2.

Voluntary body movements

What are the voluntary movements? It happens that the different parts of the brain are in
charge of ordering the different voluntary movements that the body can perform : to
coordinate the goal and movements, the motor cortex first receives different types of
information from several lobes of the brain.

The following examples constitute a list of examples and cases of voluntary movements of
the human body, coordinated by the brain.

o Move arms
o Stop
o Move legs
o Go to bed
o Run
o Eat
o Talk
o Say hello to someone
o Swim
o Push a button
o Bend
o Sit down
o Walk
o Riding a bicycle
o Everything related to practicing a sport

It may serve: Examples Biological Rhythms

Involuntary body movements

What are involuntary movements? The involuntary movements are those that are made
without the intermediation of the brain , and thus without the explicit and clear will of the
animal that performed by, although they are generally designed for the human body.

A part of the nervous system, different from the nucleus that is the central nervous system,
is called the autonomic nervous system and deals with this kind of actions. For them it is
that the body is regulated, and is maintained in a balance beyond external impulses.
The autonomic nervous system is divided between the sympathetic system (which mediates
the response of hormonal stress, producing all involuntary movements linked
to hormones ) and the parasympathetic system (responsible for the regulation of internal
organs).

On the other hand, there is another kind of involuntary movements constituted by the reflex
acts , which are different because they are originated by the spinal cord: they are
involuntary movements but performed immediately to an external stimulus.

The following list shows some examples of movements of the involuntary type:

o Remove the hand when we burn.

o Cry.
o To blink.
o Contraction of the bronchi in the lungs.
o Dilation of the pupil.
o Breathe deeply before entering the water.
o Move the leg by striking the patellar ligament.
o Increased or decreased heart rate (speed of heartbeat).
o Dilation of the bronchi.
o Close your eyes by sneezing.
o Ejaculation.
o Stimulation of the sweat glands.
o Increased production of saliva during sleep.
o Decreased heart rate during sleep.
o The parkinson, as a condition, uses involuntary movements.

3
Sensory Neurons

Sensory neurons are nerve cells within the nervous system. They are responsible for
converting external stimuli from the organism�s environment into internal electrical
impulses. They receive impulses through sight, touch, taste, hearing, and smell (the
five senses). Their role is to receive the impulses then send them to the
interneuron�s.

Interneuron�s
Interneurons are found in the central nervous system in the brain. The interneurons are
responsible for processing information that goes to the brain. They also get the signal
from the sensory neurons and then transport the signal to the brain then transfers the
signal to the motor neurons.

Motor Neurons

Motor neurons are neurons that originate in the spinal cord. They are responsible for
receiving the impulse from brain then send the message throughout your body to
perform the action needed. They help you respond to your five senses that come from
the brain.

Parts of a neuron
Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their role and
location. However, nearly all neurons have three essential parts: a cell body, an
axon, and dendrites.

Cell body

Also known as a soma, the cell body is the neuron’s core. The cell body carries
genetic information, maintains the neuron’s structure, and provides energy to
drive activities.

Like other cell bodies, a neuron’s soma contains a nucleus and specialized
organelles. It’s enclosed by a membrane which both protects it and allows it to
interact with its immediate surroundings.
Axon

An axon is a long, tail-like structure which joins the cell body at a specialized
junction called the axon hillock. Many axons are insulated with a fatty
substance called myelin. Myelin helps axons to conduct an electrical signal.
Neurons generally have one main axon.

Dendrites

Dendrites are fibrous roots that branch out from the cell body. Like antennae,
dendrites receive and process signals from the axons of other neurons.
Neurons can have more than one set of dendrites, known as dendritic trees.
How many they have generally depends on their role.

For instance, Purkinje cells are a special type of neuron found in the
cerebellum. These cells have highly developed dendritic trees which allow
them to receive thousands of signals.

Function of neurons
Neurons send signals using action potentials. An action potential is a shift in
the neuron’s electric potential caused by the flow of ions in and out of the
neural membrane.

Action potentials can trigger both chemical and electrical synapses.

5
 The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain and is associated with reasoning,
motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language. At the back of the frontal
lobe, near the central sulcus, lies the motor cortex. This area of the brain receives
information from various lobes of the brain and utilizes this information to carry out body
 movements. Damage to the frontal lobe can lead to changes in sexual habits,
socialization, and attention as well as increased risk-taking.
 The parietal lobe is located in the middle section of the brain and is associated with
processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain. A portion of the
brain known as the somatosensory cortex is located in this lobe and is essential to the
processing of the body's senses.
 The temporal lobe is located on the bottom section of the brain. This lobe is also the
location of the primary auditory cortex, which is important for interpreting sounds and
the language we hear. The hippocampus is also located in the temporal lobe, which is
why this portion of the brain is also heavily associated with the formation of memories.
Damage to the temporal lobe can lead to problems with memory, speech perception, and
language skills.
 The occipital lobe is located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with
interpreting visual stimuli and information. The primary visual cortex, which receives
and interprets information from the retinas of the eyes, is located in the occipital lobe.
Damage to this lobe can cause visual problems such as difficulty recognizing objects, an
inability to identify colors, and trouble recognizing words.