26 37 50 
R
p Solution:
i. Let A = {0}
Set of all real numbers  p 0 is a whole number but it is not a natural
i.e., [p, ) = {x/xR, x  p} number
R  A = {x / x  W, x N}
p
ii. Set of all real numbers < q ii. Let B = {0,  1,  2,  3}

i.e., (, q) {x/xR, x < q} B is the set of elements which belongs to Z
R from 3 to 3
q
 B = {x / x  Z, 3  x  3}
Set of all real numbers  q
i.e., (, q] = {x/xR, x  q} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
iii. Let C =  , , , , , , 
R  2 5 10 17 26 37 50 
q In the given set C, numerators are natural
iii. Set of all real numbers R is (, ) numbers from 1 to 7 and
2
denominator = (numerator) + 1
R
 n 
 C = x / x  2 , n  N, n  7 
R = (, ) = {x/x  R,   < x < }  n 1 
7
3. If A = {x / 6x2 + x  15 = 0} 4. A, B, C are the sets of the letters in the
2
B = {x / 2x  5x  3 = 0} words ‘college’, ‘marriage’ and ‘luggage’
respectively, verify that
C = {x / 2x2  x  3 = 0} [A  (B  C)] = [(A  B)  (A  C)].
Find Solution:
i. (A  B  C) A = {c, o, l, g, e}
ii. (A  B  C) B = {m, a, r, i, g, e,}
C = {l, u, g, a, e}
Solution:
B  C = {m, a, r, i, g, e, l, u}

