FORMULAE AND TRICKS

TRIGONOMETRIC

1. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

2. sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
3. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
4. cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tanB
5. tan (A + B) =
1 − tanA tanB
tan A − tanB
6. tan (A - B) =
1 + tanA tanB
7. sin (A + B) sin (A – B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A
8. cos (A + B) cos (A – B) = cos2A – sin2B = cos2B – sin2A
9. 2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A - B)
10. 2cosA sinB = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)
11. 2cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A - B)
12. 2sinA sinB = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)
C+D C−D
13. sin C + sin D = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
C+D C−D
14. sin C - sin D = 2 cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2
C+D C−D
15. cos C + cos D = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
C+D C−D
16. cos C - cos D = - 2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2
1 − tan2 x
17. cos 2x = cos2x – sin2x = 1 – 2sin2x = 2 cos2x – 1 =
1 + tan2 x
2 tan x x
18. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x = 25. 1 + cos x = 2 cos2
1+ tan2 x 2
2 tan x 2x
19. tan 2x = 26. 1 - cos x = 2 sin
1− tan2 x 2
20. sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3x x x 2
27. 1 + sin x = (cos + sin )
2 2
21. cos 3x = 4 cos3x – 3 cos x
x x 2
3 tan x − tan3 x 28. 1 - sin x = (cos − sin )
22. tan 3x = 2 2
1 − 3 tan2 x
29. cos2x + sin2x = 1
23. 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2x
30. sec2x – tan2x = 1
24. 1 - cos 2x = 2 sin2x
31. cosec2x – cot2x = 1

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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
π x−y
1. sin-1 x + cos-1 x = 5. tan-1 x - tan-1 y = tan-1( )
2 1 + xy
π
2. tan-1 x + cosec-1 x = 6. cot −1 x + cot −1 y = cot −1 xy − 1
2
π x+y
3. sec-1 x + cosec-1 x = xy +1
2 7. cot −1 x - cot −1 y = cot −1
x+y x−y
4. tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1( )
1 − xy
x + y + z – xyz
8. tan-1 x + tan-1 y + tan−1 z = tan−1 [ ]
1 – xy – yz − zx

2x 2x
9. tan-1( ) = sin-1(1 + x2 ) = 2 tan-1 x
1 − x2

RECIPROCAL RELATION
1 1
sin−1 x = cosec −1 cot −1 x = tan−1
x x

1 1
cos −1 x = sec −1 sec −1 x = cos −1
x x

1 1
tan−1 x = cot −1 cosec −1 x = sin−1
x x

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Functions Domain Range

π π
sin−1 x [-1, 1] [− , ]
2 2

cos −1 x [-1, 1] [0, π]

π π
tan−1 x R (− 2 , 2 )

cot −1 x R – (-1, 1) (0, π)

π
sec −1 x R – (-1, 1) [0, π] - { }
2
π π
cosec −1 x R [− , ] - {0}
2 2

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MUTUAL RELATION OF INVERSE FUNCTION

x
sin−1 x = cos −1 √1 − x 2 = tan−1 ( )
√1 − x2

√1 − x2
cos −1 x = sin−1 √1 − x 2 = tan−1 ( )
x

x 1
tan−1 x = sin−1 ( ) = cos −1 ( )
√1 + x2 √1 + x2

TRIGONOMETRIC TABLE
π π π π 2π 3π 5π
Radian 0 π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
Deg 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°
1 1 √3 √3 1 1
Sinθ 0 1 0
2 √2 2 2 √2 2
√3 1 1 1 1 √3
Cosθ 1 0 - - - -1
√2 2 2 √2 2
2
1 1
Tanθ 0 1 √3 ∞ - √3 -1 - 0
√3 √3
1 1
Cotθ ∞ √3 1 0 -
√3
-1 - √3 -∞
√3
2 2
Secθ 1 √2 2 ∞ -2 - √2 -
√3
-1
√3
2 2
Cosecθ ∞ 2 √2 1 √2 2 ∞
√3 √3

TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF SOME IMPORTANT ANGLES

√5 − 1 √10 + 2√5
1. sin 18° = cos 72° = 3. cos 18° = sin 72° =
4 4
√5 + 1 √10 – 2√5
2. cos 36° = sin 54° = 4. sin 36° = cos 54° =
4 4

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T- Ratio of (90° - θ) T- Ratio of (270° + θ)

