PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Amlan K. Sengupta, PhD PE

Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Module – 8: Cantilever and Continuous Beams

Lecture – 33: Continuous Beams (Part 1)

Welcome back to prestressed concrete structures. This is the second lecture of Module 8
on cantilever and continuous beams. In this lecture we shall study continuous beams.

(Refer Slide Time: 1:16)

After the introduction, we shall study the analysis of continuous beams, incorporation of
moment due to reactions and pressure line due to the prestressing force.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:43)

Beams are made continuous over the supports to increase structural integrity. A
continuous beam provides an alternate load path in the case of failure at a section. In
regions with high seismic risk, continuous beams and frames are preferred in buildings
and bridges. A continuous beam is a statically indeterminate structure.

Earlier, when we talked about simply supported beams, we found that the calculation of
demand moment and the demand shear is easy, and it follows the conventional
expressions in the structural analysis text books. However, the advantages of a
continuous beam as compared to a simply supported beam are as follows.
(Refer Slide Time: 3:38)

First, for the same span and section, the vertical load capacity is more; that means, if we
have the same span and same geometric section for a continuous beam and a
corresponding simply supported beam, we will find that we can apply more vertical load
on the continuous beam.

Next, the mid span deflection is less for a continuous beam as compared to a simply
supported beam. Since there are hogging moments at the two ends of an intermediate
span in a continuous beam, the deflection at the middle of the span is reduced.
(Refer Slide Time: 4:46)

Third, the depth at a section can be less than a simply supported beam for the same span;
that means, given the same span and same load, if we use a continuous beam it will have
a reduced depth compared to a simply supported beam. This implies that the continuous
beam is economical regarding the material.

The fourth advantage is that there is redundancy in the load path. There is possibility of
formation of hinges in case of an extreme event. If one section fails, there is an alternate
load path in a continuous beam, and the whole beam will not come down as it happens in
a simply supported beam if it fails in the middle.

The fifth advantage is that a continuous beam requires less number of anchorages of
tendons. If a bridge is made of simply supported spans, then anchorage is needed at each
end of each span; whereas, if the bridge is made with some continuous spans, then the
number of anchorages can be reduced as compared to the number required in simply
supported spans.
(Refer Slide Time: 6:06)

There are of course several disadvantages of a continuous beam as compared to a simply

supported beam. The disadvantages are as follows.

First, a continuous beam is difficult to analyze and design. In our course, we had placed
more emphasis on the simply supported beam because it is easy to understand the
analysis and design principles for a simply supported beam at the beginning. For a
continuous beam, the analysis procedure is more rigorous as compared to a simply
supported beam.

The second disadvantage is that there are difficulties in construction, especially for
precast members.

A simply supported member can be precast somewhere else, transported to the site and
placed on the supports. But, if it is a continuous beam, then it becomes difficult to
introduce continuity in the precast member. This is one difficulty for which many times
in bridges, simply supported spans are preferred.
(Refer Slide Time: 7:16)

The third difficulty is increased frictional loss due to changes of curvature in the cable
profile. For a cable running through the spans and the supports, there will be more
changes in curvature, and this will create increased frictional loss throughout the length
of the beam.

The fourth disadvantage is increased shortening of beam leading to lateral forces on the
supporting columns or piers. As the beam shortens due to the effect of creep and
shrinkage, this will induce some forces in the supports, and these forces need to be
considered during the design of the supports.

The fifth disadvantage is that secondary stresses develop due to time dependent effects
like creep and shrinkage, settlement of support and variation of temperature. The
continuous beam is a statically indeterminate structure, and hence it is subjected to
secondary stresses which generate due to creep and shrinkage, variation of temperature
and settlement of the support. A simply supported beam is a statically determinate
system. This does not have secondary stresses due to the settlement of the supports or due
to the change in temperature.
(Refer Slide Time: 9:14)

The sixth disadvantage is that the concurrence of maximum moment and shear near the
supports needs proper detailing of reinforcement. For a simply supported beam, the
maximum moment usually occurs around the middle of the span and the maximum shear
occurs near the end supports. Thus, the zone of maximum moment and the zone of
maximum shear are different; whereas in a cantilever beam, which we have seen last time
and in a continuous beam, the zone of maximum moment and the zone of maximum
shear are both close to the support. Hence, the designing of the section and the detailing
of the reinforcement near the support need special attention in a cantilever and a
continuous beam.

