233

Excavations at Huaca Herederos Chica,

Moche Valley, Peru

Claude Chauchat
C.N.R.S., Universite Paris
Nanterre, France

Jean Guffroy
Institute of Research for Development
Orleans, France

Thomas Pozorski
University of Texas-Pan American
Edinburg, Texas

Detailed results of excavations from 1970 to 1973 at the site ofHuaca Herederos Chica in
the lower Moche Valley) Peru are presented. This now partially destroyed monumental site
belongs to the Caballo Muerto Complex) a series of mound sites that span both the Initial
Period (2100-1200 CAL B.C.) and the Early Horizon (1200-200 CAL B.C.). The existing
mounds were constructed sequentially over a period of some 1000 years; some mounds) like
Huaca Herederos Chica) are the result of the superposition of several phases of occupation
and building over that long time period) each separated by phases of abandonment. The
older remains) dating from the Initial Period) testify to the presence in this coastal region of
Peru of architectural features such as small quadrilateral rooms with rounded corners and
somewhat circular rooms reminiscent of similar features of the I(otosh Religious Tradition
at the highland sites of La Galgada and Huaricoto as well as in the coastal Casma Valley.
Huaca Herederos Chica was abandoned from 1200-400 CAL B.C. only to be reoccupied
and rebuilt in the late Early Horizon (400-200 CAL B.C.). Architectural changes seen at
the site and at the Caballo Muerto Complex as a whole probably reflect important social
and political changes along much of the Peruvian north coast.

Introduction (1938) under the name of "Grupo Herederos;' but it was

only in 1970 that members of the Chan Chan-Moche Val-
Huaca Herederos Chica is one of the eight mound sites ley Project undertook more intensive research. Apart from
of the Caballo Muerto Complex situated around the bases the 1970-1973 excavations at Huaca Herederos Chica, ex-
of the Cerro San Lorenzo and Cerro la Virgen hills and cavations were conducted at several other mounds, the best
covering 2 sq km in the lower Moche Valley on the north known of which is Huaca de los Reyes. A detailed descrip-
coast of Peru (FIGS. 1-3). The eight mound sites of various tion of the Caballo Muerto Complex, its various monu-
configurations were constructed sequentially and date ments, and their occupational sequence was published by
from the Initial Period (2100-1200 CAL B.C.) and the Ear- Thomas Pozorski (1982, 1983). He noted some common
ly Horizon (1200-200 CAL B.C.). Seven of the mounds, in- features of the main mounds - U -shaped architectural pat-
cluding Huaca Herederos Chica, are situated in the south- terns, locations relative to local topography, E-W orienta-
ern half of the complex and six of these are oriented toward tion, and the presence of certain architectural elements-
the east. During three excavation campaigns between 1970 that led him to assign the monuments to three main
and 1973 at Huaca Herederos Chica, Initial Period and chronological groups. Huaca Herederos Chica belongs to
Early Horizon ceramics and architecture were discovered the oldest group, Group I, along with Huaca Herederos
in a deep stratigraphic sequence. Moreover, later intrusive Grande, Huaca Cortada, and the Hall of the Niches (FIG.
burials were explored. 2). Two radiocarbon dates of 3040 ± 60 B.P. (Tx-1937)
These structures were first noted by Larco Hoyle (1430-1120 CAL B.C. at two sigmas) and 3450 ± 70 B.P.
234 Excavations at Huaca Herederos Chica) Moche Valley)Peru/Chauchat) Guffroy) and Pozorski

e River Val/ey
tJloc h

LJ DC)
Huacas de
Pacific Moche

Ocean

9
r ykm

Figure 1. The lower Moche Valley and its main archaeological sites. Contour interval: 200 m.

(Tx-1938) (1950-1610 CAL B.C.) from similar contexts, excavations, intrusive Salinar burials were found, and the
place the construction of Huaca Herederos Chic a at only one excavated by Pozorski was published (Donnan
around 1500 CAL B.C. or earlier (Pozorski 1983: 7). The and Mackey 1978: 40-43). Data from the various excava-
building of the Caballo Muerto monuments probably be- tions at Huaca Herederos Chica have been used for un-
gan before 1500 CAL B.C. and ended around 400 CAL B.C., published dissertations and published articles (Chauchat
the Group III monuments being the last occupied. On the and Guffroy 2003; S. Pozorski 1976; Pozorski and Po-
surface of several mounds, however, remains of later Sali- zorski 1979; T. Pozorski 1976, 1982, 1983; Watanabe
nar (200-100 CAL B.C.), Moche (CAL A.D. 200-800) and 1976), but the bulk of the work conducted in 1970 and
Chimu (CAL A.D. 1000-1470) cultures testify to a sporadic 1972 by Chauchat and Watanabe remains unpublished.
occupation of this zone during later periods.
Site Description
History of the Investigation Huaca Herederos Chica (FIG. 4) consists of two distinct
The site was first visited by Claude Chauchat in July parts: a small, rougWy quadrilateral platform or western
1970 during the survey of the Caballo Muerto area and re- mound, and a lower rectangular eastern mound, located
ceived the site number K498586 according to the site des- just to the east and slightly south of the western mound.
ignation system used by the Chan Chan-Moche Valley Pro- This layout evokes other structures of the same period in
ject. Surface survey encountered a rich concentration of ce- the Caballo Muerto Complex: Huaca de los Reyes, Huaca
ramic sherds of exceptional quality, belonging to the la Cruz, and Huaca Curaca (FIG. 2), as all are V-shaped
Chavin culture which was widespread during the Early with a higher platform at the western end and two lower
Horizon. A rounded corner of a conical adobe wall was wings toward the east enclosing a series of tiered patios de-
also noted within a looters' pit. These two locales were ex- scending eastward. This layout can also be found at many
cavated that same year. A second campaign was undertak- other sites of this same period in northern Peru, including
en with the help of Luis Watanabe in 1972, and Thomas the eponymous site of Chavln de Huantar, as well as on the
Pozorski undertook a third excavation campaign in 1973. central coast, albeit with different dimensions and propor-
This third season was mainly devoted to evaluating the ar- tions. In the case of Huaca Herederos Chica, we can pos-
chaeological sequence at the site by means of deep test pits. tulate the original existence of a northern wing, symmetri-
In 1977, during the Proyecto Riego Antiguo, Alan Kolata cal with the southern one, similarly joined to a higher plat-
conducted geomorphological tests in fields adjacent to the form and enclosing a still lower central plaza (FIG. 4, in-
site using an auger (Feldman and I(olata 1978). During the set). This wing was probably destroyed during the first half
 Journal of Field ArchaeologyfVol. 31) 2006 235

