Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 446 views

    Ordinary, Singular, Regular, Irregular Points

    Uploaded by

    Anas Bashir
    The document discusses different types of points for second order ordinary differential equations: - Ordinary points occur when coefficients remain finite, while singular points occur when coefficients diverge. - Regular singular points occur when either coefficient diverges but related terms remain finite, while irregular singular points are all other singular points. - Examples demonstrate checking points for ordinary, regular singular, and irregular singular classifications based on the behavior of coefficients as the point is approached.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ordinary, Singular, Regular, Irregular Points

    Uploaded by

    Anas Bashir
    446 views3 pages
    The document discusses different types of points for second order ordinary differential equations: - Ordinary points occur when coefficients remain finite, while singular points occur when coefficients diverge. - Regular singular points occur when either coefficient diverges but related terms remain finite, while irregular singular points are all other singular points. - Examples demonstrate checking points for ordinary, regular singular, and irregular singular classifications based on the behavior of coefficients as the point is approached.

    Original Title

    Ordinary, Singular, regular,irregular points.docx

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses different types of points for second order ordinary differential equations: - Ordinary points occur when coefficients remain finite, while singular points occur when coefficients diverge. - Regular singular points occur when either coefficient diverges but related terms remain finite, while irregular singular points are all other singular points. - Examples demonstrate checking points for ordinary, regular singular, and irregular singular classifications based on the behavior of coefficients as the point is approached.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    446 views3 pages

    Ordinary, Singular, Regular, Irregular Points

    Uploaded by

    Anas Bashir
    The document discusses different types of points for second order ordinary differential equations: - Ordinary points occur when coefficients remain finite, while singular points occur when coefficients diverge. - Regular singular points occur when either coefficient diverges but related terms remain finite, while irregular singular points are all other singular points. - Examples demonstrate checking points for ordinary, regular singular, and irregular singular classifications based on the behavior of coefficients as the point is approached.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

     Analytic function: A function f is said to be analytic at a

    point a if it is differentiable at a.

    For a second order ordinary differential


    equation a2(x)y"+a1(x)y'+a0(x)y=0

     If a1/a2 and a0/a2 remain finite (i.e analytic or


    differentiable) at x=x0, then x0 is called an ordinary point.

     If P(x) and Q(x) diverges (i.e. approaches to ∞) as x→x0,


    then x0 is called a singular point.

     If either a1/a2 or a0/a2 diverges as x→x0 but (x-x0) a1/a2


    and (x-x0)2a0/a2 remain finite as x→x0, then x=x0 is called
    a regular singular point (or nonessential singularity).

     Any singular point that is not regular is called irregular


    singular points.

    Example 1: 2  x  2  xy  3xy   x  2  y  0


    2

    This equation can be written as

    y 
    3xy

     x  2 y  0
    2  x  2 x 2  x  2 x
    2 2

    3 y y
    y    0
    2  x  2 2  x  2 x
    2 2
    3 y 3y
    x=1 is an ordinary point of this equation as lim = and
    2 1  2
    x 1 2
    2

    y y
    lim = .
    2 1  2  .1 2
    x 1 2

    Singular point for this equation are those points for which the
    denominators of y’’, y’ and y become 0, here the singular points are at
    (x -2)2 = 0 and x=0 that is x= 0,2.

    To check whether these points are regular singular or irregular singular,

    First we check for x0= 0, i.e. as x approaches to x0=0


    3 y 3xy y y
    lim (x-0) = (analytic) and lixm0 (x-0)2 = (analytic)
    2  x  2 2  x  2 x 8
    x 0 2 2
    8

    This means x0=0 is regular singular point.

    Next we check for x0= 2, i.e. as x approaches to x0=2


    3 y 3 y 3xy
    lim (x-2) = lim    (singular) and
    x 2
    2  x  2
    2 x 2
     x  2  0

    y y y
    lim (x-2)2 = lim  (analytic) so x0=2 is irregular singular
    2  x  2  x x 2 2 x 4
    x 2 2

    point.

    Example 2: y  y  0
    x

    First we find the singular points of this equation. Singular point for this
    equation are those points for which the denominators of y’’, y’ and y
    become 0.
    The only singular point here is x=0. Now to check whether this singular
    1
    point is regular or irregular, lim (x-0)  lim1  1 is analytic at x0 = 0 (and
    x 0 x x0
    for all x), x0 =0 is a regular singular point.
    y
    Example 2: y   0
    x  1
    2

    1 1
    x=0 is an ordinary point here because lim   1 .
    2
    x0 (0+1) 1

    The singular point for this equation is:

    (x + 1)2=0 ⇒x=-1.

    Now to check whether x=-1 is regular singular or irregular we see


    1 1 1
    lim (x+1) 2
     lim    remains singular so the point x0 = -1 is an
    x 1 (x+1) x 1 (x+1) 0
    irregular singular point.

    You might also like