The seventh disadvantage is that reversal of moments due to seismic forces requires
proper analysis and design. In high seismic regions, continuous beams are preferred
because they have redundancy within the structure. But if we are designing a continuous
beam for seismic forces, then there are chances of reversal of moments and in such a
situation it has to be accounted for in the analysis and design.
To illustrate the examples of continuous beam, this is a sketch of a continuous beam in a
building.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:54)

At the end we have one span which we call the end span, and then the subsequent spans
are called intermediate spans. The end span usually has higher positive moment in the
span, as compared to the intermediate spans. Hence, the moment value of the end span is
usually different from the other intermediate spans. Observe that the columns can be
assumed to be beam supports because the moments on the two sides of the column can
balance each other. Hence, a beam in a frame can be idealized as a continuous beam with
beam supports.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:00)

This is a photograph of a continuous beam in a bridge and here you observe that at the
support region, the tendons have been brought up and again after the support region they
go down. In a continuous beam, the cable profile is very important. Hence, attention
should be given to have appropriate cable profile in the span region as well as in the
support region. Next, we shall study the analysis of continuous beams.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:43)

The analysis of continuous beams is based on elastic theory. This is covered in text books
of structural analysis. For prestressed beams, the following aspects are important.

First, certain portions of a span are subjected to both positive and negative moments.
These moments are obtained from the envelop moment diagram. For a simply supported
beam, the span is usually under positive moment unless the effect of the upward thrust
due to the prestressing force is high. But in a continuous beam, there are both positive
and negative moments due to the external loads, and in certain locations it can have both
positive and negative moments depending upon the load combinations. Hence, this has to
be appropriately considered in the analysis. The design moments are usually calculated
by the help of the envelop moment diagram.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:15)

The second aspect in the analysis of a continuous beam is that the beam may be subjected
to partial loading and point loading. The envelop moment diagrams are developed from
“pattern loading”. For a simply supported beam, a live load for a certain length of the
span does not give the critical condition. The critical condition is when live load is
throughout the length of the span. But for a continuous beam the critical case need not be
for the live load throughout the span. The critical case may be when the live load occurs
in patches along the length of the beam. To consider the critical effect, the concept of
pattern loading is considered in the analysis of continuous beams.

Third, for continuous beams, prestressing generates reactions at the supports. These
reactions cause additional moments along the length of a beam. For a simply supported
beam, the concrete and steel form a self-equilibrating system. The prestessing force does
not generate any reaction at the supports. But for a continuous beam, since the cable
profile changes, somewhere it is down and somewhere it is up, due to that a prestressing
force generates reactions at the supports. These reactions create additional moment along
the length of the beam. Hence, in the analysis of a continuous prestressed beam, the effect
of the moment due to the prestressing force should include the moment due to the
reactions that is generated due to the prestressing force.

(Refer Slide Time: 16:29)

With these aspects, we are moving on to the analysis in a more subjective way. The
analysis of a continuous beam is illustrated to highlight the aspects stated earlier. The
bending moment diagrams for the following load cases are shown schematically in the
following figures. First, we shall observe the bending moment due to dead load; next, we
shall observe the bending moment due to live load on every span, and third, we shall
observe the bending moment due to live load on a single span. Once we understand the
bending moments due to the individual load cases then, we will be able to understand the
bending moment due to the load combinations because under different load
combinations, the bending moments are different and from these bending moment
diagrams finally we develop the envelop moment diagram.

This figure shows the effect of dead load along the length of the beam.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:45)

If the beam has uniform cross section, then the dead load will be uniform and it generates
a moment profile something like this. It has a positive moment in a span region, that
means it creates tension at the bottom. There is negative moment in a support region, that
means it creates tension at the top. Note that, for the end span, the support moment at the
end support is zero, for an ideal pinned condition. The positive moment in the end span is
usually higher as compared to those in the intermediate spans; whereas in an intermediate
span, the negative moments are higher than the positive moment. These aspects should be
clearly understood before the design of a continuous beam.
Next, we are seeing the bending moment diagram due to the live load.