of the 20th century with the introduction of modern ma- ceramic material found in the lower layers contrasts with
chinery for sugar cane cultivation, fields of which com- the relative abundance and quality of decorated ceramics in
pletely surround the site. the upper layers. The origin of these ceramics and particu-
Each part of Huaca Herederos Chica has different sur- 1arlyof the Janabarriu related material is still unknown. In
face features. Whereas the higher western mound is built sum, these layers can be grouped into the following units:
with cone-shaped (conical) adobe bricks, angular cobbles backdirt from modern looting (Layer 1), clay floors (Lay-
are numerous on the surface of the lower eastern mound, ers 2-5), and built platform (Layer 6).
mainly on its eastern end. It is possible that later superficial In the lower platform, two architectural elements were
structures, using angular stones, were built on the eastern observed-fill material made of adobe bricks and clay
mound (Building Phase 4). lumps, and a retaining wall oriented E-~ The thickness of
this wall could not be measured but it is probable that it
The Excavations constituted the limit of the platform on its northern side.
The excavations at Huaca Herederos Chica were re- The clay floor on top of this structure could be at the same
stricted to three areas of the site. Here we describe the main height as the floor that was discovered more to the west, in
phase of occupation during the Initial Period and Early Sector III, but the relative heights of these two sectors were
Horizon. Sector 1 is located on the north side of the low- not measured.
er eastern mound (FIG. 4). During the first visits to the site, In Sector II (FIG. 4), two test pits were excavated along
a great number of decorated sherds were found in a loot- the west side of the higher platform mound which stands
er's backdirt pile covering about 2 sq m. A more careful ex- 4 m above the surrounding cultivated fields. The platform
amination of this backdirt pile showed that it was made up is clearly delimited on three of its sides although the north-
of two distinct layers, with the lower one containing the ern side, clearly steeper, could also be the result of damage
majority of the ceramic material. The majority of the deco- from agricultural machinery. The configuration of the east-
rated sherds were assignable to the RocaslJ anabarriu style ern slope is ill-defined, however, and it is possible that this
of the Early Horizon (Lumbreras andAmat 1966; Burger area has also been affected by an excavation to remove
1984, 1992); there were also some sherds of other styles of earthen material. Both test pits were excavated on the west-
the same period and of later periods. Two obsidian flal(es ern slope, a few meters apart.
were also found in this backdirt pile. A retaining wall made of conical adobe bricks was found
Our work in this sector consisted of an 8 x 2 m trench at the NW corner of the platform. A rectangular adobe
that was later enlarged in its central part, in order to find brick, lying in situ, on what could be a tier of the platform,
the place of origin of the RocaslJ anabarriu ceramics recov- is probably a remnant of a later phase of building. It is not
ered in the backdirt pile. This area was completely dis- certain that the north face found by this test pit constitut-
turbed by recent looting and an area of 8 sq m was the on- ed an original facade of the platform itself, because its sur-
ly intact spot among the numerous looters' holes. face showed no plaster. The shape of the conical adobe
The stratigraphy in this sector is closely connected with bricks is indicative of a method of building by double rows,
the digging of intrusive Prehispanic burials and modern with each row pointing inward and the bases of the cones
looting. Seven depositional layers (numbered from 0 to 6) forming two opposing vertical surfaces. Thus, each double
were recognized. Under a superficial layer composed of row constitutes a section of fill; these sections were built
modern backdirt, an occupational layer (Layer 1) was adjacent and parallel to each other. This method is an early
found containing ash lenses that were probably disturbed. form of what can be observed in later monuments of the
Layer 1 contained most of the Janabarriu decorated ce- region, for instance in Moche architecture, where building
ramics and appeared to be made up of backdirt from an of great adobe platforms was also undertal(en by the use of
older phase of looting. Two successive packed clayey sur- parallel, albeit wider, sections of parallelepipedal bricks. It
faces, Layers 2 and 3, were then uncovered. They covered is logical that in a quadrilateral platform these sections
a more heterogeneous layer (Layer 4) containing clay were arranged along one or two parallel sides of the plat-
lumps, stones, and ashy remains, as well as hearths as large form. Hence, what we discovered in this test pit could be
as 30 em in diameter. This layer also contained shellfish, only the northern face of one of these sections and not the
plant remains, and small amounts of ceramics. Layer 5 was external face of the platform.
composed of alternating sub-layers of sand and clay con- The second test pit was excavated about· 4 m from the
taining numerous ceramics. Layer 6, made up of clay lumps first test pit, along the west face of the platform, at the
and conical adobe bricks, represents the mass of the plat- opening of a small looters' tunneL The superposition of
form itself, and probably its original surface. The rarity of conical adobe bricks, as well as several clay floors, was vis-
236 Excavations at Huaca Herederos Chica) Moche Valley)Peru/Chauchaty Guffroy) and Pozorski

r
0 200 400m
! ! I

Cerro
San
Lorenzo

'~MJiD Huaca de
C:JD~ los Reyes

V laCr
err

Huaca
la Cruz

Huaca ~~ ~~:~:lito
Cortada~~ Huaca
~ Curaca

C Hall of the Niches

Huaca
~ Herederos
Chica

Huaca
Herederos
Grande

Figure 2. The Caballo Muerto Complex. The contour lines are schematic and do not refer to any
specific altitudes.

ible in the side of the tunnel. A rectangular adobe brick that trusive mortuary pits of different periods (Chauchat and
could be associated with a later building phase was also vis- Guffroy 2003).
ible, at about the same height as the one in the first test pit. Building Phase 4, an occupation postdating the build-
Sector III (FIG. 4) contains a partially excavated conical ing of the conical adobe brick platform, is represented on-
adobe brick platform located approximately midway be- ly by a slightly bent stone wall, oriented N-S. There are no
tween Sectors I and II, in an area slightly lower than the excavation data that better define this phase of occupation
east mound. This sector contains the most complete and or its possible association with the rectangular adobe bricks
complex stratigraphic sequence of our excavations. Four found in Sector II. It is possible, though unconfirmed, that
main building phases, with some subdivisions, have been this wall is a part of the same context as the superficial stone
recognized there. Moreover, these structures have six in- structures on the eastern end of this platform.
 Journal ofField Archaeology/Vol. 31) 2006 237

Figure 3. Huaca Herederos Chica at the beginning of excavation, viewed from Huaca Herederos Grande looking N-NE. In
the background is the upper Caballo Muerto area and the rocky hills of the northern margin of the Moche Valley.

