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PYROLYSIS OF PLASTIC WASTE INTO FUEL AND OTHER PRODUCTS

Conference Paper · October 2017

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PYROLYSIS OF PLASTIC WASTE INTO

FUEL AND OTHER PRODUCTS

B. CHIWARA, E. MAKHURA, *G. DANHA, S. BHERO, E. MUZENDA, P.

AGACHI

Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, College of

Engineering and Technology, Botswana International University of Science and
Technology, Plot 10071, Boseja Ward, Private Bag 16 Palapye, Botswana.
[email protected] Tel: 0026777895286

SUMMARY: In this article, we propose, design and implement a sustainable systems

approach that converts plastic solid waste (PSW) into useful chemical products. The
nature of the feed material for our process (PSW) make our proposed technology
serve a dual purpose of not only taking care of the waste management problem, but
also producing cheaper, safer and more easily accessible products for the rural
communities. We will also employ the attainable region method as an optimization
technique in improving the efficiency of our process. The envisaged outcomes of our
research outputs are an improvement in the general lifestyle of our people living in
less advantaged communities as well as an opportunity for employment creation of
the local youth if our process is scaled up into an industrial plant.

1. INTRODUCTION

Traditionally, the production of liquid fuels, organic chemicals and energy, has relied
heavily on the gasification of coal, distillation of crude oil and hydro-power. As our
natural resources are becoming depleted, and continue to do so due to the
exponential growth of our population, the need to look elsewhere for sources of
alternative raw materials and processes is imperative.

Domestic and industrial plastic solid waste (PSW) collection and disposal systems in
Botswana are not as efficient as those in other developing African countries.
Specifically, the mode of disposal of PSW in smaller cities and villages in Botswana
is a major concern. Even in bigger cities, the current waste management systems
mostly entail use of dumping sites and landfills, where the majority of the waste (Al-
Salem et al. 2010) has been identified to be different classes of polymers namely:
high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density poly ethylene (LDPE), poly vinyl

Proceedings Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium/ 2 - 6 October
2017 S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy / © 2017 by CISA Publisher, Italy
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

chloride (PVC), poly propylene (PP), poly styrene (PS) and poly ethylene
terephthalate (PET) (Singh et al. 2017)

Although the rate of reaction associated with the biodegradation process of plastic
waste is said to be slow that it is kinetically approximated not to be taking place
(Guerrero et al. 2013), it is however thermodynamically feasible. Some chemical
engineering reaction based researchers have argued that pigments used in plastics
as well as plastics can be broken down by acidic leachates under certain harsh
conditions of temperature and pressure to give products that are both deleterious
and obnoxious to the environment and to the underground water sources which in
some areas serve as drinking water for livestock, wildlife and even the rural folk.

Due to these highlighted PSW issues, the Botswana Government has responded to
this societal challenge by implementing its environmental policies and inviting some
NGOs and private companies on-board in assisting to combat this waste situation.
But this approach has not yielded any positive results in villages like Palapye,
Pilikwe, Serule and smaller towns like Serowe, Selibe Phikwe, Maun. In these parts
of the country, PSW will continue to increase with negative implications on the local
municipalities and environment. The major challenge in these locations is mainly the
state of the roads, which make it practically impossible for refuse collection trucks to
access the domestic and industrial waste. The finances usually allocated to the local
municipalities by the central government in order to run their towns is also a
constraint as it is never enough to address the water supply, sanitary,
accommodation and other service delivery challenges, let alone cater for the waste
collection and disposal services. Even at a government level, rarely is waste
treatment a priority as there are more pressing national issues such as electricity
supply, food security, agricultural inputs and mining challenges to take care of.

In this research, we focus on designing and implementing a sustainable process that

uses the PSW as its raw material in producing useful products of a chemical nature.
We will demonstrate the feasibility of our process by first producing a measureable
quantity of pyrolysis oil that can be further upgraded into its separate fuel fractions.
Our technology will not only solve the PSW disposal problems in our community but
will also assist in addressing landfill challenges as well as produce products that are
of economic value to the rural populace thereby improving their livelihood. We will
also use the attainable region optimization technique to improve the efficiency of our
process.

2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Botswana is a major market for most South African manufactured products. This is
mainly due to the fact that the manufacturing industry in Botswana is hardly existing.
This situation poses challenges on proposals of how to recycle PSW as there is no
local plastic industry that will process the recycled material. In neighbouring countries
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

such as Zimbabwe and South Africa, there are plastic processing companies like
Megapak and Nampak, respectively. These companies have led to the development
of downstream recycle companies that supply them with recycled material to be used
as feed. These downstream companies have also created a lot of jobs for local
people who are willing to collect the PSW.

We propose that PSW should be collected from the villages and processed into
finished products that are of economic value to the same villagers. There are four
generally acceptable and well developed techniques used to process PSW, namely
gasification, hydrogenation, biodegradation and pyrolysis (Marshall & Farahbakhsh,
2013). For this research, we chose to use a batch pyrolysis method because of its
simplicity in design, operation and relative ease in adjusting the experimental
parameters.