(Refer Slide Time: 18:54)

If the live load is uniform in all the spans, then the bending moment diagram is similar to
that due to the dead load. It creates a positive moment in the end span, which is higher
than the positive moments in the intermediate spans. For an intermediate span, the values
of the negative moments are higher than that of the positive moment.

(Refer Slide Time: 19:24)

The third case what we are seeing is, due to the live load in one intermediate span. Here,
we have not placed any live load at the end span. For this the moment diagram is such
that throughout the end span the moment is negative. This is unlike the bending moment
diagram due to uniform live load, which generates positive moment in the end span. This
type of condition has to be considered in developing the envelop moment diagram.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:22)

For moving point loads, as in bridges, first the influence line diagram is drawn. The
influence line diagram shows the variation of the moment or shear for a particular
location in the girder, due to the variation of the position of a unit point load. The vehicle
load is placed based on the influence line diagram to get the worst effect.

Thus, if we are analyzing a continuous beam for a moving point load, then first we
develop an influence line diagram. The influence line diagram shows the variation of the
moment at a particular location due to the variation of the placing of the point load. Once
we develop the influence line diagram, then the point load, say due to a vehicle in the
bridge, is placed in such a way so as to get the worst effect along the continuous beam.
Hence, the use of influence line diagram is extremely important in case of a moving point
load.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:52)

In order to consider the maximum effect, a uniformly distributed load is also placed in
patches based on the influence line diagram for a moving point load.

Thus, the influence line diagram is used not only for a moving point load, but is also used
to have a critical placement of the live load, which can be static, but it is not uniform
throughout the length of the beam. The influence line concept helps us to place the live
load in patches for the worst condition. This type of patch loading is termed as the
“pattern loading”.

An influence line diagram is obtained by the Muller-Breslau principle. This is covered in

test books of structural analysis. Based on the influence line diagram, we can place the
live load in patches to generate the pattern loading, which may give the critical loading
condition.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:24)

IS: 456 - 2000 Clause 22.4.1, recommends the placement of live load as follows. There
are three load cases for the live load that has to be considered. First, we should place the
live load in all the spans; this is the most basic case.

Second is the live load in adjacent spans of a support for the support moment. The effect
of live load in the alternate spans beyond is neglected. It has been observed from the
influence line diagram that the maximum support moment occurs when the live load is
placed in the spans adjacent to the support.

The third load case is that the live load should be placed in a span and in the alternate
spans for the span moment. To get the most critical case for the span moment, we should
place the live load in the span as well as in the alternate spans beyond that. This will give
the critical positive moment in the span.

From all these load cases, we develop the envelop moment diagram.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:46)

The envelop moment diagrams are calculated from the analysis of each load case and
their combinations. The analysis can be done by a moment distribution method or by
computer analysis.

In lieu of the analysis, the moment coefficients in Table 12 of IS: 456 - 2000 can be used
under conditions of uniform cross-section of the beams in the several spans, uniform
loads and similar lengths of span.

Thus, the method of analysing a continuous beam is the moment distribution method or
by a computer analysis. When we analyze the several load cases, one for the dead load,
another for the uniform live load and others for the pattern loading, we get the moments
at the spans and at the supports, and then we combine the moments based on the load
combinations.

If we have to avoid a rigorous structure analysis, then the code IS: 456 allows us to use
moment coefficients, provided we satisfy certain conditions. If the beam is of uniform
cross-section, or the spans are more or less of similar length, and the loading is more or
less uniform throughout the length of the beam, then the moment coefficients can be used
which simplifies the calculations of the design moments at the span and the support
regions. From the design moments, we can develop the envelop moment diagrams.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:46)

The envelop moment diagrams provide the value of a moment due to the external loads.
It is to be noted that the prestressing force is not considered in the envelop moment
diagrams. Typical envelop moment diagrams are shown in the following sketches.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:26)

In this figure, we see that for the end span, the green line gives the maximum positive
moment throughout the span. In an intermediate span a green line gives the maximum
positive moment. Near the supports, the orange line gives the maximum values of the
negative moments. We are denoting Mmax and Mmin for the maximum values of positive
and negative moments in an algebraic sense. This is a typical envelop moment diagram
for a continuous beam. Note that in certain regions, we can have both a positive moment
and a negative moment depending upon the loading condition.