Building Phase 3 consists of two superimposed sets of in the Early Horizon is most likely, a dating to the later
architectural elements that seem to correspond to two suc- Early Intermediate Period (200 CAL B.C.-CAL A.D. 600)
cessive stages of building the conical adobe brick platform. cannot be totally excluded. In the Viru Valley,utilization of
The later stage, Building Phase 3-2, is represented by an conical adobe bricks as building material continued during
E-W conical adobe brick wall, some 1.25 m thick, within a the Puerto Moorin phase, the Salinar culture phase desig-
6 x 3 m trench under several layers of fill disturbed by dig- nation adopted by the 1946 Viru Valley expedition (Willey
ging and looting of intrusive burials. On its north side, this 1953: 81). Intrusive Salinar burials dug into the surface of
wall retained a mass of fill, composed of conical adobe this platform were encountered in this trench (Chauchat
bricks and dirt, forming a low platform. The original and Guffroy 2003).
height of this platform is not known, but it cannot have The earlier stage, Building Phase 3-1, is only represent-
been much higher than the extant 40-50 cm unless a great ed by the remnants of a stairway oriented N-S (FIG. 5). Its
amount of dirt has been removed from this part of the site. presence confirms the existence of several levels of the same
The plaster on the southern face of the wall was associated platform, already indicated by the superposition of clay
with a clay floor that was preserved in only a few places. It floors in Sector II.
is quite possible that this clay floor was only a part of one This stairway has 10 steps, each 20 cm high and 30 cm
of the tiers on the southern slope of the eastern mound. A deep. Its width varies between 98 cm at its highest part and
few sherds were found in the fill of this platform. They are 85 cm at its lowest. In the upper part is a landing that con-
more similar to the Salinar style ceramics found in the in- nects to a passageway, 80 cm wide, limited by two rough-
trusive burials than to the Early Horizon material found in ly plastered side walls. This corridor continues westward.
Sector I, or to the ceramics found in the lower layers of this Given its location relative to the high western mound and
trench (see below). While placement of this platform with- its postulated wing structure (eastern mound), it is possi-
238 Excavations at Huaca Herederos Chica) Moche Valley) Peru/Chauchat) Guffroy) and Pozorski

'\
50 m ,- - - --
\
I °

N
Excavations

r • Test pits

9, , ! , , 1,Om

Figure 4. The archaeological site of Huaca Herederos Chica. The contour interval is 25 cm starting from the summit of the
highest (western) platform. The gray areas are sectors excavated by Chauchat and Watanabe. The dark rectangles are test
pits numbered and excavated by Thomas Pozorski. An eroded, destroyed area on the eastern flank of the highest mound is
also indicated. The inset is a conjectural reconstruction of the original V-shaped structure of the site. Its main features are
reduced to dashed lines and the E-W axis of symmetry is added.

ble that this staircase represents part of a bilaterally sym- these structures. The presence of a lower fme sand layer, in
metrical access system (two entrances symmetrically contact with the latest of these structures, testifies to the
aligned with the central axis of the mound) to the western particular care given to the construction fill and can be as-
mound, somewhat similar to the bilaterally symmetrical ac- sociated with the idea of a ritual interment of a special
cess systems found at both Huaca la Cruz and Huaca monument.
Guavalito (FIG. 2), both of which belong to Group III at Building Phase 2-2 is represented by a partially excavat-
Caballo Muerto (800-400 CAL B.C.) (T. Pozorski 1976). ed structure consisting of three contiguous spaces (FIG. 6:
Building Phase 2 is the most characteristic and original I, 2). Room A is rectangular with externally rounded cor-
of the sequence for the form of its architecture as well as ners, 4.20 m wide by 4.60 m long. Outer walls have a
the recovered material. It can be split into two Building thickness of 90 cm and an extant height of 1.30 m. These
Phases (Building Phases 2-2 and 2-1), corresponding to walls are made of undressed sharp stones with clay mortar
two superimposed architectural structures (FIG. 6). These and occasional conical adobe bricks. The bases of these
structures are organized along the same plan, documenting conical adobe bricks comprise the face of the wall. The in-
change and growth in complexity of the architecture. The ner and outer faces were then covered by clay plaster
fill constituting the conical adobe brick platform covered formed by two distinct layers, each 5 cm thick.
 Journal ofField ArchaeologyfVol. 31) 2006 239

found on the eastern exterior face: two lateral ledges, 60

cm long and 20 cm deep, are separated by a central groove
10 cm wide that descends to the floor level of Room B
(FIGS. 6: I, 7). These grooves could facilitate the inclusion
of posts inserted against the outer face of the wall to sup-
port the roof, but no postholes were found. Another pos-
sibility is that the ledges could have supported a thin wood-
en object, for instance in the shape of a plank, used as dec-
oration or as an idol. An isometric view (FIG. 6: 2) as well
as a photograph (FIG. 7) give a better idea of this system.
The eastern face and portions of northern face of the exte-
rior plastered wall still show white colored traces mainly
visible in Room B, taking the shape of irregularly placed
rough vertical bands, as if white liquid pigment had been
poured instead of being applied more carefully with a
brush. White colored vertical bands, approximately 5 cm
wide, were also observed on the exterior face of the north
wall of Room A. Fragments of clay with negative cane
marks from roofmg material were also found iri this area,
in front of the eastern wall. Room B, with a floor at the
same height as the interior of Room A, measures 3.50 m
N-S by 2.40 m E-W in its larger part. Room B abuts the
eastern exterior face of Room A by means of two project-
ing wall segments. Access to Room B was made possible
from the north by an opening 60 cm wide.
A third room or patio, Room C, 2.70 x 2.15 m, was
discovered to the north (FIG. 6: I, 2). Its western limit was
not ascertained. A pilaster (1 m wide) joined to a square
pillar (0.7 m on a side) by a low bench wall (0.35 m high
by 1.2 m long) form the northern side. The bench, which
Figure 5. Sector III, Building Phase 3-1 architecture. View of the stair- is heavily worn by foot traffic, seems to have been origi-
way looking north. The inner part of the Building Phase 2-1 curved nally lower and then was raised by 25 cm to impede such
wall can be seen in the lower left corner. traffic. The extant height of walls and pillars in this part is
about 75 cm. As in the other parts of the building, they
The inner space, 2.40 x 2.80 m, has approximately were covered by two layers of plaster.
right-angled corners. It has a plastered clay floor lying on The sequence of fill in front of Room A was ·established
the fill that covers the underlying structure up to the top of during the excavation of the floor in Room C. Three suc-
its extant walls. To the west, the middle of the wall has an cessive layers were excavated. The upper layer, 18 cm thick,
entrance 80 cm wide. A low step is present at the entrance is the compact clay floor of Room B. This floor contains
and there is a narrow ledge (10 cm wide) on the outer face some angular stones (granite, basalt, quartz) as well as mi-
of the wall on both sides of the door. The length of this ca particles and fragments of shells. No ceramic sherds
ledge is not known, however, since the outer face of both were found. The second layer is more irregular, thinner (10
adjacent rounded corners could not be completely excavat- cm), and less compact. The lowest layer, 18 cm thick, con-
ed for lack of time. This ledge does not exist on the north- sists of an accumulation of stone slabs and cobbles ofvari-
ern exterior face of this room. ous dimensions within a sandy matrix. This fill contained
Along with the eastern wall, only the exterior NE and SE ceramics that are described below. It seems to be the kind
corners could be excavated. Each corner has a small ledge of fill characteristic of ritual interments of ceremonial struc-
15 cm wide, following the curvature of the wall, terminat- tures during the Initial Period and Early Horizon in Peru.
ing in a narrow vertical groove that stands the entire height Building Phase 2-1 is immediately below Rooms A and
of the wall. These ledges stand at 75 cm higher than the in- B; it anticipates their general layout in a somewhat simpler
ner floor; their extant height is 25 cm. A similar system is way (FIG. 6). Room D, under Room A of Building Phase
240 Excavations at Huaca Herederos Chicay Moche ValleJy Peru/Chauchaty GuffroJy and Pozorski