2.1 The pyrolysis process

The pyrolysis process of synthesizing useful chemical products uses a technique

that is the opposite of the Fischer-Tropsh (F-T) process. In the F-T process,
carbonaceous material e.g. coal, is first combusted in order to give syngas (CO +
H2). The syngas is then synthesized into targeted higher molecular chain
hydrocarbons e.g. petrol, diesel and paraffin. The pyrolysis process starts with higher
molecular chain hydrocarbons (polymers) and then break it down (cracking) using
either heat, a catalyst or hydrogen gas (Al-Salem et al. 2017) into targeted smaller
chain hydro-carbons e.g. liquid fuels. Since pyrolysis is basically a thermal
degradation process, it is essential to understand the effect of mixing feed material
that has different melting points, on the process. The other factors that affect the
efficiency of a pyrolysis process are pressure, type of reactor, temperature,
residence time and cooling mechanisms.

2.2 The Attainable Region Approach

In this article, we apply the Attainable Region (AR) optimization technique to optimize
our objective function by way of manipulating the input variables in order to give
result to maximum process outputs. The AR method is a modern day geometric
optimization technique that has been used successfully in the different disciplines of
chemical engineering. This approach owes its origins to the field of chemical reaction
engineering where Hildebrandt and Glasser (1990) tested it in choosing optimal
reactor configurations. Over the years, different researchers have applied this
optimization method on their laboratory scale data with the aim of either minimizing
an experimental manipulated variable or maximizing an associated process variable.
Since one of the objectives of operating any process is to make profit, the AR
technique assists in this regard by way of specifying optimal experimental
parameters that will result in either a maximum or minimum condition of the objective
function.
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

The greatest advantage of the AR method is its versatility. The versatility of the
approach lies in that it is generic across the field of chemical engineering and a
researcher can apply this technique on any process parameter of choice. Smith and
Malone (1997) also applied the technique in organic industrial chemistry where they
optimized the molecular weights, monomer conversions and residence time in
isothermal polymerization systems. In 1998, McGregor et al. went on to use the
geometric ideas of the AR method in process synthesis in which they optimized a
reactor-separator-recycle system. Godorr et al. (1999) extended the application of
the technique in selecting optimal control and operating policies to situations where
the rate vector depends on a control parameter. In the year 2000, Book and
Challagulla used the technique in order to obtain optimal design and operating
conditions for the adiabatic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. Nicol et al.
(2001) applied the technique in order to find an optimum process design for an
exothermic reversible reaction system where provision was made for an external
heating and cooling source. Over the years, the technique has been further modified
and employed in various fields of process engineering.

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

First we collected and grouped our plastics into their six different classes namely:
HDPE, LPDE, PVC, PET, PP, PS. using their resin identification number (RIN). Other
different classification techniques we could have used, if resources permitted include
the froth flotation, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and the X-ray fluorescence
spectrometer. The AR technique proves that separating the feed material into its
different classes has an added advantage of minimising the variability in the product
spectrum. Co-pyrolysis of different classes give result to quite a wide range of
products that makes the separation process quite challenging. The different plastic
types are then taken through a process of size reduction to increase the surface area
for heat to act on them, improve handling characteristics, to mix the solid particles
more intimately. The mechanism used for size reduction was impact which is particle
concussion by a single rigid force.. Size reduction also enhances packing within the
reactor. Dicers could have been used if we had enough funding to acquire all the
required equipment. The reduced material is introduced into the reactor for heating
under a temperature range of 350℃ − 400℃ and at a pressure above atmospheric,
initially the opening in the reactor leading to the delivery pipe is closed so that no
vapour should escape until a certain period of time. The molecular vibrations are
directly proportional to temperature therefore at higher temperatures the molecular
vibrations are increased. The increase in molecular vibrations causes the bonds
holding the molecules to break into smaller molecules (solid to liquid then vapour
state). After a period of time succeeding the start of the reverse polymerisation
process, the pipe is open to allow the flow of vapour through to the condenser where
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

it is condensed to liquid and collected. The chemical analysis of the condensate for
organic product composition was then carried out using a gas chromatography-mass
spectrometer (GC-MS). Product upgrade through various separation techniques can
they follow in order to classify the pyrolysis oil into its constituent fuel fractions.

3.1 Batch reactor design

It is generally accepted that the pyrolysis process follows a first order irreversible
reaction model, given by the equations below, in which equation 1 shows the first
order irreversible equation, equation 2 is the differential form of equation 1 and
equation 3 is the integral forms of the same rate equation.
!
𝐴 𝐵 (1)
!! !!
− !"
= !"
= 𝑘[𝐴] (2)
[!]
[!! ]
= 𝑒 !!" (3)

Where: 𝑘 is the rate constant

𝐴! is the initial concentration

𝐴 is the final concentration

In designing our batch pyrolysis reactor, we evaluated the volume of the reactor, as
shown by equation 4 below:
!!" !!!
𝑡 = 𝑁!! ! (!!! )!!
(4)
From the residence time, initial number of moles of feed material, conversion of the
reactants and the rate of the reaction (first order) of the pyrolysis process, we can
easily find the volume of the batch reactor.

