Production Logging

Production Logging
Training Material
Location & date

Instructor - xxx
Objectives of course?
1. What is your
background?
2. What do you want to learn this week?

Schedule
Morning Afternoon
Monday PL Theory Warrior practical
Tuesday Tools part 1 Spinner Practical
Wednesday Tools part 2 Tools practical
Memory
Thursday operations Memory practical etc
Friday MAPS tools Wrap up
What is Production logging?
1. Measuring Flow in wells

2. Fluid Identification
3. + auxiliary measurements e.g
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Diameter
Why perform cased hole logging?
Production logging data is used to maximise production
and recovery
Production
Logging Data is
Oil Production
Reduced Decline vital to

achieve this
Additional Recovery
Natural Decline
Time
Maximising Field Recovery
How much oil, water & gas from a zone?
B Zone A
Zone B
C
Zone C
Zone D
Sample Analysis of Objectives for PLT
jobs Mechanical Problems
Production Profiles
7%
24%
Injection Profiles Water Problems

10% 45%
Excess gas Problems

14%
Some objectives of production logging:
• We want to manage the reservoir and maximise recovery

• Not as much oil / gas is being produced as expected.
• There is too much water being produced.
• There is too much gas being produced (no pipelines).
• The well has leaks or may be becoming mechanically unsound.
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Why is water a problem?
What makes a well flow?
A well will flow if the bottom hole pressure in the wellbore is
less than the pressure in the formation.
e.g. IPR (Inflow
Performance Relationship)
plot of bottom hole
pressure against flowrate.
Pressure at zero flow is the
formation, or reservoir,
pressure.
The greater the pressure
difference between the
wellbore and reservoir (i.e.
the ‘drawdown’) the more
the well can flow. The
lower the pressure the
greater the flowrate.
What makes a well flow?
Wellbore pressure must be less than formation pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure of formation water = 0.435psi/ft, Oil = 0.300psi/ft, of Gas 0.043 = psi/ft
Surface WHP with Oil = 1,350 psi WHP with Oil = 0 psi
WHP with Gas = 3920 psi WHP with Gas = 2570 psi
This well will not flow oil

without Artificial Lift
Hydrostatic Pressure
Wellbore of Oil column = 3000 psi
Hydrostatic Pressure of
Gas column = 430 psi
Depleted Reservoir
Virgin Reservoir
Reservoir Pressure Reservoir Pressure
4,350 psi 3000 psi
10,000ft depth
What
WHY makes a well
IS WATER SUCH flow?
A PROBLEM?
BHP = Preservoir + Phydrostatic column + Pfrictional pressure drop due to flow
If the well starts to produce water, hydrostatic pressure increases so the
bottom hole pressure increases.
==> flowrate decreases, so less oil at surface, and the well will die.
Inflow Performance Relationship
This is called ‘Loading up’ in

gas wells; the gas is too ‘thin’
to lift water out of the well.
Disposal of the water, which

can limit flow by overloading
the surface facilities, is a
problem. Water has to be
stored & treated before it can
be disposed of.
Water Injection
Injection Well Production Well
Water injection is
the most common
secondary recovery
Water is injected Water & Oil
are produced method,
It is also used to
Log an INJECTION Log a PRODUCTION maintain reservoir
profile in this well profile in this well
pressure to prevent
premature gas
breakout within the
reservoir.
Both the injection

well and the
production well
OIL IS FLUSHED or SWEPT FROM THE need to be logged.
RESERVOIR TO THE PRODUCTION WELL
Water breakthrough
During water injection,

water pumped into a well
travels through high
permeability rock to the
producing well faster than
through low permeability
rock.
This will cause premature

breakthrough of injection
water reducing the
flushing efficiency or
sweep of the reservoir.
Unwanted water scenarios
PL would be used to identify the watered out zone before plugging it off.
Casing leak
Channeling
Leaking
Plug
Water “Coning”
Water production due

to ‘coning’
Formations have horizontal and vertical permeability.

Horizontal permeability is about 3-10 times higher than vertical in sand zones.
With high drawdown water, with lower viscosity, gradually moves up.
After break through, water is preferentially produced and the higher viscosity oil
will remain in the formation.
Gas “coning”
Gas production
due to ‘coning’
In oil wells with gas caps the reverse can happen.

The ‘cone’ is upside down and gas is drawn down through the formation.
Once gas enters the wellbore it is produced preferentially to oil and the oil
is left in the formation.
or possibly both!
Types of Production Logging Tools:
1. Flowmeters (Spinners)
2. Fluid Identification tools
3. Pressure & Temperature
4. Depth control
5. Auxiliary tools
1. Spinner Flowmeters
Measure volumetric flowrate
Have no idea about gas, oil or water
6 Arm Caged Full Bore
3 Arm Caged Full Bore
Continuous Flow Spinner
In-Line Spinner
Array spinner -
SAT
Types of Flowmeters (Spinners)
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2. Fluid Identification Tools
Density Tools (FDR, FDD, FDI) Holdup Tools (CWH,

GHT)
Can only give % split between
any 2 fluids, i.e.: Combine either water
HU
Oil & water or gas HU data with
Gas & water density and we can find
Oil & gas
% water
But often 3 fluids present in % oil
the well, need more data!!. % gas
at any point in the well.

3. Pressure &
Temperature
Quartz Pressure Gauges (QPS,
QPC)
Temperature tool (PRT)

4. Depth Control
Gamma ray (PGR) Casing Collar Locator (CCL)
Naturally occurring Reacts to change in metal

radiation in formations volume – where 2 joints of
pipe screw together.
Radioactive scale
Can indicate where water

is entering the well.
5. Auxiliary tools
Production Dual caliper (PDC)

2 independent orthogonal caliper
measurements
Production inclinometer
Accerometer (PIA)
single axis accelerometer to measure
deviation
Centralisers (PRC)
• Roller 3-arm - standard; easy entry option; various spring forces
e.g. 25 or 40lbs
• Roller 4-arm - for critical centralisation; 110lbs force, option
60lbs
• Bowspring (PSC)- required for barefoot completions; 50lbs
force
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Deployment tools
Knuckle joints
• remove excess weight from centralisers
• flexibility of string (buckled, twisted pipe)
• 10 deg displacement
• Use in pairs - i.e. space out with short tool
e.g. PGR in larger pipe
Swivel joints
• Tractor jobs
• eliminate tool rotation due to wireline torque
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Head Tension Unit (HTU)
Head Tension Unit

• to avoid breaking the wireline weakpoint
• monitoring of tool sticking
• Coiled Tubing operations in horizontal, highly
deviated wells
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GE Title or job number
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Tool operating characteristics
Standard tool ratings: 15,000psi (103MPa) & 350F (177C)
0 0
Venezuela, Indonesia
Pressure US Gulf Coast etc
1.2 g/cc High Temp