(i) sin (90° - θ) = cos θ (i) sin (270° + θ) = - cos θ
(ii) cos (90° - θ) = sin θ (ii) cos (270° + θ) = sin θ
(iii) tan (90° - θ) = cot θ (iii) tan (270° + θ) = - cot θ
(iv) cot (90° - θ) = tan θ (iv) cot (270° + θ) = - tan θ
(v) sec (90° - θ) = cosec θ (v) sec (270° + θ) = cosec θ
(vi) cosec (90° - θ) = sec θ (vi) cosec (270° + θ) = - sec θ
T- Ratio of (90° + θ) T- Ratio of (270° - θ)
(i) sin (90° + θ) = cos θ (i) sin (270° - θ) = - cos θ
(ii) cos (90° + θ) = - sin θ (ii) cos (270° - θ) = - sin θ
(iii) tan (90° + θ) = - cot θ (iii) tan (270° - θ) = cot θ
(iv) cot (90° + θ) = - tan θ (iv) cot (270° - θ) = tan θ
(v) sec (90° + θ) = - cosec θ (v) sec (270° - θ) = - cosec θ
(vi) cosec (90° + θ) = sec θ (vi) cosec (270° - θ) = - sec θ
T- Ratio of (180° - θ) T- Ratio of (360° - θ)
(i) sin (180° - θ) = sin θ (i) sin (360° - θ) = - sin θ
(ii) cos (180° - θ) = - cos θ (ii) cos (360° - θ) = cos θ
(iii) tan (180° - θ) = - tan θ (iii) tan (360° - θ) = - tan θ
(iv) cot (180° - θ) = - cot θ (iv) cot (360° - θ) = - cot θ
(v) sec (180° - θ) = - sec θ (v) sec (360° - θ) = sec θ
(vi) cosec (180° - θ) = cosec θ (vi) cosec(360° - θ)= -cosec θ
T- Ratio of (180° + θ) T- Ratio of (360° + θ)
(i) sin (180° + θ) = - sin θ (i) sin (360° + θ) = sin θ
(ii) cos (180° + θ) = - cos θ (ii) cos (360° + θ) = cos θ
(iii) tan (180° + θ) = tan θ (iii) tan (360° + θ) = tan θ
(iv) cot (180° + θ) = cot θ (iv) cot (360° + θ) = cot θ
(v) sec (180° + θ) = - sec θ (v) sec (360° + θ) = sec θ
(vi) cosec(180° + θ)=-cosec θ (vi) cosec (360° + θ) = cosecθ
 Any Trigonometric Ratio of (n.90° ± θ)= ± same ratio of θ, when n is even
= ± co-ratio of θ, when n is odd
Note:- The sign + or – is to be decided from the quadrant in which n.90° ±
1
θ lies. e. g. sin 570° = sin (6 × 90° + 30°) = - sin 30° = -
2

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LAW OF TANGENTS
B−C b−c A A−B a−b C
1. tan(
2
) = (b + c) cot 2 3. tan( ) = (a + b) cot 2
2
C−A c−a B
2. tan(
2
) = (c + a) cot 2
GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

1. If sin θ = 0, then θ = nπ, n∈Z

π
2. If cos θ = 0, then θ = (2n + 1) n∈Z
2
3. If tan θ = 0, then θ = nπ, n∈Z
4. If sin θ = sin α , then θ = nπ + (-1)n α, n∈Z
5. If cos θ = cos α , then θ = 2nπ ± α, n∈Z
6. If tan θ = tan α, then θ = nπ + α, n∈Z
7. If sin2 θ = sin2 α, then θ = nπ ± α, n∈Z
8. If cos2 θ = cos2 α, then θ = nπ ± α, n∈Z
9. If tan2 θ = tan2 α, then θ = nπ ± α, n∈Z

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE

3π π
−π − θ, if θ ∈ [− , − ]
2 2
π π
θ, if θ ∈ [− , ]
−1 2 2
1. sin (sin θ) = π 3π
π − θ, if θ ∈ [ , ]
2 2
3π 5π
{ −2π + θ, if θ ∈ [ 2 , 2 ]
−θ, if θ ∈ [π, 0]
θ, if θ ∈ [0, π]
2. cos −1 (cos θ) = {
2π − θ, if θ ∈ [π, 2π]
−2π + θ, if θ ∈ [2π, 3π]
3π π
−π − θ, if θ ∈ (− , − )
2 2
π π
θ, if θ ∈ (− , )
2 2
3. tan−1 (tan θ) = π 3π
π − θ, if θ ∈ ( , )
2 2
3π 5π
{ −2π + θ, if θ ∈ ( 2 , 2
)
4. cot −1 (cot θ) = θ, if 0 < θ < π
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 FORMULAE AND TRICKS
π
5. sec −1 (sec θ) = θ, if 0 < θ < π, θ ≠
2
π π
6. cosec −1 (cosec θ) = θ, if - < θ < , θ ≠ 0
2 2

ALGEBRIC FORMULAE

1. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
2. (a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
3. a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b) = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2
5. (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b) = a3 - b3 - 3a2b + 3ab2
6. a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 + b2 - ab)
7. a3 - b3 = (a - b)(a2 + b2 + ab)
8. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
9. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
10. If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

1. Natural log = logex = ln x 7. log mn = n log m

2. Common log = log10x 8. elog x = x
3. If ax = y, then x = logay 9. aloga x = x
4. log m n = log m + log n 10.logba = logbe . logea
m
5. log = log m – log n 11.logaa = 1
n
1 12.loga1 = 0
6. logba. logab = 1⟹logba =
loga b
13. loga0 = - ∞ (a > 1)
USEFUL CONSTANTS
1
1. e = 2.7183 2. = 0.3679
e

