PROJECT REPORT

ROLE OF ELECTRICAL WING IN

TELECOM INDUSTRIES
Submitted by:
-------------------

SUMMER TRAINING
ON
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Name of Institute:

Advance Level Telecom Training Center (BSNL),

Rajnagar,Ghaziabad.
 Acknowledgement

I would like to take the opportunity to thank and express

my deep gratitude to my mentors Mr. Subhash Chandra
Singh ,Addl. GM (BS-E). Mr. Rajiv Dutta AGM(BS-E) , Mr.
Raj Kumar ,A.D (BS-E) and I am thankful to all of them for
providing their valuable guidance at all stages of my
training without which it would not have been possible
to complete this project.
I also thank all the staff of ALTTC (BSNL) for their
cooperation and assistance during the period of this
course.

Signature
(X.Y.Z )
 INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Role of electrical wing in telecom
3. Electrical power system
4. Sub stations
4.1. Types, Selection and Designing
4.2. Operation and maintenance
4.3. Latest trends in Substations
5. Air Conditioning
5.1. Basics
5.2. Selection criteria
5.3. Factors affecting air conditioning load
5.4. Latest trend in air conditioning systems
6. Power quality management
7. Elevators
7.1. Overview
7.2. Design
7.3. Installations
 7.4. Maintenance
8. Energy conservation and management
9. Engine Alternator (EI) set
10. Fire protection system
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction

Advancement in technology has necessitated continuous upgradationin

technologies used for electrical assets. For example in AC equipmentwe have
moved from centralized AC plants to package type ACs. In engines, we have
introduced ready to use (RTU) engines to cater to the huge demand of engines for
small exchanges located in the interior of the country are being used . In lightings
form conventional fitting top mirrored and now to LEDs.
Until now the remote monitoring of health of equipment is restricted to telecom
only. Thepower and air-conditioning has also to be introduced remote
monitoring.This will go long way in better maintenance and less outages.

Hence remote monitoring systems need to be introduced.Electrical wing has

introduced microprocessor based AC units, lifts, and firefighting equipment. It is
not only technologies that have to be upgraded from time to time but also design
parameters, which have undergone a sea change from the past with
introductionof newexchange equipment and AC systems. Humidifiers systems and
heaters inAC systems are now irrelevant in electronic exchanges.
All this hasresulted in energy savings.Also with more fragile electronic exchanges
highly susceptible to powerfluctuations, control devices have to be introduced to
prevent surges and spikes inelectric supply. More electronics is coming in to the
traditional areas ofelectromechanical devices. Electronic chokes, microprocessor
based controls etc.are becoming more reliable and desirable as they contribute
towards energy saving aswell as energy management.

In India we have just started taking note of thesedevelopments and in the coming
times these electronics will become an integral partof our electromechanical
devices. Energy savers, surge protectorsand harmonic suppressors are to be used
to improve the quality of power supply.Many products available in the market
need to be continuously upgraded byinteraction with manufacturers as most of
the telecom equipment is importedwhile the electrical equipment is sourced
locally.

Since the electricity supply is erratic in the country particularly so in the rural and
hilly areas. Energy sources need to be tapped. Internationally, solarhas been tried
and successfully used for small energy consumptionenergy stations. In India, this
needs to be considered for remote regions such as J&K, Ladakhand North East
and also for rural and desert areas.
 CHAPTER 2
Role of electrical wing in
telecom
The Electrical wing of BSNL is responsible for carrying out original and
maintenance works of following electromechanical services in
BSNL/Telecom/Administrative Buildings and residential Quarters.
Telecommunication network place a key role in today's world and I required to be
continuously operated even in the most adverse conditions.
The role of electrical department in BSNL is to install and maintain the following:
→ Electrical substations
→ Engine alternator sets
→ Air conditioning
→ Internal EI
→ Water pump sets
→ Fire detection and Firefighting system
→ Lifts

The Electrical wing is also responsible for the upgradation to the latest trends in
market. For example we haveupgraded from water cooled centralized air
conditioned plants to package units which is more efficient and economical.
A solar power plant of 1 megawatt is also planned. This will reduce power intake
from the electricity board and also save energy.
 Chapter 3
Electrical Power System
Modern Telecom plays a key role in today's world and are network. The required
to be continuously operated even in the most adverse conditions.
Engineering Electrical Services in the buildings housing modern
telecommunications network must perform to an exceptional degree of reliability
so as to ensure that breakdowns in the telecommunications system. The there are
no safety and wellbeing of both the buildings human inhabitants and its material
contents including telecom equipment depend on the smooth and reliable
operation of various Electro-mechanical services.

'The Electrical wing of BSNL is responsible for carrying out original and
maintenance works of following electro-mechanical services in BSNL

→Administrative Buildings and residential quarters.

→Electrical Sub-stations
→Engine Alternator sets
→Air-conditioning Installations
→Internal Eland Fans
→Water Pump sets
→Fire Detection and Fire Fighting System
→Lifts
→Lightening Protection
In BSNL we are mainly concerned with the Distribution substation where the main
activity is to step down the higher voltage received through transmission line. This
stepping down may be to a level of suitable voltage to feed the load equipment
directly, via 415v or 230v. These voltages are stepped down by the step down
transformers and other associated electrical switchgears for the protection,
control, distribution and utilization of electrical energy.
The various components of a substation are discussed in the following:

HT Panel
Three Panel HT switchgear incorporates the following features

a) 1 No. isolator as incomer incorporating trivector meter, voltmeter, ammeter,

earth switch without protection.
b) 2Nos HT OCB as outgoing, one each for transformer incorporating IDMT relay
for overload, earth fault, short-circuit protection, on-off Indicating lamp,
indication, voltmeter and ammeter.