The temperature of the reactor required was calculated from the Arrhenius equation
(5), where:
!"
𝑘 = 𝐴𝑒 !!" (5)

Where:

𝑘 → 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝐴 → 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐸! → 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦(𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙)

𝑇 → 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝐾)

𝑅 → 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (8.314 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾)

Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

𝑒 → 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒

Figure 1, is a pictorial view of our designed batch pyrolysis reactor, showing the
heating and condensation mechanisms.

Figure 1: Experimental set-up

Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 2 shows the GC-MS analysis results of the pyrolysis oil that we obtained by
the co-pyrolysis of HDPE and LDPE classes of PSW. We co-pyrolised the two
classes of plastics in order to have enough material to use as feed, that will help in
pressuring the reactor to the desired experimental pressure. Our results show that
there are more than a hundred different liquid components in the pyrolysis oil. The
high number of organic components obtained could have resulted from the fact that
different pigmented plastics were used as feed material. The other reason for the
high number of organic components could have been because the sample was
heated to higher temperatures and high temperatures gave high conversions of more
than 80 %. High pyrolysis temperatures and pressure also ensured that less
gaseous components are formed as they are converted into liquid products. The high
number of organic components in the pyrolysis oil complicated the analysis of our
results as each peak had to be analysed for relative abundancy. A possible way of
minimising the number of peaks would have been to pyrolysize either HDPE or
LDPE samples separately as well as sorting feed material in terms of colour of their
pigments. Ways of reducing the number of components should be implemented in
order to make the analysis more easy and efficient. Figure 2 shows a sample of our
results we obtained from the co-pyrolysis of HDPE and LPDE forms of PSW. The
calculated conversion was around 70%, under the experimental conditions
investigated. The pyrolysis oil produced was end-user tested in paraffin fuelled lamps
and gave a very good luminous flame. We also observed from our other
experimental runs that the class of plastic material used as feed material plays a
major role in determining the type of fuel that can be obtained because when we
used PP and PS forms of PSW we mainly got non-condensable gaseous products.
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

8e+006

7e+006

6e+006

5e+006

4e+006

3e+006

2e+006

1e+006

Time (min:sec) 3:20.00 6:40.00 10:00.00 13:20.00 16:40.00 20:00.00 23:20.00 26:40.00 30:00.00
57

Figure 2: GC-MS results of oil pyrolysis

Where sample results are analysed as:

Peak # Sample Area % Name Area Group R.T. (min:sec) Weight Similarity
UniqueMass S/N

95 PR1:4 5.9301 Ethylbenzene 467973040 >0.08% 5:40.00 106 949

91 249531

227 PR1:4 3.5677 2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1-heptanol 281544689 >0.08%

16:54.90 172 822 57 89956

22 PR1:4 3.4051 2-Pentene, 4-methyl-, (E)- 268712491 >0.08% 1:53.70

84 877 69 155389

91 PR1:4 3.1178 Cyclohexane, 1,3,5-trimethyl-, (1à,3à,5á)- 246038268 >0.08%

5:34.20 126 903 111 162647

277 PR1:4 2.6611 1-Octanol, 2-butyl- 209996246 >0.08% 26:48.80 186

862 57 79116

57599

59 PR1:4 1.4169 Cyclohexane, methyl- 111813466 >0.08% 2:50.10 98

891 42 60924

282 PR1:4 1.3659 n-Tridecan-1-ol 107789837 >0.08% 28:33.90 200

857 57 62724

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

From our experimental results, we can conclude that the proposal, laboratory scale
design and implementation of a simple pyrolysis process unit used to convert PSW
into pyrolysis oil was a success. Our objective was achieved as we managed to
employ the AR technique in choosing optimal temperature, pressure and type of feed
material in order to maximise our process throughput of the desired products. The
added advantage of our proposed process lies in that there is a variety of organic
products that can be produced, and it is up to the market to define what it prefers to
be optimised. We also concluded from our findings that the different types of plastics
give result to different types of products, and the heating and cooling effects also
have a bearing on the product spectrum. Even though the experiment was
successful there are possible areas of improvement that we recommend in order to
improve the efficiency of the process. A catalyst should be used to improve the
degradation process and lower the degradation temperature, similar types of plastics
should be heated per batch in order to reduce the variability of components per
sample, lastly the process should be operated under isothermal conditions by
maintaining the process temperature within 350-400 by some process control
means.

REFERENCES

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Book, N.L., Challagulla, V.U.B., 2000. Inherently safer analysis of

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