Depth, ft Gradient Depth, ft
Normal Geothermal
Gradient, ≈ 1.5F/100ft
20,000 20,000
0 Pressure, psi 10,000 0 Temperature, F 350
1.0 g/cc gradient => 8,700psi @ 20,000ft Normal gradient => 360F @ 20,000 ft
1.2 g/cc gradient => 10,400psi @ 20,000ft High gradient => 833F @ 20,000 ft
Standard Length Production Logging Toolstring
TELEMETRY /
MEMORY +
BATTERY
QUARTZ
PRESSURE
Wellbore/Reservoir pressure, density by press gradient
TEMPERATURE
Fluid movement and fluid identification
CCL Depth correlation and perforation
GAMMA
RAY Depth correlation and radioactive scale deposition
KNUCKLE
JOINT
KNUCKLE
JOINT
CENTRALISER
DENSITY Fluid identification by density

IN LINE
SPINNER Backup flowmeter / SSD inflow
CAPACITANCE Fluid identification by dielectric constant
CENTRALISER
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FLOWMETER Total flow of all the phases (ideally) 7/5/2019
MECHANICAL
SECTION
Short Combination Tools
Minimize length with combined tools QPC Centralizer
(=QPS +CCL) & CTF (=
Capactitance/Temperature/Flow) QPC
Quartz Pressure
1.3/8" (35mm) & 1.11/16" (43mm) OD options. Casing Collar Locator
Data quality improved by reduced sensor
spacing.
Gamma Ray
Interchangeable flowmeter mechanical sections
to suit completion.
Easy portability and reduced rig up height.
Centralizer
Surface readout or memory mode.
CTF
Capacitance
Length of Temperature
XTU/PRC/QPC/PGR/PRC/CTF/CFBM Flowmeter
Toolstring = 3.53m
Length of “Standard” toolstring = 4.72m
Well Completion design determines PL tool sizes
– hence 1 3/8” option
Single String Dual String

Long String Short String
Tubing
In 9 5/8”csg Tubing
4.5-5.5” SSD’s may be opened and In 9 5/8” Casing
In 7”csg closed by tools run on 2.875”
3.5” wireline In 7” Casing
2.375” (i.d. ≈ 1.8”)
Sliding Side Door 1 11/16” = 1.6875”
(Sleeve Valve) & 1 3/8” = 1.375”
Zone A
Nipple for Plug

Zone B
Dual Completions offer
Log in tubing with
Dual strings allow more flexibility such as
continuous spinners. injecting down one string
Log in casing with production from zones
and producing the other but
fullbore spinners. at very different pressures
tubing size is limited.
Zone C
Zone D
Short Combination Tool String
Short Combination Tool, SCT
1 11/16in (43mm) or 1 3/8in (35mm)
350oF (177oC) & 15,000psi
Pressure (103MPa)
Casing Collar Locator
Platinum Resistance Thermometer
(Gamma Ray)
(Density)
Capacitance Water Hold Up
Flowmeter
Additional tools may be added as required
Typical toolstring about 3-4m long – very short!
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How long is SCT toolstring?
Length of SCT toolstring Length of standard toolstring
XTU002 48.3 XTU002 48.3
PGR020 58.7 PGR020 58.7
PRC001 58.3 PRC001 58.3
QPC003 48.3 QPS019 48.3
CCL015 47
PRC001 58.3 PRC001 58.3
CTF004 47 CWH013 66.6
PRT016 31.7
CFBE05 20
CFBM 34.9 CFBM 34.9
Total 353.8 Total 472.1
1.18 m length saved

(All measurements in cm)
CFSM typically 20cm +/-
PRC034 = 84.45cm
How many tools?
Different tool strings are required to achieve different

objectives.
A water injection well does not require fluid
identification tools.
It is better to have too much information than to have

too little!
You can ignore the data you do not need.

Too little data is a big problem!
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PL analysis is like a detective story. Each tool gives a different clue
towards the correct solution to the mystery.
CCL tells us
the perfs are Temperature
in the right indicates cooling
location with gas production
Flowmeter shows
Gamma Ray that this section of
indicates that perforations is not
only the cleanest productive.
sands (below 30
API) are
productive. Density and
Capacitance
tell us
which fluids
are being
produced 34
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PLT Interpretation
Example
The total water cut is 76% of
which:
Zone 1
Zone 1: 89% Water Cut
Zone 2 Zone 2: 72% Water Cut
Zone 3
Zone 3: 68% Water Cut
Zone 4 Zone 4: 77% Water Cut
Log run prior to a planned workover to set a bridge plug above lowest zone.
If the client had set the bridge plug:
A lot of money would have been spent and 515 BOPD of production from
Zone 4 would have been left in the ground.
There would be little gain: 35
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The well would remain at 76% water cut (total of zones 1 to 3)
Question?
Which zone is
producing?
A
Oil Well with

A, B, C, D or
B five sets of E?
perforations
C Can you tell

D quickly from
E the spinner
curves?
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This log has flowmeter, density, capacitance and
gas holdup data.
Which
zone is
producing
gas?
A
A, B or C?
B
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Volume factors
Bx = vol at Reservoir
conditions vol at Standard
conditions
Boil = 1.2 – 2
Bwater = 1
Liquids smaller
volume at surface
conditions
Oil Gas Water
Volume factors
Bx = vol at Reservoir
conditions vol at Standard
conditions
Bg ≥0.005
1/ Bg ≤ 200
Gas much larger

volume at surface
conditions
Oil Gas Water
Horizontal wells
Some Reasons for horizontal wells:
Maximise Reservoir Drainage from a Single Well

Reduce the Drawdown on the Well
Produce From Thin Oil Zones close to Water or Gas
Low Permeability Reservoirs
Maximise the Interception of Orientated Natural Fractures
Horizontal wells often do not perform as well as planned.

They cannot be logged by conventional methods.
Coiled Tubing or Well Tractors are required.
Horizontal Wells
HorizontalSection
is never perfect
Flow Flow upwards

downwards 41
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There is no such thing as a horizontal Horizontal well:
We need across wellbore measurements.
Example: Gas downward ‘Coning’ in a Horizontal Well.
Once Gas enters the wellbore, because it has lower viscosity it is

preferentially produced. This can reduce or even block the flow of oil from
further down the well.
In one documented case producing the gas cap allowed the oil zone / oil
water contact to move upwards until the well started to produce water.
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Water producing horizontal well logged
with centre-sampling standard PL tools
The tools only tell you what is in the middle of the wellbore.
It is hard to say with confidence what is coming from where.
Deviated or Horizontal well flow regimes
Low velocity, low to medium heavy phase content
Medium velocity, low heavy phase content
High velocity, medium heavy phase content.