The HT panel is provided with bus bar, cable end termination box for XLPE cables,
trip and 50mmx5mm copper earth busbar.

Transformer
The transformer consists of different parts or components. These components
depend upon the design, type and method of cooling etc. certain essential parts
or components are discussed below.
→Steel Tank
It is meant for housing and mounting of all components including the core, the
winding and the cooling substance etc. It is made of steel. Sometimes it contains
heat-radiating tubes.
→Core
It is housed inside the steel tank and made of silicon steel sheet laminations
having the thickness of 0.35 mm. These laminations are insulated to reduce the
core loss. The core may be divided into two types Core and shell type.
→Windings
The windings are normally made of copper, concentric cylindrical type
conductors. The primary and secondary windings are placed on the same limb of
the core. Keeping in view of the rating, the design of the windings varies.
→Transformer Oil
It is a mineral oil. The core and the windings sometimes are immersed in it for
insulation and cooling purpose.

→Conservator Tank
It is provided on the top of the transformer tank and connected through a
suitable pipe. It is provided where oil is used for cooling and insulation. Is
provided for the following reasons:

I) With the increase and the decrease of temperature the volume of oil for
accommodation of changes. The conservator tank provides suitable space
expanded volume of oil.
II) During expansion and contraction the minimum oil is exposed to air.
III) It contains a glass and a scale for observation of oil level.
IV) It has the provision of a breather.
The breather is connected to the conservator tank. It is provided with silica gel
granules. Due to increase of temperature the volume of oil and that it pushes air
from the conservator tank to the outside air through the breather. Again when
temperature decreases the oil contracts and that causes the outside air to enter
conservator tank through the breather. The silica gel grains provided in the
breather absorb the moisture contained by the air. When silica gel is completely
dry, its color is blue. After absorbing moisture its color changes from blue to
yellow and then to pink.

→Thermometer
When the rating of the transformer is above 50 KVA a thermometer is provided to
indicate the oil temperature. Sometimes the sensor of thethermometer is fitted in
the winding itself and the dial is provided outside the tank. Sometimes this
temperature-sensing device also operates an alarm.

Overhead Bus bar Trunking

The connection from the transformer to the M v panel is by overhead Bus bar
trunking. The Bus bar trunking is normally done for transformer substation above
315KVA. The Bus bar shall be made from rectangular section, high conductivity
wrought Aluminum alloy and insulated by superior quality PVC sleeve. The Bus
bar system shall be provided with coupling joints and expansion joint. The Bus bar
shall be supported on hylum plates. The enclosure of the bus duct shall be
fabricated from 12SWG MS sheet and two bottom end cover of 16SWG.The bus
duct provided with rubber gaskets to make the duct dust proof.
M V Panel
The MV Panel is made of 16SWG MS sheet (1.6mm thick). The positioning of
thepanel shall be 75cm from the wall. The incoming to the panel from
transformer by overhead Bus bar trunking or cable of adequate size. The MV
panel is having Air break type circuit breaker (ACB) in order to eliminate the fire
and explosion risk. Each ACB has detachable arc chutes on each pole for cooling,
extinction of are. The compartment doors should be so interlocked that they do
not open when ACB is in the closed position. All TPN switch fuse unit shall be
provided with HRC fuses.The MV panel is provided with IDMT relay, voltmeter,
ammeter and indicating lamps is indicating lamps. Earth busbar shall nun along
the panel.

Cables
On the HT sides XLPE cables are used whereas LT sides PVC cables are used HV
and LV cable shall be avoided to cross each other At the time of laying cable it
must be checked that insulation shall have no. It should be tested for continuity.
Identification cable route markers shall be provided. All the ducts shall be
covered.

Capacitor Panel
The panel is provided for power factor improvement. The capacitor panel is
provided with capacitors. The capacitors can be connected in order to achieve the
desired power factor The capacitors can connected by manual operation or
Automatic operation In manual the capacitors are connected by manual
operation of switches and in automatic operation capacitors are connected by
APFC relay. The capacitor panel is provided by power factor meter, dead band
knob provide on the APFC for preventing hunting of capacitors and over
correction. Each capacitor bank will have red indicating lamp to indicate the
capacitors is ON or OFF and AUTOMANUALOFF selector switch.
Earthing
It is recommended to provide copper earthing. The total no of earthing should be
normally where N indicates the number of neutrals which is same as thenumber
transformer. For body earthing 2Nos bus bar shall be provided and the earth
strips shall independently terminate on the body earth busbar.

Engine Alternator
The engine alternator id the combination of a diesel engine and an alternator.
This combined unit is also called as a generator set or a DG set. Real power is in
the form of mechanical power is generated by the engine and it is converted into
electrical power by the alternator. Therefore the output of the engine alternator
mainly depends on the output of the engine. However the alternator coupled
with the engine must match the load requirement.
 CHAPTER 4
Substations
In general substation is the place where voltage and current levels from the
electricity department is converted according to the user need.

4.1.Types, Selection and Designing

Types:
→Outdoor substation:
Outdoor substation receives the H.T. supply to a pole structure through air break
switch transformers are preinstallednear the pole structure which is constructed
in open space.The L.T. supply from the transformer is extended to the L.T. panel
in the indoor.
→Indoor substation
In this type of substation all the necessary equipment are installed inside the
building and H.T. supply is received through the H.T. panel provided in the indoor
substation.
Selection and Designing:
Factors to be kept in mind while designing a substation:

Location of the substation

As far as possible, it should be located on the ground floor.
It should be approachable through a vehicle.
It should not be located below are adjacent to toilet or water source.
Must have sufficient earthling space and should be located near to the load
center

Class of voltage
Generally the voltage class of the transformer decide substation rating. The
voltage class of the substation is depends on the load requirement. Certain heavy
machinery which require 11kv to operate are also to be kept in mind.