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3. π = 3.1416 7. loge2 = 0.6931

1
4. = 0.3183 8. loge3= 1.0986
π
9. loge10 = 2.3026
5. √2 = 1.4142
10. log10e = 0.4343
6. √3 = 1.732
11. 1° = 0.0174 rad.
12. 1 rad = 57°17’45’’
DEMOIVER’S THEOREM

1. (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ

2. (cos θ + i sin θ)- n = cos nθ - i sin nθ
3. (cos θ - i sin θ)- n = cos nθ + i sin nθ

EULER’S FORMULA

eiθ = cosθ + i sinθ e- iθ = cosθ - i sinθ

a b c
SINE RULE = =
sinA sinB sinC

COSINE RULE
b2 + c2 − a2 c2 + a2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2
cos A = , cos B = , cos C =
2bc 2ca 2ab

PROJECTION FORMULAE

1. a = b cos C + c cos B
2. b = c cos A + a cos C
3. c = a cos B + b cos C

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
a a ac
( )
b a 2. b =
1. = ( )
c
b
c bc

PERMUTAION & COMBINATION

n n! n n!
(i) cr = (ii) Pr =
r! (n − r)! (n − r)!

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 FORMULAE AND TRICKS
n
(iii) cr ×r! = nPr (vii) n - 1cr + n + 1cr - 1 = ncr
n
(iv) cr = ncn-r (viii) ncr + ncr + 1 = n + 1cr + 1
n
(v) c0 = nc1 = 1 (ix) If ncx = ncy then x = y or x + y = n
n
(vi) cr + ncr – 1 = n + 1cr
nCr n−r+1 nCr+1 n−r
(x) = (xi) =
nCr−1 r nCr r+1

BINOMIAL THEOREMS (KEY POINTS)

1. (x + y)n = nc0 xn y0 + nc1 xn - 1 y + nc2 xn - 2 y2 + nc3 xn - 3 y3 +….. ncr xn - r yr….. ncn x0 yn

2. (x - y)n = nc0 xn y0 - nc1 xn - 1 y + nc2 xn - 2 y2 - …..(-1)r ncr xn - r yr….(-1)n. ncn x0 yn
3. (x + y)n + (x – y)n = 2 [nc0 xn y0 + nc2 xn - 2 y2 + nc4 xn - 4 y4 +…..]
4. (x + y)n - (x – y)n = 2 [nc1 xn - 1 y1 + nc3 xn - 3 y3 + nc5 xn - 5 y5 +…..]
5. (1 + x)n = nc0 x0 + nc1 x 1 + nc2 x2 + nc3 x3 +….. ncr xr….. ncn xn
6. (1 - x)n = nc0 x0 - nc1 x 1 + nc2 x2 - nc3 x3 +…..(-1)r ncr xr…..(-1)n ncn xn
7. nc0 + nc1 + nc2 + nc3 +…. + ncn = 2n
8. nc0 - nc1 + nc2 - nc3 +…. +(-1)n ncn = 0
n
9. c0 + nc2 + nc4 +…. = nc1 + nc3 + nc5….= 2n - 1
10.General term in the expansion of (x + y)n, Tr + 1 = ncr xn - r yr
11. If n is odd, then (x + y)n + (x – y)n and (x + y)n - (x – y)n both have the same
n+1
number of terms equal to ( )
2
n
12. If n is even, then (x + y)n + (x – y)n has ( + 1) terms and (x + y)n - (x – y)n
2
n
has terms.
2

STANDARD LIMITS
lim 𝑥 𝑛 – 𝑎𝑛
1. = nan – 1
x→a 𝑥–𝑎
lim sin x lim sin−1 x
2. =1 4. =1
x→0 x x→0 x
lim tan x lim tan−1 x
3. =1 5. =1
x→0 x x→0 x

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lim 1 lim
6. x sin = 0 11. (1 + ax)1⁄x = ea
x→0 x x→0
lim 1⁄x lim ax − 1
7. x =1 12. = loge a
x→∞ x→0 x
lim loge (1+ x) lim 1 x
8. =1 13. (1 + x) = e
x→0 x x→∞
lim loga (1+ x) lim a x
9. = log a e 14. (1 + x) = ea
x→0 x x→0
lim
10. (1 + x)1⁄x = e
x→0
Indeterminate Forms
0 ∞
, , ∞ × ∞, ∞ - ∞, ∞0, 00, 1∞
0 ∞

L’ Hospital Rule
f(x) f′ (x)
lim = lim
x→0 g(x) x→0 g′ (x)

CONTINUITY (KEY POINTS)

Definition: A function f(x) is said to be a continuous function at x = a if

Left hand limit = Right hand limit = value of function at x = a

lim lim
i.e. −= = f(a)
x→a x → a+
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1. Following functions are everywhere continuous:

(i) A constant function (v) Exponential function

(ii) A polynomial function (vi) Sine function
(iii) The identity function (vii) Cosine function
(iv) Modulus function
2. Following functions are continuous in their domains:

(i) A logarithmic function (v) Secant function (sec x)

(ii) A rational function (vi) Cosecant function (cosec x)
(iii) Tangent function (tan x) (vii) sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x, cot-1x,
(iv) Cotangent function (cot x) sec-1x, cosec-1x
3. If f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions on their common domains, then f ± g,
f
f. g, , kf (k is constant) are continuous.
g

1
4. If f is continuous function then |f| and are continuous in their domains.
f

5. Greatest integer function [x] are continuous at integer points

6. If g is continuous at x = a and f is continuous at g(a), then fog is continuous at x

= a.