E3 c

.~~7
'.£
:.
'---------~(
~
.,-~
:
2

~ ~ N
9 1m

c
E
::J
<5
0

Pilaster

Figure 6. Sector III, Building Phase 2-2 and 2-1 architecture. 1, 3) Superimposed plans of Rooms A-C andD-E; the loca-
tion of the pile of broken ceremonial vessels is indicated by a hatched area. 2) Isometric view of Building Phase 2-2 archi-
tecture. North arrow points to the right.
 Journal of Field Archaeology/Vol. 31) 2006 241

Figure 7. Sector III Building Phase 2-2 architecture. View of the eastern facade of Room A. The
Building Phase 3-1 stairway has not been cleared yet (right side of the photograph). The curved
wall in the interior belongs to Building Phase 2-1.

2-2, has a rougWy oval shape. The inner space has the same A cache of six whole or nearly whole but fractured ce-
dimensions, but the walls are slightly thinner (80 cm in- ramic vessels, piled up one on top of another, was found in
stead of 90 cm), and are made mainly of conical adobe Room E, partially covering one of the postholes (hatched
bricks, 25 to 28 cm in diameter, set within clay mortar con- zone in FIG. 6: I, 3). The entire cache was crushed by sev-
taining small stones. Two plaster layers cover both inner eral stones which were found on top of it. A bone spatula
and outer faces. The inner plaster layer is a base coating was found inside the posthole and a pile of large mussels
made of coarser material; the outer layer, made of finer ma- (Choromytilus chorus) had been deposited to the side of the
terial, most likely represents the final fmished plaster layer ceramic pieces. This cache must have been made after the
covering the room walls. No niche or ledge is visible in this post had been removed and thus, at the beginning of the
building although the short height of the extant walls does process of interment of the structure. We believe that the
not negate their original existence. A plastered clay floor very distinctive ceramic pieces and the bone spatula were
seems to have existed inside this room. A looters' pit and instruments used in some manner during the rituals that
tunnel destroyed the western part of the room where an were performed inside or in front of Room D during its
entrance once possibly existed. East of Room D is Room use, and that they were buried with it.
(or passage) E defined by two walls 1.30 m apart (FIG. 6: Building Phase 1 and pre-Phase 1 were revealed by the
I). The total length of these walls is unknown. Along the four test pits excavated by Thomas Pozorski in 1973. Test
west wall of Room E, two wall projections, 2.30 m long Pit 1, placed in Sector III (FIG. 4), began at the floor level
and 85 to 90 cm wide, existed in a manner similar to but inside of Room E (Building Phase 2-1), which is at a depth
simpler than the ones in Building Phase 2-2. These projec- of 3.35 m below the top of the higher (western) platform.
tions are made of conical adobe bricks set on a clay foun- At a depth of 1.30 m below the floor of Room E (4.65 m
dation 10 to 12 cm thick. The middle space between both below the top of the western platform) a plastered clay
projections is 2.70 m long. A plastered clay floor covered floor was found associated with a wall 50 cm high, running
the space between the walls of Room E. Four postholes, N-S, both of which constitute the earliest architectural re-
each 20 cm in diameter and 30 cm deep, regularly placed mains found so far at this site. Anthropogenic deposits,
close to the internal angles of the wall projections and near without architecture, were found below the lowest floor.
the opposite wall, indicate that this space was roofed for a These deposits were mostly homogenous in nature with
length of at least 2.30 m. The function as well as the layout little evidence of distinct strata except for the presence of a
of both structures seems similar in both phases. thick ashy layer containing numerous shellfish and animal
242 Excavations at Huaca Herederos Chica) Moche Valley)Peru/Chauchat., Guffroy) and Pozorski