Power requirement
On determining the power capacity of the substation, onward we select the
equipment to be installed in the substation.
The electricity department has to provide the following details of the supply
voltage:
The rated voltage which will be made available
Permissible percentage of voltage fluctuations at rated voltage of supply
Chances of changes in supply voltage in the future.

System maintainability
The telecom industry is voltage sensitive which means there has to uninterrupted
power supply to the switches in the telephone exchanges.
Therefore it is critical to maintain the substation equipment at good condition.
To ensure this we have:
Standby equipment in case of any mishap
A maintenance team to repair the faulty equipment.

Auxiliaries
Auxiliaries are provisions for future upgradation of the substation equipment for
example, power factor panels, automatic voltage regulators, etc. need to be
installed in the substation at a later period auxiliaries are meant to accommodate
them.

Future expansion
Future expansion setting is a must in all substations nowadays. As the ever
growing energy demand, results in an increased demand on the substation. A well
planned substation has provisions(aux) to extend its LT and HT panels.

4.2. Operation and maintenance

The operation and maintenance of a substation follow these for steps:
→ Inspection
In this phase all the equipment in the substation undergo scrutiny without
dismantling it (visual and operational checks).
→ Servicing
In this phase the substation equipment undergo cleaning, calibration, lubrication
without dismantling it.
→ Examination
Unlike the other phases here the equipment are dismantled, measurements, and
non-destructive tests to obtain test data regarding to the condition of the
components of the substation assemblies.
→ Overhaul
This refers to the work done with the objective of repairing worn-out pets and
defective parts. The equipment, sub-assemblies are dismantled partly or
completely. The condition of the components is inspected. Dimensions of the
worm-out components are measure and either replaced or rectified.

4.3. Latest trends in Substations

When faults take place, heavy damage to transformers and auxiliary systems are
reported. Instead of using rating of fuses, people have been using wires which is
technically incorrect. A recent development in this field is Unitized Sub Station.

UNITIZED SUB STATION

This is a very advanced level of a substation in which everything is factory made to
meet the customer needs. USS comprises of a factory built package having
transformer, HT, and LT panels. This is a fit and forget type of installation where
everything is automatic. The connections are precise, secure and totally enclosed.
Hence ensuring safety. This also means that there is no chance of failure,
corrosion and losses (to a considerate amount).
 CHAPTER 5
Air conditioning
As conventional definitions would have you believe air conditioning means chilled
air, is completely wrong. Air conditioning means
→ Maintaining the air at a desired temperature.
→ Controlling the moisture content of the air.
→ Hold air contamination to an acceptable level.
→ circulate air properly in order to have correct proportion of oxygen in all parts
of the room.

5.1. Basics
All air conditioning systems can be classified into the following types:
→ Window type units
→ Split type units
→ Package units
→ Centralized air conditioned system
→ Window type units:
Window type units are totally self-contained units which mean they have all the
components inside the same unit i.e. compressor, condenser, refrigerant piping
and air filters.
However they have no humidity control, no fresh air control, and no effective
dust control.

→ Split type units

Split type air conditioners are functionally similar to window type air conditioners.
However in this type of units the compressor, and condenser unit is kept outdoor
and the cooling coil unit is kept indoor. They are connected by means of an
insulating copper pipe which feeds the refrigerant inside and outside. In this unit
we have effective fresh air control, humidity control, and dust control.

→ Package units
These units are also functionally similar to window models but are much bigger in
size and therefore installed on the floors. The unit itself is placed in a hermitically
sealed chamber. The chamber has provisions for fresh air intake, conditioned air
outlet, and return air duct. The control panel is also located in the room itself.
→ Centralized air conditioned system
The working principle of the centralized air conditioning system is slightly
different then the above types. These come into picture only when there is a huge
demand and a large area to be air conditioned. Shopping malls of a whole office
block for instance. This will also/ prove to be a costly option compared to the
others. Here water is the refrigerant and is cooled in a cooling tower where water
is dropped from a height in order to cool it (water temp. is about 4°to 5°). Now
this cool water is sent to the building be the means of insulated ducts. The duct
flows through

5.2. Selection criteria& Factors affecting A/c load

There are various factors by which we select an air-conditioning unit, like inside
and outside conditions, estimation of the required conditions or heating
equipment, selections of suitable cooling/heating systems, etc. A major factor by
which the air conditioning unit is selected which is the amount of heat the
building absorbs heat from the sun.

→ Selection of interior design conditions:

Interior conditions depends on the intended use of the building/room.
The need of the air conditioning i.e. whether it is for human occupancy or for
machine cooling (as in telephone exchanges).
If the air conditioning is installed for comfort then what is the desired
temperature setting.
If the air conditioning is installed for internal switches then what is the desired
temperature setting for the optimal operation of the switches.
→ Selection of exterior design conditions:
In this case sunlight plays a major role in the designing, such as intensity of
sunlight, length of the day and night. The orientation of the room which is to be
air conditioned.
The geographical location i.e. on which hemisphere the spot is located. This is to
calculate the exact amount of time and the side of the wall on which sun light will
prevail.
The humidity level of the environment plays a drastic effect on the performance
of the air conditioner. It is a directly proportional relationship. I.e. of the humidity
is high the unit consumes more energy.
If the room is on the ground floor, then the heat transfer to the ground is also
taken into account.
If the walls of the sides are glass then the heat transfer from the outside is more
as compared to a brick walled surface. Care is to be taken at the time of designing
the building the glass walled surface should not face direct sunlight for better
cooling.

