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    Remarks 1. 2. Let 3. Let 4. Let 5. 6. 7. 8

    Uploaded by

    Ahmad Ahmad
    1. The document discusses properties and definitions related to Riemann integration on closed intervals. It provides bounds for the integral of a function over partitions and subsets of partitions. 2. Examples are given of functions that are bounded but not Riemann integrable on the interval [0,1], including a function that takes different values at rational and irrational numbers. 3. A theorem states that a necessary and sufficient condition for a function to be Riemann integrable is that the upper and lower integrals over any partition can be made arbitrarily close by choosing a fine enough partition.

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    Remarks 1. 2. Let 3. Let 4. Let 5. 6. 7. 8

    Uploaded by

    Ahmad Ahmad
    12 views1 page
    1. The document discusses properties and definitions related to Riemann integration on closed intervals. It provides bounds for the integral of a function over partitions and subsets of partitions. 2. Examples are given of functions that are bounded but not Riemann integrable on the interval [0,1], including a function that takes different values at rational and irrational numbers. 3. A theorem states that a necessary and sufficient condition for a function to be Riemann integrable is that the upper and lower integrals over any partition can be made arbitrarily close by choosing a fine enough partition.

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    01-07-2019

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    1. The document discusses properties and definitions related to Riemann integration on closed intervals. It provides bounds for the integral of a function over partitions and subsets of partitions. 2. Examples are given of functions that are bounded but not Riemann integrable on the interval [0,1], including a function that takes different values at rational and irrational numbers. 3. A theorem states that a necessary and sufficient condition for a function to be Riemann integrable is that the upper and lower integrals over any partition can be made arbitrarily close by choosing a fine enough partition.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views1 page

    Remarks 1. 2. Let 3. Let 4. Let 5. 6. 7. 8

    Uploaded by

    Ahmad Ahmad
    1. The document discusses properties and definitions related to Riemann integration on closed intervals. It provides bounds for the integral of a function over partitions and subsets of partitions. 2. Examples are given of functions that are bounded but not Riemann integrable on the interval [0,1], including a function that takes different values at rational and irrational numbers. 3. A theorem states that a necessary and sufficient condition for a function to be Riemann integrable is that the upper and lower integrals over any partition can be made arbitrarily close by choosing a fine enough partition.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    Remarks

    𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏�
    1. 𝑚𝑚(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎) ≤ 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) ≤ ∫𝑎𝑎� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≤ ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≤ 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) ≤ 𝑀𝑀(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎), ∀𝑃𝑃.
    2. Let 𝑃𝑃 ⊆ 𝑄𝑄. Then 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑄𝑄) ≤ 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) and 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑄𝑄) ≥ 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃).
    3. Let 𝑃𝑃 ⊆ 𝑄𝑄. Then 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑄𝑄) − 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑄𝑄) ≤ 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) − 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃).
    4. Let 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑃𝑃1 ∪ 𝑃𝑃2 . Then 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑄𝑄) − 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑄𝑄) ≤ 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃1 ) − 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃2 ).
    𝑏𝑏� 𝑏𝑏
    5. ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≤ 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃), ∫𝑎𝑎� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≥ 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) ≤ ∀𝑃𝑃, 𝑃𝑃 is a partition of [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏].
    𝑏𝑏� 𝑏𝑏
    6. ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫𝑎𝑎� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≤ 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) − 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃), ∀𝑃𝑃, 𝑃𝑃 is a partition of [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏].
    𝑏𝑏�
    7. ∀𝜖𝜖 > 0 , ∃𝑃𝑃, 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) < ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝜖𝜖
    𝑏𝑏�
    8. ∀𝜖𝜖 > 0 , ∃𝑃𝑃, 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) > ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝜖𝜖

    Examples of bounded functions on closed intervals that are not R-integrable


    1, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑄𝑄
    1. The function 𝑓𝑓: [0,1] → 𝑅𝑅 defined by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � is not Riemann integrable on
    0, 𝑥𝑥 ∉ 𝑄𝑄
    [0,1].
    𝑝𝑝, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑄𝑄
    2. The function 𝑓𝑓: [0,1] → 𝑅𝑅 defined by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � , 𝑝𝑝 ≠ 𝑞𝑞 is not Riemann integrable
    𝑞𝑞, 𝑥𝑥 ∉ 𝑄𝑄
    on [0,1].

    Theorem
    A necessary and sufficient condition for a bounded function 𝑓𝑓 to be integrable on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] is that for
    each 𝜖𝜖 > 0, there exists a partition 𝑃𝑃 of [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] for which 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) − 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) < 𝜖𝜖.

    Proof
    Let ∀𝜖𝜖 > 0, ∃𝑃𝑃 , a partition of [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] such that 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) − 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) < 𝜖𝜖.
    𝑏𝑏� 𝑏𝑏
    ∴ � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≤ 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) − 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) < 𝜖𝜖.
    𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎�

    𝑏𝑏� 𝑏𝑏
    Since 𝜖𝜖 > 0 is arbitrary, ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫𝑎𝑎� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.
    𝑏𝑏� 𝑏𝑏
    Thus, ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑎𝑎� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .

    Conversely, let 𝑓𝑓 ∈ 𝑅𝑅[𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏].


    Let 𝜖𝜖 > 0.
    There exist partitions 𝑃𝑃1 and 𝑃𝑃2 of [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] such that
    𝑏𝑏� 𝜖𝜖 𝑏𝑏 𝜖𝜖
    𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃1 ) < ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + and 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃2 ) > ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − .
    2 2

    Let 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃1 ∪ 𝑃𝑃2 .


    ∴ 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) − 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃) ≤ 𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃1 ) − 𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓, 𝑃𝑃2 ) < 𝜖𝜖.

    June 1, 2019 (Monday)

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