bones, between 7 and 7.95 m below the top of the western chorus-as well as some remains of camelids and cervids.
mound (T. Pozorski 1976: 347-349). Most of the deposi- The presence of these specific shellfish species indicates a
tion seems to have been deliberate fill. Sterile dirt was en- close subsistence connection with the coastal site of Gra-
countered at a depth of 9.85 m below the same datum malote on the north side of the Moche Valley (Pozorski
point. and Pozorski 1979).
Test Pit 2 (FIG. 4-) was excavated close to the highest part
of the stairway of Building Phase 3-1. This pit confirmed The Archaeological Material and the
the existence of these various deep layers. The first floor ap- Occupational Sequence
peared at a depth of 2.05 m below the top of the western
platform. Three more clay floors, corresponding to Build-
Later Periods
ing Phases 2-2 and 2-1 appeared at a depth between 3.25 The material from the burials (Chauchat and Guffroy
and 3.70 m. Within the apparent fill below the lowest 2003) shows use of the site-at least its lower mound -as
floor, an ashy layer, similar to the one in Test Pit 1 and a cemetery until the end of Prehispanic times. This utiliza-
about 1 m thick, was found at a depth of 6.45 m. Sterile tion is well established during the time of the Salinar cul-
dirt was found at a depth of9.40 m. The other two test pits ture. Most of the material consists of small jars or cooking
excavated near Sector I yielded little additional informa- pots with flaring necks, often decorated with parallel verti-
tion but confirmed the existence of more than 9 m of an- cal white strealcs or bands on the upper parts or all of the
thropogenic material. body. Some of these jars show evidence of soot and cracks
Interpreting these data raises several problems. The first due to repeated culinary use. In Sector I, some sherds of
problem comes from the thickness of the accumulated ma- Moche and Chimu styles were collected in the backdirt
terials, their nature and their sequence of deposition. The along with the Early Horizon material, as well as one sherd
first traces of human occupation are at a depth of more decorated with the distinctive negative decoration of the
than 6 m below the surface of the present agricultural late Gallinazo style (100 CAL B.C. to CAL A.D. 100). Also re-
fields. It is quite probable that the valley floor deposit is al- markable is the presence of one sherd of the Layzon red on
luvium accumulated over time from occasional flooding white type (Terada and Onuki 1979: 104, color plate 3B,
during El Nino rains and from agricultural activities using a-b), a clear import from the Andean region of Cajamarca.
irrigation. Whatever the exact history of this alluvium, the It is not possible to determine whether the site had an-
anthropogenic deposit preceding the first building phase, other function other than that of a cemetery during these
between 9.85 and 4.65 m below the western mound sum- periods. It is tenable that some of the apparently late ar-
mit, can be interpreted as evidence of the building of a first chitectural features (rectangular adobe bricks on the west-
platform over 5 m tall. Later additional construction could ern mound, and Building Phase 4 in Sector III, eastern part
have been a reaction to the gradual silt accumulation on the of the east mound) are associated with this late material.
valley floor.
Two radiocarbon dates of 3040 ± 60 B.P. (Tx-1937) Early Horizon
and 3450 ± 70 B.P. (Tx-1938) were obtained from char- The ceramic material assignable to the Early Horizon
coal associated with the thick ashy layer found at depths of comes from the surface of the site and from the looters'
between 6.70 and 7.50 m, respectively from Test Pits 1 and backdirt pile in Sector I, where it was mixed with the later
2 (T. Pozorski 1976: 420-421). Calibration of these results material. In this concentration, however, the Early Hori-
gives respective central values of 1300 CAL B.C. with a two zon ceramics represented more than 75% of the total num-
sigma interval of 1430-1120 CAL B.C., and 1690 CAL B.C. ber of sherds. The more frequent forms are bowls with
with a two sigma interval of 1950-1610 CAL B.C. (Stuiver carefully polished sub-vertical walls and beveled lips (FIG.
et ale 1998). Because the samples come from the deeply 8: 1-4-) and ovoid necldess jars with thickened and round-
buried ashy layer well below the floor level that represents ed rims (FIG. 8: 6, 7). There are also some stirrup spout
Building Phase 1, they could date to the fill of that build- bottles (FIG. 8: 9), as well as less carefully made, smaller,
ing phase or, less likely, to an occupation that predates and undecorated short-neck jars. Bowls are sometimes cov-
Building Phase 1. Of the two dates, the earlier one coin- ered by a red slip and are decorated by wide incisions or
cides with the usual dates of the ceramic material associat- stamping enhanced by application of graphite painting.
ed with Building Phases 1 and 2 (see below). The abundance of applied graphite is the most obvious
Analysis of the faunal remains from Test Pits 1 and 2 character of the whole lot. The most frequent motifs are
also shows an abundance and great variety of shellfish- rocker and dentate rocker stamping (FIG. 8: 3, 6), stamped
with predominance of Semele corrugata and Choromytilus concentric circles (FIG. 8: I, 2, 4-, 6), rugged surfaces (FIG.
 Journal of Field Archaeology/Vol. 31) 2006 243

o
I
5cm
I
5

\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ I
\ \
I I

,,
8 :'

10

~ 11

Figure 8. Janabarriu style decorated ceramics from the surface of Sector 1. The scale of the silhouetted stirrup-spout bottle
(number 9) is smaller than the scale for the sherds. Numbers 1,2, 3,4, 8, and 11 are painted with graphite, as is the right
upper part of number 7. Incisions on numbers 12 and 13 are enhanced with graphite painting over a red slip.
244 Excavations at Huaca Herederos Chica) Moche Valley) Peru/Chauchat) Guffroy) and Pozorski

8: 5), and mythological figures such as birds or snal(es. On collected during excavation. Both sets have some features
other vessels, the slip is cream colored. Equally present are in common. The ceramics have a rough appearance, result-
gray anq black bowls, some decorated with concentric cir- ing from a porous texture, a careless surface treatment, and
cles in graphite painting. N ecldess jars are mostly brown, the presence of black stains due to exposure to fire, ac-
without slip or decoration, but more rarely they have ap- quired either during firing or during subsequent use. Sur-
plique and incised bands located concentrically under the face color varies from an unslipped brown color to a cream
rim (FIG. 8: 7). An exceptional object is a graphite-painted colored slip. The larger vessels have only a simple smooth-
strap handle, probably part of a bottle, decorated with ing that left parallel streaks. Smaller ones show some bur-
broad incisions showing a half face in the Chavln style nishing in an oblique orientation, more rarely in a vertical
(FIG. 8: II). This particular style of malcing a half face or one. These burnished pieces also show some traces of an
joining two human profiles to mal(e a whole face is com- eroded creamy pink slip.
mon in numerous ancient or modern cultures and has been With regard to the forms, several rather different groups
commented upon by Levi-Strauss (1945). were identified. The first group is composed of two tripod
This set of ceramic materials seems characteristic of the pieces about 30 cm in diameter and 25 cm high (FIG. 9: I,
late phase of the Cupisnique tradition (Elera 1997: 2). The feet are approximately rectangular in shape and are
191-192) on the north coast, contemporaneous with the oblique in relation to the convex bottom. Walls are slight-
Janabarriu phase of the Early Horizon from Chavln de ly flaring. Some centimeters below the flat lip are three
Huantar (Burger 1984) and the Rocas style previously de- holes that correspond to interior supporting devices, each
fined by Lumbreras and Amat (1966). The ceramic frag- taking the shape of a hollow handle. It looks as though
ments illustrated in Figure 8 are very similar to the Jan- these handles were intended to support a smaller vesseL
abarriu-related ceramics Burger described for the north This configuration is somewhat different from one vessel
coast (1992: 212-213). It seems that on the basis of an im- to another. In one case, these knobs are pointed and are
precise description, the then unpublished material from convergent (FIG. 9: I). In the other, it seems that the small-
Huaca Herederos Chica was assigned by Burger (1992: er vessel was stuck to the knobs (FIG 9: 2). Only the con-
139) to the Wacheqsa style, contemporaneous with the tact area between the supports and the smaller vessel was
Ofrendas phase of Chavln. Presence of graphite painting preserved, however, and it is not possible to reconstruct its
and red slip is common to both styles but other features exact shape. It is obvious that the function of these con-
and particularly iconographical ones are perfectly charac- tainers was very special, albeit difficult to precisely define.
teristic of the late Early Horizon (400-200 CAL B.C.). The presence of numerous black stains on the interior of
The association of this material with our Building Phase the vessels indicates use as braziers, although the deposi-
3 seems plausible, although it is not clearly demonstrated tion of charcoal in the second vessel could have presented
by the excavations. If the hypothesis that the Herederos some difficulty because the smaller vessel inside restricts
mound is a half-destroyed U -shaped structure is correct the opening. Neither piece was carefully manufactured or
(FIG. 4, inset), then it would have been oriented on an E- finished.
W axis of symmetry, similar to Huaca Curaca and Huaca la There is also another large tripod bowl with flaring
Cruz, the material from which is associated with Thomas walls, a little more than 20 cm high and with a diameter of
Pozorslci's Phase III, dating near the end of the Early Hori- 45 cm at the opening (FIG. 9: 3). Another bowl, this one
zon (Pozorslci 1983: 6). Furthermore, Pozorslci collected without feet, with rounded bottom and convex walls, 12
ceramics very similar to those described above at Huaca cm high and 40 cm in diameter at the opening, is an inter-
Curaca and Huaca Guavalito (1983). The probable ab- mediate vessel type (FIG. 9: 5). It has oblique parallel inci-
sence of material typical of the middle phase of the Cupis- sions on top of the rim.
nique style (partially contemporaneous with the occupa- Incomplete remains of two containers with restricted
tion of Huaca de los Reyes) seems to indicate that Huaca openings (necldess jars) were associated with the open
Herederos Chica was abandoned during this period form ceramics. One of them had three cylindrical legs (now
(1200--400 CAL B.C.). missing) and was decorated with fine intersecting oblique
incisions starting from the rim (FIG. 9: 4). The second
Initial Period necldess jar has no decoration and is too fragmentary to de-
The ceramic material associated with Building Phase 2 termine ifithad a tripod form (FIG. 9: 6). Other than those
is essentially the cache of six (nearly whole) ceremonial ves- six piled and intentionally broken containers, the excava-
sels intentionally crushed on the floor in front of Room D tion of the fill in front of Room D and on the floors of both
(FIG. 9), to which must be added a small number of sherds the east and north rooms yielded fragments of short-neck
 Journal ofField Archaeology/Vol. 31) 2006 245