Light phase in the middle (very rare)
Low velocity, high heavy phase content
Low velocity, medium heavy phase content
Medium velocity, high heavy phase content
High velocity, low to medium heavy phase content

Horizontal Phase Profiles
Oil
Wavy stratified flow
Bubbles
Water
Bubbles
Distributed Bubble flow
Water
Flow Regime and MAPS Tool Use
Segregated and
Intermittent Flow
Suitable
for CAT, RAT and SA
Dispersed
Bubble
Suitable
Flow
for RAT and SAT
Flowloop Comparison – Gas & Water
MAPview
Slugs of water lifted up

with gas
Some water falls back
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MAPS - Multiple Array Production Suite
The CAT, the SAT and the RAT
Spinner Array Tool, SAT
Resistivity Array Tool, RAT Capacitance Array Tool, CAT
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Flowloop video
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Multiple sensors mean that we can image the data.
“A picture tells a thousand words.”
Gas has entered Wavy flow No water is passing Bubbles of oil passing
the well oil at the top over the peak through the trough
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The tools work!
Flowloop Proof of Concept – Oil & Water
MAPview image of the data
Red: Oil
Blue: Water
A little fallback of
water on the low side
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3D flow imaging of the complete well.
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Individual Tools in detail:
4. Depth control
5. Auxiliary tools
Types of Flowmeters (Spinners)
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Continuous Spinners - Bearing &
Jewelled CFS & CFJ
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Caged Fullbore Flowmeter - CFBM
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Inline Spinner - ILS
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Diverter Basket Flowmeter - DBT
Ideal for low flow rates

Captures hydrocarbons flowing on
high side of well
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Diverter Basket Flowmeter
Diverter Tube Flowmeter

Measurement
Density Measurement
A diverter tube may be

added to feed flow through a
radioactive density tool, FDR for
across well bore density
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SAT – Spinner Array Tool
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Electronic section
Magnet present = 0V
0V
No magnet 1
present = 5V 5V
5V 4
3
Hall Effect
Switches
5V
Magnets
5V
2 5
Rotation of
Spinner
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FLOWMETERS
Operating Principle, Sensor
The Sensor design is the same Magnet present = 0V

for all of the Sondex spinner 0V
family.
No magnet 1
The flow sensor comprises of 5 present = 5V 5V
hall effect sensors, arranged in a 5V 4

circle on a titanium carrier, which 3
Hall Effect
acts as a pressure barrier.
Switches
5V
Magnets
Two magnets on the other side of
5V
this barrier, rotate with the 2 5
spinner shaft, resulting in 10
Rotation of
pulses per revolution. Spinner
(gain of 0.1)
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Short Compact Toolstring – SCT
CTF section
Capacitance/Temp/Flowmeter
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So what do we do with our impeller?
It measures revolutions per second or “rps”

If we know the diameter of the pipe we can
work out the volume of flow
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We could take a series of readings at various depths in the
well:
RPS
0 20 40 60
0
C = 50 rps 10
20
30
40
B = 25 rps 50
60
Oil 70
flowing 80
upwards A = 10 rps 90
100
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And then draw a line in between the points
0 20 RPS 40 60
0
C = 50 rps 10
20
30
40
B = 25 rps 50
60
Oil 70
flowing 80
upwards A = 10 rps 90
100
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But it would be much better to
actually take lots of measurements in
between in case it changes.
Original 10 readings
RPS RPS
0 20 40 60
0 20 40 60
0
0
10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
80
80
90
90
100
100
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This is all very time consuming, so it
would be much better to take readings
continuously whilst moving down the well.
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The problem is that if we move the tool
down in a fluid or gas the blades will turn
as we move.
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To overcome this we make a log
downwards at constant speed in part
of the well where there is no flow.
This should show us how many turns
(rps) we get due to the downward
movement.
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The convention is that
Production = +ve rps
Clockwise
Injection = -ve rps viewed from
underneath
Anticlockwis
e viewed
from
underneath
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Now we know the rps value at each
point – lets work out the flowrate = Q
(bpd)
Q = 1.4 x (i.d.
bpd inches )2 x fluid
velocity
(Feet per minute)
i.d.(inches
)
but that’s velocity in

feet/minute, not rps!
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So we need to relate
the rps value to
movement in feet per
minute
If we log down or up in a
stationary fluid at a
constant speed the
spinner impeller will turn at
a constant rate
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If we go up & down at different
speeds we can build up a graph like
this: + rps
90 down
60 down
30 down
- cable speed + cable speed down

up 30 up
60 up
90 up
- rps 76
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all the points should lie on 2 lines
why 2 lines?
+ rps

up
- rps 77
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What do points A & B represent?
+ rps

up
A
- rps 78
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A real life example
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A real life example
Why not
symmetrical
about the origin?
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This side
represents
Production + rps

up
This side
represents Injection
- rps 81
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This side
represents
Production + rps

up
This side
represents Injection
- rps 82
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There are actually a few more
complications:
• Tool body
influence
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Fluid type
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Pipe size
5” liner
3.1/2” tubing
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Friction effects
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Johann Nikuradse
Georgian (Imperial Russia)

1894 – 1979
Hydrodynamics Professor
at University of Breslau
He saved many Georgians

during WW2.
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Friction effects
Nikuradse
correction factor
= 0.83 (or 0.94) 91
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Friction effects
For turbulent flow this factor can range from

0.75 to 0.9, depending on the impeller size;
nominal value is 0.83. Full-bore spinners in
casing tend to have a correction factor of
about 0.85-0.90.
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FLOWMETERS
Flow Regime vs Pipe
water, 0.92g/cc, 0.15cp
70
60 Turbulent
50 Flow
BPWD
40
9.5/8in pipe
30 7in pipe
20
3.1/2in pipe
10
Laminar Flow
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Pipe ID (in)
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THRESHOLD VELOCITIES
Vth in fpm Water Light oil Heavy oil Gas
guideline (2000psi)
only
Caged
1.8 - 2.5 2.3 - 3.0 4.3 - 7.0 7.0 - 12.5
Fullbore
Continuous
3.5 - 5.5 4.0 - 6.0 6.0 - 10.0 8.5 - 15.5
jewelled
Continuous
5.0 - 8.0 5.5 - 8.5 7.5 - 12.5 10.0 - 18.0
bearings
In-Line 5.0 - 8.0 5.5 - 10.0 7.5 - 14.5 12.0 - 20.0

FLOWMETERS
Choice Of Spinner
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SPINNER CALIBRATION
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SPINNER CALIBRATION
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CAGED FULL
BORE
For specific pipe size, 4.1/2 – 9.5/8”
Collapses to pass restrictions
3-arm roller type
• impeller damage at GLMs

• less friction due to rollers
• better threshold as less shielding
6-arm bowspring type
• protects spinner
• better centralising in deviated
wells
• shielding from flow  increases
threshold
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Flowmeters
Cage fullbore flowmeter is closed in tubing
Opens in casing
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CAGED FULL BORE
DOWN FLOW IMPELLERS
injection rates > 4 ft/sec
When to use down flow spinner assemblies

CSG WT (lb) BWPD M3/D
4.5 11.6 > 5400 > 855
5 18 > 6150 > 975
7 29 > 12850 > 2040
7 5/8 29.7 > 15900 > 2525
8 5/8 36 > 20550 > 3270
9 5/8 53.5 > 24450 > 3890
9.5/8” CFB is fitted with a down flow assy as standard
Injection rates so spinner will not close logging up at 90fpm.

