CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

In our country, Filipino people use papaya as source of vitamin A, B and C and some use it as

skin whitening. Papaya is a tree like plant with single stem growing from 5 to 10 meters tall and it grows

commonly in tropical country like the Philippines. Papaya stem and bark is used as a raw material in the

production of rope and can be used as an option source of rope and can be used as an option source of

paper due to its strong fiber. Bulletin board is frame section commonly made from wood or plastics.

Bulletin board is very useful in schools, hospital, and other public places where information must be

posted for everyone to see. Because of the excessive number of trees that are being cut to produce a lot of

bulletin board. We are now experiencing+ global warming which in cite by deforestation. As a

consequence of the unreliable producers who are not unmindful about the adverse affect of too much

logging, our fellow countrymen in the rural areas anguished from the result of flashflood and landslide.

Since this alarming situation is now encountered, the researcher supervised an experiment made for

papaya trunk to generate the replacement source of bulletin board. Which is affordable, practical and

durable. If this research work used in the production of alternative bulletin board, the researcher assures

that all people in rural areas wouldn't suffer from adverse effects of flashfloods and landslide, if everyone

shows their concern and care to the environment. Cutting down papaya trunk would not affect farmers

because papaya used is not fruit bearing.

B. Statement of the problem

This study aimed to produce bulletin board made from papaya trunk that can be compared to

commercialized bulletin board.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following question.

1
 1. What process is involved in making bulletin board?

2. What is the formulation of papaya trunk to produce bulletin board?

3. Is there significant difference between the experimental bulletin board and commercialized

bulletin board in terms of:

A). Durability

B). Texture

C). Cost

C. Hypothesis

Based on the problems of this investigation, the following hypotheses were formulated :

1. The process involved in making the bulletin board made of papaya trunk are as follows: gathering

materials, cutting down of papaya trunk, weighing of the cut papaya trunk, boiling with caustic soda,

pulping, mixing extraneous variable, molding and sun drying.

2. In the phytochemical screening, the result indicates the presence of phenolic compound because there

was no formation of precipitate in the belatin test but there was color change in the Feric chloride test.

Ho-there is no significant difference between the experimental bulletin board and commercialized

bulletin board in terms of:

A). Durability

B). Texture

C). Cost

Ha-there is significant difference between the experimental bulletin board and commercialized bulletin

board in terms of:

2
A). Durability

B). Texture

C). Cost

If there is significant difference between experimental bulletin board and commercialized board

then they will significantly differ in terms of durability, ,texture and cost.

D. Significance of the Study

This research study of "potency of papaya trunk carica papaya bulletin board” would help us to

introduce our own product made out of papaya plant. This study would help to use alternative source of

plant without cutting endangered plants. Using this experimental product made out of papaya trunk we

can save more money without buying the commercialized product.

This research study is very useful for schools, hospitals and other public places where

information needs to be posted for everyone to see.

This research study as to produce bulletin board from papaya trunk fiber that can be compared to

commercialized product. The researcher wants to produce cheaper, affordable and durable bulletin board

made out of papaya.

This study as to have a better research work for the future production of bulletin board

3
E. Scope and Limitations

This research study determined the Potency of Papaya Trunk (Carica papaya) as an alternative

bulletin board. It was conducted at Mapandan National HighSchool Laboratory from May 15 to June

19,2014. The papaya trunk was evaluated in terms of texture and durability.25 respondents were asked to

rate the two treatment with two replication in corresponding rating scale in ranging from 5 (highest) and

evaluated the alternative bulletin board in terms of texture and durability.

E. Definition of Terms

Bulletin Board– a board on the wall of a classroom , etc., where things ( such as written notices or

pictures0 are put so that they can be seen by many people.

Control Variables- are variables present in both sets-up in an experiment.

Durability –staying strong and in good condition over a long period of time.

Experimental variable- variable present in one set-up but not present in other set-up.

Fiber – a thin thread of natural or artificial material that can be used to make cloth , paper, etc.

Papaya – a yellowish-green fruit with black seeds that grows on a tropical tree.

Texture - the way that something feels when you touch it.

Trunk – the thick main stem of a tree

Variable – anything that affects the result of the experiment.

4
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature

This research study is all about the potency of papaya trunk (Carica papaya) as bulletin board.