5.4. Latest trend in air conditioning systems

Some innovative strategies are employed in Bharath Sanchar Nigam Limited
(BSNL) for efficient operations of the A/c units. Some are stated below:
→ Building orientation/architectural features
→ Establishingbaseline performance indices
→ High sensible air-conditioning system
→ Automation and building management system
→ Variable voltage and variable frequency drive
→ Heat recovery wheel
→ Panel cooling
→ Vapor absorption machines
→ Roof top chillers
→ Cooling by total air displacement
Advance Level Question:

Draw a layout of a typical package room with 4 package units.

Answer:
(Drawn on the whiteboard in the classroom)
 Chapter 6
Power quality management
The need of power quality management is important so as to save electricity
“electricity saved is electricity produced”. It is also the most widely discussed
topic among engineers. There are various electronic equipment which are
invented to increase power quality that are wide spread in the industry.
Two questions arise at this moment
→why does poor power quality arise?
→what can we do to avoid them?

To understand the above concepts first we need to know, what is supply power
quality? Most electrical equipment are designed to operate from a power supply
that is to deliver voltages and currents in a purely sinusoidal waveform and to
maintain the voltages and frequency within permissible limits of variation. There
is an expectation on the part of the customer that the supply will be always
available and maintained with tolerances. But this is not economically viable at
the price power is sold.
Unlike many other commodity, the quality of power cannot be assessed before
delivery. Hence the supply companies measure the quality at particular intervals
and take corrective steps to ensure minimum poor power quality levels.
→Supply Interruption:

Is the complete loss of power supply for longer duration which may be caused by
generation and/or distribution station failures, line fault, shedding by the
authorities. They will lead to the complete shutdown of the plant and to
overcome this one must install alternate sources of power such as captive
generation, UPS etc.

→Transients:

They are sudden changes in voltage or current or both, that are momentary in
nature. They may be caused by lightning surges, sudden tripping of grid supply,
sudden switching operations of reactive loads, etc. They may cause irreparable
damage to equipment and installation. The Solution of this is to go for surge
absorbent.

→Transient interruption

This is momentary power failure, lasting generally less than a minute. Usually the
result of auto-reclosers in transmission system, reclosing after the fault. These
may cause data loss and data errors in communication equipment and computers.
Installation of UPS would help overcome this problem.

→Voltage dip/ Voltage surge

These are short duration disturbances, outside the permitted variations. These
are the result of large motor starting or shut down. While the voltage dips may
cause equipment shut down, voltage surges may cause insulation breakdown in
the equipment. Installation of surge absorbers would overcome the problems
caused by surges. For voltage dips, one may have to use alternate power sources
like voltage stabilizer UPS etc., for voltage sensitive equipment.

→Under voltage/Over voltage

These are long duration variations in voltage outside permissible limit. Under
voltage may cause unreliable operation, heating of motors etc. over voltage may
cause insulation damage. To safeguard the equipment from these damages, one
has to go for voltage operated releases/relays which will trip the associated circuit
breakers in any event of abnormality.

→Voltage Unbalance

This is caused by unequal loading of phases in a three phase network. This results
in circulating currents in thus transformers and generators thus cause increased
heating. In the motor’s core which may cause reduced efficiency problems. Care
must be taken to distribute single phase loads equally over the three phases.
Protective measure is to install a voltage balance protection scheme.
 CHAPTER 7
Elevators
7.1. Overview

Lift is an appliance designed to transport persons or materials between two or

more levels in a vertical or substantially vertical direction by means of a car or a
platform.

The Indian regulation for lifts says that a lift is to be provided only when the
building has more than four levels or exceeds 14.5 meters.

The number of lifts to be installed is decided by keeping in mind the possibilities

of future expansions.

The ideal arrangement of the lifts depends on the particular use of the building. If
the building is a multipurpose building then two or more lifts may have to be
installed, then the location of the lifts have to be accordingly planed.

7.2 Types of lifts and drive systems

Lifts are classified on the basis of service, speed and on the basis of drive.
a) On the basis of service. (most common)
→Passenger lifts
→Goods lifts
→Service lifts
→Hospital lifts
 b) On the basis of speed
→High speed lifts
→Low speed lifts

c) On the basis of drive

→Geared
→Non Geared

→ Passenger lifts
As the name suggests the lift is meant of the transport of passengers form one
floor to the other.
These type of lifts are mainly used in residential buildings, offices, hospitals, and
generally wherein passenger movement is required.

→ Goods lifts
These lifts is primarily designed for the movement of goods form one floor to the
other. It may carry the lift attendant or the persons necessary to the respective
floors, for the loading or unloading of the goods.

→ Service lifts
A service lift is a lift which is designed exclusively for carrying materials and not
for humans due to is size constrains. The lift may have a total of 1 m² and a total
internal height of 1.25m. Its carrying capacity should not exceed 250kgs.
→ Hospital Lifts

These lifts are solely installed in hospitals/clinics. They are designed to

accommodate one stretcher along its depth and sufficient space to accommodate
three attendants and the lift operator.

7.3. Installations
Location planning is to be done before installing a lift. Different types of lifts may
have different location advantages, the respective arrangement shall be
determined on every individual case. It is generally found convenient to have
bank near a staircase. However, the location may be selected by keeping in mind
the aspect of fire rescue, i.e. the lift must be placed in such a way that it is
continent to evacuate the building whenever necessary.
The installations of the lift must also comply with the lift act provisioned by the
govt. The popularly used lift act is the Bombay lift act.