CAGED FULL BORE SOLID SHAFT
flexible joint oscillation > 25 rps
7” & 9.5/8”CFBM for 5.5”, 5” & 4.5”CFBM
Standard
Downflow
Solid
Solid
Downflow
CAGED FULL BORE
COMPRESSION SPRINGS
• more resistance to down flow, tighten the
springs
WORKING RANGE
• 7” CFB working ID range 5.90 – 6.20”
(7” 38# has ID of 5.92”)
CONTINUOUS FLOWMETER
SPINNERS CFS – bearing mounted
• for tubing or screened wells
• helical spinner, better in viscous oil
CFJ – jewel mounted

• for high velocity wells
• jewel better in presence of sand
• lower pitch, can go to higher revs
CFS & CFJ

• use spinner larger than tool body
• protection from lateral jets
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IN-LINE SPINNERS
Back up for end-of-string
Symmetrical for flow
By-pass tube
2.1/8” spinner option
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RUN A BACK-UP
SPINNER
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MAXIMUM FLUID
VELOCITY
What are the upper limits of flowrate for PL jobs, particularly in gas
wells?
Calculate downhole rate (ft/min) using the Tool Lift Estimation

spreadsheet.
Remember that with gas, the downhole volume is related to downhole

pressure & temperature.
The practical upper limit of rotational speed are:

• between 25 / 60 RPS for the CFB tools
• 125 RPS for the continuous spinners
Oil / water wells will normally be within these criteria.
Gas wells, the maximum flowrate can be achieved with a CFJ type.
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SPINNER STATISTICS - CFBM
Casing Blade Pitch Pitch Pitch Minimum
Size diameter (inch) RPS/Ft/Min RPS/M/Min Working ID
(inch)
4.5” 2.6” 4” 0.05 0.164 3.82”

5” 3.15” 4” 0.05 0.164 4.27”
5.5” 3.3” 4” 0.05 0.164 4.67”
7” 4.24” 4” 0.05 0.164 5.92”
9 5/8” 6.08” 4” 0.05 0.164 8.53”
Minimum working ID is the same for CFBM tools

whether 3 or 6 arm & with different size body OD.
SPINNER STATISTICS - CFS
Body Cage Blade Pitch Pitch Pitch

diameter diameter diameter (inch) RPS/Ft/Min RPS/M/Min
(inch) (inch) (inch)
1 3/8” 1 3/8” 1.15” 4” 0.05 0.164
1 3/8” 1 11/16” 1.4” 4” 0.05 0.164
1 11/16” 1 11/16” 1.4” 4” 0.05 0.164
1 11/16” 2 1/8” 1.77” 4” 0.05 0.164
Ported shroud option

SPINNER STATISTICS - CFJ
1 3/8” 1 3/8” 1.15” 5.6” 0.036 0.118
1 3/8” 1 11/16” 1.4” 5.6” 0.036 0.118
1 11/16” 1 11/16” 1.4” 5.6” 0.036 0.118
1 11/16” 2 1/8” 1.77” 7” 0.029 0.095
CFJ (CTF) All All 3” 0.068 0.223
Large clearance option

Reduces risk of jamming due to debris
SPINNER STATISTICS - ILS

1 11/16” 1 11/16” 1.4” 5.6” 0.036 0.118
1 11/16” 2 1/8” 1.77” 7” 0.029 0.095

4. Depth control
5. Auxiliary tools
Fluid Identification
Not required in an injector well
Always run 1 in a producing well
2 independent identifiers in 3 phase well
Density, capacitance, and/or gas hold-up
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CAPACITANCE WATER HOLD-
UP Differentiates water from hydrocarbons
• dielectric constant
Tool response
• chart provided by manufacturer
• non-linear
Effects of pressure & temperature
Yha = (Flog – Foil) / (Fwater – Foil)
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CTF tool – Capacitance /Temperature/Flow
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CWH contd
CWH
UP Operating Principle
The dielectric constant of water is about 80, oil is  6-8 and air lower at around 1.
A measure of the dielectric constants can be made by introducing the fluids to be

measured between the plates of an electrical capacitor whose value is then
measured.
The Capacitance Water Holdup tool is designed as an annular capacitor, with an

insulated rod as the centre electrode and a cylindrical tube around it as the outer
electrode. The frequency of a free running oscillator which incorporates this
capacitance is measured.
The frequency of the oscillator varies inversely with the effective capacitance of
the fluid between the plates.
Changes in water salinity have a negligible effect on this measurement.
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UP Operating Principle
The frequency of the oscillator with the tool immersed in water is generally made
to be 25-28kHz and in air about 30-32kHz.
The frequency of the tool varies almost linearly with the change in water fraction if
hydrocarbon is the continuous phase and water is evenly distributed throughout
the volume of the measured fluid. This is usually true up to about 35 to 40% water
but depends slightly on the type of oil and other flow conditions met downhole.
When water becomes the continuous phase the capacitor becomes progressively
‘short circuited’ by the water and the tool response is no longer linear.
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UP Enhanced vs Standard CWH
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
Y measured
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Y actual
standard CWH enhanced CWH N Sea
119
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ENHANCED CWH RESPONSE
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
Am-241, 150mCi, 5.5 GBq, source
T ½ 432 years
• measures electron density
• cps logarithmic function of density
• chlorine introduces non-linearity
No corrections required
• deviation
• statistical variations
• high energy r/a scale
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
Operating Principle Overview
Am241 has a high count rate and low

energy level good resolution & safe.
Emitted gamma rays cross the void in

the tool through which the well fluid
passes.
On the other side of the void is a

sodium iodide detector crystal.
The crystal has been specially

designed to detect gamma rays from
the source and not the formation /
radioactive scale.
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
Operating Theory
The Fluid Density Radioactive tool measures Electron Density
(ρ elec) and by inference the mass density of the fluid type.
Oil, Gas and Water each have different densities, thus this tool
may be used as a fluid identification tool for all phases.
Compton Scattering of gamma rays is done by the electrons

surrounding each nucleus.
In most elements the number of electrons is close to half the

number of neutrons and protons.
In hydrogen the ratio is 1:1 which is important in well fluids

because hydrogen is the principal component of water and
hydrocarbon.
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
Operating Theory
Below is a table of comparisons of electron density (measured by the tool)
and actual mass density.
Note that the density of gases depends also on the pressure.
Approximations of ratios of measured density to actual density are

tabulated below for several fluids.
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FDR
The Americium source that Sondex uses has a high