The independent variable used is the papaya trunk (Carica papaya) while the control variable is the

commercial bulletin board. In order to make a bulletin board made out of papaya trunk (Carica papaya) it

must undergone different processes such as pealing, boiling, blending, sun drying and cutting papaya

trunk in order to produce a quality product of bulletin board made out of papaya trunk (Carica papaya).

Papaya trunk

The edible seed of the papaya has a sharp, spicy taste and is sometimes dried and ground for use

as substitute for black pepper. In some parts of Asia, the young leaves of papaya are cooked as vegetable

in combination with meat and coconut milk or steamed like spinach. In other part of the world, papaya

leaves are made into tea as preventative to malaria, though there is no real scientific evidence for the

effectiveness of this treatment. The stem and bark of papaya tree can be processed as material in rope

production. Thus its versatility in performing roles as raw food, as a major ingredient in cooked dishes, as

source of medicines and therapeutic drugs, and as a raw material for various other uses, in my book,

makes the papaya truly deserving of its title as fruit of the angels.

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, has molecular formula A NaOH and is

highly caustic metallic base. It is a white solid available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as a 50%

saturated solution Sodium hydroxide is soluble in water, ethanol and methanol. This alkali is deliquescent

and readily absorbs moisture ad carbon dioxide in air. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries,

mostly as a strong chemical base in a manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking, water, soaps and

5
detergents and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tons,

while demand was 51 million 16ones. Although molten sodium hydroxide possesses properties similar to

those of the other forms, it high temperature comparatively limits its applications.

Bulletin board

A bulletin is a surface intended for the posting of public messages, for examples, to advertise

items wanted or for sale, announce events, or provide information. Bulletin board are often made of a

material such as cork to facilitate addition and removal of messages, or they can be placed on computer

networks so people can leave and erase messages for other people to read and see Bulletin boards are

particularly prevalent universities. They are used by many sports groups and extracurricular groups and

anything from local shops to official notices. Dormitory corridors, well - trafficked hallways, lobbies and

freestanding kiosks often have cork boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices. At some

universities, lamppost, bollards, trees and walls often become impromptu posting sites in areas where

official boards are sparse in number.

Flour

is a powder which is made by grinding cereal grains, beans, or other seeds or roots (like cassava).

It is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many cultures, making the availability of

adequate supplies of flour a major economic and political issue at various times throughout

history. Wheat flour is one of the most important ingredients in European, North American, Middle

Eastern, Indian and North African cultures, and is the defining ingredient in most of their styles

of breads and pastries.

While wheat is the most common base for flour, maize flour has been important

in Mesoamerican cuisine since ancient times, and remains a staple throughout the Americas. Rye flour is

an important constituent of bread in much of central Europe, and rice can also be used in flour, though

this is relatively uncommon .

6
Bulletin Board

There are many different definitions for a bulletin board, however for this research paper it is

going to be specifically about the uses of the bulletin board for personal use. Bulletin boards are used for

many different types of reasons, this is because it is a way to communicate and transfer messages to

people. They are used all over the world and in England they are very popular, however they do not share

the same name, they are either called a pin board or notice board or display board

Throughout everyone’s life, a bulletin board, whether it is big or small, will have an impact of

them .This could be because the use of the board is pictures of friends and family, or it could be notes for

end of year test! Also ,another use is to share information with communities and colleges , telling them if

they got into a team /club /president of that certain club ECT… ‘ To make information available to a

community or a group or to create interest in events ,ideas or products.” (SIL International :Partners in

Language Development ). This site , gave me an insight to all the different ways of making and using it

intellectually and socially.

Nevertheless, the benefit of displaying a bulletin board can be very unique .This is because with

all the technology that we are using (for example ,prezi or photoshop,power point ETC.. ) we can create a

design or decorate it the way you want it to be. According to SIL International,” To display artwork and

other paper item of interest”(SIL International:Partners in Laguage Development ),it is indeed a very

successful way to involve the audience of the presentation or just to hang up on your wall as a presentable

decoration. They also quote the different types of styles, “ Chalkboards, Pin boards and magnetic boards.”

(SIL International: Partners in Language Development). Which have evolved to the more popular bulletin

board, in today’s society.

