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Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics

Article  in  European Journal of Engineering Education · January 1992

DOI: 10.1080/03043799308928176 · Source: OAI

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FUNDAMENTALS OF
ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS

MICHAEL J. MORAN
The Ohio State University

HOWARD N. SHAPIRO
Iowa State University of Science and Technology
CotJcpdi,

GETTING STARTED: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS 1

AND DEFINITIONS 1
1.1 Using Thermodynamics 1
1.2 Defining Systems 1
1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior 5
1.4 Measuring Mass, Length, Time, and Force 8
1.5 Two Measurable Properties: Specific Volume and Pressure 12
1.6 Measuring Temperature 16
1.7 Engineering Design and Analysis 22
1.8 How To Use This Book Effectively 26
1.9 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 27

ENERGY AND THE FIRST LAW

OF THERMODYNAMICS 35
2
2.1 Reviewing Mechanical Concepts of Energy 35
2.2 Evaluating Energy Transfer By Work 39
2.3 Energy of a System 50
2.4 Energy Transfer By Heat 53
2.5 Energy Accounting: Energy Balance for Closed Systems 57
2.6 Energy Analysis of Cycles 69
2.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 72

EVALUATING PROPERTIES
3.1 Fixing the State 83
83 3
EVALUATING PROPERTIES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 84
3.2 p-v-T Relation 84
3.3 Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties 91
3.4 Generalized Compressibility Chart 110
EVALUATING PROPERTIES USING THE IDEAL GAS MODEL 116
3.5 Ideal Gas Model 117
3.6 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases 119
3.7 Evaluating AM and Ah of Ideal Gases 122
3.8 Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas 130
3.9 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 132

xi
xii CONTENTS

4 CONTROL VOLUME ENERGY ANALYSIS

4.1 Conservation of Mass for a Control Volume 142
142
4.2 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume 150
4.3 Analysis of Control Volumes at Steady State 155
4.4 Transient Analysis 176
4.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 187

5 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

5.1 Using the Second Law 203
203

5.2 Statements of the Second Law 206

5.3 Identifying Irreversibilities 209
5.4 Applying the Second Law to Thermodynamic Cycles 213
5.5 Defining the Kelvin Temperature Scale 219
5.6 Maximum Performance Measures for Cycles Operating Between Two
Reservoirs 221
5.7 Carnot Cycle 227
5.8 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 230

6 USING ENTROPY
6.1 Clausius Inequality
239
239
6.2 Defining Entropy Change 241
6.3 Retrieving Entropy Data 242
6.4 Entropy Change in Internally Reversible Processes 250
6.5 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems 253
6.6 Entropy Rate Balance for Control Volumes 265
6.7 Isentropic Processes 274
6.8 Isentropic Efficiencies of Turbines, Nozzles, Compressors, and
Pumps 281
6.9 Heat Transfer and Work in Internally Reversible, Steady-State Flow
Processes 289
6.10 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 293

7 EXERGY (AVAILABIL1TY) ANALYSIS

7.1 Introducing Exergy 313
313
7.2 Defining Exergy 314
7.3 Closed System Exergy Balance 324
7.4 Flow Exergy 332
7.5 Exergy Rate Balance for Control Volumes 335
7.6 Exergetic (Second Law) Efficiency 346
7.7 Thermoeconomics 351
7.8 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 358
 CONTENTS xiii

VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

8.1 Modeling Vapor Power Systems
372
372
8
8.2 Analyzing Vapor Power Systems—Rankline Cycle 374
8.3 Improving Performance—Superheat and Reheat 387
8.4 Improving Performance—Regenerative Vapor Power Cycle 393
8.5 Other Vapor Cycle Aspects 404
8.6 Case Study: Exergy Accounting of a Vapor Power Plant 406
8.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 414

GAS POWER SYSTEMS 425 9

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 425
9.1 Engine Terminology 425
9.2 Air-Standard Otto Cycle 428
9.3 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle 433
9.4 Air-Standard Dual Cycle 437
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS 440
9.5 Modeling Gas Turbine Power Plants 440
9.6 Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 441
9.7 Regenerative Gas Turbines 452
9.8 Regenerative Gas Turbines with Reheat and Intercooling 457
9.9 Gas Turbines for Aircraft Propulsion 468
9.10 Combined Gas Turbine—Vapor Power Cycle 473
9.11 Ericsson and Stirling Cycles 479
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS 480
9.12 Compressible Flow Preliminaries 480
9.13 One-Dimensional Steady Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers 485
9.14 Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers of Ideal Gases with Constant Specific Heats 491
9.15 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 499

REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

10.1 Vapor Refrigeration Systems 514
514 ie
10.2 Analyzing Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems 517
10.3 Refrigerant Properties 526
10.4 Cascade and Multistage Vapor-Compression Systems 527
10.5 Absorption Refrigeration 529
10.6 Heat Pump Systems 531
10.7 Gas Refrigeration Systems 534
10.8 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 541
xiv CONTENTS

THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS 551

11.1 Using Equations of State 551
11.2 Important Mathematical Relations 558
11.3 Developing Property Relations 562
11.4 Evaluating Changes in Entropy, Internal Energy, and Enthalpy 568
11.5 Other Thermodynamic Relations 578
11.6 Constructing Tables of Thermodynamic Properties 584
11.7 Generalized Charts for Enthalpy and Entropy 589
11.8 p-v-T Relations for Gas Mixtures 595
11.9 Analyzing Multicomponent Systems 600
11.10 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 613

n IDEAL GAS MIXTURES AND PSYCHROMETRICS

IDEAL GAS MIXTURES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 625
625

12.1 Describing Mixture Composition 625

12.2 Relating p, V, and T for Ideal Gas Mixtures 630
12.3 Evaluating U, H, S and Specific Heats 632
12.4 Analyzing Systems Involving Mixtures 633

PSYCHROMETRIC APPLICATIONS 647

12.5 Introducing Psychrometric Principles 647
12.6 Applying Mass and Energy Balances to Air-Conditioning Systems 655
12.7 Adiabatic-Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 660
12.8 Psychrometric Charts 664
12.9 Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes 667
12.10 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 683

B REACT1NG MIXTURES AND COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION FUNDAMENTALS 696
696

13.1 Introducing Combustion 696

13.2 Conservation of Energy—Reacting Systems 705
13.3 Determining the Adiabatic Flame Temperature 718
13.4 Absolute Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 722
13.5 Fuel Cells 731
CHEMICAL EXERGY 732
13.6 Introducing Chemical Exergy 732
13.7 Standard Chemical Exergy 736
13.8 Exergy Summary 741
13.9 Exergetic (Second Law) Efficiencies of Reacting Systems 744
13.10 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 748
 CONTENTS xv

CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM

EQUILIBRIUM FUNDAMENTALS 760
760 u
14.1 Introducing Equilibrium Criteria 760
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 765
14.2 Equation of Reaction Equilibrium 765
14.3 Calculating Equilibrium Compositions 767
14.4 Further Examples of the Use of the Equilibrium Constant 776
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 786
14.5 Equilibrium Between Two Phases of a Pure Substance 786
14.6 Equilibrium of Multicomponent, Multiphase Systems 788
14.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 793

APPENDIX TABLES, FIGURES, AND CHARTS

Index to Tables in SI Units 802
802 A
Index to Tables in English Units 850
Index to Figures and Charts 898

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 913

INDEX 918

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