count rate (to give a high resolution) and low energy
level(to make it safer to use).
However the low energy of the gamma rays means

that there is a photoelectric effect where the
response is influenced by chemical make-up of the
fluids as well as the density. Chlorine atoms have a
marked effect.
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FDR
Therefore, a simple. single semi-logarithm line 2-
point calibration will give acceptable results when
there are only two phases and also in 3-phase flow
when the downhole water is fresh.
Because of changes in oil properties downhole, the
surface calibration fluids should be air and water.
Where there are all three phases present in a well
(e.g.: oil, water and gas) and the water is strongly
saline, it is best to use a multi-point calibration file to
minimise errors.
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE Sondex Radioactive Fluid Density tool response.
0.8 General Multipoint Calibration line

end-points
(Normalised = Countrate / water countrate)
0.6 Density Frequency

Log(base 10) Normalised Countrate
0 6.815 * w ater frequency

0.846 1.432 * w ater freq
1.0 w ater freq Air-Diesel-Water Line
0.4
1.2 0.447 * w ater freq
Water-Salt Water Line
Air pts
0.2
Petrol pts
Kerosene pts
0
Diesel pts
Fresh Water pts

-0.2 NaCl Salt Water pts
Crude Oils
-0.4 Other log data
-0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Fluid Density (g/cc)
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
Operating Principle
A gamma ray passing through the sodium iodide crystal may excite an atom
sufficiently to cause a number of photons of light to be emitted.
These are collected by mirrors inside the crystal and exit through an optical
window at the end; this is attached to the photomultiplier (PMT).
Photons striking the photocathode of a PMT cause electrons to be emitted.
The electrons are accelerated, as there is a potential difference of about 130

volts between dynodes in the PMT chain.
Each collision causes many more electrons to be emitted.
These are accelerated onto the third dynode and multiplied again.
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
Operating Principle- Electronics
The HV PSU generates the -1.6kV Cathode potential and the voltage taps for the
PMT Dynodes. The PMT anode output is at ground potential.
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
The output charge pulse is wired through the HV PSU to the detector electronics
where it is amplified and detected by a comparator.
Gamma detections are stored in FPGA logic and read out over the Ultrawire
toolbus in response to requests from the Telemetry Controller e.g. MPL, XTU or
other Crossover.
Various commands are supported in the protocol.
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
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3.5
R/A
levels
2.0
in
μSv/hr
5.5 4.0
0.5
0.7
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48cm
70cm
20μSv/hr line
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
Exposure rate  (1/distance) 2
Need a reference point

• from the source patterns
• 20µSv/hr @ 70cm (in front of source)
Example: @ 100cm for 15 minutes in front of source
• Exp rate  (1/100)2
• 20 µSv/hr  (1/70)2
• Exposure rate = 20 x (70/100)2
• Exposure rate = 20 x 0.49 = 9.8µSv/hr
Total exposure = 9.8 x 0.25 = 2.45µSv
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FLUID DENSITY
RADIOACTIVE
Hold up & Water Cut
Ywater = (log - oil) / (water - oil)
where
Ywater water hold up
log the log reading
water & oil water and oil densities respectively
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FLUID DENSITY
DIFFERENTIAL
No hazardous materials
Fragile sensor
Correction factors
• deviation
• temperature
Vacuum filling
Friction effects
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FLUID DENSITY
DIFFERENTIAL
Gauge cal may be distorted if Δp between ports >
15psi.
Gauge sensor will burst if Δp > 100psi
Pressure up/down lubricator slowly to avoid large

shock waves.
Keep TV in ‘safe’ position except whilst logging or

calibrating
IMPORTANT RULE
TRANSPORT VALVE (TV) must always be in
SAFE position before operating the Port valves
(PA & PB)
TV incorporates 2 relief valves, one each way, to

prevent continuous overpressure > 5psi 138
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Bellows to damp short duration pulses, when Δp >

FLUID DENSITY
DIFFERENTIAL
Δp = (ρsilicon oil – ρwell fluid) * g * h
ρsilicon oil = 0.97g/cc @ STP for 200cs

viscosity
Temperature probe in FDD is for gauge

correction.
Pressure & temperature effect on Silicon Oil (Bo,

volume factor) is computed in software.
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FLUID DENSITY
DIFFERENTIAL
Field calibration:
After 10 minutes warm up, record the frequencies for Δp, gaugeT, &
accelerometer in the following positions:
Horizontal in air Vertical in air Vertical in water
(within a few counts of last use; small variations in pressure counts
dependent on temp)
Create three cal files in memlog:
sn.FDDP sn.FDDT sn.FDDA
Laboratory coefficients required to calculate fluid density from the

tool outputs.
Coefficients are supplied in the FDD Data Checker file
(warrior.FDD)
Create a cal file ‘tool serial number’.FDD
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FLUID DENSITY
DIFFERENTIAL
TV must be in ‘safe’ position.
DRAIN THE TOOL:
Stand tool vertical in bucket.
Screw out Port Valves, PA & PB.
Remove upper & lower half shells.
Remove water trap drain plugs D1 & D2.
Remove gauge block drain plugs D3 & D4.
If silicon oil is contaminated, gauge block &
lines must be removed, stripped & cleaned
before re-filling).
STRIP, CLEAN & RE-ASSEMBLE THE TOOL:
See MN-FDD003, sections 5.2.1 to 5.2.4
Torque wrench is required to assemble gauge,
sealing to the gauge holder.
Check all O-rings are good, particularly internal O-
ring 013 (item 20, 15761)
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FLUID DENSITY
DIFFERENTIAL
EMPTY THE TOOL (if not previously done):
Remove Big Hydraulic Coupler from Upper port. Set tool above chamber assy.
Start vacuum pump. Slowly open valve V1, stop when no more oil in hose from
drain D4.
VACUUM THE TOOL:
Connect Big Hydraulic Coupler to Upper port. Set tool above chamber assy. Start
vacuum pump. Very slowly open valve V1; control V1 so only air is sucked to the
pump. Continue vacuuming (1/2hr or more) until no more air bubbles enter
chamber #1, Vacuumeter reads 29 to 30” Hg.
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FLUID DENSITY
FILL DIFFERENTIAL
THE TOOL:
Close V1. Stop the pump. Slowly open Quick disconnect. Slowly open V1; air at
atmospheric will push oil from chamber 1 through the tool toward chamber 2; before
1 minute oil will be seen at the upper port, wait until no bubbles appear; close
valves V3, V5 & V1.
CLOSING THE TOOL:
Lay tool horizontal below the chamber assy. Open V5. Disconnect Big Hydraulic
Coupler, add oil to port & screw in fully upper port valve; repeat at lower drain D4.
The tool is now ready to transport.
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FDI – Fluid Density Inertial
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150
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FDI
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GAS HOLDUP TOOL
Co57 source, 3 mCi, 111MBq.
T ½ = 271 days
The tool principally is a gas holdup tool; it responds to electron density.