7
Related Studies

“Bulletin boards are often made of material such as cork to facilitate addition and removal of

messages or it can be placed on the computer so people can leave and erase messages for the other people

to read and see”. ( The Hutchinson Encyclopedia). It also quotes that bulletin board is also known in the

computer industry. It is the “ centre for the electronic storage of messages , usually accessed over the

telephone network.” This shows the diversity of the usefulness of a bulletin board. It has an abbreviated

word for the computer side, “ BBSs ( Bulletin board systems )” (The Hutchinson Encyclopedia).

Author

Chloe Yates

8
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the information concerning the research design, the materials used in

conducting the research study, the methods and procedures, and the variables to be investigated in order

to determine the competency of the papaya trunk in the production of bulletin board.

A. Research Design

The completely randomized design (CRD) was the researcher design used to examine the

different treatments in the study.

F-test was used to evaluate the parameters of the study.

Table1. Treatments for Binding

Treatments Papaya Trunk(g) Caustic Soda(g) Flour(g) Water(L)

T0

T1 700 30 200 4

T2 500 30 200 4

The above preparation was done to the trunk of papaya to pulp it. The pulp is the one molded and sun

dried into the bulletin board.

9
 C. Variables

Figure1. Research Paradigm

Input Processes

Independent Variable

Papaya Trunk (Carica papaya) A.Gathering of materials.

B.Cutting down of papaya trunk

into smaller pieces.

C. Boiling with caustic soda

D. Pulping of boiled papaya

trunk.

E. Mixing of the extraneous

variable.

F. Molding

G.Sun Drying

Control Variable Output

Commercial Bulletin Board Bulletin board made from papaya

trunk (Carica papaya)

10
D. Procedures

Phase 1

The researcher gathered the papaya trunk at his residence at Barangay Coral, Mapandan, Pangasinan and

caustic soda was bought at Dagupan City,Pangasinan. The pealer, weighing scale, casserole and other

materials was collected for the experimentation.

Papaya trunk was washed thoroughly.

Phase II

The cut papaya trunk was boiled in 4 liter in different casserole in different treatments. Each was boiled

for 25-30 minutes. Two treatments prepared in this study. T1=700 g of papaya trunk fiber +30g of caustic

soda + 4 liters of water. T2=500 g of papaya trunk fiber + 30 g caustic soda+200g of flour + 4 liters of

water. The desired treatment was carefully molded in molding mold; the treatments were sun dried for

five days and produce the product.

Phase III

The experimental bulletin board was compared to commercial bulletin board in terms of

durability and texture. The different treatment was rated two.

Table2 .Ratio scale for durability

Point of Value Equivalent

5 Very Hard
4 Hard
3 Fair
2 Brittle
1 Too Brittle

11
 Table 3. Ratio scale for texture

Point of Value Equivalent

5 Extremely Smooth
4 Moderately Smooth
3 Fair
2 Moderately Rough
1 Extremely Rough

Phase IV

The researcher was observed the different treatments for the durability and texture. The first

treatment is the durability test and was observed the durability by means of putting a heavy object on the

experimental bulletin board. The` second treatment was also subjected to texture test and it undergoes to

scrapping to observe if there is a changes in texture. The researcher was using F-Test as a statistical tool

to test the significant difference of the different treatments of papaya trunk as bulletin board and

commercial bulletin board to analyze and easily interpret the data that was observing the experimentation.

12
Figure 2. Experimental Flow Chart

Phase I Phase II
Gathering materials Weighing of the cut papaya trunk
Cutting down of papaya trunk Boiling with caustic soda
Processing Pulping

Mixing extraneous variable

Molding

Sun Drying

Phase III

Testing Evaluation

Gathering of Data

Phase IV

Interpretation of data

Conclusion and

Recommendation

13
Figure 3. Processes in making bulletin board.

Bulletin Board Making Process

Gathering of Materials

Cutting of papaya trunk into smaller pieces

Boiling with caustic soda

Pulping of boiled papaya trunk

Mixing of extraneous variable

Molding

Sun Drying

14
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered from the

experimentation.

Evaluation on the two parameters namely durability and texture of the bulletin board from papaya

trunk (Carica Papaya) fiber are presented in tabular and graphical form with concise interpretation.