Real valued function: A function f: A→B is called a real valued function if B is a

subset of R (Set of real numbers).

Real function: A function f: A→B is called a real function if A and B both are
subsets of R (Set of real numbers).

DIFFERENTIABILITY (KEY POINTS)

1. A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if

left hand derivative = right hand derivative i.e. L f’(a) = R f’(a)
lim f(a − h) − f(a) lim f(a + h) − f(a)
Where L f’(a) = and R f’(a) =
h→0 −h h→0 h
2. f(x) is not differentiable at corner point.

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3. |x − a| is not differentiable at x = a.
4. Constant function is differentiable at each x ∈ R.
5. Every polynomial function is differentiable at each x ∈ R.
6. The exponential function ax, a > 0 is differentiable at x ∈ R.
7. Every differentiable function is continuous but the converse need not be
true.
8. The trigonometric, inverse trigonometric and logarithmic functions are
differentiable in their domain.
9. The sum, difference, product and quotient of two differentiable functions
are differentiable.
10.The differential of even function is always an odd function.

DIFFERENTIATION
d d
1. (x n ) = n xn – 1 11. (tan x) = sec2x
dx dx
d d
2. (x) = 1 12. (cot x) = - cosec2x
dx dx
d d
3. (constant) = 0 13. (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx dx
d 1 d
4. (log e x) = 14. (cosec x) = - cosec x cot x
dx x dx
d 1 d 1
5. (log a x) = 15. (sin−1 x) =
dx x log a dx √1 − x2
d d 1
6. (ex ) = ex 16. (cos −1 x) = -
dx dx √1 − x2
d d 1
7. (e−x ) = - e-x 17. (tan−1 x) =
dx dx 1 + x2
d d 1
8. (ax ) = ax loge a 18. (cot −1 x) = -
dx dx 1 + x2
d d 1
9. (sin x) = cos x 19. (sec −1 x) =
dx dx x √1 − x2
d d 1
10. (cos x) = - sin x 20. (cosec −1 x) = -
dx dx x √1 − x2
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

1. Chain Rule d dv du
(u v) = u +v
dy dx dx dx
dy dy dt dt
= = dt
dx dt dx
dx 3. Division Rule or Quotient Rule
2. Product Rule

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du dv
d u v −u
dx dx
dx v
( )= v2

lim f(a + h) − f(a)

DERIVATIVES AT A POINT f’(a) =
x→a h

DIFFERENTIATION BY FIRST PRINCIPLE OR ab-initio METHOD

lim f(x + h) − f(x)

f’(x) =
x→a h

INTEGRATION
xn+1 11. ∫ tan x dx = - log cos x+ C
1. ∫ x n dx = +C
n+1
1 = log sec x + C
2. ∫ dx = log x + C
x 12. ∫ cot x dx = log sin x+ C
3. ∫ k dx =k x + C 13. ∫ sec 2 dx = tan x + C
4. ∫ ex dx = ex + C 14. ∫ cosec 2dx = - cot x + C
5. ∫ e−x dx = - e-x + C 15. ∫ sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x|
ax
6. ∫ ax dx = +C = log tan( + ) + C
x π
log a e 2 4
7. ∫ sin x dx = - cos x + C 16. ∫
1 1
dx = tan−1 + C
x
x2 + a2 a a
8. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C 1 1 x−a
9. ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C 17. ∫ dx = log | |+C
x2 − a2 2a x+a
1 1 a+x
10. ∫ cosec x cot x dx = - cosec x+C 18. ∫ dx = log | |+C
a2 − x2 2a a−x
x
19. ∫ cosec x dx = log |cosec x − cot x| + C = log tan + C
2
1 -1 x
20. ∫ dx = log (x + √x 2 + a2 ) +C = sinh +C
√x2 + a2 a
1 -1 x
21. ∫ dx = log (x + √x 2 − a2 ) +C = cosh +C
√x2 − a2 a
1 x
22. ∫ dx = sin−1 + C
√a2 − x2 a
1 −1 x
23.∫ dx = sec + C
x √x2 − a2 a
x a2
24. ∫ √x 2 + a2 dx = √x + a2 + 2 log|x + √x 2 + a2 | +C
2 2
x a2
25. ∫ √x 2 − a2 dx = √x 2 − a2 - log|x + √x 2 − a2 | +C
2 2
x a2 x
26. ∫ √a2 − x 2 dx = √a2 − x 2 + sin−1 +C
2 2 a