Figure 9. Ceremonial vessels associated with Building Phase 2-1 and the lower floor of Sector III,
piled up and broken during the burial of Rooms D and E and subsequent construction of
Building Phase 2-2.

jars, two smaller bowls, one of which bears an incised rim, er seems to be clearly associated with the early phase of the
a miniature bowl, a small discoid plate and the fragmented Cupisnique tradition (1800-1400 CAL B.C.).
remains of four bottles, two of which had simple conical The materials collected by Thomas Pozorski from test
spouts with short enlarged lips (FIG. 10). Some of these pits in 1973 (Pozorski 1983: 3-7 and figs. 9d-g, 10e, 12d,
fragments could belong to the vases intended to sit in the 13e) likely correspond to one or several relatively early
middle of the tripod braziers. phases of the Initial Period. The ceramics from these test
The shapes of the tripod vessels are unique and have not pits are remarkably uniform throughout the sequence;
been reported yet from any other site in this region. It is 1620 sherds were collected, of which 299 are fine ceram-
quite probable that the form had a specific, ceremonial ics. The better-represented forms are necldess or short-neck
function that would explain its restricted distribution. The jars as well as some bowls and only one fragment of a stir-
neckless jars and their associated designs are very similar to rup spout. Decoration includes punctation, zoned puncta-
Early Guafiape style ceramics from the Vini Valley (Strong tion, incisions and cross-hatching, incised bands, and ap-
and Evans 1952: figs. 35a, 50). Other similar material has plique nubbins. The illustrated material seems rather dif-
also been found to the north, at Puemape (Elera 1997: fig. ferent than the ceramics collected in the 1970-1972 exca-
2) and in the Jequetepeque valley (Ravines 1982: compo- vations, particularly with regard to the frequency and di-
nente 137; Tellenbach 1981: fig. 8). This type of contain- versity of decorated designs. At least one form (necldess
246 Excavations at Huaca Herederos Chica) Moche Valley)Peru/Chauchat) Guffroy) and Pozorski

o 5cm
I
I

'l~~fl~,· ',$;

-(I

Figure 10. Ceramic sherds from the fill between the clay floors in Sector III, Building Phase 2-1.

jars) and one kind of decoration (fine oblique parallel inci- complete, yield some new information on the cultural evo-
sions), however, are common to both assemblages. lution of this area during the Initial Period and Early Hori-
zon. Locally, the internal evolution in the Caballo Muerto
Conclusions Complex is more clearly defined by these results, showing
The data from Huaca Herederos Chica, although in- a displacement of secular or religious activity areas as well
 Journal of Field Archaeology/Vol. 31) 2006 247