A = x / 6 x 2  x  15  0  A  (B  C) = {c, o}
A  B = {c, o, l}
 6x2 + x  15 = 0
A  C = {c, o}
 6x2 + 10x  9x  15 = 0
 [(A  B)  (A  C)] = {c, o} = A  (B  C)
 2x(3x + 5)  3(3x + 5) = 0  [A  (B  C)] = [(A  B)  (A  C)]
 (3x + 5) (2x  3) = 0
5 3 5. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6},
 x= or x =
3 2 C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and universal set
X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} verify the
 5 3 
 A = ,  following:
 3 2 i. A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
B = {x/2x2  5x  3 = 0} ii. A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
 2x2  5x  3 = 0 iii. (A  B) = A  B
 2x2  6x + x  3 = 0 iv. (A  B) = A  B
v. A = (A  B)  (A  B)
 2x(x  3) + 1(x  3) = 0
vi. B = (A  B)  (A  B)
 (x  3)(2x + 1) = 0
vii. n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B)  n(A  B)
1 Solution:
 x = 3 or x =
2 A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
 1  X ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
 B =  , 3 i. (B  C) = {4, 5, 6}
2 
 A  (B  C)= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
C = {x/2x2  x  3 = 0}
(A  B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
 2x2  x  3 = 0 (A  C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
 2x2  3x + 2x  3 = 0  (A  B)  (A  C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
 x(2x  3) + 1(2x  3) = 0  A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
 (2x  3) (x + 1) = 0 ii. (B  C) = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
3  A  (B  C) = {3, 4}
 x = or x = 1
2 A  B = {3, 4}
 3 A  C = {4}
 C = 1,   (A  B)  (A  C) = {3, 4}
 2
 A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
Thus,
 5 3   1   3  iii. A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
i. A  B  C =  ,    ,3  1,   (A  B) ={7, 8, 9, 10}
 3 2  2   2
A = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10},
 5 1 3  B = {1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10}
=  ,  1, , , 3
3 2 2   A  B = {7, 8, 9, 10}
ii. ABC={}  (A  B) = A  B
8
iv. A  B = {3, 4} 7. In a class of 200 students who appeared in a
(A  B) = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} certain examinations, 35 students failed in
MHT-CET, 40 in AIEEE, 40 in IIT, 20
A = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} failed in MHT-CET and AIEEE, 17 in
B = {1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10} AIEEE and IIT, 15 in MHT-CET and IIT
 A  B = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and 5 failed in all three examinations. Find
how many students
 (A  B) = A  B
i. did not fail in any examination.
v. A  B = {3, 4} ii. failed in AIEEE or IIT.
Solution:
A  B = {1, 2} Let A = set of students who failed in MHT-CET
 (A  B)  (A  B) = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = set of students who failed in AIEEE
 A = (A  B)  (A  B) C = set of students who failed in IIT
X = set of all students
vi. A  B = {3, 4}  n(X) = 200, n(A) = 35, n(B) = 40, n(C) = 40,
A  B = {5, 6} n(A  B)= 20, n(B  C) = 17, n(A  C) = 15,
 (A  B)  (A  B) = {3, 4, 5, 6} n(A  B  C) = 5
i. n(A  B  C)
 B = (A  B)  (A  B)
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C)  n(A  B)  n(B  C)
vii. A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6},  n(A  C) + n(A  B  C)
A  B = {3, 4}, A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = 35 + 40 + 40  20  17  15 + 5
= 68
 n(A) = 4, n(B) = 4,  No. of students who did not fail in any exam
n(A  B) = 2, n(A  B) = 6 = n(X)  n(A  B  C) = 200  68 = 132
 n(A) + n(B)  n(A  B) = 4 + 4  2 = 6 ii. No. of students who failed in AIEEE or IIT
 n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B)  n(A  B) = n(B  C)
= n(B) + n(C)  n(B  C)
6. If A and B are subsets of the universal set X = 40 + 40  17
and n(X) = 50, n(A) = 35, n(B) = 20, = 63
n(A  B) = 5, find
8. From amongst 2000 literate individuals of a
i. n(A  B) ii. n(A  B) town, 70% read Marathi newspapers, 50%
iii. n(A  B) iv. n(A  B). read English newspapers and 32.5% read
Solution: both Marathi and English newspapers.
Find the number of individuals who read
n(X) = 50, n(A) = 35, n(B) = 20, n(A  B) = 5
i. at least one of the newspapers.
i. n(A  B) = n(X)  [n(A  B)] ii. neither Marathi nor English newspaper
= n(X)  n(A  B) iii. only one of the newspapers.
= 50  5 Solution:
Let M = set of individuals who read Marathi
= 45
newspapers
ii. n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B)  n(A  B) E = set of individuals who read English
newspapers
= 35 + 20  45 X = set of all literate individuals
= 10 70
 n(X) = 2000, n(M) =  2000 = 1400
iii. n(A  B) = n(B)  n(A  B) 100
50
= 20  10 n(E) =  2000 = 1000
100
= 10
32.5
n(M  E) =  2000 = 650
iv. n(A  B) = n(A)  n(A  B) = 35  10 = 25 100
9
n(M  E) = n(M) + n(E)  n(M  E) i. No. of persons exposed to chemical A but not
= 1400 + 1000  650 = 1750 to chemical B
i. No. of individuals who read at least one of the = n(A  B)
newspapers = n(M  E) = 1750.
= n(A)  n(A  B)
ii. No. of individuals who read neither Marathi = 150  36
nor English newspaper
= 114
= n(M  E)
= n(M  E) ii. No. of persons exposed to chemical B but not
= n(X)  n(M  E) to chemical A
= 2000  1750 = 250 = n(A B)
iii. No. of individuals who read only one of the = n(B)  n(A  B)
newspaper = n(M  E) + n(M  E) = 74  36
= n(M  E) – n(M  E) = 38
= 1750 – 650 = 1100
iii. No. of persons exposed to chemical A or
9. In a hostel, 25 students take tea, 20 students chemical B
take coffee, 15 students take milk, 10 = n(A  B)
students take both tea and coffee. 8 students
take both milk and coffee. None of them = n(A) + n(B)  n(A  B)
take tea and milk both and everyone takes = 150 + 74  36
atleast one beverage, find the number of = 188
students in the hostel.
Solution:
Let T = set of students who take tea 11. If A = {1, 2, 3}, write down all possible
C = set of students who take coffee subsets of A i.e., the power set of A.
M = set of students who take milk Solution:
 n(T) = 25, n(C) = 20, n(M) = 15, A = {1, 2, 3}
n(T ∩ C) = 10, n(M ∩ C) = 8, n(T ∩ M) = 0, The power set of A is given by
n(T ∩ M ∩ C) = 0
P(A) = {,{1},{2},{3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3},{1, 3},
 No. of students in the hostel
{1, 2, 3}}
= n(T  C  M)
= n(T) + n(C) + n(M)  n(T ∩ C)  ( M ∩ C)
 (T ∩ M) + n(T ∩ M ∩ C) 12. Write the following intervals in Set-Builder
= 25 + 20 + 15  10  8  0 + 0 form:
= 42 i. (3, 0) ii. [6, 12]
iii. (6, 12] iv. [23, 5).
10. There are 260 persons with a skin disorder. Solution:
If 150 had been exposed to the chemical A,
74 to the chemical B, and 36 to both i. Let A = (3, 0)
chemicals A and B, find the number of  A = {x/x  R and  3 < x < 0}
persons exposed to
i. Chemical A but not Chemical B ii. Let B = [6, 12]
ii. Chemical B but not Chemical A  B = {x/x  R and 6  x  12}
iii. Chemical A or Chemical B.
Solution: iii. Let C = (6, 12]
Let A = set of persons exposed to chemical A  C = {x/x  R and 6 < x  12}
B = set of persons exposed to chemical B
X = set of all persons iv. Let D = [23, 5)
 n(X)=260, n(A)=150, n(B)= 74, n(A  B)= 36  D = {x/x  R and 23  x < 5}
10
13. In the Venn diagram below shade 14. In the Venn-diagram below, shade
i. A  (B  C)
i. (A  B) ii. A  B
ii. (A  B)  (A  C)
iii. A  B iv. A  B
X
A B A B
C
X
Solution:
Solution: i. X X
A B A B
i. X
C C
A B
A BC
X
(A  B) A B
ii.
X C
A  (B  C)
A B
ii.
X X
A B A B
A  B
iii. C C
X
(A  B) A
A B X X
A B A B
A  B C C
C A  C
iv.
X
X
A B
A B
A  B (A  B)  (A  C)
11
Ordered Pair: Let us consider A = {a, b, c}, B = {l, m, n, o, p}
 A  B = {(a, l), (a, m), (a, n), (a, o), (a, p),
If (a, b) is a pair of numbers then the order in which (b, l), (b, m), (b, n), (b, o), (b, p),
the numbers appear is important, is called an ordered (c, l), (c, m), (c, n), (c, o), (c, p)}
pair. Ordered pairs (a, b) and (b, a) are different.
Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are equal, if and In the above figure, the arrow starting from the
only if a = c and b = d element ‘a’ and pointing to the elements ‘l’ and ‘n’
Also, (a, b) = (b, a) if and only if a = b indicates that ‘a’ is related to ‘l’ and ‘n’. Similarly,
‘b’ is related to ‘m’ and ‘o’ and ‘c’ is related to ‘p’.
1.5 Cartesian product of two sets This relation is also represented by set of ordered
pairs, R = {(a, l), (a, n), (b, m), (b, o), (c, p)}
Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. The set of This relation R is a subset of A  B. Thus, relation
all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a  A and b  B is from set A to B is a subset of A  B i.e., R  A  B.
called the cartesian product of A and B and is If R is a relation and (x, y)  R, then it is denoted by
denoted by A  B. xRy.
Thus, A  B = {(a, b)/a  A, b  B} y is called image of x under R and x is called
where a is called the first element and b is called the pre-image of y under R.
second element of the ordered pair (a, b).
Domain:
If A  B, then A  B  B  A The set of all first components of the ordered pairs in
If A =  or B =  or both A and B are empty sets, a relation R is called the domain of the relation R.
then A  B = . i.e., domain (R) = {a/(a, b)  R}
Example: Range:
If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b}, then The set of all second components of the ordered
A  B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3,b)} pairs in a relation R is called the range of the relation
R.
1.6 Relations i.e., range (R) = {b/(a, b)  R}
Consider the following statements: Co-domain:
i. Ram is taller than Shyam. If R is a relation from A to B, then set B is called the
ii. Harshal and Ravi have shirts of same colour. co-domain of the relation R.
iii. 25 is the square of 5. Binary relation on a set:
iv. 2 and 4 are even integers. Let A be non-empty set then every subset of A  A
Here we can say that Ram is related to Shyam by the is binary relation on A.
relation “is taller than”. Harshal is related to Ravi by
Types of Relation
the relation “have shirts of same colour”. 25 is
related to 5 by the relation “is the square of ” and 2 i. One-One relation:
is related to 4 by the relation “are even integers”. If every element of A has at most one image in
Definition: B and distinct elements in A have distinct
images in B, then a relation R from A to B is
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then any subset
said to be one-one.
of A  B is called relation from A to B and is
Example:
denoted by capital letters P, Q, R, etc.
Let A = {3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
Consider the following illustration:
and R = {(3, 5), (4, 6), (5, 7)}
R l A R B
a 4
m 3
b 5
n 4
6
o 5
c 7
p 9
6
A B
12
Then R is a one-one relation from A to B. A R B
Here, domain of R = {3, 4, 5} and
2
range of R = {5, 6, 7} 1
1
ii. Many-one relation: 1 4
If two or more than two elements in A have 3
same image in B, then a relation R from A to 4 9
B is said to be many-one.
Example:
Then R is onto relation from A to B.
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Here, domain of R = {–2, –1, 1, 3} and
and R = {(1, 4), (3, 7), (4, 4)} range of R = {1, 4, 9}
A R B  Range = co-domain (B)
1 2
Note:
3 i.   A  A Here,  is a relation on A and is
2
4 called the empty or void relation on A.
3 5 ii. A  A  A  A Here, A  A is a relation on A
6 called the universal relation on A. i.e. R = A  A
4 7 Example: A = {1, 2, 3}
Then R = A  A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1),
Then R is a many-one relation from A to B. (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)} and
Here, domain of R = {1, 3, 4} and R = A  A is the universal relation on A.
range of R = {4, 7} iii. The total number of relations that can be
defined from a set A to set B is the number of
iii. Into relation: possible subsets of A  B.
If there exists at least one element in B which If n(A) = m1 and n(B) = m2,
has no pre-image in A, then a relation R from then n(A  B) = m1 m2
A to B is said to be into relation. and the total number of relations is 2m1 m2
Example:
Let A = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} 1.7 Functions
and R = {(2, 4), (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)} Definition:
A function from set A to the set B is a relation
A R B which associates every element of a set A to unique
2 0
element of set B and is denoted by f: A B. If f is a
1 1 function from A to B and (x, y)  f, then we write it
0 2 as y = f(x)
1
3 Example:
2
3 4 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
f 2
Then R is into relation from A to B. 1 3
Here, domain of R = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and 2 4
range of R = {0, 1, 4} 3 5
iv. Onto relation: 4 6
If every element of B is the image of some 7
8
element of A, then a relation R from A to B is A
said to be onto relation. B
Let a relation from A to B be given as “twice of”
Example:
then we observe that every element x of set A is
Let A = {2, 1, 1, 3, 4}, B = {1, 4, 9} related to one and only one element of set B. Hence
and R = {(2, 4), (1, 1), (1, 1), (3, 9)} this relation is a function from set A to set B. In this
13
case f(1) = 2, f(2) = 4, f(3) = 6, f(4) = 8 are the Consider the function f: A  B represented by
values of function f(x) = 2x at x = 1, 2, 3, 4 the following arrow diagram
respectively.
The set of all values of function f is {2, 4, 6, 8}. f
a l
This set is called range of the function f.
b m
Range:
If f is a function from set A to set B, then the set of c n
all values of the function f is called the range of the
function f. A B
Thus the range set of the function f: A  B is
{f(x) / x  A} In this case, range is equal to co-domain
Note that the range set is a subset of co-domain. = {l, m, n}
This subset may be proper or improper.
Hence f: A  B is onto function.
f
1
1 3. Into function:
4
2 If the function f: A  B is such that there
9
3 16 exists at least one element in B which is not
4 25 the image of any element in A, then f is said to
36 be into function. In this case, the range of a
A B function f is a proper subset of its co-domain.
In the figure for f: A  B
Consider the function f: A  B represented by
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} is domain, B = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36}
is co-domain and set {1, 4, 9, 16} is the range of the the following arrow diagram.
function f.
f
Types of functions 1 1
2 5
1. One-one function: 3 7
A function f: A  B is said to be one-one 9
4
function, if different elements in A have 13
different images in B.
A B
Consider the function f: A  B such that each
element of its range set is the value of the In this case range = {1, 5, 7, 9} is a proper
function at only one element of the domain subset of co-domain {1, 5, 7, 9, 13}
set.
Hence, f: A  B is into function.
In this case, f: A  B is one-one function.
2. Onto function: 4. Many-one function:
If the function f: A  B is such that each
If the function f: A  B is such that two or
element in B is the image of some element in
A, then f is said to be a onto function. In this more elements in a set A have the same
case range of function f is same as its image in set B i.e. there is at least one
co-domain B. element in B which has more than one pre-
image in A then the function f is called
f many-one function.
1 1
2 4 The function f: A  B represented by the
3 9 following arrow diagram is such that the
4 16 co-domain B contains 1, 4 and 9 each of
which is the value of the function f at two
A B distinct elements of the domain set A.
14
Representation of functions 4. Tabular form:
If the sets A and B are finite and contain very
1. Arrow diagram: few elements, then a function f: AB can be
In this diagram, we use arrows. Arrows start exhibited by means of a table of
from the element of domain and point out it’s corresponding elements.
value. Let f = {(1, 7), (2, 9), (3, 11), (4, 13)}
p We can represent the above function in tabular
x
form as follows:
y q
x 1 2 3 4
z r f(x) 7 9 11 13
s
Real valued function:
A B
A function whose co-domain is a set of real numbers
2. Starting the rule: (In terms of formula): R, is called a real valued function.
This is the most usual way of exhibiting Henceforth, we will deal with only real valued
function. functions.
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13}
and f: A  B is a function represented by Exercise 1.2
arrow diagram. 1. If (x  1, y + 4) = (1, 2), find the values of x
and y.
f Solution:
1 5
By the definition of equality of ordered pairs, we
2 7 have
3 9
11 (x  1, y + 4) = (1, 2)
4
 x  1 = 1 and y + 4 = 2
A B  x = 2 and y =  2
In this case we observe that, if we take any
 1 y   1 3
element x of the set A, then the element of the 2.  x  3 , 2  1  =  2 , 2  , find x and y.
set B related to x is obtained by adding 3 to    
twice of x. Applying this rule we get in Solution:
general f(x) = 2x + 3, for all x  A. By the definition of equality of ordered pairs, we
This is the formula which exhibits the function f. have
If we denote the value of f at x by y, then we  1 y  1 3
 x  ,  1 =  , 
get y = 2x + 3, for all x A.  3 2  2 2
1 1 y 3
3. Function as a set of ordered pairs:  x + = and  1 =
3 2 2 2
Consider the function f(x) = 3x + 5, 1 1 y 3
 x =  and  + 1
Where A = {0, 1, 2, 3}, B = {5, 8, 11, 14, 17} 2 3 2 2
we can form set of ordered pairs, as 1
 x = and y = 5
{(0, 5), (1, 8), (2, 11), (3, 14)} 6
In each of the ordered pairs, first component is
3. If A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y},
an element of set A and second component is find A  B, B  A, A  A, B  B.
an element of set B. Solution:
 the function f can be given as: A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y}
f = {(0, 0), (1, 8), (2, 11), (3, 14)} A  B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y), (c, x), (c, y)}
B  A = {(x, a), (x, b), (x, c), (y, a), (y, b), (y, c)}
function f is subset of A  B. A  A = {(a, a), (a, b), (a, c) (b, a) (b, b), (b, c),
Here, we observed that no two pairs of this set (c, a), (c, b) (c, c)}
have the same first component. B  B = {(x, x), (x, y), (y, x), (y, y)}
15
4. If P = {1, 2, 3} and Q = {4}, 7. Write the domain and range of the
find sets P  Q and Q  P. following relations:
Solution: i. {(a, b)/a is a natural number less than
P = {1, 2, 3}, Q = {4} 6 and b = 4}
ii. {(a, b)/a and b are natural numbers
 P  Q = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
and a + b = 12}
and Q  P = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)} iii. {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7)}.
Solution:
5. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6} i. Let R1 = {(a, b)/ a  N, a < 6 and b = 4}
Find Set of values of ‘a’ are domain and set of
i. A  (B  C) values of ‘b’ are range
ii. (A  B)  (A  C) a  N and a < 6
 a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and b = 4
iii. A  (B  C)
Domain (R1) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
iv. (A  B)  (A  C) Range (R1) = {4}
Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6} ii. Let R2 = {(a, b)/a, b  N and a + b = 12}
i. B  C = {5, 6} Now, a, b  N and a + b = 12
When a = 1, b = 11
 A  (B  C) = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6),
When a = 2, b = 10
(3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 5), (4, 6)} When a = 3, b = 9
ii. A  B = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), When a = 4, b = 8
(2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), When a = 5, b = 7
(4, 5), (4, 6)} When a = 6, b = 6
When a = 7, b = 5
A  C = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5),
When a = 8, b = 4
(3, 6), (4, 5), (4, 6)} When a = 9, b = 3
 (A  B)  (A  C) When a = 10, b= 2
= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6), When a = 11, b = 1
(4, 5), (4, 6)}  Domain (R2) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
Range (R2) = {11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
iii. B  C = {4, 5, 6}
A  (B  C) iii. Let R3 = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7)}
Domain (R3) = {2}
= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
Range (R3) = {4, 5, 6, 7}
(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
iv. (A  B)  (A  C) 8. Let A = {6, 8} and B = {1, 3, 5}.

= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), Let R = {(a, b)/aA, bB, a  b is an even}.
(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)} Show that R is an empty relation from A to B.
Solution:
A = {6, 8}, B = {1, 3, 5}
6. Express {(x, y)/ x2 + y2 = 100, where R = {(a, b)/ a  A, b  B, a  b is an even number}
x, y  W} as a set of ordered pairs. aA  a = 6, 8
Solution: bB  b = 1, 3, 5
{(x, y) / x2 + y2 = 100, where x, y  W} When a = 6 and b = 1, a  b = 5 which is odd
We have, x2 + y2 = 100 When a = 6 and b = 3, a  b = 3 which is odd
When x = 0, y = 10  x2 + y2 = 02 + 102 = 100 When a = 6 and b = 5, a  b = 1 which is odd
 Set of ordered pairs Thus, no set of values of a and b gives a  b even
= {(0, 10), (6, 8), (8, 6), (10, 0)}  R is an empty relation from A to B.
16
9. Determine the domain and range of the Solution:
following: i. {(x, y)/y = 3x, x  {1, 2, 3}, y  {3, 6, 9, 12}}
i. R1 = {(a, a2) / a is a prime number Here y = 3x
less than 15}
When x = 1, y = 3(1) = 3
 1   When x = 2, y = 3(2) = 6
ii. R2 =   a,  / 0  a  5,a  N 
 a   When x = 3, y = 3(3) = 9
Solution:  Ordered pairs are {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9)}
i. R1 = {(a, a2) / a is a prime number less than 15} Every element of domain is associated with
 a = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 unique element of codomain.
 a2 = 4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169  It is a function
 R1 = {(2, 4), (3, 9), (5, 25), (7, 49), (11, 121),
(13, 169)} ii. {(x, y) / y > x + 1, x = 1, 2 and y = 2, 4, 6}
 Domain (R1) Here, y > x + 1
= {a/a is a prime number less than 15}
When x = 1 and y = 2, 2  1 + 1
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
Range (R1) When x = 1 and y = 4, 4 > 1 + 1
= {a2/a is a prime number less than 15} When x = 1 and y = 6, 6 > 1 + 1
= {4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169} When x = 2 and y = 2, 2  2 + 1
 1   When x = 2 and y = 4, 4 > 2 + 1
ii. R2 =  a,  0  a  5,a  N  When x = 2 and y = 6, 6 > 2 + 1
 a  
 a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5  Ordered pairs are {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 6)}
1 1 1 1 1 Since, 1 and 2 are associated with two
 = 1, , , , elements i.e., 4 and 6
a 2 3 4 5
 It is not a function
  1   1   1   1 
 R2 = 1,1 ,  2,  ,  3,  ,  4,  ,  5,  
  2   3   4   5  iii. {(x, y) / x + y = 3, x, y  (0, 1, 2, 3)}
 Domain (R2) = {a/0 < a  5, a  N} Here, x + y = 3
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} When x = 0, y = 3
1  When x = 1, y = 2
Range (R2) = {  / 0  a  5,a  N 
 a  When x = 2, y = 1
When x = 3, y = 0
 1 1 1 1
= 1, , , ,   Ordered pairs are {(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 0)}
 2 3 4 5
Every element of domain is associated with
unique element of codomain
10. The domain of the relation
R = {(a, b) / b = a + 1, a  I, 0 < a < 5}.  It is a function
Find the range of R.
Solution: 12. Find the domain and range of the following
R = {(a, b) / b = a + 1, a  I, 0 < a < 5} functions:
 a = 1, 2, 3, 4  b = 2, 3, 4, 5 i. f(x) = x2
 Range (R) = {2, 3, 4, 5}
ii. f(x) =  x  1 3  x 
11. Write the following relations as sets of 3 x
iii. f(x) =
ordered pairs and find which of them are x3
functions.
iv. f(x) = 9  x 2
i. {(x, y) / y = 3x, x  {1, 2, 3},
y  {3, 6, 9, 12}} Solution:
ii. {(x, y) / y > x + 1, x = {1, 2} and i. f(x) = x2
y = {2, 4, 6}}  Domain = set of all real numbers
iii. {(x, y) / x + y = 3, x, y  {0, 1, 2, 3}} Range = {x / x  R and x  0}
17
ii. f(x) =  x  1 3  x  iv. f(x) = 9  x 2

For this to exist f(x) is defined, when 9  x2 > 0
(x  1).(3  x)  0  9  x2
 x2  9
 (x  1)  0 and 3  x  0
 x  3 and x  3
 x  1 and 3  x
 3x3
 x  1 and x  3  Domain of f = [3, 3]
 1x3 Now,  3  x  3
 x  [1, 3]  0  x2  9
or x  1  0 and 3  x  0  0   x2   9
 x  1 and 3  x  0 + 9  9  x2  9  9
 x  1 and x  3  09x29
Which is not possible   3  9  x2  3
 Domain is [1, 3] and   3  f(x )  3
For range  Range of f = [3, 3]
Let y = f(x) =  x 1 (3  x)
2
13. Find the range of each of the following
 y = (x  1) (3 – x) functions:
 y2 = x2 + 4x  3 i. f(x) = 3x  4, for  1  x  3
 x2  4x + (3 + y2) = 0 ii. f(x) = 9  2x2, for  5  x  3
Disc > 0 ….( x is real) iii. f(x) = x2  6x + 11, for all x  R.
 2 2
( 4)  4 (1)(3 + y ) > 0 Solution:
 16  12  4y2  0 i. f(x) = 3x  4 for 1  x  3
As – 1  x  3
 4y2< 4
 –3  3x  9
 y2< 1
 –3 – 4  3x – 4  9 – 4
 1<y<1  –7  3x – 4  5
  1  f (x)  1  –7  f(x)  5
 Range is [1, 1]  Range of f is [7, 5].
3 x ii. f(x) = 9 – 2x2, for –5  x  3
iii. f(x) =
x 3 As – 5  x  3
f(x) is not defined, when x – 3 = 0 i.e., when  0  x2  25
x=3  0  2x2  50
 Domain of f = R  {3}  0  –2x2  –50
3 x  0 + 9  9 – 2x2  9 – 50
Let y = f(x) =  9  9 – 2x2  –41
x 3
 9  f(x)  –41
 xy  3y = 3  x
 Range of f is [–41, 9]
 xy + x = 3 + 3y
 x(y + 1) = 3 + 3y iii. f(x) = x2  6x + 11, for all x  R
= (x2  6x + 9) + 2
3  3y
 x= = (x  3)2 + 2
y 1
But (x  3)2  0, for all x  R
which is not defined, when y + 1 = 0  (x  3)2 + 2  0 + 2
i.e., when y = –1  f(x)  2
 Range of f = R  {–1}  Range = [2, )
18
14. Solve the following: From fig. every element of set A is associated
3
x 1 with unique element of set B
i. f(x) = , find f(3), f(1)  It is a function
x2  1
Domain = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}
ii. f(x) = (x  1)(2x + 1), find f(1), f(2), f(3)
Range = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
iii. f(x) = 2x2  3x  1, find f(x + 2).
Solution: Also, each element of domain is half of the
corresponding element of co-domain.
x3  1
i. f(x) = x
x2  1  Function is y =
2
 3  1
3
27  1 26
f(3) = = = = 2.6 ii. Let f = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (5, 2)}
 32  1 9 1 10
A B
f(1) =
 13  1 = 1  1 = 0 = 0 2 1
 12  1 1  1 2 3
2
5
ii. f(x) = (x  1)(2x + 1)
f(1) = (1  1)[2(1) + 1] = 0
f(2) = (2  1)[2(2) + 1] = 5 From fig. every element of set A is associated
f(3) = (3 1)[2 ( 3) + 1] = 20 with unique element of set B
 It is a function
iii. f(x) = 2x2  3x  1
Domain = {2, 3, 5} and Range = {1, 2}
 f(x + 2) = 2(x + 2)2  3(x + 2)  1
The function cannot be expressed in formula.
= 2(x2 + 4x + 4)  3x  6  1
= 2x2 + 8x + 8  3x  7 iii. Let f = {(2, 3), (3, 2), (2, 5), (5, 2)}
 f(x + 2) = 2x2 + 5x + 1 A B
15. Which of the following relations are 2 2

