One day Seminar on Energy Efficient Machinery for Building

19 Mei 2016
Bromo Room, Gedung Pusat Niaga, 6th Floor
JAKARTA INTERNATIONAL EXPO, KEMAYORAN

REFRIGERAN

Ari D. Pasek
ASHRAE INDONESIA CHAPTER
STANDAR ASHRAE MENGENAI REFRIGERAN

• Standard 34, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants;

• Standard 15, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems;
• Standard 147, Reducing the Release of Halogenated Refrigerants from
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Equipment.

Equivalen ISO standard:

ISO 817 ≡ ASHRAE 34
ISO 5149 ≡ ASHRAE 15
REFRIGERAN

KELOMPOK REFRIGERAN
REFRIGERAN HALOKARBON
REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ORGANIK ‘CYCLIC’
REFRIGERAN AZEOTROP
REFRIGERAN ZEOTROP
REFRIGERAN ORGANIK
REFRIGERAN ANORGANIK
REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ORGANIK TAK JENUH

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REFRIGERAN HALOKARBON

JENIS REFRIGERAN HALOKARBON

• SERI METANA, Contoh: R-11, R-12, R-22, R-32
• SERI ETANA, Contoh: R-134a, R-152a
• SERI PROPANA, Contoh: (R-216ca, R-218)

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 PENOMORAN REFRIGERAN HALOKARBON,
ASHRAE 34
R-XXXX
Jumlah atom F
Jumlah atom H + 1
Jumlah atom C - 1 (tidak ditulis bila nol)
Jumlah ikatan karbon tak jenuh (tidak ditulis bila nol)

REFRIGERAN LAIN
R-4XX: refrigeran zeotrop
R-5XX: refrigeran azeotrop
R-6XX: refrigeran organik
R-7XX: refrigeran anorganik
Untuk isomer yang berbeda, tambahkan a atau A, dst.

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HALOKARBON TURUNAN METANA

H
C H

F Cl F F

Cl F H H
C Cl C F C Cl C H

Cl Cl F F

CFC-11 CFC-12 HCFC-22 HFC-32

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 Jumlah atom H
Jumlah Atom
Cl F 4-H 3–H 2-H 1–H 0–H
CCl4 0-F CH4 CH3Cl CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4
R-10 R-50 R-40 R-30 R-20 R-10
-164,0 -23,74 40 61,2 76,7

1–F CH3F CH2ClF CHCl2F CCl3F

R-41 R-31 R-21 R-11
CHCl3 CFCl3
R-20 R-11 -78,0 -9,0 8,9 23,7

2–F CH2F2 CHClF2 CCl2F2

R-32 R-22 R-12
-51,6 -40,8 -29,8
CH2Cl2 CHFCl2 CF2Cl2
R-30 R-21 R-12 3–F CHF3 CClF3
R-23 R-13
-82,2 -81,5

4–F CF4
CH3Cl CH2FCl CHF2Cl CF3Cl R-14
R-40 R-31 R-22 R-13
-127,8

CH4 CH33Cl,
CH F CH2F2 CHF3 CF4
R-50 R-41
R-40 R-32 R-23 R-14
HALOKARBON
H F
GUGUS METANA

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 Cl
H

F
C HCFC-123
C Cl
F
H
H
F
H
C TURUNAN ETANA
C
H H
H
H F

F
C HFC-134a
C
F H

F
H
F
H H F
C
C
H C
F C FC-218
H C F
C
F
H F
H
F
H
TURUNAN PROPANA

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 Cl

C2Cl6
R-110

CCCl
2HCl5 C 2FCl3
CCl
R-1204 R-1114
R-10 R-10

HALOKARBON GUGUS
ETANA C H Cl
CCl
2
R-1304
2 4 C2HFCl4
CCl
R-1214
CCCl
2F2Cl4
R-1124
R-10 R-10 R-10

C2H3Cl3 C2H2 FCl3 C HF Cl C

CFCl CFCl
CCl
2 2 3
2F3Cl3
CFCl
R-140 R-131 R-1224 R-113
3 R-10
3 3

C2H4Cl2 C2H3 FCl2 C2H2 F2Cl2 C HF Cl

CF CFCl C 2F4Cl2
CFCl
2C CCl
2 3 2

R-150 R-141 R-124 R-1234 R-114

l2 R-10
3 3

C2H5 Cl C2H4FCl C2H3 F2Cl C H F Cl C HF Cl C2F5Cl

R-151 R-142b
CF
2
3C
R-133
2 3
CCl
CFCl
2
R-1244
4
CCl 4
R-160 R-115
l R-10
3 R-10