A 3-phase, 4-wire, 50Hz, 415V A.C. supply must be provided which terminates at
the lift machine room, with double earthing provisioned.
A single phase 50Hz, 230V A.C. supply is also required for lighting purposes of the
lift machine room and the lift well/column.
Adequate landing lights must be provided on each floor and in the machine room
for maintenance checks.
A hoisting beam or hook above the lift well and trap door.
 Chapter 8
Energy conservation and
management
8.1. Introduction
The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide
services with the least cost and least environmental effects. One definition of
energy management is: “The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize
profits and enhance competitive positions”.
The objective of energy management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy
procurement and utilization throughout the organization and to minimize energy
costs without affecting their quality.

Main principles of energy management systems:

→ Manage energy use at highest efficiency possible.
→ Reusing and recycling energy by cascading.
→ Use the most appropriate technology which is best for the job.
→ Reduce the commonly avoidable losses.

Different energy management strategies are employed to ensure effective energy

management, there are reviewed annually and revised if necessary.
→ Identifying a strategic corporate approach
The starting point in energy management id to identify a strategic corporate
approach to energy management. Clear accountability for energy management
needs to be established, appropriate financial and staffing and resources mist be
allocated, and reporting procedures initiated. An energy management program
requires commitment form the whole organization in order to be successful.

→ Appoint an energy manager

The energy manger, who d=should be a senior staff member, will be responsible
for the overall coordination of the program and will report directly to the top
management. Energy managers need to have a technical background, need to be
familiar with the organization’s activities and have appropriate technical support.

→ Set up an energy monitoring and reporting system

Successful energy management requires the establishment of a system to collect,
analyze and report on the organization’s energy costs and consumption. This will
enable an overview of energy use and it’s relate costs, as well as facilitating the
identification of savings that might otherwise not be detected. The system need
to record both historical and ongoing energy uses, as well as cost information
form billing data, and be capable of producing summary reports on a regular
basis. This information will provide the means by which the trends can be
analyzed and tariffs reviewed.

→ Conduct energy audit

An energy audit established both where and how energy is being used and
potential for energy savings it includes a walk though survey, a view of energy
using systems, analysis of energy used and the preparation of energy budget and
provides a baseline from which energy consumption can be compared over time.
An audit can be conducted by an employee of the organization who has
appropriate expertise or by a specialist-auditing firm. An energy audit report also
includes recommendation for actions, which will result in energy and cost savings.
It should also indicate the costs and savings for each recommended actions and
the priority order of implementations

8.2. Conducting an “energy audit”

This is a key to a systematic approach for decision making in the area of energy
management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and
serves to identify all the energy streams in the facility.
It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functioning. Industrial energy
audit is an efficient tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy
management program.
As per the energy conservation act, 2001. “The verification, monitoring and
analysis of use of energy including submissions of technical report containing
recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and
an action plan to reduce energy consumption.”

.
 Chapter 9
Engine Alternator (EI) Sets

9.1. Overview
A standby power supply is mandatory in all telecom exchange buildings. It is
usually from and diesel engine alternator set. The diesel engine is the prime
mover which rotates he alternator set and the alternator produces electrical
energy. In the first stage of energy conversion the chemical energy of the fuel
(diesel) is converted to mechanical energy at the common shaft of the engine
alternator. This mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy at the
alternator at the second stage of energy conversion.

9.2. Principle of operation

Alternator works on faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. There are two
requirements for the working of the alternator. 1) Magnetic field & 2) Rotation.
Magnetic field is produced by passing direct current through the field windings of
the alternator and rotation is achieved by the means of coupling the alternator to
the engine. The automatic voltage regulator is provided in the alternator for
maintaining the terminal voltage within the close limits over wide operating
condition.
9.3. Diesel Engine

→ Lubrication systems
The moving parts of the diesel engine are lubricated for their optimum operation
by this lubrication systems. A dipstick in the oil tank serves to check the oil level.
The lube oil level is the lubricant oil pressure that is to be checked for satisfactory
performance and long life of the engine. The engine is relived of frictional loses,
heating issues, and wear and tear issues.
The system is to be regularly checked for high oil consumption, low oil pressures,
high oil pressures, oil in coolant, coolant in oil, and fuel in oil.

→Fueling systems
Depending on the position of the fuel, the fuel is supplied to the distributing pipe
through fuel filter either by natural head form an elevated tank or by a fuel pump.
Fuel id supplied inside the cylinder by injection nozzles.
The fuel controls the quantity of fuel to each cylinder, ensures that fuel is
delivered at correct time, at the correct condition, and govern the engine speed.
The problems that the engine fuel systems needs to be checked regularly are
engine starting an loading problems, surging, high fuel consumption, and wear of
fuel components.

→ Air systems
For the engine to run the combustion chamber need a sufficient supply of fresh
and filtered air. After the combustion the exhaust gasses have to be taken out of
the combustion chamber through a suitable ducting or piping. This is known as
exhaust system of the engine.
The engine may malfunction if the air system provides insufficient air for
combustion. This may result in unburnt diesel, loss of power, and excessive
exhaust temperatures.
→ Cooling systems
Cooling systems in essential for cooling the engine body, and to act as a heat
exchange for lubricating oil this can be either water cooled or air cooled.
Malfunctioning of cooling system may cause over heating of the engine and
ultimately seizure of the engine.

→ Starting systems
The diesel engine can be equipped with starting system i.e. with an electric starter
with a pinion, which engages with the fly wheel of the engine. The power to the
electric starter is provided by the means of a battery which is kept in charged
condition by the means of a dynamo or a rectifier.