functions? Give reason, if it is a function. 3 3
Determine its domain and range. Also 5 5
express the function by a formula.
i. {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5),
Since ‘2’ has two images i.e. 3 and 5,
(12, 6), (14, 7)} therefore it is not a function
ii. {(2, 1), (3, 1), (5, 2)}
iv. Let f = {(0,0), (1, 1), (1, 1), (4, 2), (4, 2),
iii. {(2, 3), (3, 2), (2, 5), (5, 2)}
(9, 3), (9, 3), (16, 4), (16, 4)}
iv. {(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1), (4, 2), (4,2),
(9, 3), (9, 3), (16, 4), (16, 4)} A B
Solution: 0 4
i. Let f = {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5), 3
1 2
B (12, 6), (14, 7)}
A 4 1
1 9 0
2 1
2 16
4 2
3
6 3
4
8 5 4
10
6
12 7  ‘1’, ‘4’, ‘9’, ‘16’ have two images
14  It is not a function
19
16. Find a, if f(x) = ax + 5 and f(1) = 8. 20. Find whether following functions are
Solution: one-one, onto or not:
f(x) = ax + 5 and f(1) = 8 i. f: RR given by f(x) = x3 + 5 for all
 f(1) = a(1) + 5
xR
 8=a+5
 a=3 ii. f: ZZ given by f(x) = x2 + 4 for all
xZ
17. If f(x) = f(3x  1), for f(x) = x2  4x + 11, Solution:
find x. i. Let f: R  R given as f(x) = x3 + 5 for all
Solution: x  R.
f(x) = x2  4x + 11
First we have to show that f is one-one
Also, f(x) = f(3x  1)
function
 x2  4x + 11 = (3x  1)2  4(3x  1) + 11
 x2  4x = 9x2  6x + 1  12x + 4 For this we have to show that
 8x2  14x + 5 = 0 if f(x1) = f(x2), then x1 = x2
 8x2  4x  10x + 5 = 0 Here, f(x) = x3 + 5
 4x(2x  1)  5(2x  1) = 0 Let f(x1) = f(x2)
 (2x  1)(4x  5) = 0  x13 + 5 = x23 + 5
1 5  x13 = x23
 x = or x =
2 4  x1 = x2
 f is one-one function
18. If f(x) = x2  3x + 4, then find the value of x
Now we have to show that f is onto.
satisfying f(x) = f(2x + 1).
Solution: For that we have to prove that for any
f(x) = x2  3x + 4 y  co-domain R, there exist an element
Also, f(x) = f(2x + 1) x  domain R such that f(x) = y.
 x2  3x + 4 = (2x + 1)2  3(2x + 1) + 4 Let y  R be such that
 x2  3x + 4 = 4x2 + 4x + 1  6x  3 + 4
y = f(x)
 3x2 + x  2 = 0
 3x2 + 3x  2x  2 = 0  y = x3 + 5
 3x(x + 1)  2(x + 1) = 0  x3 = y  5
 (x + 1)(3x  2) = 0  x= 3 y  5 R
2
 x = 1 or x =  for any y  co-domain R, there exist an
3
element x = 3 y  5  domain R such f(x) = y.
19. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Z be the set of  f is onto function.
integers. Define f: A  Z by f(x) = 3x + 7.  f is one-one onto function.
Show that f is a function from A to Z. Also
find the range of f. ii. Let f : Z  Z given by f(x) = x2 + 4 for all x  Z
Solution: Let x1, x2  R be such that f(x1) = f(x2)
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
f(x) = 3x + 7  x12 + 4 = x22 + 4
when x = 1, f(1) = 3(1) + 7 = 10  x12 = x22
when x = 2, f(2) = 3(2) + 7 = 13  x1 =  x2
when x = 3, f(3) = 3(3) + 7 = 16  f is not one-one function.
when x = 4, f(4) = 3(4) + 7 = 19
Here 0  co-domain Z, but there does not
 f = {(1, 10), (2, 13), (3, 16), (4, 19)}
It is a function because each element in A has exist x  domain Z such that f(x) = 0
one and only one image in Z  f is not onto function.
 Range of f = {10, 13, 16, 19}  f is not one - one onto function.
20
21. Find which of the functions are one-one Let y  R be such that y = f(x)
onto, many-one onto, one-one into, many-  y = x2
one into. Justify your answer.
 x= y  R if y < 0
i. f:RR given as f(x) = 3x + 7 for all
xR  for any y  co-domain R, there does not exist
ii. f: RR given as f(x) = x2 for all x  R an element x domain R such that f(x) = y.
iii. f = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)} defined  f is into function
from A to B where A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, Hence f is many-one into function.
B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}.
Solution: iii. f = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}
i. f: RR given as f(x) = 3x + 7 for all x  R
f is defined from A to B
First we have to show that f is oneone
f: A  B
For this we have to show that
Here each and every element of A have their
if f(x1) = f(x2) then x1 = x2
distinct images in B
Here, f(x) = 3x + 7
 f is one-one function.
Let f(x1) = f(x2)
Also element 15 in the co-domain B don’t
 3x1 + 7 = 3x2 + 7 have any pre-image in the domain A.
 x1 = x2  f is into function.
 f is one-one function.  f is one-one into function.
Now we have to show that f is onto function.
For that we have to prove that for any 1.8 Particular types of functions and their graphs
y  co-domain R, there exist an element
x  domain R such that f(x) = y. 1. Constant function:
Let y  R be such that A function f defined by f(x) = k, for all x  R,
y = f(x) where k is a constant, is called a constant
function. The graph of a constant function is a
 y = 3x + 7 line parallel to the X-axis, intersecting Y-axis
 y  7 = 3x at (0, k).
y7 Y
 x= R
3
P(x, k)
 for any y  co-domain R, there exist an element f(x) = k
(0, k)
y7
x=  R such that f(x) = y. X X
3 O (x, 0)
 f is onto function.
 f(x) is one-one onto function. Y
For example, f(x) = 5 is a constant function.
ii. f: RR given as f(x) = x2 for all x  R
To find whether it is one-one or many-one 2. Identity function:
Let f(x1) = f(x2) The function f(x) = x, where x  R is called an
 x12 = x22 identity function. The graph of the identity
 x1 =  x2 function is the line which bisects the first and
 f is not one-one function. the third quadrants. Observe the following
 f is many one function table of some values of f.
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
For that we have to prove that for any
y  co-domain R, there exist an element f(x) 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x  domain R such that f(x) = y.
21
Y 1
Let f: (R(0))  R : f (x) = for all values
x
3 of x  R  (0)
(3, 3) We have
2
(2, 2) x 0.25 0.5 1 2
1
(0, 0) (1, 1) f(x) = 1/x 4 2 1 0.5
X X
3 2 1 O 1 2 3 Y
1
(1, 1)
5
(2, 2) 2
(3, 3) 3 4 (0.25, 4)
3
Y 2 (0.5, 2)
3. Polynomial function: (1, 1)
1 (2, 0.5)
A function of the form
f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 +… + anxn, where n is a X O X
1 2 3 4
non-negative integer and a0, a1, a2,…, an  R is
called a polynomial function.
Y
Example:
5. Modulus function:
f(x) = x2  2x  3 for x  R
Let f: R  R, the function f(x) = |x| such that
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4  x, for x  0
|x| = 
f(x) = x2  2x  3 5 0 3 4 3 0 5   x,for x  0
is called modulus or absolute value function.
Y The graph of the absolute value function
consist of two rays having common end point
(2, 5) 5 (4, 5) origin and bisecting the first and second
4 quadrant.
Consider table of same values of f(x) = |x|
3
2 x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1 f(x) 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
(1, 0) (3, 0) Y
X X
3 2 1 O 1 2 3 4 f(x) = x f(x) = x
1 (3, 3) 3 (3, 3)
2 (2, 2) 2 (2, 2)
3 (0, 3) (2, 3) 1 (1, 1)
(1, 1)
4 X X
(1, 4) 3 2 1 1 2 3
Y
4. Rational function: Y
f ( x) 6. Even function:
The function of the type , where f(x) and
g( x ) A function f is said to be an even function, if
g(x) are polynomial functions of x, defined in f(x) = f(x) for all x  R
a domain, where g (x)  0 is called a rational Let f: R  R : f (x) = x2 for all x  R
function. Domain of f = R, range of f = {x/x  R, x  0}
22
We have 8. Exponential function:
x 2 1 0 1 2 Let f: R  R+. The function f is defined by
f(x) = x2 4 1 0 1 4 f(x) = ax, where a > 0, a  1 is called an
Y exponential function.
4 (2, 4) Y
(2, 4)
f(x) = ax (a > 0)
3
2
1 (1, 1)
(1, 1)
X X X X
3 2 1 O 1 2 3 O
Y
7. Odd function: Y
A function f is called an odd function, f(x) = bx (b < 0) Y

if f(x) =  f(x) for all x  R
Let f: R  R : f (x) = x3 for all x  R
Then, domain of f = R and range of f = R.
We have X X
O
x 2 1 0 1 2
f(x) = x3 8 1 0 1 8 Y
For example, f(x) = 2x is an exponential
function.
Y
8 (2, 8) 9. Logarithmic function:
7 Let a be a positive real number with a  1, if
6 ay = x, x  R then y is called the logarithm of x
5 with base ‘a’ and we write it as y = loga x.
4 i.e. A function f : R+  R defined by
3 f(x) = loga x is called logarithmic function.
2
 f = {(x, loga x)/x  R, a > 0, a  1}
1 (1, 1)
X X Y
3 2 1 O1 2 3
(1, 1) 1 y = logax
2 (a > 1)
3
4
X X
5 O
6
7
(2, 8) 8
Y Y
23
1.9 Composite function Exercise 1.3
If f: A  B and g: B  C are two functions then the 1. Let f and g be two real valued functions
defined by f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2x  3.
composite function of f and g is the function
Find
gof: A  C given by (gof)(x) = g[f(x)], for all x  A f
i. f+g ii. fg iii. .
Let z = g(y) then z = g(y) = g[f(x)]  C g
gof Solution:
f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2x  3
i. (f + g) x = f(x) + g(x) = x + 1 + 2x  3 = 3x  2
f g ii. (f  g) x = f(x)  g(x) = x + 1  (2x  3) = 4  x
x y z
f  f ( x) x 1
iii.  x = 
g g( x) 2 x  3
2. Find i. gof ii. fog, where