• Water and oil have similar electron densities
• Gas has a lower electron density.
Across wellbore holdup measurement:
• any flow regime
• at any well angle.
Thus using GHT data will result in a more accurate interpretation where there is
stratified flow in deviated and especially horizontal wells.
The tool is run centralised and is best run in combination with other fluid
identification tools.
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GAS HOLDUP TOOL
The low energy gamma rays interact with the surrounding
medium in 2 ways:
• scattering (principally Compton scattering)
• photoelectric absorption (attenuation)
The source / detector spacing is chosen to maximise the
detection of scattering rather than attenuation.
Increasing electron density in the surrounding medium causes
more back scattering but, at the same time, depending upon the
chemical makeup, there is a change in photoelectric absorption.
The source energy level is chosen so that the tool measures
only the fluid in the wellbore and not the formation. Most of the
gamma rays are absorbed by the casing and any that do get
through and are back scattered by the formation do not have
enough residual energy to return to the detector.
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GAS HOLDUP TOOL
Gas has a low electron density and thus
a low level of back scattering. It also
has low attenuation.
Fresh Water has a high electron
density.
Saline Water has a higher electron
density so normally we would expect
the count rate to increase, but chlorine
is an excellent photoelectric absorber of
gamma rays so the expected increase
in count rate is effectively cancelled out.
Consequently, the tool is virtually
insensitive to salinity changes.
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GAS HOLDUP TOOL
Oil, in general, has a slightly lower
electron density than water so the
backscatter & therefore countrate is
slightly lower.
The difference in count rate between oil
and water (fresh or saline) is typically in
the 5% range when compared to the
difference between water and gas.
The tool is strictly a ‘Gas Holdup Tool’.
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GAS HOLDUP
TOOL
The difference between oil & water becomes more significant

compared to gas & liquid as the pipe size decreases.
GAS HOLDUP TOOL A7A-100, P1: Well f
Solid lines: Down passes, Dashed lines: Up passes, Pass 1, Pass 2, Pass 3, Pass 4
1:500 GHT CALA

ft 19800 22600 4.2 in 4.7 4.2
Response to ID
If an irregular hole ID is
anticipated then an XY
caliper should be run in 13900
the tool string; this snap
shot from a log clearly
shows the effect of
varying diameter, due to
scale, on the raw GHT
counts. 13950
14000
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GAS HOLDUP
TOOL
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GAS HOLDUP TOOL
Effect of Pressure
Gas properties change with increasing pressure and temperature. As the
density of gas increases with pressure (and temperature) the level of back
scattering changes – the greater the pressure the higher the level of
backscattering.
The Sondex acquisition/post processing software provides a PVT correction
algorithm to adjust reasonably for changes in gas properties from surface to
downhole.
At high pressures, the difference in frequency between gas and oil and water
reduces so that the tool cannot be considered to respond only to gas holdup.
The water/oil ratio will also affect the count rate. The interpreter will have to
determine the predominant liquid end point when calculating gas holdup.
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GAS HOLDUP
TOOL
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GAS HOLDUP TOOL
CALIBRATION
In air and water, centralised in a 5 ½” calibration jig; average count rates in air
and water over 1 minute time and record.
Note calibration date because of the rapid decay of the source (9 month half
life). The air and water end points are used in the software calibration process
and can also be used to check on the correct tool response.
The wellsite verifier is a steel sleeve which is used at the wellsite to ensure that
that the tool is working correctly and that the countrates have not changed
between jobs. It is not used to adjust the software calibration values.
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4. Depth control
5. Auxiliary tools
Quartz Pressure
The Sondex Quartz Pressure Sensor uses an industry
standard Quartzdyne® precision quartz crystal pressure
transducer.
The quartz pressure gauge is used to measure very
accurately bottom hole pressure, and how it changes
with depth and flow rate.
This data may be used for:
• measuring depletion
• analysis of the formation and reservoir properties
• the well efficiency
• determining pressure gradient (hence density)
Pressure build ups (PBU) and fall offs (PFOT) can be

recorded during a PL job as there will be a pressure
gauge in every PL string
Quartz Pressure
Operating Principle
Pressure enters through the well port in the Lower Housing sub and
acts on the inconel gauge bellows, which is filled with silicone oil
during manufacture.
The bellows isolate the quartz pressure crystal from the aggressive
well fluids while transmitting the pressure.
Note the bellows, because of their construction, may introduce an
error at atmospheric pressure.
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QUARTZ PRESSURE
Operating Principle
A second "flushing" port, blocked off during logging, allows the well port to be
flushed clean during maintenance and keeps silicone oil inside the pressure
chamber during logging.
The crystal’s resonant frequency depends on pressure and temperature,
hence the gauge incorporates a second "temperature" crystal, thermally
coupled to the first which is not subjected to well pressure.
A 7.2MHz clock, used to down shift the pressure and temperature crystal
frequencies is output as a time reference for frequency measurement. Drift of
this clock is included in the calibration algorithm, resulting in accurate
calculation of Temperature and Pressure.
Gauge output pressure and temperature frequencies lie in the range 15-
60kHz
166
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Quartz Pressure
Operating Principle
BHP & BHT act directly on the crystal, changing its resonant
frequency:
Increasing well pressure increases the output frequency
Increasing well temperature decreases the output frequency
167
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Quartz Pressure
Transducer performance
Pressure transducers outperform the Quartzdyne stated specification
of 0.02% full scale.
The stated drift is < 3 psi/year - we have seen that the drift is less
than this.
Calibration
The tool is supplied with coefficients generated by Quartzdyne.
A calibration facility to match the gauge’s performance would cost
about $150,000 or more.
It is obvious if the tool is not giving the correct pressure. If the output
frequency is changing this is most likely a coefficient error. If the
gauge requires re-calibration it must be sent back to the
manufacturer.
There is no specified re-calibration frequency; oil companies set their
own standards.
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Quartz Pressure
How is pressure data used?
Monitoring well stability
• Effect on spinner cross-plot

• Slugging
Input for PVT
• Converting downhole rates to surface

rates
Derived density
• Across wellbore measurement,

deviated holes
• Cross check direct density
measurements
Selective Inflow Performance (SIP)
• Layer performance, Productivity Index

Pressure Transient Analysis
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SKIN
PL DATA CAN BE USED TO CALCULATE THE AMOUNT OF
SKIN DAMAGE. THE SKIN FACTOR, S, IS A DIMENSIONLESS INDICATOR
Undamaged well S = Zero

Damaged well S = Positive
Stimulated well S = Negative
Flowing Shut In Flowing Shut In
Flowrate
2000 bpd
1000 bpd
Skin damage results in a higher drawdown for the same flowrate.