The statistical used for an easy evaluation and interpretation of the data is one tailed F-test was

used to determine the significant difference between the experimental variable and control variable.

Table 4. Average mean of durability.

T0 T1 T2

R1 4.21 3.48 4.24

R2 4.21 3.44 3.64

The table shows all the average mean values of durability in different treatments.

Figure 4: Mean values of the durability of the Papaya trunk(Carica papaya) in two replication.

15
 The graph shows the graphical representation of the result based on the controlled variable and

two trial. The horizontal shows that the two treatments in two replicates. While the vertical shows the

mean average of durability.

Table 5. Average mean of Texture

T0 T1 T2

R1 3.69 2.36 1.64

R2 3.69 2.52 1.12

The table shows all the average mean of texture in different treatments.

16
The graph shows the graphical representation of the result based on the controlled variable and two trial.

The horizontal shows that the two treatments in two replicates. While the vertical shows the mean

average of texture.

Table6. Average mean of durability and texture

Durability Texture

T0 4.21 3.69

T1 3.46 2.44

T2 3.94 1.38

The Table shows the all average of durability and texture.

17
Figure6: Mean values of experimental and control treatments in two parameters

The figure shows that there is no significant difference between the experimental treatments and the

control in terms of their durability and texture.

18
 F-test

The F-ratio result conducted in the grams in terms of durability is 19.05 is greater than3.98 , therefore

the Ho is rejected.

The F-ratio result in grams in terms of texture is 56.56 is greater than 3.98 , therefore the Ho is

rejected .

After the process of F-ratio, says that the experimental bulletin board and commercial bulletin

board have significant difference with each other in terms of texture and durability.

Cost Analysis

Products Quantity Price

Papaya Trunk 500 grams 0.00

Caustic Soda(Sodium 30 grams 30.00

Hydroxide)

Flour 200 grams 7.00

Total 37.00

19
 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter summarized the findings, presents the conclusion drawn from the findings and

recommendation based from the conclusion.

SUMMARY FINDINGS

This research study entitled ”The Potency of papaya trunk Carica papaya as bulletin board” is

focused on the potentiality in making bulletin board out papaya trunk in terms of durability, texture and

cost analysis.

Twenty-Five (25) respondents were asked to rate the two treatments with two replication in

corresponding rating scale in ranging from 5(highest) and 1 (lowest). The mean value for each parameter

and treatment were analyzed through the use of the statistical tool one tailed F-Test to determine if there

is a significant difference between the experimental bulletin board and commercial bulletin board.

1. Based from the results of the data were collected it shows that there is no significant difference

between the experimental bulletin board and commercialized bulletin board in terms of their durability

and texture.

2. The summary of this study is based from the two rated parameters.

3. In terms of their durability, there is significant difference between the experimental bulletin

board and commercial bulletin board.

4. In terms of texture, there is significant difference between the experimental bulletin board and

commercial bulletin board.

20
 CONCLUSIONS

Based from the results and findings, the researcher concluded that the two treatments conducted

in the experimentation have significant difference between the commercial product in terms of their

durability and texture.

One tailed F-test is used to interpret the results of the data gathered and it shows that there is

significant difference between the experimental bulletin board and commercial one. .Therefore, the

alternative hypothesis is accepted and rejected the null hypothesis and it is concluded that the two

treatments have significant difference to the commercial product. The researcher concluded that using

papaya trunk fiber can make an affordable, durable and more effective product of bulletin board.

Recommendation

In the view of the above findings and conclusion, the following hereby recommended to:

A. School- to use this product to post information for the students to see the reports.

B. Businessmen- to have a cheaper capital.

C. Students-to have a research study relevant in this research work and more improvement for better

studies in the future.

D. Hospitals-to post reminders and other important public messages.

21
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/starch

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sodium hydroxide

 authors Chloe Yates

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour

22
 APPENDICES

Figure 1. Gathering materials for methodology

Figure 2. Cutting of the papaya trunk into smaller pieces.