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eax
27. ∫ eax sin bx dx = (a sin bx − b cos bx) + C
a2 + b2
eax
28.∫ eax cos bx dx = (a cos b + b sin bx) + C
a2 + b2
π 1.3.5…(2n−1)
29.∫0 cos 2n θ dθ = π
2.4.6…2n

WALLI’S FORMULA
n−1 n−3 n−5 3 1 π
π⁄2 π⁄2 . . ……. . .
if n is even
n n−2 n−4 4 2 2
∫0 sinn θ dθ = ∫0 cos n θ dθ = { n−1 n−3 n−5 4 2
. . … … . . . if n is odd
n n−2 n−4 5 3

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

b b
1. ∫a f(x) dx = ∫a f(t) dt
b a
2. ∫a f(x) dx = - ∫b f(x) dx
b c b
3. ∫a f(x) dx = ∫a f(x) dx + ∫c f(x) dx, a < c < b
b b
4. ∫a f(x) dx = ∫a f(a + b − x) dx
a a
5. ∫0 f(x) dx = ∫0 f(a − x) dx
2a a a
6. ∫0 f(x) dx = ∫0 f(x) dx + ∫0 f(2a − x) dx
2a a
7. ∫0 f(x) dx = 2 ∫0 f(x) dx, if f(2a – x) = f(x)
= 0, if f(2a – x) = - f(x)
a a
8. ∫−a f(x) dx = 2 ∫0 f(x) dx if f(x) is an even function i.e. f(-x) = f(x)
= 0, if f(x) is an odd function i.e. f(-x) = - f(x)
a a
9. ∫−a f(x) dx = ∫0 [f(x) + f(-x))]dx
2a a
10. ∫0 f(x) dx = ∫0 [f(x) + f(2a - x))]dx

TRICKS OF INTEGRATION
du
1. ∫ u v dx = u ∫ v dx – ∫( .∫ v dx ) dx
dx

i.e. ∫ u v dx = first function. Integral of II – ∫ diff. of I . integral of II dx

2. Trick for integration by parts [ I L A T E ]

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(i) I = Inverse functions (sin-1x, cos-1x etc.)

(ii) L = logarithmic function (logex, logax etc.)
(iii) A = Algebraic function (ax + b, ax2 + bx + c etc.)
(iv) T = Trigonometric function (sin x, cos x etc.)
(v) E = Exponential function (ex, ax etc.)

3. ∫ u v dx = u v1 – u’ v2 + u’’ v3 – u’’’ v4 + …….

dy 𝑑2𝑦
Where u’ = , u’’ = etc. and v1 = ∫ v dx, v2 = ∬ v dx dx etc.
dx 𝑑𝑥 2
f′ (x)
4. ∫ dx = log f(x) + C
f(x)
5. ∫ e [(f(x) + f ′ (x)] = ex f(x) + C
x

Even function:- If f(-x) = f(x), then f(x) is called an even function.

i.e. x2, x4, cos x, sec x, |x| etc.

Odd function:- If f(-x) = - f(x), then f(x) is called an odd function.

i.e. x, x3, sin x, tan x, cot x, cosec x etc.

(i) Even function × Even function = Even function

(ii) Even function × Odd function = Odd function

(iii) Odd function × Even function = Odd function

(iv) Odd function × Odd function = Even function

SOME SUBSTITUTION RULES

2x 2x 1− x2 3x−x3
1. When 1 + x2 or 2
or 2
or or then x = tan θ
1+x 1− x 1+x2 1−3x2
2. When a2 – x2 then x = a sin θ or a cos θ
3. When a2 + x2 then x = a tan θ or a cot θ
4. When 1 – x2 then x = sin θ or cos θ
5. When 2x2 – 1 then x = cos θ
6. When 1 – 2x2 then x = sin θ
7. When 3x – 4x3 then x = sin θ

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8. When 4x3 – 3x then x = cos θ

9. When 1+ x or 1 – x then x = cos θ or cos2θ

SOME EXPANSIONS
x3 x5 x7
1. sin x = x - + - + …..
3! 5! 7!
x4 x6
2. cos x = 1 – x2 + - + …..
4! 6!
x2 x3
3. ex = 1 + x + + + …..
2! 3!
x2 x3
4. e-x = 1 - x + - + …..
2! 3!
(x loge a)2 (x loge a)3
5. ax = 1 + x logea + + + …..
2! 3!
6. (x + y)n = xn + nc1 xn-1 y + nc2 xn-2 y2 + nc3 xn-3 y3 +…..
7. (x - y)n = xn - nc1 xn-1 y + nc2 xn-2 y2 - nc3 xn-3 y3 +…..
8. (1 + x)-1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + x4 -…….
9. (1 – x)-1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 +…….
10. (1 + x)-2 = 1 –2 x + 3x2 – 4 x3 +…….
11. (1 – x)-2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 +…….
x2 x3 x4
12. log (1 + x) = x - + - + …..
2 3 4
x2 x3 x4
13. log (1 – x) = - x - - - - …..
2 3 4
x3 x5 x7
14. tan-1 x = x - + - + …..
3 5 7
1 1+x x3 x5 x7
15. tanh-1 x = log =x+ + + + …..
2 1−x 3 5 7