as evolution of the associated monuments. Huaca Period. Thus, the homogenous deposits underlying Build-
Herederos Chica seems to have known two important mo- ing Phase 1 most likely represent fill for that phase of a 3
ments: during Pozorski's Period I, before 1200 CAL B.C. in to 5 m-high platform that was subsequently buried by al-
the Initial Period and during Period III, after 400 CAL B.C. luvium over hundreds of years. The presence of thick ashy
in the Early Horizon. The long hiatus between the phases layers with abundant archaeological material below artifi-
of occupation partially corresponds with the prominence cial platforms has already been observed at other Initial Pe-
of the site ofHuaca de los Reyes as a religious center in the riod structures on the Peruvian north coast (Guffroy et ale
complex. Later reuse of Huaca Herederos Chica demon- 1994).
strates both cultural continuity and architectural change, as Within the Caballo Muerto Complex, the Huaca
the early phase of circular or quadrilateral rooms and later- Herederos Chica structures of Building Phase 2 give evi-
al passageways was replaced after a long occupation hiatus dence of an architectural tradition, predating and some-
by new buildings of different architectural type, along with what distinct from the one exhibited at Huaca de los Reyes.
a change in the access system to the main mound in a U- Although the small excavated areas do not allow a recon-
shaped arrangement of mounds around central plazas. Co- struction of the overall architectural plan, numerous fea-
existence of structural changes with permanence in the tures, such as the quadrilateral, almost square, shape of the
same restricted area constitutes the essence of the Caballo main building, the presence of ledges, the careful plaster on
Muerto Complex and the key to its growth during the 1st walls, and the presence of a unique lateral access all refer to
and 2nd millennia B.C. architectural systems implemented in the IZotosh Religious
The hiatus in occupation of Huaca Herederos Chica Tradition (Burger and Salazar-Burger 1985). This tradi-
during the late Initial Period and the first half of the Early tion, first defined at several higWand sites, involves mod-
Horizon (1400-500 CAL B.C.) seems equally significant est-sized quadrilateral rooms with centrally placed hearths
and would indicate a displacement of the center of public that are often vented by one or more horizontal subfloor
activities within the Caballo Muerto Complex. The last flues. These rooms seem to have housed ritual activities for
building phase (Building Phase 3), which probably dates small groups. Pozorski and Pozorski later noted coastal
to the late Early Horizon (after 500 CAL B.C.), shows con- variants of this tradition (1996) for the Casma and Je-
tinuity as well as change in architectural planning. The quetepeque valleys on the north coast (Tellenbach 1986:
building of aU-shaped platform complex represents conti- fig. 144).
nuity in overall site layout that dates back to the earliest In the case of the Building Phase 2 rooms at Huaca
mound constructions at Caballo Muerto predating 1500 Herederos Chica, the interior of Rooms A and D had been
CAL B.C. The bilaterally symmetrical entrance pattern to the looted prior to the 1970-1973 excavations, preventing
main portion of the U -shaped mound represents a shift in confirmation of the presence of central hearths. N everthe-
access pattern characteristic of the latest mound construc- less, the superposition of several similar, carefully buried
tions (Huaca la Cruz, Huaca Guavalito) at Caballo Muer- structures is also a very characteristic feature of the IZotosh
to. Religious Tradition.
Regionally, the two best defined phases have architec- Another structure within the Caballo Muerto Complex,
tural characteristics that clearly testify to various cultural in- the Hall of the Niches (FIG. 2), has a shape (a niched
fluences resulting from interaction with neighboring quadrilateral room with rounded corners) that is very sim-
coastal as well as higWand regions. The associated ceramic ilar to Room A at Huaca Herederos Chica; both may also
material, although somewhat fragmented and unusual, of- be connected with the IZotosh Religious Tradition (T. Po-
fers numerous similarities with vessels made during the zorski 1976). The Hall of the Niches, partially cleared in
same epochs in the nearby Vin! and Jequetepeque valleys, 1973 by Thomas Pozorski, mayor may not be part of a
respectively the early (1800-1400 CAL B.C.) and late larger architectural complex, and it does not have any as-
(500-200 CAL B.C.) phases of the Guafiape and Cupis- sociated radiocarbon dates. The interior of the room was
nique ceramic traditions. not entirely cleared, so it is uncertain whether or not a cen-
The exact nature of the beginning of Huaca Herederos tral hearth is present. The architectural form and its associ-
Chica is unclear. The thick ashy layer, buried 3.50 m under ated ceramics, however, place it as contemporaneous with
the present valley floor, is sandwiched between homoge- the Building Phase 2 structures at Huaca Herederos Chi-
nous deposits that seem to represent architectural fill rather ca.
than stratified midden accumulation over a long time. Sup- Within the IZotosh Religious Tradition, the numerous
port for this interpretation comes from the associated ce- rooms at the site of La Galgada (Grieder and Bueno 1985:
ramics from this fill- all of which date to the early Initial figs. 9, 10) just north of the Santa Valley are quite similar
248 Excavations at Huaca Herederos Chica) Moche Valley)Peru/Chauchat) Guffroy) and Pozorski

to Rooms A and D at Huaca Herederos Chica and at the Initial Period. At Caballo Muerto, with the cessation of ac-
Hall of the Niches. Even more similar are the modular tivities at Huaca Herederos Chica around 1200 CAL B.C.,
"square-room units" that are found at numerous Initial Pe- ritual activity was shifted to Huaca de los Reyes in the cen-
riod sites (Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, Sechln Alto, tral part of the complex. At that site, the distinctive quadri-
Taukachi-IZonkan, and Bahia Seca) in the Casma Valley lateral room disappears from the architectural pattern.
(Pozorski and Pozorski 1993: 51-53, 1994). Most of these Round corners were still used as exterior elements in front
rooms do not contain central hearths and seem to be asso- of architectural units, but internal round corners are miss-
ciated with secular and administrative functions. ing and architectural components of the site are composed
Thus, while the origin of quadrilateral rooms with of multiple rooms with shared walls (Pozorski 1982,
rounded corners may have originated at higWand sites such 1995). Further south in the Casma Valley, a similar transi-
as La Galgada associated with the IZotosh Religious Tradi- tion took place about 1400 CAL B.C.: the important Initial
tion, the separation of the room shape from its internal fea- Period sites of Pampa de las Llamas and Taukachi-IZonl(an
tures (central hearth, raised benches) appears to have tal(en were abandoned. At the same time, the change from
place at some locations along the north coast during the prominent quadrilateral rooms (square-room units) to
first half of the Initial Period. In the Casma Valley, the conjoined rectangular rooms is seen at the sites of Sechln
quadrilateral room with rounded corners became an im- Alto and Las Haldas (Pozorski and Pozorski 2005). It is in-
portant architectural element, either as the main room cen- teresting to see a similar architectural transition in two val-
tered on top of a small mound or as distinct rooms that did leys, ca. 180 km apart, occurring at approximately the same
not share walls with adjacent rooms on the summits of time. It is possible to hypothesize that these architectural
larger mounds (Pozorski and Pozorski 1994). In these cas- changes are connected in some way, perhaps reflecting po-
es, the quadrilateral room or square-room unit appears as- litical or social changes happening along the north coast
sociated with administrative and/or storage functions. during the latter half of the Initial Period. This hypotheti-
Small ritual chambers with central hearths, very likely con- cal connection, however, may be more apparent than real,
nected with the IZotosh Religious Tradition, also exist at or may just reflect a period of political and social transition.
the same Casma Valley sites that house the quadrilateral The architecture seen at Huaca de los Reyes and other lat-
rooms, but the ritual chambers are, for the most part, cir- er mound sites at Caballo Muerto is quite different in lay-
cular rather than quadrilateral (Pozorski and Pozorski out and proportion from that seen at Sechln Alto and Las
1996: 349-352). Haldas in the Casma Valley. Ceramic and other artifactual
Thus, while it is uncertain whether or not the interiors differences between the two valleys during the latter half of
of the Building Phase 2 rooms at Huaca Herederos Chica the Initial Period suggest that communication and inter-
and the Hall of the Niches at Caballo Muerto contain cen- change of ideas was at best on a very general level.
tral hearths, the room shapes themselves reflect a connec- Subsequent reuse of Huaca Herederos Chica in the late
tion with rooms in the Casma Valley. It seems that the Early Horizon coincides with the construction and use of
shape of the room and its separation from surrounding ar- the small mound site ofHuaca Guavalito (Pozorski 1982).
chitecture (non-sharing of walls) was of utmost impor- The presence of Janabarriu related ceramics at both sites
tance to the builders of these rooms and that these quadri- shows a connection with the spread of the Chavin culture
lateral rooms could be used for different purposes depend- near the end of the Early Horizon (400-200 CAL B.C.).
ing upon the internal features of the rooms - as religious Later reuse of Huaca Herederos Chica as a burial ground
structures, storage facilities, or administrative units. Even by the Salinar and Chimu cultures is a phenomenon seen
if a quadrilateral room is set within a larger architectural at many other sites in northern Peru (Elera 1997; Guffroy,
context, as appears to be the case at Huaca Herederos Chi- Higueras, and Galdos 1989). Although these later peoples
ca and is certainly the case at several Casma Valley sites such had long forgotten the original function of Huaca
as Huaca A at Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke (Pozorski and Herederos Chica, perhaps a folk memory lingered on in the
Pozorski 1994), integration into that larger architectural minds of the later inhabitants even after hundreds of years
setting is limited to walls abutting perpendicularly against that this site was once the place where special events and
the exterior of the quadrilateral room. Maintaining the in- activities took place. By placing their dead within the site,
tegrity of the quadrilateral room, whether it served as a rit- the people were still, in a way, malcing a special connection
ual chamber, a storage room, or an administrative center, with their ancestors.
was paramount in the eyes of the builders and users of
these structures. Acknowledgments
Such an architectural vision did not last throughout the The Chan Chan-Moche Valley Project was sponsored by
 Journal of Field Archaeology/Vol. 31) 2006 249

