Common Cold

Common Cold
Signs and symptoms

The typical symptoms of a cold include cough, runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, and a
sore throat, sometimes accompanied by muscle ache, fatigue, headache, and loss of appetite.[19]
A sore throat is present in about 40% of cases and a cough in about 50%,[7] while muscle ache
occurs in about half.[3] In adults, a fever is generally not present but it is common in infants and
young children.[3] The cough is usually mild compared to that accompanying influenza.[3] While
a cough and a fever indicate a higher likelihood of influenza in adults, a great deal of similarity
exists between these two conditions.[20] A number of the viruses that cause the common cold may
also result in asymptomatic infections.[21][22]
The color of the sputum or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not
indicate the class of agent causing the infection.[23]
Progression
A cold usually begins with fatigue, a feeling of being chilled, sneezing, and a headache, followed
in a couple of days by a runny nose and cough.[19] Symptoms may begin within sixteen hours of
exposure[24] and typically peak two to four days after onset.[3][25] They usually resolve in seven to
ten days, but some can last for up to three weeks.[6] The average duration of cough is eighteen
days[26] and in some cases people develop a post-viral cough which can linger after the infection
is gone.[27] In children, the cough lasts for more than ten days in 35–40% of cases and continues
for more than 25 days in 10%.[28]
Cause
Viruses
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses known for causing the common cold. They have a halo or
crown-like (corona) appearance when viewed under an electron microscope.
The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. The most commonly
implicated virus is a rhinovirus (30–80%), a type of picornavirus with 99 known serotypes.[29][30]
Other commonly implicated viruses include human coronavirus (≈ 15%),[31][32] influenza viruses
(10–15%),[33] adenoviruses (5%),[33] human respiratory syncytial virus, enteroviruses other than
rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, and metapneumovirus.[34] Frequently more than one
virus is present.[35] In total over 200 viral types are associated with colds.[3]
Transmission
The common cold virus is typically transmitted via airborne droplets (aerosols), direct contact
with infected nasal secretions, or fomites (contaminated objects).[7][36] Which of these routes is of
primary importance has not been determined.[37] The viruses may survive for prolonged periods
in the environment (over 18 hours for rhinoviruses) and can be picked up by people's hands and
subsequently carried to their eyes or nose where infection occurs.[36] Transmission is common in
daycare and at school due to the proximity of many children with little immunity and frequently
poor hygiene.[38] These infections are then brought home to other members of the family.[38]
There is no evidence that recirculated air during commercial flight is a method of
transmission.[36] People sitting in close proximity appear to be at greater risk of infection.[37]
Rhinovirus-caused colds are most infectious during the first three days of symptoms; they are
much less infectious afterwards.[39]
Weather
The traditional theory is that a cold can be "caught" by prolonged exposure to cold weather such
as rain or winter conditions, which is how the disease got its name.[40] Some of the viruses that
cause the common colds are seasonal, occurring more frequently during cold or wet weather.[41]
The reason for the seasonality has not been conclusively determined.[42] Possible explanations
may include cold temperature-induced changes in the respiratory system,[43] decreased immune
response,[44] and low humidity causing an increase in viral transmission rates, perhaps due to dry
air allowing small viral droplets to disperse farther and stay in the air longer.[45]
The apparent seasonality may also be due to social factors, such as people spending more time
indoors, near infected people,[43] and specifically children at school.[38][42] There is some
controversy over the role of low body temperature as a risk factor for the common cold; the
majority of the evidence suggests that it may result in greater susceptibility to infection.[44]
Other
Herd immunity, generated from previous exposure to cold viruses, plays an important role in
limiting viral spread, as seen with younger populations that have greater rates of respiratory
infections.[46] Poor immune function is a risk factor for disease.[46][47] Insufficient sleep and
malnutrition have been associated with a greater risk of developing infection following
rhinovirus exposure; this is believed to be due to their effects on immune function.[48][49] Breast
feeding decreases the risk of acute otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections among other
diseases,[50] and it is recommended that breast feeding be continued when an infant has a cold.[51]
In the developed world breast feeding may not be protective against the common cold in and of
itself.[52]
Pathophysiology
The common cold is a disease of the upper respiratory tract.
The symptoms of the common cold are believed to be primarily related to the immune response
to the virus.[12] The mechanism of this immune response is virus specific. For example, the
rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact; it binds to human via ICAM-1 receptors and
the CDHR3 receptor through unknown mechanisms to trigger the release of inflammatory
mediators.[12] These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms.[12] It does not generally
cause damage to the nasal epithelium.[3] The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), on the other
hand, is contracted by direct contact and airborne droplets. It then replicates in the nose and
throat before frequently spreading to the lower respiratory tract.[53] RSV does cause epithelium
damage.[53] Human parainfluenza virus typically results in inflammation of the nose, throat, and
bronchi.[54] In young children when it affects the trachea it may produce the symptoms of croup
due to the small size of their airways.[54]
Diagnosis
The distinction between viral upper respiratory tract infections is loosely based on the location of
symptoms with the common cold affecting primarily the nose, pharyngitis (the throat), and
bronchitis (the lungs).[7] There can be significant overlap and more than one area can be
affected.[7] The common cold is frequently defined as nasal inflammation with varying amount of
throat inflammation.[55] Self-diagnosis is frequent.[3] Isolation of the viral agent involved is rarely
performed,[55] and it is generally not possible to identify the virus type through symptoms.[3]
Prevention
The only useful ways to reduce the spread of cold viruses are physical measures[14] such as hand
washing and face masks; in the healthcare environment, gowns and disposable gloves are also
used.[14] Isolation or quarantine is not used as the disease is so widespread and symptoms are
non-specific. Vaccination has proved difficult as there are many viruses involved and they
mutate rapidly.[14] Creation of a broadly effective vaccine is, thus, highly improbable.[56]
Regular hand washing appears to be effective in reducing the transmission of cold viruses,
especially among children.[57] Whether the addition of antivirals or antibacterials to normal hand
washing provides greater benefit is unknown.[57] Wearing face masks when around people who
are infected may be beneficial; however, there is insufficient evidence for maintaining a greater
social distance.[57]
It is unclear if zinc supplements affect the likelihood of contracting a cold.[58] Routine vitamin C
supplements do not reduce the risk or severity of the common cold, though they may reduce its
duration.[59] Gargling with water was found useful in one small trial.[60]

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Signs and symptoms

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