A B C
i. f(x) = x  2, g(x) = x2 + 3x + 1
This shows that every element x of the set A is 1 x2
ii. f(x) = , x ≠ 0, g(x) = x ≠ 2.
related to one and only one element z = g[f(x)] of C. x x2
This gives rise to a function from the set A to the set Solution:
C. This function is called the composite of f and g. i. f(x) = x  2 and g(x) = x2 + 3x + 1
(gof)(x) = g[f(x)]
Note that (fog) (x)  (gof)(x) = g(x – 2)
= (x  2)2 + 3(x  2) + 1
1.10 Inverse function = x2  4x + 4 + 3x  6 + 1
= x2  x  1
If a function f: A  B is one-one and onto (fog)x = f[g(x)] = f(x2 + 3x + 1)
function defined by y = f(x), then the function g: B = x2 + 3x + 1  2
 A defined by g(y) = x is called the inverse of f = x2 + 3x  1
and is denoted by f 1. 1 x2
1 1
ii. f(x) = and g(x) =
Thus f : B  A is defined by x = f (y) x x2
1
We also write if y = f(x) then x = f 1 (y) 2
1 1  2x
Note that if the function is not one-one nor onto, (gof) = g[f(x)] = g    x 
1
x  2 1  2x
then its inverse does not exist. x
The geometrical representation of the function is  x2 1 x2
(fog)x = f[g(x)] = f  = x2 =
called graph of the function.  x+2  x2
We know that a function can be expressed as a set x2
of ordered pairs. 2x  3 2
3. If f(x) = , x ≠ , prove that fof is
Let f: A  B be a function, where A and B are 3x  2 3
non empty subsets of R. Let (x, y) be an element identity function.
Solution:
of f, where x  A, y  B. 2x  3
f(x) =
Since x, y are real numbers, we can plot the point 3x  2
(x, y) in a plane by choosing a suitable co-ordinate (fof)(x) = f[f(x)]
system. On plotting all such ordered pairs from  2x  3 
 2  3
the set representing f we get a geometrical  2x  3   3x  2 
= f  =
representation of the function. This is called graph  3x  2  3  2 x  3   2
 
of the function f.  3x  2 
24
4 x  6  9 x  6 13 x 6. Show that f:R  R given by f(x) = 3x  4 is
= = =x
6x  9  6x + 4 13 one-one and onto. Find its inverse function.
 (fof)(x) = x Also find f1 (9) and f1 (2).
Solution:
 fof is an identity function.
f: R R given by f(x) = 3x  4
Let x1, x2  R be such that
3x  2 1 x2 f(x1) = f(x2)
4. If f(x) = ,x≠ and g(x) = ,
4x  1 4 4x  3  3x1  4 = 3x2  4
3  3x1 = 3x2
x≠ prove that (gof) (x) = (fog) (x) = x.  x1 = x2
4
Solution:  f is one-one function.
3x  2 x2
f(x) = , g(x) = Let y  R be such that
4x 1 4x  3 y = f(x)
3x  2  y = 3x  4
2
 3x  2  4x 1 y4
(gof)(x) = g[f(x)] = g   =  3x  2 
 4 x  1   x= R
4 3 3
 4x 1 
 for any y  co-domain R, there exist an element
3x  2  8 x  2 11x y4
= = =x x=  R such that f(x) = y.
12 x  8  12 x  3 11 3
 x2   f is onto function.
3 2  f is a one-one onto function.
 x2   4x  3 
(fog)(x) = f[g(x)] = f  =
 4x  3  4 x  2  1  f1 exists
  y4
 4x  3   f 1(y) =
3
3x  6  8 x  6 11x
= = =x x  4
4x  8  4x  3 11  f 1(x) =
3
 (gof)(x) = (fog)(x) = x
9  4 13
f 1(9) = =
3 3
5. If f = {(2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), (6, 12)}, 2  4 2
g = {(4, 13), (6, 19), (8, 25), (10, 31), f 1(2) = 
3 3
(12, 37)}, find (gof).
Solution: 1.11 Functions in Economics
f = {(2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), (6, 12)} 1. Demand Function:
g ={(4, 13), (6, 19), (8, 25), (10, 31), (12, 37)} According to demand law, quantity of
Let A = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12} and commodity X demanded is inversely related to
C = {13, 19, 25, 31, 37} the price of X, where other things remain the
same.
 f(x) = 2x and g(x) = 3x + 1 i.e., for higher price, the demand is less and
 (gof)(x) = g[f(x)] = 9(2x) for lower price, the demand is more.
= 3(2x) + 1 = 6x + 1 Demand D is function of the price p
 (gof)(2) = 6(2) + 1 = 13 i.e., D = f (p)
According to marshall law, the price P is
(gof)(3) = 6(3) + 1 = 19
function of demand D
(gof)(4) = 6(4) + 1 = 25 i.e., p = g (D)
(gof)(5) = 6(5) + 1 = 31 Example:
(gof)(6) = 6(6) + 1 = 37 200 50
p = 10  D2, p = 6 , p = , etc.
 (gof) = {(2, 13), (3, 19), (4, 25), (5, 31), (6, 37)} D 5 D
25
The graph of Demand and price or quantity If Demand D is the function of price p
demanded X is as follows: i.e., D = f(p), then total revenue function can
Y be expressed as a function of p.
i.e., R = p. f(p)
Price of X
If price p is the function of Demand D
i.e., p = g(D), then total revenue function can
be expressed as a function of D
i.e., R = D. g(D)
X X Example:
O Quantity Demanded
of X If p is a linear function of D
Y i.e. if p = 500 + 7D
It shows the diagrammatic representation of Then the total revenue function R is given by
the functional relationship between the price R = pD
of quantity and demand of quantity. = (500 + 7D) D
Also, it shows an inverse or negative R = 500 D + 7D2
relationship between price and demand of
The graph of total revenue function is as
quantity.
shown below:
2. Supply Function: Y
Supply is also related to price like demand. If
Total Revenue
p is the price and S is supply for the good X,
then price p is the function of supply S
(TR)
i.e., p = g(S)
Example:
p = 9 + 4S, p = 3S + S2, etc.
The graph of supply and price for a good X is X X
as follows: O Demand D
Y Y
Total revenue curve is parabolic in nature.
4. Total Cost Function:
Price of X
The total cost function is the combination of

fixed cost and variable cost, for a quantity x of
a certain good. Fixed cost does not depend on
the quantity x of that good. It may be due to
X X
O Quantity Supplied rent of the premises, expenses on the research
of X laboratory, etc.
Y
Variable cost depends on x
Price and supply increase or decrease together Cost function may be of the following type
i.e., supply S increases (decreases) with the C = ax + b, C = ax2 + bx + c, where a is
price p. Thus, the supply curves are sloping
positive.
upwards from left to right as shown in graph
above. 5. Profit Function:
Profit function is the difference between the
3. Total Revenue Function:
total revenue function and total cost function.
The total revenue function is obtained from
the demand and price. If R is the total revenue function and C is the
If p is price and D is the demand for the total cost function, then the profit function ()
goods. Then the total revenue (R) is given by is given as
R = pD =RC
26
1.12 Some more functions and their graphs

x 2/3 3/4 5/6 
y 0.87 0.71 0.5 0
1. Graph of Exponential Function:
Let f: R  R+. The function f is defined by In the above table, we have assumed
f(x) = ax, where a > 0, a  1 is called an 3
2 = 1.42 and = 0.87
exponential function. 2
Y  1 2 1.42
f(x) = ax (a > 0)  sin = = = = 0.71
4 2 2 2
Using the result sin (x) = sin x, the table for
the values of x between  and 0 is obtained
X X as follows:
O
x  5/6 3/4 2/3 /2
Y y 0 0.5 0.71 0.87 1
f(x) = bx (b < 0) Y
x /3 /4 /6 0
y 0.87 0.71 0.5 0
The graph corresponding to these points is as
X X given below:
O Y
Y 1.5
For example, f(x) = 2x is an exponential 1 y = sin x
function. 0.5
2. Graph of y = logex:
X  X
Let a be a positive real number with a  1, if  /2 O /2 3/2
ay = x, x  R then y is called the logarithm of x 0.5
with base ‘a’ and we write it as y = loga x.
1
i.e. A function f : R+  R defined by
f(x) = loga x is called logarithmic function. 1.5
 f = {(x, loga x)/x  R, a > 0, a  1}
Y Y
Extension of the graph of sin x :
y = loga x Since sin ( + x) =  sin x, one can also extend the
(a > 1) graph of y = sin x as shown below.
Y
X X 3
O
2 y = sin ( + x)
1
X X
Y 5 2 3    O   3 2 5 3
 
3. Graph of y = sin x: 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
The values of x and y = sin x are given in the
following table: 2
x 0 /6 /4 /3 /2 3
y 0 0.5 0.71 0.87 1
Y
27
4. Graph of y = cos x: 5. Graph of y = tan x:

The values of x and y = cos x are given in the tan x does not exist for x = but as x
following table:
2

increases from 0 to .
x 0 /6 /4 /3 /2 2
y 1 0.87 0.71 0.5 0 i. sin x increases from 0 to 1 and
ii. cos x decreases from 1 to 0.
x 2/3 3/4 5/6 
y 0.5 0.71 0.87 1 sin x
 tan x = will increase indefinitely as x
cos x
Using the result cos (x) = cos x, the table for