23
 Figure 3. Weighing of the small pieces of papaya trunk .

Figure 4. Boiling of papaya trunk ( 25 minutes)

24
Figure 5. Mixing the extraneous variable into the boiled papaya trunk

Figure 6. Molding

25
Figure 7. Sun Drying

26
 Tables

Table1. Treatments for Binding

Treatments Papaya Trunk(g) Caustic Soda(g) Flour(g) Water(L)

T0

T1 700 30 200 4

T2 500 30 200 4

The above preparation was done to the trunk of papaya to pulp it. The pulp is the one molded and sun

dried into the bulletin board.

Table2 .Ratio scale for durability

Point of Value Equivalent

5 Very Hard
4 Hard
3 Fair
2 Brittle
1 Too Brittle

Table 3. Ratio scale for texture

Point of Value Equivalent

5 Extremely Smooth
4 Moderately Smooth
3 Fair
2 Moderately Rough
1 Extremely Rough

27
 Table 4. Average mean of durability.

T0 T1 T2

R1 4.21 3.48 4.24

R2 4.21 3.44 3.64

The table shows all the average mean values of durability in different treatments.

Figure 4: Mean values of the durability of the Papaya trunk(Carica papaya) in two replication.

The graph shows the graphical representation of the result based on the controlled variable and two trial.

The horizontal shows that the two treatments in two replicates. While the vertical shows the mean

average of durability.

28
 Table 5. Average mean of Texture

T0 T1 T2

R1 3.69 2.36 1.64

R2 3.69 2.52 1.12

The table shows all the average mean of texture in different treatments.

The graph shows the graphical representation of the result based on the controlled variable and two trial.

The horizontal shows that the two treatments in two replicates. While the vertical shows the mean

average oftexture.

29
 Table6. Average mean of durability and texture

Durability Texture

T0 4.21 3.69

T1 3.46 2.44

T2 3.94 1.38

The Table shows the all average of durability and texture.

Figure6: Mean values of experimental and control treatments in two parameters

The figure shows that there is no significant difference between the experimental treatments and the

control in terms of their durability and texture.

30
 Cost Analysis

Products Quantity Price

Papaya Trunk 500 grams 0.00

Caustic Soda(Sodium 30 grams 30.00

Hydroxide)

Flour 200 grams 7.00

Total 37.00

TIME FRAME

Date
May 19, 2014 Project Proposal
May 21, 2014 Finding a Plant to be investigated
May 23, 2014 Agreement ( Papaya Trunk) as our subject
May 27, 2014 Title of our I.P ( The Potency of Papaya Trunk
(Carica papaya ) as a Bulletin Board
May 28, 2014 Gathering of materials
June 1, 2014 Phytochemical Screening
June 3, 2014 Prossesing of the procedures ( seven days)
June 10, 2014 Doing the chapter 1
June 12, 2014 Doing the chapter 2
June 14, 2014 Surveying
June 15-18, 2014 Computation of F-Test
June 18,-20 2014 Doing the chapter 3
June 17-jUuly 18, 2014 Checking of the Write ups
July 19-August 19, 2014 Phytochemical Analysis of Plant
August 19 -September 15, 2014 Finalization of Write Up

31
 Durability Computation

A.500 A A.500 B A.700 A A.700 B

X X2 X X2 X X2 X X2
3 1 1 3 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0
3 1 1 3 0 0 3 -1 1 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 -1 1 4 0 0 3 0 0
3 1 1 2 -1 1 3 -1 1 3 0 0
2 0 0 1 -2 4 3 -1 1 3 0 0
2 0 0 4 1 1 4 0 0 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 -1 1 3 -1 1 4 1 1
1 -1 1 1 -2 4 3 -1 1 4 1 1
2 0 0 2 -1 1 3 -1 1 3 0 0
3 1 1 2 -1 1 3 -1 1 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 -1 1 4 0 0 4 1 1
3 1 1 2 -1 1 3 -1 1 4 1 1
3 1 1 3 0 0 3 -1 1 4 1 1
3 1 1 3 0 0 4 0 0 4 1 1
3 1 1 3 0 0 4 0 0 4 1 1
2 0 0 2 -1 1 4 0 0 4 1 1
2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 4 1 1
3 1 1 3 0 0 3 -1 1 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 -1 1 4 0 0 3 0 0
2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 4 1 1
2 0 0 4 1 1 3 -1 1 3 0 0
3 1 1 3 0 0 3 -1 1 3 0 0
2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 -1 1 4 0 0 3 0 0
2 0 0 3 0 0 3 -1 1 4 1 1
_______ _______ _______ _______
Ex= 59 Ex= 53 Ex= 87 Ex= 86
N=25 N=25 N=25 N=25
X=2.36 or 2 X=2.5 or 3 X=3.5 or 4 X=3.4 or 3
Ex2=11 Ex2=20 Ex2=13 Ex2=11