9.3.1. Acoustic treatment of the generator room

The sound proof treatment of the generator room has become very important
because of CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) norms. The following has to
done to sound proof the generator room.
1) The acoustic treatment of the room is to be designed for minimum 25dB
insertion loos. Final sound level shall not be more 75dB at a distance if 1m.
2) Mineral glass wool of density 24kg/cubic meter & 75mm thickness
conforming to IS-8183 should be used.
3) High quality gaskets are to be used to avoid leakage of sound.
4) A specially designed large pusher fan or axial flow fan for forced ventilation
inside the room shall be provided.
5) Specially designed circuitry to ensure the fan starts when the generator is
switched on, and when the generator is switched off the fan must
automatically to AC mains which continues to run for minimum 3 minutes
to ensure that the engine is cooled.
6) The temperature inside the enclosure shall not exceed 5°C then the
ambient temperature during testing.
9.2. Selection and Installation
To select a diesel generator, we need to understand the types of load it has to
supply.
There are two types of loads
1) Linear loads
2) Non-Linear loads

→ LINEAR LOADS
A linear load is one for which load impedance remains constant regardless of
applied voltage. For alternating current, current increases proportionally as the
voltage increases and decreases proportionallyas the voltage decreases. Motor,
incandescent lighting and heating load etc. are linear in nature. For a sinusoidal
voltage, the current is also sinusoidal, these are called linear loads.

→ NON LINEAR LOADS

A non-linear load is one in which the load current is not proportional to the
instantaneous voltage. Often, the load current is not continuous. Solid state
devices are non-linear in nature. Rectifier load, thyristor load, computer load, etc.
are non-liner in nature. Non-linear load currents are not sinusoidal in nature even
when the source is sine wave.
9.2.1. Factors Affecting Rating of Engine Alternator Sets
While selecting an Engine-alternator set, proper deration should be allowed
sothat engine should not under perform at the site. Following factors should be
considered for deration of engine or the alternator.

→ Altitude

Engines are generally rated for atmospheric pressure at mean sea level. As the
altitude increases the density of air starts reducing. Low pressure injection to the
engine results in lower output and therefore, deration is allowed for higher
altitudes.

→ Temperatures

Ambient air temperature is important for cooling of engine and alternator. As the
air temperature rises the engine temperature also goes up and therefore, a
deration factor is used. Winding resistance of alternator also increases with
increase in temperature.

→ Humidity

Efficiency of the engine reduces with increase in relative humidity of supply air.
For more humid applications the engine is suitably derated.

→Non linear

Non-linear load on the alternator is also important factor. Most of the alternators
are designed for 40% non-linear load applications. In case the non-linear load
increases this value, the alternator should be properly sized.
9.2.2. Selection Approach of a Diesel EI Set
For selecting the capacity of an Engine-alternator, the following factors are
considered

i) Linear load.
ii) Non-linear
iii) Altitude
iv) Ambient temperature
v) Relative humidity

9.3. Selection of an alternator

For selecting the capacity of alternator, the following steps should be followed.

i) Calculate the nonlinear load to be fed by EA set after applying the factor for
each and every type of load (say x KVA).

ii) Calculate the linear load to be fed by EA set after applying the load factor for
each and every type of load (say Y KVA).

iii) After considering the derating of alternator on account of nonlinear load

select, the alternator as to meet the total load requirements (X+Y KVA), and X KVA
nonlinear load for telecom applications.
9.4. Selection of an Engine
For engines, there is no need to derate engine capacity on account of nonlinear
load. However, the engine selection shall be made on the basis of derating
atmospheric conditions e.g. altitude, ambient temperature and humidity.

9.5. Latest installation practices of EA set

→ Microprocessor based AMF control panel

1. Close coupling between Engine and Alternator

2. Diesel tank is fabricated as a welded part of Base Channel

3. Starting battery is in the frame which is welded the base channel

4. The control panel is mounted on the alternator

5. The exhaust silencer is supported from the Base Channel

 Chapter 10
Fire Protection Systems

Introduction:
A telecom installation with high concentration of cables and electronics switching
equipment within relatively small areas constitute a high risk of heat and fire. To
prevent the extremely expensive electronics form fire damage, fire prevention is
one of the prime importance in telecom industries.

Definition:
Fire resistance is a property of a building to withstand, resist flame penetration
and resistance to temperature rise on the unexposed side/face.
An automatic fire detection and alarm system may consists of the following:
→Fire detectors
→Sounders
→Control Panels
→Additional Accessories.

The installed systems must detect an outbreak of fire without manual

intervention and alert the occupants of the building through a siren
(Audio/Visual).
The fire protection is scaled in terms of FAR (Floor Area Ratio).
Fire protection
Fire protection measures in a buildingcan be classified in two parts:

→ PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Passive fire protection measures are those which are adopted at the planning
stage of building or facility such as:

1. Provision of adequate fire resistance ofthe structure.

2. Provision of proper FAR, open spaces, supply etc.

3. Provision of adequate access sufficient and readily available water to for fire
brigade,

→ ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES

Active fire protection measures are those which operate (manual/Automatic) in

the event of outbreak of fire such as

1. Provision of suitable and adequate Fire detection system with audio visual
alarm.

2. Wet riser & fire Extinguisher.

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES
Telephone exchange buildings have been classified as E4 business buildings in the
Code India". As such building Materials suitable retardant ability as mentioned
therein shall only be provided.

The features of passive fire protection:

I. The panels of partitions shall be of fire retarding Material having metallic frame.
The thickness of glass in glazed partitions shall be of min 5.5 mm.

2. All furniture in technical rooms shall be of steel. Plastic or wooden furniture

should not be used.

3. Jute matting shall not be permitted for floor covering in telephone exchange.

4. Compulsory open spaces around the building (i.e4.5 meter) shall be provided
and shall not be used for parking. The minimum radius at the tunings shall
not be less than 9 meter. The width of entry shall not be less than 5 meter (clear).