the values of x between  and 0 is obtained (starting from the value 0) approaches .
2
as follows:
Similarly as x (starting from the value 0)
x  5/6 3/4 2/3 
approaches  , tan x decreases indefinitely.
y 1 0.87 0.71 0.5 2
The corresponding value of x and y = tan x are
x /2 /3 /4 /6 0 given in the following table:
y 0 0.5 0.71 0.87 1
x /3 /4 /6 0 /6 /4 /3
The graph corresponding to these points is as y 1.73 1 0.58 0 0.58 1 1.73
given below:
Y The graph of y = tan x
Y
y = tan x
1
3
y = cos x
2
X  /2 O /2  X 1
X O X
/2 /2
1
1
Y 2
3
Extension of the graph of cos x :
Y
Y Extension of the graph of tan x :
When the graph of tan x is extended to values
1 
beyond , the entire curve shown in below
2
O
X3 X figure repeats completely for the intervals
5 2 3      3 2 5 3
    3   3 5 
2 2 2
2
1
2 2  ,  ,  ,  etc. as well as for
2 2   2 2 
 3    5 3 
intervals   ,   ,   ,   etc.
Y  2 2  2 2 
28
The extended graph is shown below: 3. In a survey of 425 students in a school, it
Y was found that 115 drink apple juice, 160
3
drink orange juice and 80 drink both apple
2 as well as orange juice. How many students
drink neither apple juice nor orange juice?
1
Solution:
O
X 5/2 2 3/2  /2 /2  3/2 2 5/2 X Let A = set of students who drink apple juice
B = set of students who drink orange juice
1
X = set of all students
2  n(X) = 425, n(A) = 115, n(B) = 160,
Y n(A  B) = 80
No. of students who neither drink apple juice nor
Miscellaneous Exercise - 1 orange juice = n(A  B) = n(A  B)
1. Write down the following sets in set-builder = n(X)  n(A  B)
form: = 425  [n(A) + n(B)  n(A  B)]
i. {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}
= 425  (115 + 160  80)
ii. {a, e, i, o, u}
iii. {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, = 230
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday} 4. In a school there are 20 teachers who teach
Solution: Mathematics or Physics. Of these, 12 teach
i. Let A = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50} Mathematics and 4 teach both Physics and
 A = {x/x = 10n, n  N and n  5} Mathematics. How many teach physics?
ii. Let B = {a, e, i, o, u} Solution:
 B = {x/x is a vowel of alphabets} Let A = set of teachers who teach mathematics
iii. Let C = {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, B = set of teachers who teach physics
Thursday, Friday, Saturday}  n(A  B) = 20, n(A) = 12, n(A  B) = 4
 C = {x/x represents days of a week} But n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B)  n(A  B)
 20 = 12 + n(B)  4
2. If U = {x/x  N, 1  x  12}
A = {1, 4, 7, 10}, B = {2, 4, 6, 7, 11}  12 = n(B)
C = {3, 5, 8, 9, 12}  No. of teachers who teach physics = 12
Write down the sets
i. (A  B) ii. (B  C) 5. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4},
iii. A – B iv. B  C Write down following sets:
v. ABC vi. A  (B  C) A  A, A  B, B  A, B  B, (A  B)  (B  A)
Solution:
Solution:
U = {x / x  N, 1  x  12} = {1, 2, 3, …., 12}
A = {1, 4, 7, 10}, B = {2, 4, 6, 7, 11}, A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4}
C = {3, 5, 8, 9, 12} A  A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2),
i. A  B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11} (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}
ii. BC={}= A  B = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2),
iii. A  B = {1, 10} (3, 4)}
iv. C = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11}
B  A = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2),
 B  C = {2, 4, 6, 7, 11}
v. A  B  C ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12} (4, 3)}
vi. B  C = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12} B  B = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (4, 2), (4, 4)}
 A  (B  C) = {4, 7} (A  B)  (B  A) = {(2, 2)}
29
6. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6}, which of 8. Which of the following relations are
the following are relations from A to B: functions? If it is a function, determine its
i. R1 = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)} domain and range:
ii. R2 = {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 6)} i. {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5),
iii. R3 = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (3, 6), (2, 6), (3, 4)}
iv. R4 = {(4, 2), (2, 6), (5, 1), (2, 4)}. (12, 6), (14, 7)}
Solution: ii. {(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1), (4, 2), (4, 2),
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} (9, 3), (9, 3), (16, 4), (16, 4)}
 A  B = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), iii. {(2, 1), (3, 1), (5, 2)}.
(2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)} Solution:
i. R1 = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)} i. Refer Ex. 1.2 Q. 15 - i
Since, R1  A  B ii. Refer Ex. 1.2 Q.15 - iv
 R1 is a relation from A to B iii. Refer Ex. 1.2 Q. 15 - ii
ii. R2 = {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 6)}
9. Find whether following functions are one-
Since, R2  A  B
one or not :
 R2 is a relation from A to B
i. f: R  R defined by f (x) = x2 + 5
iii. R3 = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (3, 6), (2, 6), (3, 4)} ii. f: R  {3}  R defined by
Since, R3  A  B 5x  3
f (x ) = for x  R – {3}.
 R3 is a relation from A to B x3
Solution:
iv. R4 = {(4, 2), (2, 6), (5, 1), (2, 4)}
i. f: R  R defined by f(x) = x2 + 5
Since, (4, 2)  R4, but (4, 2)  A  B
To prove that f is one-one we have to prove
 R4  A  B
that if f(x1) = f(x2) then x1 = x2
 R4 is not a relation from A to B
Here f(x) = x2 + 5
Let f(x1) = f(x2)
7. Determine the domain and range of the
 x12 + 5 = x22 + 5
following relations:
i. R = {(a, b) / a  N, a < 5, b = 4}  x12 = x22
ii. S = {(a, b) / b = | a – 1|, a  Z, | a |  3}.  x1 =  x2
Solution:  f is not one-one function.
i. R = {(a, b) / a  N, a < 5, b = 4}
5x  3
 Domain (R) = {1, 2, 3, 4} ii. f: R  {3}  R defined by f(x) =
Range (R) = {4} x 3
To prove that f is one-one we have to prove
ii. S = {(a, b) / b = |a  1|, a  Z, |a|  3}
that if f(x1) = f(x2) then x1 = x2
Since, a  Z and |a|  3
5x  3
 a  3 and a  3 Here, f(x) =
x 3
 3  a  3 Let f(x1) = f(x2)
 a = –3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
5 x1  3 5 x 2  3
When a = –3, b = 4  =
x1  3 x2  3
When a = 2, b = 3
When a = 1, b = 2  (5x1 + 3)(x2  3) = (5x2 + 3)(x1  3)
When a = 0, b = 1  5x1x2  15x1 + 3x2  9 = 5x1x2  15x2 + 3x1  9
When a = 1, b = 0  15x1 + 3x2 = 15x2 + 3x1
When a = 2, b = 1  18x2 = 18x1
When a = 3, b = 2
 x1 = x2
 Domain (S) = {–3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
Range (S) = {4, 3, 2, 1, 0}  f is one-one function.
30
10. Find whether the following functions are  for any y  co-domain R, there exist an element
onto or not: y 8
i. f: Z  Z defined by f(x) = 6x  7 for x= 3  domain R such that f(x) = y
5
all x  Z.
ii. f: R  R defined by f(x) = x2 + 3 for
 f is one-one onto function
all x  R.
Solution:  f1 exists
i. f: Z  Z defined by f(x) = 6x  7 for all x  Z y 8 x8
 f1(y) = 3  f1(x) = 3 .
We want to find whether f is a onto function 5 5
For that we have to prove that for any
y  co-domain Z, there exist an element 3x
x  domain Z such that f(x) = y 12. A function f: R  R defined by f(x) = + 2,
5
Let y  Z be such that
x  R. Show that f is one-one and onto.
y = f(x)
Hence, find f 1.
 y = 6x  7
Solution:
y7
 6x = y + 7  x= Z 3x
6 f: R  R defined by f(x) =  2
5
 for any y  co-domain Z, there does not exist
First we have to prove that f is one-one function for
an element x  domain Z such that f(x) = y that we have to prove if f(x1) = f(x2) then x1 = x2
 f is not onto function.
3x
ii. f : R  R defined by f(x) = x2 + 3 for all x  R Here f(x) = + 2
5
As x  R, x2  0 Let f(x1) = f(x2)
 x2 + 3  3  f(x)  3 3x1 3x
 Value of all element of domain R is greater  +2= 2 +2
5 5
than or equal to 3
This means that in co-domain for all the 3x1 3x2
 =
elements which are less than 3 will not have 5 5
their pre-image in the domain.  x1 = x2
 f is not onto function.  f is one-one function
Now, we have to that f is onto function
11. Let f: RR be a function defined by
Let y  R be such that
f(x) = 5x3  8 for all x  R, show that f is
y = f(x)
one-one and onto. Hence, find f 1.
3x
Solution:  y= +2
f: R  R defined by f(x) = 5x3  8 5
First, we have to prove that f one-one function 3x
 y2=
For that we have to prove that if f(x1) = f(x2) then 5
x1 = x2 5( y  2)
 x= R
Here f(x) = 5x3  8 3
Let f(x1) = f(x2)  for any y  co-domain R, the exist an element
 5x13  8 = 5x23  8 5( y  2)
 x13 = x23  x1 = x2 x=  domain R such that f(x) = y
3
 f is one-one function
 f is one-one onto function.
Let y  R be such that
y = f(x)  f1 exists
 y = 5x3  8 5 y  2
 f1(y) =
 5x3 = y + 8 3
y 8 5  x  2
 x= 3 R  f 1 (x) =
5 3
31
13. A function f is defined as follows: and f(4) = 42
f(x) = 4x + 5, for 4  x < 0, Find the values  a(4)2 + b(4) + 2 = 42
of f(1), f(2), f(0), if exist.  16a + 4b = 40
Solution:
f(x) = 4x + 5, for x  [4, 0)  4a + b = 10
 1  [4, 0)  4(1  b) + b = 10 ….[From (i)]
 f(1) = 4(1) + 5 = 1  4  4b + b = 10
 2  [4, 0)  3b = 6
 f(2) = 4(2) + 5 =  3  b=2
But 0  [4, 0)
Putting the value of b in (i), we get
 f(0) does not exist.
a = 1 (2) = 3
14. A function f is defined as follows:  a = 3, b =  2
f(x) = 5  x for 0  x  4
Find the value of x such that 18. Find composite of f and g and express it by
i. f(x) = 3 and ii. f(x) = 5. formula
Solution:
i. f = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6)}
f(x) = 5  x for 0  x  4
i. When f(x) = 3, g = {(3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), (6, 12)}
5x=3 ii. f = {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 3)}
 x=2 g = {(1, 1), (2, 8), (3, 27), (4, 64)}
ii. When f(x) = 5, Solution:
5x=5 i. f = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6)}
 x=0 g = {(3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), (6, 12)}
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6} and
15. If f(x) = 3x4  5x2 + 7, find f(x  1). C = {6, 8, 10, 12}
Solution:  f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 2x
f(x) = 3x4  5x2 + 7
 (gof) (x) = g[f(x)] = g(x + 2) = 2(x + 2) = 2x + 4
 f(x  1) = 3(x  1)4  5(x  1)2 + 7
= 3(x4  4x3 + 6x2  4x + 1)  5(x2  2x + 1) + 7  (gof) (1) = 2(1) + 4 = 6
= 3x4  12x3 + 18x2 12x + 3  5x2 + 10x  5 + 7 (gof) (2) = 2(2) + 4 = 8
= 3x4  12x3 + 13x2  2x + 5 (gof) (3) = 2(3) + 4 = 10
(gof) (4) = 2(4) + 4 = 12
16. If f(x) = 3x + a and f(1) = 7, find a and f(4).
 gof = {(1, 6), (2, 8), (3, 10), (4, 12)}
Solution:
f(x) = 3x + a and f(1) = 7 ii. f = {(1,1), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 3)}
 f(1) = 3(1) + a g = {(1, 1), (2, 8), (3, 27), (4, 64)}
 7=3+a Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
 a=4
C = {1, 8, 27, 64}
 f(x) = 3x + 4
 f(4) = 3(4) + 4 = 16 Here, f(1) = 1, f(2) = 4, f(3) = 4, f(4) = 3
g (1), = 1, g (2) = 8, g (3) = 27, g (4) = 64
17. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + 2 and f(1) = 3, f(4) = 42,  (gof) (1) = g[f(1)] = g (1) = 1
find a and b. (gof) (2) = g[f(2)] = g (4) = 64
Solution: (gof) (3) = g[f(3)] = g (4) = 64
f(x) = ax2 + bx + 2
(gof) (4) = g[f(4)] = g (3) = 27
f(1) = 3
 a(1)2 + b(1) + 2 = 3  gof = {(1, 1), (2, 64), (3, 64), (4, 27)}
 a+b+2=3  This composite function cannot be expressed
 a=1b ….(i) by formula.
32
19. Find fog and gof if, x3 5
21. If f(x) = ,x≠ ,
i. f(x) = x2 + 5, g(x) = x  8 4x  5 4
ii. f(x) = 3x  2, g(x) = x2 3  5x 1
g(x) = =, x ≠ ,
iii. f(x) = 256x4, g(x) = x . 4x  1 4
Solution: show that (fog)(x) = x.
i. f(x) = x2 + 5, g(x) = x  8 Solution:
fog(x) = f[g(x)] x3 3  5x
f(x) = , g(x) =
= f(x – 8) 4x  5 4x 1
= (x  8)2 + 5  (fog) x = f[g(x)]
= x2  16x + 64 + 5  3  5x 
= x2  16x + 69 =f  
 4x  1 
gof(x) = g[f(x)]
3  5x
= g(x2 + 5) 3
= x2 + 5  8 = x2  3 = 4x 1
 3  5x 
ii. f(x) = 3x  2, g(x) = x2 4 5
 4x 1 
fog(x) = f[g(x)]
3  5 x  12 x  3
= f(x2)
= 4x 1
= 3x2  2
12  20 x  20 x  5
gof(x) = g[f(x)] = [f(x)]2
4x 1
= (3x  2)2 = 9x2  12x + 4
17 x
= =x
iii. f(x) = 256 x4, g(x) = x 17
fog(x) = f[g(x)]
 x
Additional Problems for Practice
=f
Based on Exercise 1.1
= 256  x 
4
1. Describe the following sets in Roster form:

= 256 x2 i. {x / x is a letter of the word ‘APPLE’}
gof(x) = g[f(x)]
 3
= g(256 x4) ii.  x / x is an integer and  2  x   .
 2
= 256x 4 = 16x2
iii. {x / x = 2n  1, n  N}
2x  1 2 2. Describe the following sets in set-builder

20. If f(x) = ,x , form:
5x  2 5 i. {0, 1, 2, 3, ….}
show that (fof)(x) = x. ii. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
Solution:
 1 1 1 1
2x  1 iii. 1, , , , 
f(x) =  3 5 7 9
5x  2
(fof)x = f[f(x)] 3. If A = {x / 2x2 + x  6 = 0},
 2x  1  B = {x / x2  4 = 0},
= f 
 5x  2  C = {x / x2  3x  10 = 0},
then find
 2x  1 
2  1 i. ABC
 5x  2 
= ii. ABC
 2x  1 
5 2 4. If A, B, C are the sets of the letters in the
 5x  2 
words ‘language’, ‘luggage’ and ‘drainage’
4 x  2  5x  2 9x respectively, then verify that
= = =x
10 x  5  10 x  4 9 [A  (B  C)] = [(A  B)  (A  C)].
33
5. If A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {c, d, e, f}, C = {f, g, h, i}
and universal set U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}, X
then verify the following: A B
i. A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
ii. A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
iii. (A  C) = A  C C
iv. (B  C) = B  C
v. C = (A  C)  (A  C)
vi. n (B  C) = n(B) + n(C)  n(B  C) Based on Exercise 1.2
6. If A and B are subsets of the universal set X 1. If (x + 3, y  1) = (4, 1), find the values of x
and n (X) = 100, n (A) = 80, n (B) = 40, and y.
n (A  B) = 10, then find
i. n (A  B) ii. n (A  B)  1 1 1 5
2. If  x  , y     ,  , find x and y.
iii. n (A  B) iv. n (A  B)  4 2 2 2
7. In a survey of 75 students of a class, 40 like 3. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {x, y}, then find A  B,
apple juice, 35 like orange juice, 30 like B  A, A  A and B  B.
pineapple juice, 15 like both apple and orange
juices, 12 like both apple and pineapple juices, 4. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5}, then
10 like both orange and pineapple juices and 4 find i. (A  B)  (A  C)
like all three juices. Find the number of ii. (A  B)  (A  C)
students who
5. Express A = {(x, y) / x2 + y2 = 25, where x, y  W}
i. did not like any juice.
as a set of ordered pairs.
ii. like orange juice or pineapple juice.
6. Write the domain and range of the following
8. From amongst 800 individuals using internet,
relations:
55% use Facebook, 40% use Whatsapp and
35% use both sites. Find the number of i. {(a, b) / a, b  N, a < 3 and b < 2}
individuals who use ii {(a, b) / a, b  N, a + b = 5}
i. at least one of the sites. 7. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 10} and
ii. neither Facebook nor Whatsapp. R = {(a, b) / a  A, b  B, a.b is odd}. Show
iii. only one of the sites. that R is an empty relation from A to B.
9. In a class, 50 students study Marathi, 40
8. Write the following relation in Roster form
students study English, 30 students study
and hence find its domain and range:
Hindi, 20 students study both English and
Marathi, 16 students study both English and  1  
R =  a,  a  N,0  a  4 
Hindi. None of them study Marathi and Hindi  a  1  
both. If every student study at least one
subject, find the number of students in the 9. Write the following relations as sets of
class. ordered pairs:
i. {(x, y) / x + y = 5, x, y  {1, 2, 3, 4}}
10. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, write down the set of all ii. {(x, y) / x > y + 1, x = 4, 6, 8 and y = 1, 3}
possible subsets of A, i.e., the power set of A.
10. Find the domain and range of the following
11. Write the following intervals in set-builder form: functions:
i. (2, 0) ii. (2, 6]
i. f (x) = ( x  2)(4  x)
iii. [2, 5) iv. [1, 1]
12. Using Venn diagrams represent: ii. f (x) = 25  x 2
i. (A  B  C) ii. A  (B  C) 11. Find the range of each of the following
13. In the Venn-diagram below, shade functions:
i. B  (A  C) i. f (x) = x2  8x + 19, for all x  R
ii. (B  C)  (A  B) ii. f (x) = 5x + 4, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
34
12. If f(x) = (x + 5) (3x  1), then find f(1), f (2). 5. If f = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6), (5, 7)},
g = {(3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25), (6, 36), (7, 49)},
13. If f(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 5, then find f (x + 1). find (gof).
14. Which of the following relations are
6. Show that f : R  R given by f(x) = 4x + 7 is
functions? If it is a function, determine its
one-one onto. Find its inverse function. Also
domain and range. Also find the function by
formula (if possible). find f 1 (19) and f 1 (5).
i. {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)}
Based on Miscellaneous Exercise  1
ii. {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 6)}
15. If f(x) = ax  10 and f (1) = 6, then find a. 1. Write down the following sets in set-builder
form:
16. If f(x) = f(2x + 1) for f(x) = x2  5x + 7, then i. {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36}
find x. ii. {0, ±2, ±4, ±6}
17. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Z be the set of
2. If U = {x / x  I, 2 ≤ x ≤ 10},
integers. If f : A  Z is defined by f(x) = 2x + 1,
then show that f is a function from A to Z. Also A = {2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {1, 2, 3, 9, 10},
find the range of f. C = {3, 6, 9}, write down the following sets:
i. AC ii. AB
18. Find whether the following functions are one-
one, onto or not: iii. A  C iv. (A  B)  C
i. f : R  R given by f(x) = x2 3. In a class of 180 students, 95 like English, 110
ii. f : R  R given by f(x) = 2x + 3. like Hindi and 30 like both subjects. How many
students neither like English nor like Hindi?
19. Find which of the following functions are
one-one onto, many-one onto, one-one into, 4. Out of 40 players participating in Cricket and
many-one into. Football, 18 play Cricket and 9 play both
i. f = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 11), (4, 18)} defined Cricket and Football. How many players play
from A to B, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Football?
B = {3, 6, 11, 18, 27}
ii. f : R  R given as f(x) = 2x2 + 7 for all 5. If A = {1, 3, 4} and B = {3, 5}, find A  B,
x  R. B  B, B  A, (A  B)  (B  A).
Based on Exercise 1.3 6. If X = {a, b, c} and Y = {p, q}, which of the

following are relations from X to Y:
1. Let f and g be two real valued functions i. R1 = {(a, p), (a, q), (b, p), (c, q)}
defined by f(x) = 3x  1 and g(x) = x  2. Find ii. R2 = {(p, a), (a, p), (a, q), (b, q), (q, c)}
i. f+g ii. fg
f 7. Determine the domain and range of the
iii. following relation:
g
R = {(a, b) / |a| < 2, b = |a + 1|, a  Z}
x
2. Find gof and fog, where f(x) = and 8. Which of the following relations are
2 functions? If it is a function, determine its
x 1 domain and range:
g(x) = .
x 1 i. {(1, 1) (2, 8) (3, 27) (4, 64)}
5x  1 ii. {(1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 2)}
3. If f(x) = , then prove that fof is an
x5 9. Find whether the following function is one-
identity function. one or not:
7x  4 3x  4 f : R{2}  R defined by
4. If f(x) = and g(x) = , then show 4x  3
5x  3 5x  7 f(x) = for x  R  {2}
that (fog) (x) = (gof) (x) = x. x2
35
10. Find whether the following functions are onto 3. If a set A has n elements, then the total
or not: number of subsets of A is
i. f : R  R defined by f(x) = 5x + 11 for (A) n (B) n2
all x  R (C) 2n (D) 2n
ii. f : Z  Z defined by f(x) = 5x  11 for
all x  Z. 4. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} C = {4, 5, 6}, then
A  (B  C) is
x
11. A function f : R  R defined by f(x) = 5 + , (A) {3} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4}
6
(C) {1, 2, 4, 5C} (D) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
x  R. Show that f is one-one and onto. Hence
find f 1 . 5. In a city 20 percent of the population travels
12. A function f is defined as follows: by car, 50 percent travels by bus and 10
f(x) = 3x + 7, for  3 ≤ x ≤ 1. percent travels by both car and bus. Then
Find the values of f(2), f(1), f(2), if they persons travelling by car or bus is
exist. (A) 80 percent (B) 40 percent
13. A function f is defined as follows: (C) 60 percent (D) 70 percent
f(x) = 3 + x for 2 < x < 2. Find the values of 6. If A, B and C are any three sets, then
x such that f(x) = 2 and f(x) = 4. A × (B  C) is equal to
14. If f(x) = 2x3  3x + 11, find f (x + 1). (A) (A × B)  (A × C)
15. If f(x) = 2x + a and f(2) = 9, find a and f(3). (B) (A  B) × (A  C)
(C) (A × B)  (A × C)
16. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + 5 and f(1) = 12, f(2) = 21,
find a and b. (D) None of these
17. Find composite of f and g and express it by 7. If A = {2, 4, 5}, B = {7, 8, 9}, then n(A  B) is
formula: equal to
f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7)} (A) 6 (B) 9
g = {(4, 9), (5, 11), (6, 13), (7, 15)} (C) 3 (D) 0
18. If f(x) = 16x2 and g(x) = x , find fog and gof. 8. Which set is the subset of all given sets
3x  1 3 (A) {1, 2, 3, 4,......} (B) {1}
19. If f(x) = , x ≠ , then show that (C) {0} (D) {}.
5x  3 5
(fof)(x) = x. 9. The smallest set A such that
x2 2  7x A  {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9} is
20. If f(x) = and g(x) = , then show
3x  7 3x  1 (A) {2, 3, 5} (B) {3, 5, 9}
that (fog) (x) = x. (C) {1, 2, 5, 9} (D) None of these
Multiple Choice Questions 10. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10},