C 2H5F C2H4F2 C2H3F3 CCF

2H2F4 C2HF5
CFCl C2F6
C2H6 CH
R-1613 R-152a R-143a 4
R-134a R-125
R-170 R-14 R-116
Cl, 3
H F
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REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ORGANIK
‘CYCLIC’
R-C316 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane
(C4Cl2F6)
R-C317 chloroheptafluorocyclobutane (C4ClF7)
R-C318 octafluorocyclobutane (C4F8)

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REFRIGERAN CAMPURAN ZEOTROP

 Campuran yang dapat dipisahkan dengan cara destilasi

 Contoh
• R-401A: R-22(53%) + R-152a(13%) + R-124(34%)
• R-402B: R-125(38%) + R-290(2%) + R-22(60%)
• R-403B: R-22(56%) + R-218(39%) + R-290(5%)
• R-410A: R-125 (50%) + R-32(50%)

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SIFAT REFRIGERAN CAMPURAN ZEOTROPIK
Glide Temperature

garis isotermal
T

Tekanan

Tg 3 2 temperature glide di
dalam kondensor

Tf
1 temperature glide di
4 dalam evaporator

Entalpi

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SIFAT REFRIGERAN CAMPURAN ZEOTROPIK
Fractionation
Fraksionasi rendah Fraksionasi tinggi,
Temperatur glide kecil Temperatur glide
besar

Near Azeotrope Refrigerant: Refrigeran dengan fraksionasi dan temperatur glide

yang kecil 13
REFRIGERAN CAMPURAN AZEOTROP
 Campuran yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan cara destilasi
 Contoh:
• R-500 R-12 (73.8%) + R-152a (26.2%)
Temperatur azeotrop: 0oC
• R-502 R-22 (48.8%) + R-115 (51.2%)
Temperatur azeotrop: 19oC
T

Titik Azeotropik

XA x

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REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ORGANIK

 R-600 Butana CH3CH2CH2CH3

 R-600a Isobutana CH(CH3)3
 R-610ethyl ether C2H5OC2H5
 R-611methyl format HCOOCH3
 R-630methyl amine CH3NH2
 R-631ethyl amine C2H5NH2

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REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ANORGANIK

 R-702hidrogen
 R-704helium
 R-717amonia
 R-718air
 R-744CO2
 R-764SO2

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REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ORGANIK TAK JENUH

 R-1130 1,2-dichloroethylene CHCl=CHCl

 R-1150 Ethylene CH2=CH2
 R-1270 Propylene C3H6

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TINGKAT RACUN DAN KEMUDAHAN TERBAKAR (LAMA)
KELOMPOK KELOMPOK TINGKAT RACUN
TINGKAT NYALA A B
Kelas 1 A1 B1
Kelas 2 A2 B2
Kelas 3 A3 B3*
KELOMPOK TINGKAT NYALA
Refrigeran diklasifikasi menjadi tiga kelompok tingkat nyala yaitu:
Kelas 1: refrigeran yang tidak menunjukkan perambatan api (flame propagation), jika
diuji di udara pada 101 kPa (14.7 psia) dan 18oC (65oF)
Kelas 2: LFL > 0,10 kg/m3 atau 3,5 % volume pada 21oC dan 101 kPa
kalor pembakaran < 19 000 kJ/kg
Kelas 3: LFL < 0,10 kg/m3 atau 3,5 % volume pada 21oC dan 101 kPa
kalor pembakaran > 19 000 kJ/kg
KELOMPOK TINGKAT RACUN
Refrigeran diklasifikasikan menjadi dua kelompok tingkat racun yaitu:
Kelompok A: adalah refrigeran yang mempuyai LC50  10 000 ppm
Kelompok B: adalah refrigeran yang mempunyai LC50 < 10 000 ppm

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 LFL = Lower Flammability Limit

UFL= Upper Flammability Limit

0% 100 %

LFL [Volume%] UFL [Volume%]

R-600a 1.95 R-600a 9.1
Propane 2.1 Propane 9.5

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 Titik Nyala, oC

0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
TITIK NYALA

R-11

R-12

R-134a

R-502

R22

R-600a

R-290

R-600

Uap Pelumas
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 SAFETY AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Stage International USA Europe Indonesia