5. Openings in wall and floors shall be sealed by compressed asbestos fiber mixed
with cement or vermi culete concrete or any other filler material having a fire
resistance of2 hrs.

6. The electronic switch room, OMC shall be separated from other areas by walls
having a minimum fire resistance of hrs.

7. Entry doors of lifts, lobby, corridors, staircase lobby, should have at least 1
Hour fire resistance.

8. Escape routes shall be marked clearly with red arrows and should be free from
all obstructions.

9. Provision of Emergency lights in corridors, staircase lobbies, etc. as well as in

rooms.

10. Provision of inter communication or any other suitable communication system

in lift car connected with reception/control room.
11. No articles cotton wastes etc. should be stored the back of switch boards.

12. Temporary wiring or extension circuits shall not ordinarily permitted.

Extension circuits/temporary wiring shall be installed under the supervision of
officer in charge of Electrical maintenance.

13. Cable trenches inside substation shall be filled with pebbles or sand, and
covered with reinforced concrete slabs or steel plates.

14. It is absolutely essential to ensure that fuse wire of connect rating only, are
used in distribution system,

15. Wherever fire lifts are installed, the words "FIRE LIFT” should be conspicuously
displayed.

AUTOMATIC DETECTION SYSTEM

Every building above 15 m and all exchanges which are 1K and above of shall be
provided with an automatic fire detection system in addition to manual fire alarm
system. In case of E-10 B exchanges, false floor shall constitute separate zones.

The detectors shall be of rate of type and smoke type wherever smoke detectors
provided, a mixture of photoelectric and ionization type will be used.

A control indication panel to which detection be installed in the fire circuits in all
the zones are connected, floor of control room or in the main entrance lobby on
the ground the fire the building. Light indications on the panels shall unable the
fire to identify the fire site.

The alarm system shall provide both alert system and evacuation alarm with
different distinctive tones.
The alarm system shall have a battery backup so that in case of mains failure, the
backup batteries take over and feed the power to the system.

A non-exchange direct fire emergency magneto telephone shall be provided in

the equipment room to all Telecom buildings for direct communication with the
fire brigade. One of the extensions of the exchange exceptional tele line shall also
be available at the ground floor hi the san try cabin or at the reception. The fire
telephone shall be tested daily.

FIREFIGHTING APPLIANCES
Sufficient number of fire Extinguishers (portable type) shall be bring or kept in
shelves or mounted on wheels at conspicuous places (but not too close to the
equipment). The operating instructions shall be clearly printed on the body of
extinguishers.

Sufficient quality of refills for the extinguishers shall be stored.

Two water buckets and too sand buckets shall be provided at each floor.

All firefighting appliances shall be maintained in working condition.

For more details the latest "Fire protection manual" of the department can be
referred.
Fire Fighting System

To understand firefighting systems, one has to have an in-depth knowledge of fire

itself and its types.

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) extinguishers have standardized

fire into four types.

→ CLASS A

Fire in ordinary combustible materials(Wood, cloth, paper, etc.) Extinguished

using water or foam.

→ CLASS B
Fire in inflammable liquids, gasses etc. Extinguished using foam, CO2, dry
powder.

→ CLASS C

Fire in live electrical equipment. Extinguished using CO2 and Halon.

→ CLASS D

Fire in reactive metals (Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, etc.) Extinguished

using special dry chemical powder.
Wet Riser System
A charged vertical water main inside a building connected to a water main or an
automatic stationary pump and fitted with internal hydrants, landing valves and
hose reels for tapping water at various floors.

→DOWN COMER

A wet riser fed from an overhead tank installed on the terrace of the building.

→DRY RISER

A vertical water main inside a building, not normally connected to a water main or
an automatic stationary pump, with an inlet at street level, through which water
can be pumped by fire service pumps to hydrants outlets or hose reels at various
floors.

→JOCKEY PUMP

A pump of small capacity which is set to come into operation, automatically with
drop in static pressure in the system and to automatically stop when the preset
value of pressure is obtained again.

→FIRE PUMP

An electric /diesel pump at static water tank to charge the wet riser system.

→STANDBY PUMP

A pump of same capacity as fire pump, driven by a diesel engine or connected to

another alternate source of electric supply.

→LANDING VALVE
An assembly comprising valve(s) and outlet (s) connection from a risersystem.
→HOSE REEL
Firefighting equipment, consisting of length or tubing fitted with a shutoff nozzle
and connected to a reel with a permanent connection to a pressurized water
supply.

→AIR RELEASE VALVE

A device by which the trapped air inside a riser main is expelled by water as the
system is being charged.

→PRESSURE SWITCH
A switch connected on delivery line fire pump at preset pressure so designed to
automatically start the fire or jockey pump, as the case may be, as the pressure in
the system falls below the preset value.
All high rise buildings shall be provided with riser system as per local fire laws, in
case there fire buildings above 15. In height shall be protected by a wet riser
system. A wet riser is an arrangement for firefighting within the building by
means of vertical rising mains not less than 100m.m. internal dia. Withhydrant
outlets and hose reels on each floor landing connected to a water tank with a
water pump and an overhead tank. The size and No. of internal vertical & mains
depends upon the height of building and floor area. A fire brigade inlet at ground
level fitted with a non-return valve is also provided for charging the rising main
with a fire brigade Pump in case of failure of fire Pump, Fire brigade inlet
connection is also provided for the underground static water storage tank.