SOME OTHER TRICKS

1. Trick for finding the expansion of (x + y)n

1 (11)0
1 1 (11)1

1 2 1 (11)2

1 3 3 1 (11)3
1 4 6 4 1 (11)4

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 FORMULAE AND TRICKS

e.g. (x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4

(x - y)4 = x4 - 4x3y + 6x2y2 - 4xy3 + y4
1 1
2. Г( ) = √π 3. Г(− ) = - 2 √π
2 2

TRICK OF MULTIPLICATION

(x + a)(x + b)(x + c) = x3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x + abc

RULES OF PARTIAL FRACTION

f(x) A B
1. (x + a)(x + b)
= +
(x + a) (x + b)
f(x) A B C
2. (x + a)2 (x + b)
= + +
(x + a) (x + a)2 (x + b)
f(x) A Bx + C
3. (x + a)(px2 +qx+r)
= +
(x + a) (px2 +qx+r)

TRICK FOR FINDING PARTIAL FRACTION DIRECTLY

1 1 1 1
(x + 2)(x + 5)
= [ − ]
3 x+2 x+5

TRICK TO FIND OUT ADJOINT OF A MATRIX

The adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be obtained by interchanging the

diagonal elements and changing the signs of off-diagonal elements.
a b d −b
e.g if A = [ ] then adj A = [ ]
c d −c a
PROPERTIES OF A INVERSE OF A MATRIX

1. Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.

2. If A is invertible matrix, then (A-1)-1 = A
3. A square matrix is invertible iff it is a non singular.
1
4. If A is a non-singular matrix, then A-1 = |A| (adj A)
5. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then
(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

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6. If A is an invertible matrix, then (AT)-1 = (A-1)T

7. The inverse of an invertible symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix.
1
8. If A is a non singular matrix, then |A−1 | = |A|

PROPERTIES OF ADJOINT OF A MATRIX

1. The adjoint of a symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix.

2. Adj(AB) = (adjB) (adjA)
3. adj AT = (adj A)T
4. adj (adj A) = |A|n – 2 A
5. |adjA| = |A|n – 1
6. A (adj A) = |A| I = (adj A) A

EIGEN VALUES (KEY POINTS)

1. Sum of eigen values = Sum of diagonal elements

2. Product of eigen values of matrix A = |A|
3. Eigen values of triangular matrix = Diagonal elements
4. Nullity of a matrix A = No. of columns – rank of matrix A

FORMULAE OF 3-D

1. Direction Cosines of a line are the cosines of the angles made by the line
with the positive directions of the coordinate axis and is denoted by l, m, n.
2. Direction Ratios of a line are the numbers which are proportional to the
direction cosine of a line and is denoted by a, b, c.
3. Skew lines are lines in space which are neither parallel not intersecting.
They lie in different planes.
4. Direction ratios of the line segment joining P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2)
a = x2 – x1, b = y2 – y1, c = c2 – c1
5. If l, m, n are the direction cosine of a line, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
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6. Direction cosines of a line joining two points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are
x2 − x1 y2 −y1 z2 −z1
= = where PQ = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2
PQ PQ PQ
7. Relation between direction cosines (l, m, n) and direction ratios (a, b, c)
a b c
l=± ,m=± ,n=±
√a2 + b2 + c2 √a2 + b2 + c2 √a2 + b2 + c2
8. Equation of a line passes through a⃗ and parallel to ⃗b
r = a⃗ + λ ⃗b, λ ∈ R. (Vector form)
9. Equation of a line passes through (x1, y1, z1) and parallel to ⃗b = a î + b ĵ+ c k̂
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = or = = (Cartesian form)
a b c l m n
10.Equation of a line passing through two points
⃗ - a⃗) λ ∈ R. (Vector form)
r = a⃗ + λ (b
11.Equation of a line passes through two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
12. = = (Cartesian form)
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
13.Angle between two lines

a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2
cos θ = | | or cos θ = |l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 |
√a21 + b21 + c21 √a22 + b22 + c22

where a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are the direction ratios of the lines l1, m1, n1,
and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosine of the lines.
14. Two lines are perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 or l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
a1 b1 c1 l1 m1 n1
15. Two lines are parallel if = = or = =
a2 b2 c2 l2 m2 n2

16. Angle between two lines r = a⃗1 + λ ⃗b1 and r = a⃗2 + λ ⃗b2
⃗⃗⃗⃗
b .b ⃗⃗⃗⃗2
cos θ = | ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 |
|
|b1 | |b

17. Shortest distance between two skew lines r = a⃗1 + λ ⃗b1 and r = a⃗2 + λ ⃗b2
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(b b2 ) . (a ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
a1 )
d=| ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
|
|b b2 |