A = {1, 2, 5}, B = {6, 7}, then A  B is
1. The set of intelligent students in a class is
(A) A null set (A) B (B) A
(B) A singleton set (C) A (D) B
(C) A finite set
11. The shaded region in the given figure is
(D) Not a well defined collection.
A
2. Which of the following is the empty set? (A) A  (B  C)
(A) {x / x is a real number and x2  1 = 0}
(B) A  (B  C)
(B) {x / x is a real number and x2 + 1 = 0} C B
(C) {x / x is a real number and x2  9 = 0} (C) A  (B – C)
(D) {x / x is a real number and x2 = x + 2} (D) A – (B  C)
36
12. Of the members of three athletic teams in a school 20. The domain of the function:
21 are in the cricket team, 26 are in the hockey 1
team and 29 are in the football team. Among is
 2 x  3 x  1
them, 14 play hockey and cricket, 15 play hockey
and football, and 12 play football and cricket. 3
(A) R  { 1} (B) R  
Eight play all the three games. The total number 2
of members in the three athletic teams is 3
(A) 43 (B) 76 (C) R {1, } (D) R
2
(C) 49 (D) None of these
3x  2 3
13. If A, B, C are three sets, then A  (B  C) is 21. If f(x) = for x  , then fof (x) is
equal to 4x  3 4
(A) (A  B)  (A  C) (A) 17 x (B) 3x
(C) 4x (D) x
(B) (A  B)  (A  C)
(C) (A  B)  (A  C) 22. If f(x) = x2 + 5x + 7, then the value of x for
(D) None of these which f(x) = f(x + 1) is
(A) 3 (B) 6
14. If A = {x, y}, then the power set of A is
(C) 3 (D) 6
(A) {xx, yy}
(B) {, x, y} x
23. The domain of the function is
(C) {, {x}, {2y}} 2  x2
(D) {, {x}, {y}, {x, y}} (A) (1, ) (B) (, 1)
15. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Y = {1,3, 5, 7, 9}. (C) (1,1) (D) (, )
Which of the following is/are not relations
from X to Y? 24. The range of the function 4  x 2 is
(A) R1 = {(x, y)| y = 2 + x, x  X, y  Y} (A) [3, 2] (B) [0, 2]
(B) R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 5)} (C) (0, 2) (D) (2, 2)
(C) R3 = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 7)} 25. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}; B = {a, b} and f is a
(D) R4 = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (2, 4), (7, 9)} mapping such that f : A  B, then A  B is
16. Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}. Consider a (A) {(a, 1), (3, b)}
relation R defined from set A to set B. Then R (B) {(a, 2), (4, b)}
is equal to set (C) {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b),
(A) A (B) B (4, a), (4, b)}
(C) A × B (D) B × A (D) None of these
17. Let R be a relation on N defined by x + 2y = 8. Answers to Additional Practice Problems
The domain of R is
(A) {2, 4, 8} (B) {2, 4, 6, 8} Based on Exercise 1.1
(C) {2, 4, 6} (D) {1, 2, 3, 4}
1. i. {A, P, L, E}
18. Let A = { 1,2,3,4} and B = {1,6,8,11,15} which ii. {1, 0, 1}
of the following are functions from A to B iii. {1, 3, 5, 7, ….}
i. f: A  B defined by
2. i. {x / x  W}
f(1) = 1, f(2) = 6, f(3) = 8, f(4) = 8
ii. {x / x is a prime number, x < 14}
ii. f(1) = 1, f(2) = 6, f(3) = 15
iii. f(1) = 6, f(2) = 6, f(3) = 6, f(4) = 6  1 
iii. x / x  , n  N, 1 n  5 
(A) (ii) & (iii) (B) (i) & (ii)  2n  1 
(C) (ii) (D) (i) &(iii)
 3 
19. If f: R  R is defined by f(x) = x2  3x + 2, 3. i.  2, , 2, 5 ii. { 2}
 2 
then the value of f[f(5)] is
(A) 111 (B) 110 6. i. 90 ii. 30
(C) 109 (D) 101 iii. 10 iv. 50
37
7. i. 3 ii. 55 Based on Exercise 1.2
8. i. 480 ii. 320 1. x = 1, y = 2
iii. 200
1
2. x= ,y=3
9. 84 4
3. A  B = {(1, x), (1, y), (2, x), (2, y), (3, x), (3, y)}
10. P(A) = {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1, 2}, {1, 3},
{1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, {1, 2, 3}, B  A = {(x, 1), (x, 2), (x, 3), (y, 1), (y, 2), (y, 3)}
{1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 4}} A  A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2),
(2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}
11. i. (2, 0) = {x / x  R, 2 < x < 0} B  B = {(x, x), (x, y), (y, x), (y, y)}
ii. (2, 6] = {x / x  R, 2 < x ≤ 6}
4. i. {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1,5), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5),
iii. [2, 5) = {x / x  R, 2 ≤ x < 5} (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5)}
iv. [1, 1] = {x / x  R, 1 ≤ x ≤ 1} ii. {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
12. i. 5. A = {(0, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 0)}

A B 6. i. Domain = {1, 2}, Range = {1}
ii. Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4}, Range = {4, 3, 2, 1}
 1   1   1  
8. R = 1,  ,  2,  ,  3,   ,
 2   3   4  
C X 1 1 1 
Domain = {1, 2, 3}, Range =  , , 
(A  B  C) 2 3 4
ii. 9. i. {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)}

ii. {(4, 1), (6, 1), (8, 1), (6, 3), (8,3)}
A B
10. i. Domain = [2, 4]
Range = [1, 1]
C
ii. Domain = [5, 5]
X Range = [5, 5]
A  (B  C) 11. i. Range = [3, )

ii. Range = [ 6, 19]
13. i.
A B 12. f(1) = 12, f(2) = 21
13. 3x2 + 8x + 10
C 14. i. It is a function.
Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range = {2, 3, 4, 5}
ii.
f(x) = x + 1
A B ii. Not a function.
15. 16
C 4
16. 1,
3
38
17. f = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7), (4, 9), (5, 11)} 10. i. Onto
Range of f = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} ii. Not onto
18. i. Not one-one, not onto 11. f 1 ( x) = 6(x  5)
ii. One-one, onto
12. f(2) = 1, f(1) = 10, f(2) does not exist.
19. i. One-one into
ii. Many-one into 13. 1, 1
Based on Exercise 1.3 14. 2x3 + 6x2 + 3x + 10
1. i. 4x  3 ii. 2x + 1 15. a = 5, f(3) = 11

3x  1 16. a = 1, b = 6
iii.
x2 17. gof = {(1, 9), (2, 11), (3, 13), (4, 15)}
x2 x 1 gof (x) = 2x + 7
2. (gof)(x) = , (fog)(x) =
x2 2( x  1) 18. fog(x) = 16x, gof(x) = 4x
5. (gof) = {(1, 9), (2, 16), (3, 25), (4, 36), (5, 49)} Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
x  7 1
6. f 1(x) = , f (19) = 3, f 1 (5) = 3 1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (B)
4
5. (C) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (D)
Based on Miscellaneous Exercise  1
9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (A)
1. i. {x / x = n2, n  N, n ≤ 6} 13. (B) 14. (D) 15. (D) 16. (C)
ii. {x / x = 2n, n  Z, 3 ≤ n ≤ 3}
17. (C) 18. (D) 19. (B) 20. (C)
2. i. {2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9} 21. (D) 22. (C) 23. (D) 24. (B)
ii. {2}
iii. {3, 9} 25. (C)
iv. {2}
3. 5
4. 31
5. A  B = {(1,3), (1,5), (3, 3), (3, 5), (4, 3), (4, 5)}
B  B = {(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
B  A = {(3,1), (3,3), (3, 4), (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 4)}
(A  B)  (B  A) = {(3, 3)}
6. i. R1 is a relation.
ii. R2 is not a relation.
7. Domain = {1, 0, 1}
Range = {0, 1, 2}
8. i. It is a function.
Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range = {1, 8, 27, 64}
ii. Not a function.
9. one-one
39

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Type of Problems Exercise Q. Nos.

A set is a well-defined collection of objects. These Z or I = set of all integers

If x is an element of set A, then we write it as x  A 1.2 Types of sets

X Distributive Properties of union and intersection

AB BA  (p, q) = {x/xR, p < x < q}

 [p, q) = {x/xR, p  x < q}  1 9

ii. Set of all real numbers < q ii. Let B = {0,  1,  2,  3}

iv. (A  B)  (A  C) 8. Let A = {6, 8} and B = {1, 3, 5}.

ii. f(x) =  x  1 3  x  iv. f(x) = 9  x 2

15. Which of the following relations are 2 2

A function f is called an odd function, f(x) = bx (b < 0) Y

1.9 Composite function Exercise 1.3

2. Find i. gof ii. fog, where

The total cost function is the combination of

1.12 Some more functions and their graphs

1. Describe the following sets in Roster form:

2x  1 2 2. Describe the following sets in set-builder

Based on Exercise 1.3 6. If X = {a, b, c} and Y = {p, q}, which of the

Multiple Choice Questions 10. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10},

12. i. 5. A = {(0, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 0)}

ii. 9. i. {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)}

A  (B  C) 11. i. Range = [3, )

Based on Exercise 1.3 14. 2x3 + 6x2 + 3x + 10

1. i. 4x  3 ii. 2x + 1 15. a = 5, f(3) = 11

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