170
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SKIN
In this example, if our lift system can only draw the well down by 1000
psi we will get 1800 BPD from the damaged well and 2800 BPD from
the undamaged well.
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DENSITY FROM
PRESSURE
172
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TEMPERATURE
Operating Principle
The PRT measures downhole temperatures from the change in

resistance of a fast-responding platinum resistance element.
The probe is contained in a thin, pressure tight Inconel® needle,

protruding into an open slot through which borehole fluid can flow.
The probe resistance is included as a component in a frequency

oscillator circuit.
The circuit elements are chosen so that at 0°C the sensor frequency is
close to 100Hz and increases linearly at approximately 4.5Hz/°C.
This frequency is multiplied by 64 to achieve the desired sensor

resolution.
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TEMPERATURE
Operating Principle
The output frequency depends only on the sensor temperature.
Changes in circuit board temperature have negligible effect on the

measurement.
An exact calibration of each tool against a secondary platinum

resistance standard accurate to 0.5°C or better is provided with each
tool.
Although essentially linear, a multipoint calibration is supplied and

recommended.
The resistance of the platinum wire, used in the probe, varies roughly
38% for 100°C of temperature change.
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TEMPERATURE
How is temperature data used?
Qualitative
• Geothermal gradient
– ideally, well would be logged before production
– practically, use data from bottom of well
• Fluid influx causes deviation from geothermal

gradient
– liquid causes increase
– friction heating, 4°F/1000 psi drawdown
– gas causes cooling, due to expansion
• Responds to activity outside pipe

Quantitative
• Input for PVT, converting downhole rates to

surface rates
• Compute flowrate
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TEMPERATURE
OIL/WATER WELL
Flowing
(Shape is dependent on
Shut In total flow and amount of
(Temperature
inflow).
cools off)
Geothermal
Fluid Entry Temperature
at Geothermal Gradient
Temperature
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TEMPERATURE
GAS WELL (below approx 7500 psi)

Shut In
(Temperature warms
up)
Fluid entry below

Geothermal Temperature
due to gas expansion
Flowing
(Shape depends on total
flow and amount of inflow).
Geothermal
Temperature
Gradient
177
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TEMPERATURE
INJECTION WELL
178
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TEMPERATURE
Producing well
179
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TEMPERATURE
Up flow behind pipe SI cross-flow down
180
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TEMPERATURE
Calculating Flow
Mixed Stream @ T0
Energy balance
w1Cp1T1+w2Cp2T2 = T0(w1Cp1+w2Cp2)
assume fluids have same heat capacity,

Stream 1 @ T1
Reservoir A
so
w1/w2 = -(T0-T1)/(T0-T2)
because w1+w2=w0 (full flow)

Stream 2 @ T2
w1/w0 = (T0-T2)/(T1-T2)
 Stream 1 percentage contribution.

4. Depth control
5. Auxiliary tools
DEPTH CORRELATION
Open Hole – GR
Cased Hole – GR/CCL
Tubing Tally – CCL
Always ask for “The Depth Reference Log”

(Preferably obtain an ascii file of the GR)
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CASING COLLAR LOCATOR
The Casing Collar Locator (CCL) detects changes in

metal volume as it moves through tubing or casing.
The field around the magnets in the tool is disturbed
inducing a low frequency voltage or EMF in a coil
mounted between the magnets.
The signal is amplified and the frequency is output at
surface (SRO) or recorded downhole (Memory).
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Operating Principle
The CCL consists of opposing annular magnets separated by an annular

bobbin carrying several thousand turns of wire in a coil. Changes in metal
volume change the lines of magnetic flux passing through the coil – this
generates a voltage.
The magnets are compound, consisting of two or more magnets 3/8″ thick
and separated by pole pieces to make a 2″ long magnet.
Collars generate a low frequency signal in the coil as the tool them.
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Operating Principle
As a casing collar is passed, the disruption in the magnetic field

pattern results in a wavelet being generated at a frequency
dependent on the cable speed. At usual logging speeds this is
around 0.2Hz.
The wavelet consists of a small down-swing, a large upswing, and
then another small down-swing. The CCL coil output is frequency
modulated onto a high frequency carrier prior to sending to the
Ultrawire Telemetry board.
CCL Wavelet
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Operating Principle
The low frequency CCL is amplified and filtered before modulating a VCO
(Voltage Controller Oscillator) which has a typical centre frequency of 6 or
17kHz depending on revision level.
This frequency is stored in the FPGA logic and is read out over the
Ultrawire toolbus in response to requests from the Telemetry Controller
e.g. MPL, XTU or other crossover. Various commands are supported in
the protocol.
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GAMMA RAY
Operating Principle Overview
The detector is a Sodium Iodide crystal.
When a gamma ray passes through the

crystal it causes a photon of light to be
emitted (it scintillates). The light signal
is amplified using a photomultiplier tube
to create a measurable charge pulse.
The PMT has a 1600V high voltage PS.
The pulses are detected and filtered for

noise, are stored and sent to the
memory tool / surface system.
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GAMMA RAY
The HV PSU generates the -1.6kV Cathode potential and the voltage taps for
the PMT Dynodes. The PMT anode output is at ground potential.
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GR – WATER
INGRESS
191
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GR – WATER
INGRESS
Re-scale the PL GR in
high and low zones to
overlay the reference GR
log.
In this case re-scale using

values at 2940m (low)
and 2960m (high).
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4. Depth control
5. Auxiliary tools
Add Noise tool !
LEAK DETECTION
Sand production
associated with
water production has
eroded a hole in the
blast joint in the
tubing in front of the
perforations.
The leak can be

seen quite clearly on
the spinner
response.
X-Y CALIPER
X-Y caliper
• 2” to 9” std (special 3.4” to 14”)
• rollers or skids
• not common in pipe
• necessary in open hole
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X-Y CALIPER
197
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X-Y CALIPER
Response is not linear, make multi-point calibration
198
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Deployment tools
Weight/Sinker Bars
The various forces lifting the tool string are:
• During shut-in:
– Well head shut-in pressure. This is simply a calculation of
the WHP/(cross-sectional area of the wire) to find the weight
to balance the well head pressure, add additional weight to
allow the tool string to descend.
• During flowing:
– Lift force on the bottom of the tool string.
– Lift force on the arms of centralisers, and caged full bore
arms.
– Friction force acting on the surface area of the tool string.
– Piston effect force acting as the tool passes through a
restriction.
– Friction force acting on the surface area of the wire line. 199
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Deployment tools
WEIGHT TO BALANCE WHP
for slick & braided lines
600
5/16in
500
400 9/32in
WEIGHT (lb)
300 7/32in
200
3/16in
100 0.125in
0.108in
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
200
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WHP (psi)
Deployment tools
Weight/SinkerBars
Lift(N) = F * ρ(kg/m3) * V2(m/s) * π* d(m) * length/2(m)
THE LINE TENSION MUST NEVER BE ALLOWED TO
DROP BY MORE THAN 30% OF THE SHUT-IN
TENSION.
For example:
If shut-in tension = 1000lbs, minimum allowable flowing
tension = 700lbs.
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Centralisers (PRC)
• Roller 3-arm - standard; easy entry option; various spring forces
e.g. 25 or 40lbs
• Roller 4-arm - for critical centralisation; 110lbs force, option
60lbs
• Bowspring (PSC)- required for barefoot completions; 50lbs
force
202
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Deployment tools
Knuckle joints
• remove excess weight from
centralisers
• flexibility of string (buckled, twisted
pipe)
• 10 deg displacement
• space out with PGR in larger pipe
Swivel joints
• perforating jobs
• eliminate tool rotation due to
wireline torque
• MIT operations
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Deployment tools
PIA - Production Inclinometer
Accelerometer
• deviation survey, horizontal wells
• accelerometer to correct yo-yo effect on
spinner
Head Tension Unit