18. Shortest distance between parallel lines r = a⃗1 + λ ⃗b and r = a⃗2 + μ ⃗b

⃗b × (a
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
a1 )
d=| ⃗
|
|b|
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
19. Shortest distance between the lines = =
a1 b1 c1

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 FORMULAE AND TRICKS
x2 −x1 y2 −y1 z2 −z1
| a1 b1 c1 |
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2 a2 b2 c2
and = = =
a2 b2 c2 √(b1 c2 −b2 c1 )2 +(c1 a2 −c2 a1 )2 +(a1 b2 −a2 b1 )2
20. In the vector form, equation of a plane which is at a distance d from the
origin and n̂ is the unit vector normal to the plane through the origin is r. n̂
= d.
21. Equation of a plane which is at a distance d from the origin and direction
cosine of the normal to the plane as l, m, n is lx + my + nz = d.
22. The equation of a plane though a point whose position vector is a⃗ and
perpendicular to the vector n ⃗ is r . n = a⃗ . n
⃗
23. Equation of a plane perpendicular to a given line with direction ratios a, b,
c and passing through a given point (x1, y1, z1) is
a (x – x1) + b (y – y1) + c (z – z1) = 0
24. Equation of a plane passing through three non-collinear points (x1, y1, z1),
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
(x2, y , z2), (x3, y3, z3) |x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 | = 0
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1
25. Vector equation of a plane that contains three non-collinear points having
position vectors a⃗, ⃗b, c (r - a⃗) . [(b ⃗ - a⃗) ×(c - a⃗)] = 0
x y z
26. Equation of a plane in intercepts form is + + = 0
a b c

MENSURATION

1. CYLENDER
(i) Volume = 𝜋 r2h
(ii) Surface Area = 2πrh
(iii) Total Surface Area = 2πr(h + r)
2. CONE
1
(i) Volume = 𝜋 r2h
3
(ii) Surface Area = πrl where l = √h2 + r 2
(iii) Total Surface Area = πr(l + r)
3. SPHERE
4
(i) Volume = πr3
3

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(ii) Surface Area = 4πr2

4. HEMISPHERE
2
(i) Volume = πr3
3
(ii) Surface Area = 2πr2
(iii) Total surface Area = 3 πr2
5. HOLLW SPHERE
4
(i) Volume = π(r13 – r23) r1 > r2
3
6. CIRCLE
(i) Area = πr2
(ii) Perimeter = 2πr
7. CUBOID
(i) Volume = lbh
(ii) Surface Area = 2(lb + bh + hl)
(iii) Diagonal = √l2 + b 2 + h2
8. CUBE
(i) Volume = a3
(ii) Surface Area = 6a2
(iii) Diagonal = a√3

FORMULAE AND CONCEPT OF SETS

1. Definition:-A set is well defined collection of objects.

2. A set is described either in set builder form or tabular form.
3. Empty set or Null set or void set:- A set consisting no element is called the
null set or empty set or void set and is denoted by ϕ or { }.
4. Singleton set:- A set consisting single element is called singleton set.
5. Finite and Infinite set:- A set consisting of a definite number of elements is
called a finite set, otherwise the set is called infinite set.
6. Cardinal Number:- The number of elements in a finite set A is called its
cardinal number or order and is denoted by n(A).
7. Equal sets:- Two sets A and B are equal if they have exactly the same
elements.

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8. Equivalent sets:- Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their cardinal
numbers are same. i.e. n(A) = n(B).
9. The total number of subsets of a finite set consisting of n elements is 2n.
10. Power set:- The collection of all subsets of set A is called the power set of
A and is denoted by P(A).
11. Union of two sets:- The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those
elements which are either in A or in B or in both and is denoted by A ∪ B.
Thus, A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
12. Intersection of two sets:- The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of
all those elements which are common to both A and B and is denoted by
A ∩ B. Thus, A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
13. Difference of two sets:- The difference (A – B) of two sets A and B is the
set of all those elements of A which do not belongs to B i.e.
A – B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∉ B} similarly B – A = {x : x ∈ B and x ∉ A}.
14. Symmetric difference of two sets:- The symmetric difference of two sets A
and B is the set (A - B) ∪ (B – A) and is denoted by A ∆ B.
i.e. A ∆ B = (A - B) ∪ (B – A)
15. Complement of a subset:- The complement of a subset A of universal set
of all those elements of U which are not in A and is denoted by A’ or Ac. i.e.
A’ = U – A

LAWS OF ALGEBRA OF SETS

1. Idempotent Laws: A ∪ A = A and A ∩ A = A

2. Identity Laws: A ∪ ϕ = A and A ∩ A = A
3. Commutative Laws: A ∪ B = B ∪ A and A ∩ B = B ∩ A
4. Associative Laws:(A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C) and (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
5. Distributive Laws: A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩( A ∪ C) and A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩
B) ∪ ( A ∩ C)
6. De’ Morgan Laws: (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’ and (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN SETS

1. n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)

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2. n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A ∩ B)