•ISO817(2005) – New 2014 •EN817 •SNI IEC 60335-1:2009

•ASHRAE34(2010) •SNI IEC 60335-2-40:2009
Refrigerant and Equipment •ISO5149(1993) – New 2014 •EN378
•ASHRAE15 •SNI IEC 60335-2-24:2009

Peraturan Dirjen IUBTT No. 30/2013

Production •IEC60335-2-40, ed 4.0 (2002), •ATEX（Explosion proof）
4.1 (2005), 4.2 (2005) •Pressure equipment directive (PED) •SNI 7647:2010

•GHS
•GHS(←UNRTDG)
Refrigerant and Equipment • ADR (Road transport) • SNI 06-6501.1-2000
•IATA(Air） ・DOT
Transportation • IMDG (Marine) • SNI 13-3619-1994
•IMDG（Marine）
• RID (Railway)
Refrigerant and Equipment • SNI 06-6501.1-2000
Storage • SNI 19-1959-1990
•EN378
Installation •IEC60335-2-40(2002) •ASHRAE15 • SNI 06-6500-2000
•ATEX
•EN60335-2-40
•ASHRAE15 •SNI 19-6713-2002
Operation •EN378
•UL1995 •SNI 03-6390-2000
•ATEX
•SNI 06-6500-2000
•IEC60335-2-40, ed 4.0 (2002),
•CAA608 •SNI 06-6501.2-2000
Service 4.1 (2005), 4.2 (2005), 2-
•ASHRAE147 •SNI IEC 60335-2-40:2009
40(2002)
•SNI IEC 60335-2-24:2009

Disposal ・CAA608
 FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION ISO 817:2014
Refrigerant Ignition Temp.
oC

R-22 630
R-410A > 750
R-32 648
R-290 465
A3
Refrigerant MIE
mJ
1234yf R-32 30 - 100
A2
R-290 0.25

R32 A2L
Refrigerant BV
cm/s
A3 A2 Burning Velocity (≤ 10 cm/s)
R-32 6.7
R-290 46
ISO 5149:2014

• ISO for assigning Safety and Environmental

Requirements;
• Define requirements for the safety of persons and property
• Relaxation for 2L class (e.g. hazardous area standards,
removed);
• Contains 4 chapters:
• Part 1: Definitions, classification and selection Criteria;
• Part 2: Design, construction, testing, marking and
documentation;
• Part 3: Installation site (including in and outdoor);
• Part 4: Operation, maintenance, repair and recovery.
• Refers to other ISO standards such as ISO 5149.
ISO 5149:2014

• Changes in charge sizes for 2L

• Cap limit increased by a factor of 1.5 (boundary limit);
• No charge restriction for systems (2L) located in open
air or in machinery rooms;

• Limits on chillers using A3 (HC)

• 1kg / 5 kg below / above ground floor level;
• HC: 1,5 kg, limit in refrigeration systems that are wholly
or partly located in a human occupied space.
ISO 5149:2014

• The amount of flammable refrigerant depends on a number

of factors:
• Location of equipment, e.g. below or above ground
level;
• Occupancy of area being cooled, e.g. unrestricted
access by the public or authorized access only;
• Type of system, e.g. direct expansion or secondary /
refrigeration or air conditioning.
• The limits are different for comfort cooling / heating and
non-comfort cooling / heating applications.
ISO 5149:2014

Low charge on HC chillers outdoor (max 5 Kg)

• Chillers are often located in populated areas such as large

buildings or commercial spaces;
• Certain limits should be in even outdoors, since an ignition
can happen with HC release;
• HC has low LFL and rather lower molar mass; therefore, in
many cases the dilution by gravity and velocity are not
sufficient. Removing these restrictions would put people’s
lives at risk.
CHARGE LIMITS FOR A3 (1)
• Charge limits are determined by:
mmax = 2.5 x LFL5/4 x h0 x A1/2 ho = height of unit, m

0.6floor
1window
1.8wall
2.2ceiling
CHARGE LIMITS FOR A3 (2)
CHARGE LIMITS FOR A2L (1)
• Charge limits are determined by: ho = height of unit, m
mmax = 2.5 x LFL5/4 x h0 x A1/2
0.6floor
1window
1.8wall
2.2ceiling
CHARGE LIMITS FOR A2L (2)