32
SSw= Ex1+Ex2+Ex3+Ex4 dwf = 100-3

= 11+20+13+11 = 97

= 55 msb = SSb/dfb

SSb = (x-xt)2 N = 32.57/3

= 59+63+87+86 /100 = 10.86

=2.95 msw = SSw/dfw

SSb = (2.36-2.95)2 25 +(2.5-2.95)2 25 +(3.5– = 55/97

2.95)2 25+ (3.4- 2.95)2 25
= 0.57
= 0.35 (25) + 0.20 (25) + 0.30 (25) + 0.45 (25)
F – Ratio = msb/msw
= 8.7 +5.06 + 7.56 + 11.25
= 10.86 / 0.57
= 32.57
=19.05
SST = SSw + SSb
F- Ratio > Critical value
= 55 + 32.57
19.05 > 3.98, 2.70
= 87.57
= Reject the null hypothesis
dfb = k-1

= 4-1

= 3

33
 Texture Computation

A.500 A A.500 B A.700 A A.700 B

X X2 X X2 X X2 X X2
2 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 0 3 -1 1 3 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 -1 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 3 -1 1 2 -1 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 3 -1 1 1 -2 4
1 -1 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 4 1 1
1 -1 1 1 0 0 3 -1 1 2 -1 1
2 0 0 2 1 1 3 -1 1 1 -2 2
3 1 1 1 0 0 3 -1 1 2 -1 1
1 -1 1 1 0 0 3 -1 1 2 -1 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 -1 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 3 -1 1 2 -1 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 3 -1 1 3 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 -1 1
1 -1 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0
1 -1 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 0 0 3 -1 1 3 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 -1 1
1 -1 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0
1 -1 1 2 1 1 3 -1 1 4 1 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 3 -1 1 3 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0
1 -1 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 -1 1
1 -1 1 1 0 0 3 -1 1 3 0 0
_______ _______ _______ _______
Ex= 41 Ex= 28 Ex= 87 Ex= 63
N=25 N=25 N=25 N=25
X=1.64 or 2 X=1.12 or 1 X=3.5 or 4 X=2.5 or 3
Ex2=11 Ex2=3 Ex2=13 Ex2=20

34
SSw = Ex1+Ex2+Ex3+Ex4 dfb = k-1

= 11+3+13+20 = 4-1

= 47 = 3

SSb = (x-xt)2 N dwf = 100-3

= 41+28+8+63 /100 = 97

=2.19 msb = SSb/dfb

SSb = (1.64-2.19)2 25 +(1.12-2.19)2 25 +(3.5– = 81.46/3

2.19)2 25+ (2.5- 2.19)2 25

= 27.15

= 0.30 (25) + 1.14 (25) + 1.72 (25) + 0.096

msw = SSw/dfw
(25)
= 47/97
= 7.56 +28.6 + 42.9 + 2.40
= 0.48
= 81.46
F – Ratio = msb/msw
SST = SSw + SSb
= 27.15 / 0.48
= 47 + 81.46
=56.56
= 128.46
F- Ratio > Critical value

56.56 > 3.98, 2.70

= Reject the null hypothesis

35
36
37
38
 Curriculum Vitae

Name: Jasper Ian M. Aquino

Birthdate: December 2, 1998

Parents: Loreto Aquino

Jocelyn Aquino

Elementary School:Mapandan Central School

High School: Mapandan National High School

39
 Name: Mary Joy L. Tibay

Birthdate: October 27, 1998

Parents: NicasioTibay

Yolanda Tibay

Elementary School: Mapandan Central School

High School: Mapandan National High School

40
 Name: Myrasel B. Badua

Birthdate: July 1, 1998

Parents: Salimar M. Badua

Myrasel B.Badua

Elementary School: Sta.Maria Elementary School

High School: Mapandan National High School

41