3. n(A ∆ B) = n(A – B) + n(B – A) = n(A) + n(B) – 2n(A ∩ B)
4. n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A ∩ B) – n(B ∩ C) – n(C ∩ A) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
5. Number of elements in exactly one of sets A, B and C
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – 2n(A ∩ B) – 2n(B ∩ C) – 2n(C ∩ A) + 3n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
6. Number of elements in exactly two of sets A, B and C
= n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C) + n(C ∩ A) - 3n(A ∩ B ∩ C)

FORMULAE AND CONCEPT OF STRAIGHT LINE

1. Every first degree equation in x, y represents a straight line.

a
2. The slope m of a line ax + by + c = 0 is -
b
3. The slope m of a line joining the two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
4. m = tanθ where θ is the angle between the line and positive direction of
x-axis
m1 − m2
5. Acute angle between two lines tanθ = | |
1 + m1 m2
6. Two lines are parallel if their slopes are equal (m1 = m2)
7. Two lines are perpendicular if the product of their slopes is -1 (m1m2 = -1)
8. Three points A, B and C are collinear if slope of AB = slope of BC or The area
of triangle forms by the points A, B, C are zero.
9. The equation of a line parallel to y-axis at a distance ‘a’ from it is x = a
10. The equation of a line parallel to x-axis at a distance ‘b’ from it is y = b
11. The equation of x-axis is y = 0.
12. The equation of y-axis is x = 0.
13. The equation of a line with slope m and making an intercept c on y-axis is
y = mx + c [Slope-intercept form]
14. The equation of a line which passes through the point (x1, y1) and has slope
m is y – y1 = m (x – x1) [Slope-point form]

15. The equation of the line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
y2 −y1
y – y1 = (x – x1) [Two point form]
x2 −x1

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16. The equation of a line making intercepts a and b on x and y-axis

x y
respectively is + = 1 [Intercept form]
a b
17. The equation of a line in normal form is x cos α + y sin α = p where p is
the length of perpendicular from origin to the line and α is the angle
between perpendicular and positive x-axis.
18. The equation of a line passing through (x1, y1) and making an angle θ with
x − x1 y − y1
positive x-axis is = = r, where r is the distance of the point
cos θ sin θ
(x, y) on the line from the point (x1, y1). [Distance form]
19. Three lines L1 ≡ a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, L1 ≡ a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, L1 ≡ a3x + b3y + c3
a1 b1 c1
= 0 are concurrent if |a2 b2 c2 | = 0
a 3 b3 c 3
Also these lines are concurrent iff there exist scalars λ1, λ2, λ3 such that
λ1 L1 + λ2L2 + L3 λ3 = 0
20. The equation of a line parallel to a line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + λ = 0,
where λ is any constant.
21. The equation of a line perpendicular to a line ax + by + c = 0 is bx - ay + λ =
0, where λ is any constant.
22. The perpendicular distance (p) of a line ax + by + c = 0 from a point (x1, y1)
ax1 + by1 + c
is given by p = | |
√a2 + b2
23. The distance (p) between parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0
c1 − c2
is given by p = | |
√a2 + b2
24. The equation of the lines passing through (x1, y1) and making an angle α
with the line y = mx + c are given by
m + tanα m − tanα
y – y1 = (x – x1) and y – y1 = (x – x1)
1 − m tanα 1 + m tanα

SELECTION OF TERMS IN AN A.P.

The following ways of selecting terms are generally very convenient.

No. of terms Terms Common Difference

3 a – d, a, a + d d

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4 a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d 2d

5 a – 2d, a – d, a + d, a + 2d d

 Sum of first n natural number

n(n+1)
∑ n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ….+n =
2

 Sum of the squares of the first n natural number

n(n+1)(2n+1)
∑ n2 = 12 + 22 + 32 +….+n2 =
6

 Sum of the cubes of the first n natural number

n(n+1) 2 n2 (n+1)2
∑ n3 = 13 + 23 + 33 +….+n3 = [ ] =
2 4

SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

ORTHOCENTER: Intersection point of altitudes of a triangle.
INCENTER: Intersection point of angle bisectors of a triangle.
CIRCUMCENTER: Intersection point of perpendicular bisector of sides of triangle.
CENTROID: Intersection point of medians of a triangle.
PARALLELOGRAM:

 Opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.

 Opposite angles are equal.
 The diagonals bisect each other.
 Adjacent angles are supplementary
RHOMBUS:
 All sides have equal length
 Opposite sides are parallel
 Diagonals are perpendicular and bisect each other
 Opposite angles are equal.
 Diagonals bisect opposite angles
SQUARE:
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 FORMULAE AND TRICKS

 The diagonals are perpendicular, equal and bisect each other.

 Opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
 All four angles of a square are equal. (Each is 360°/4 = 90°, so every angle of
a square is a right angle.)
 All four sides of a square are equal.
RECTANGLE:

 Opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.

 The diagonals bisect each other and equal in length.
 All angles are equal.
 Alternate sides are equal.
 Its centre is equidistant from its vertices

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