pher Donnan, ed., Early Ceremonial Architecture in theAn-

the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and An- des. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library
thropology, Harvard University; The National Geograph- and Collection, 111-138.
ic Society; and the National Science Foundation. Luis Chauchat, Claude, and Jean Guffroy
Watanabe co-directed the second digging season, during 2003 "Sepulturas intrusivas Salinar y Chimu en la Huaca
which we were also helped by Elias Mujica and Jaime Vree- Herederos Chica, Valle de Moche, Peru:' Bulletin de PInsti-
land. Topographical and architectural surveys were done by tut Franfais dJEtudesAndines 32 (2): 293-315.
Japhet Rossell and William Yenque. Ceramic drawings Donnan, Christopher B., and Carol J. Mackey
were made by the project artists Miguel Alvarez, German 1978 Ancient Burial Patterns of the Moche Valley) Peru. Austin:
University of Texas Press.
Ocas, and Carlos Felipe. We are especially grateful for the
Elera, Carlos
illustrations of the Janabarriu style ceramic sherds by the
1997 "Cupisnique y Salinar: Algunas Reflexiones Preliminares;'
late Pierre Laurent, of C.N.R.S. in Bordeaux, France (In-
in Elisabeth Bonnier and Henning Bischof, eds., Archaeo-
stitut du Quaternaire, Universite Bordeaux 1). Finally, we logicaPeruana2: Arquitectura y Civilizacidn en 10sAndesPre-
thank Laurence Billault (Institute of Research for Devel- hispdnicos. Mannheim: Sociedad Arqueologica Peruano-
opment, Orleans, France) for a new and enhanced version Alemana, Reiss-Museum, 176-200.
of the architectural drawings. Feldman, Robert A., and Alan L. Kolata
1978 ''Archaeology in the Electronics Age;' Field Museum ofN at-
ural History Bulletin 49 (7): 4-8.

Claude Chauchat (ph.D. University of Bordeaux) France) Grieder, Terence, and Alberto Bueno
1985 "Ceremonial Architecture in La Galgada;' in Christopher
1968 and French State Doctorate) 1982) is an investigator at
Donnan, ed., Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes.
C.NR.S. (Archeologie desAmeriques) Nanterre) France. He Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and
is a specialist in early man and lithic technology in Peru and Collection, 93-109.
has spent most of his career (1974-1998) working on the Pai- Guffroy, Jean, Alvaro Higueras, and Rosario Galdos
jan hunters-fishers and gatherers on the northern Peruvian 1989 "Construcciones y Cementerios del Perlodo Intermedio
coast. Since 1999) he has undertaken an investigation of a Tardio en Cerro Nafiafiique;' Bulletin de PInstitut Franfais
burial platform at the H uacas of Moche) within the Peruvian dJEtudesAndines 18 (2): 117-142.
Proyecto Huaca de la Luna. Mailing address: 64220 Bus- Guffroy, Jean, Juan Pablo Baraybar, Carmen Rosa Cardoza, Gabriel
sunarits) France. E-Mail: cchauchat@wanadoofr Carlier, Georges Clement, Philippe Donze, Laure Emperaire, Marc
Jean Guifroy (ph.D. University of La Sorbonne-Paris ~ Fournier, Michel Girard, Robert March, Luc Ortlieb, Gerasimo
Sosa, and Julia Wattez
1979) is a director of investigations in archaeology at the In-
1994 Cerro Nananique) un Etablissement Monumental de la Peri-
stitute of Research for Development) Orleans) France. He has ode Formative en Limite de Desert. Paris: ORSTOM.
worked in Peru) Ecuado1; and Mexico since 1974. His re- Larco Hoyle, Rafael
search concerns the early societiesof intermediate areas) and 1938 Los Mochicas) Tomo 1. Lima: Casa editorial La Cronica y
Peruvian rock art and its symbolism. Mailing address: Centre Variedades S. A.
IRD-Orleans) 5 rue du Carbone) 45072) Orleans Cedex 02) Levi-Strauss, Claude
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des Hautes Etudes de NeJVYork 2-3: 168-186.
1976) is a professor of Anthropology at the University of Texas-
Pan American and has conducted archaeological investiga- Lumbreras, Luis G., and Hernan Amat
1966 "Informe Preliminar sobre las Galerias Interiores de
tions in Peru since 1970. His research concerns the study of the
Chavin (Primera Temporada de Trabajo );' &vista del Museo
development of early civilization along the coast of Peru. Mail- Nacional34: 143-197.
ing address: Department of Psychology and Anthropology) Pozorski, Shelia
University of Texas-Pan American) Edinbu1lJ) TX 78541. E- 1976 Prehistoric Subsistence Patterns and Site Economics in the
mail: [email protected] Moche Valley)Peru. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas,
Austin. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
Pozorski, Shelia, and Thomas Pozorski
Burger, Richard L. 1979 ''An Early Subsistence Exchange System in the Moche Val-
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Caballo Muerto Complex;' in Michael Moseley and Kent
Day, eds., Chan Chan: Andean Desert City. Santa Fe: Uni-
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1983 "The Caballo Muerto Complex and its Place in the Andean
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1995 "Huaca de los Reyes Revisited: Clarification of the Ar-
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Pozorski, Thomas, and Shelia Pozorski
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Ravines, Rogger
1982 Arqueologia del ValleMedio dejequetepeque. Lima: Instituto
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