→COVERAGE OF WET RISER

For buildings above 15 meter. In height one wet riser for every 1000 sq. meter or
part therefore of floor area shall be provided. The riser shall be fully charged with
a minimum Pressure of 3kg/square cm. at the top most landing at all times and
shall be automatic in operation. The hydrant shall be so located that it is not
father than 30 meter from any point in the area covered.
Wet Riser System Components

1. ELECTRICAL FIRE PUMP

The electric fire pump shall be suitable for automatic operation complete with
necessary electric motor and automatic starting gear, suitable for operation on
415 volts 3 phase 50 Hz. A.C. system. Both the motor and the pump shall be an
assembled on a common bed plate, fabricated MS, channel type or cast iron type.
The pump shall be only directly driven by means of a flexible coupling. Coupling
guard shall also be provided.

→ FIRE PUMP
The fire pump shall be horizontal split casing centrifugal type. It shall have to
deliver 1800/2400 rpm as specified, developing adequate heed so as to ensure a
minimum pressure of 3kg/ cm at the highest and farthest outlet. The delivery
pressure at pump outlet shall be 7Kg/cm in any case.
The pump casing shall be of cast iron and parts like impeller, shaft sleeve, wearing
ring etc. shall be of non-corrosive metal like bronze/brass gm metal. The shaft
shall be of stainless steel.
Of the pump shall be effectively scaled to prevent loss of lubricant or entry of dust
or water.
The pump casing shall be designed to withstand I s times the working pressure.
→ MOTOR
The motor shall be squirrel cage AC induction type suitable for operation on 4.5
volts 3 phase 50 Hz system, The motor shall be totally fan cooled type conforming
to protection class IP 21 vide IS4691. The class of insulation shall be type B. The
synchronous speed shall be 1500 3000 RPM as specified. Themotor shall be rated
for continuous duty and shall have a horse Power ratingnecessary to drive the
pump at 150 percent of its rated discharge with at least 65% rated head.

→MOTOR STARTER
The motor starter shall be automatic start delta type conforming to IS: 1822-1967
as amended up-to-date. The unit shall include suitable cument transformer and
ammeter of suitable range on one line to indicate the current The starter shall not
incorporate under voltage, no voltage trip, overload or SPP.

2. DIESEL FIRE PUMP

This is a standby fire pump operated by a diesel engine, The diesel pump set shall
be suitable for automatic operation complete with necessary automatic starting
gear for starting on wet battery system and shall be completed with all
accessories, Both engine and pump shall be assembled on a common bed plate
fabricated from mild steel channel type. The pump shall be only direct driven by
means of a flexible coupling. Coupling guard shall also be provided. The speed
shall be 1500/1800 RPM as specified.

SPECIFICATIONS
→ FIRE PUMP:
Same as electric fire pump.
→ Diesel Engine
The Engine be shall be cold starting type without the necessity of preliminary
heating of theengine cylinder or combustion chamber. The engine shall be mutli
cylinder/vertical 4 stroke cycle, water cooled diesel engine, devolving suitable
H.P. at operating speedspecified to drive the fire pump. The capacity shall be at
least 20% greater than the required to drive the pump at its duty point. It shall
also be capable of the rated discharge at 65%, of rated head. The engine shall of
continuous hours and at least 3000 hours in any period. The engine shall have
load capacity for one of 12 hours.

3. PIPING FOR WET RISER SYSTEM

The wet riser system piping shall comprise cast iron or galvanized iron pipe work
as specified with and necessary C.I. or G.I fitting and accessories pipe shall be
used in location where the pipes are buried under ground. Gl. pipes shall be used
in other locations. The wet riser piping system shall remain pressurized at all
times during operation and as such the piping work shall be out to with stand the
same.
G.I. pipes and accessories and fittings shall be of heavy class conforming to IS1239
part I/1974 and part II/1979 as amended up-to-date, hot dip galvanized to grade-
1. The pipe joints shall be flanged with smooth faced flanged.
G.I. pipes shall be of class B to lS 1537-1976 and fittings shall be of heavy to IS
1538-1976. The flanged shall be smooth faced.

4. AIR VESSEL AND RELEASE VALVE

Air vessel on top of each wet riser piping shall be fabricated of at least 10m.m
thick steel to with stand the pressure, with dished ends and supporting legs. This
shall be of 450 mm diameter and 2m high. This shall be complete with necessary
flame connection to the wet riser piping and air release valve with necessary
piping to meet thefunctional requirement of the system. The air vessel shall be of
continuous welded constructions and galvanized. This shall be tested for twice the
working Pressure.
5. RING MAIN AND YARD HYDRANT
In the open compounds a ring main or tree main with suitable no, of yard
hydrants shall also be provided so that one hydrant is available at every 60 meter
length of the building. Each hydrant point shall be provided with a hose Box with
2 Nos 15 meter length hose pipes. The hydrant main shall be buried at a minimum
depth of 1 meter, below ground level. Yard hydrant shall be of stand post type
conforming to IS: 908. 1975 and stand post for single outlet flame riser and single
headed brass/gunmetal valve.

6. HOSE REELS AND HOSE BOXES

First aid hose reels and hose boxes installed on all floors of the buildings. The
hose reels shall be connected to one of the female couplings of twin couplings of
landing values of the installation by means of an adapter. The hose boxes shall be
provided with two 15 meter hoses. Length 63mm hose pipes with coupling and
one branch pipe nozzle.
Hose pipes shall be rubber linen woven jacketed and 63mm in diameter. They
shall conform to type-2 of IS 636-1979 as amended up-to-date. The hose shall be
sufficiently flexible and capable of being rolled.
 Bibliography

→en.wikipedia.org
→Electrical today
→BSNL Training program Hand book (Handout).
→www.learningaboutelectronics.com
→electrical4u.com
→www.dot.gov.in