• avoid breaking the weakpoint
• monitoring of tool sticking
• CT operations in horizontal, highly deviated
wells
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JOB PLANNING
Obtain as much as possible of the following information before the job:
1. Objective(s) of the PL job

2. Surface production rates
3. Fluid properties (including H2S & CO2) & PVT data
4. Well sketch
• Minimum restriction
• Open (and closed) perforated intervals
• Max deviation
• Deviation across the interval (or a deviation survey)
5. Correlation GR/CCL log, preferably an ASCII file
6. Estimation of time to flow the well until it is stable
7. Well history, problems previously encountered
8. WH & BH pressures & temperatures, flowing & shut-in
Make tool lift calculations for weight required – high rate wells
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Components of a PL
Toolstring
Deployment
• weight bars, knuckles joints,
centralisers
Depth Correlation
• CCL, GR
Fluid Flowrate
• Various spinner types
Fluid Identification
• Density and Holdup
PVT
• Temperature & Pressure
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7/5/2019
Components of a PL Toolstring
Pipe condition
• XY caliper
• MIT
• MTT
Complex Flow conditions
• Diverter Basket Tool
• Capacitance Array Tool
• Spinner Array Tool
• Resistivity Array Tool
Specialty Tools
• High Temperature / High
Pressure
• Tracer tools
• Pulsed Neutron Tools
• Noise tools
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Choice of Tools & deployment
TYPES OF WELLS
• Production wells - fluid identification needed

• Injection wells - fluid identification not needed
CHOICE OF SENSORS
• the completion type and size of tubing - minimum

restriction.
• down hole flowrate - WEST.
• ‘barefoot’ or cased.
• BHP, BHT & PVT.
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Deploying PL Tools
Electric line
• SRO tools, can see real time what is happening.
• Used in high profile jobs and when rig time is
expensive.
• Max deviation  65 degrees depending on the well.
• Greater amount of equipment needed.
• Larger wire cross section problematic in very high
pressured wells.
• Better in very high temperature wells.
• Grease injection is most frequent method of pressure
control.
• Cable head rope socket has a weak point if tools are
stuck.
• Braided armour, higher friction factor
209
7/5/2019
Deploying PL Tools
Slick line
• Memory tools only
• Economical, unit always on site.
• No real time monitoring; more job planning, reliance on good
maintenance.
• May not be ideal for high temperature wells.
• High profile wells, use tandem tool strings.
• Smooth surface leads to lower friction factor.
• Good for high flow rate wells.
• Can log to about 82 degrees, wire has less drag than electric
line.
• Slickline ‘stuffing box’ with rubber inserts; no grease is required.
• Rope sockets have no weak point; jars can be run.
• Use of spring jars, or spang jars modified with shear studs.
210
7/5/2019
Deploying PL Tools
Coiled Tubing (or Continuous Sucker Rod)
• SRO (CTU) requires CT reels with a conducting
wireline  expensive.
• CTUs with electrical conductors cannot be used for
well stimulation operations.
• Pressure control is through stripper rubbers.
• Rig up difficult, especially on-shore where use of a
deployment bar may be required.
• Risk of CT collapse; pump fluid through the reel during
logging operations.
• Presence of coiled tubing in the well can change in-
flow pattern.
• CT can ‘lock up’ from helical buckling.
• Release sub, allows disconnection from stuck tools.
• Ability to lift well with Nitrogen. 211
7/5/2019
DEPLOYING PL TOOLS
Tractor
• Cost effective compared with coiled tubing.
• Electrically driven – either directly or by powering a
hydraulic pump.
• Some tools (not Sondex) require very high power and
so larger diameter line is required.
• RIH normally to hold up, then tractor onward.
• Logging is performed by spooling in the line at
surface.
• Rig up is as for a standard e-line job with additional
lubricator.
• WEST predictive s/ware to estimate loads & tension
while logging.
• Release sub option for emergency ‘get-away’.
• Electrical noise prevents simultaneous motoring &
logging.
• A SAFE system is needed in order to perforate with a 212
7/5/2019
well tractor e.g. ADS.

Production Logging

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Production Logging

Location & date

2. What do you want to learn this week?

1. Measuring Flow in wells

Reduced Decline vital to

Injection Profiles Water Problems

Excess gas Problems

Some objectives of production logging:

• We want to manage the reservoir and maximise recovery

This well will not flow oil

This is called ‘Loading up’ in

Disposal of the water, which

Both the injection

During water injection,

This will cause premature

Water production due

Formations have horizontal and vertical permeability.

In oil wells with gas caps the reverse can happen.

3 Arm Caged Full Bore

Continuous Flow Spinner

Density Tools (FDR, FDD, FDI) Holdup Tools (CWH,

at any point in the well.

Temperature tool (PRT)

Naturally occurring Reacts to change in metal

Can indicate where water

Production Dual caliper (PDC)

Head Tension Unit

1.2 g/cc High Temp

DENSITY Fluid identification by density

CAPACITANCE Fluid identification by dielectric constant

Single String Dual String

Nipple for Plug

Typical toolstring about 3-4m long – very short!

1.18 m length saved

Different tool strings are required to achieve different

It is better to have too much information than to have

You can ignore the data you do not need.

Zone 2 Zone 2: 72% Water Cut

Zone 4 Zone 4: 77% Water Cut

Oil Well with

C Can you tell

Gas much larger

Some Reasons for horizontal wells:

Maximise Reservoir Drainage from a Single Well

Horizontal wells often do not perform as well as planned.

Flow Flow upwards

Once Gas enters the wellbore, because it has lower viscosity it is

Medium velocity, low heavy phase content

High velocity, medium heavy phase content.

Low velocity, high heavy phase content

Low velocity, medium heavy phase content

Medium velocity, high heavy phase content

High velocity, low to medium heavy phase content

Distributed Bubble flow

Slugs of water lifted up

Spinner Array Tool, SAT

Resistivity Array Tool, RAT Capacitance Array Tool, CAT

MAPview image of the data

Ideal for low flow rates

Diverter Tube Flowmeter