(Refer Slide Time: 29:39)

In the envelop moment diagram, Mmax and Mmin represent the highest and lowest values
of the moment at a section, respectively. These are algebraic values with sign. That
means when we are saying a maximum moment and a minimum moment, we are not just
talking of the numerical values but we are considering their signs. Mmax is considered to
be a positive moment, Mmin can be a negative moment with a maximum numerical value.
Note that, certain portions of the beam are subjected to both the positive and negative
moments. The next important aspect is the incorporation of moment due to the reactions.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:25)

As mentioned before, for continuous beams prestressing generates reactions at the

supports. The reactions at the intermediate supports cause moments at a section, in
addition to the moment due to the eccentricity of the prestressing force.

This is an important aspect of a prestressed continuous beam that when the prestressed is
applied in the beam, it generates reactions in the supports, which is unlike in a simply
supported prestressed beam. The reactions generate moment in a span, which is in
addition to the moment that generates due to the eccentricity of the prestressing force.
This moment needs to be considered in the analysis of a prestressed continuous beam.

The moment generated due to the reactions is linear between the supports. Since the
reactions are point loads separated by a certain distance, the moment due to the reactions
has a linear variation from one support to another support.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:57)

The resultant moment at a location due to the prestressing force is given as follows.

M2 = M1 + M1/

(Refer Slide Time: 32:23)

In the previous equation, M1 is the moment due to prestressing force without the
intermediate supports which is given as Pee. This is the primary moment due to the
prestressing force. Since the CGS is at an eccentricity to the CGC, the prestressing itself
generates some moment in the section. The second component, M1/ is the moment due to
the reactions at intermediate supports, and this is the secondary moment due to the
prestressing force. Pe is the effective prestress and e is the eccentricity of CGS with
respect to CGC.

(Refer Slide Time: 33:20)

The moment due to the external loads which will be denoted as M2/, is obtained from the
envelop moment diagrams and is added to M2 to get the resultant moment M3 at a
location. Thus, the final resultant moment M3 is the moment due to the prestressing force
which is M2, plus the moment due to the external loads which is denoted as M2/.

M3 = M2 + M2/ = M1 + M1/ + M2/

To summarise, the final resultant moment in a continuous beam under the service loads
consist of three components: first due to the eccentricity of the prestressing strands,
second due to the reactions that are generated due to the prestressing force, and third due
to the external loads that act on the beam during the service life.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:45)

The variation of M3 along the length of the beam can be calculated as follows. The first
step is to plot the M1 diagram which is similar to the profile of the CGS. The variation of
Pe along the length due to friction may be neglected. When the prestress is applied due to
the eccentricity of the CGS with respect to the CGC a moment is developed, that moment
is the M1 moment. At any point M1 can be calculated as the prestress times the
eccentricity of the CGS with respect to CGC.

The second step is to plot the shear force diagram corresponding to M1 diagram from the
relationship V = dM1/dx. At this stage, we do not know the reactions due to the
prestressing force. In order to calculate the reactions, we are going through the principles
of structural analysis. We are first plotting the shear force diagram that corresponds to the
M1 diagram.
(Refer Slide Time: 37:01)

The third step is to plot the equivalent load or weq diagram, corresponding to the shear
diagram from the relationship weq = dV/dx. Thus, from the M1 diagram we are
calculating the shear force diagram; from the shear force diagram we are calculating the
equivalent load diagram.

We had talked about this equivalent load diagram for simply supported beams. For a
simply supported beam, the equivalent load is always upwards and we say that it is the
upward load which balances part of the external load. For a continuous beam, the
equivalent load is not always upwards, at the support regions the equivalent load can be
downwards. Hence, instead of saying as upward load, we are saying that we need to plot
the equivalent load diagram.

Before we go to the fourth step, another important point is, a singular moment needs to be
included at an end when the eccentricity of the CGS is not zero at the end. If the CGS has
an eccentricity at the end, then we need to add an equivalent moment at the end.
(Refer Slide Time: 38:49)

The fourth step is to calculate the values of M2 for the continuous beam with the
intermediate supports subjected to weq using a method of elastic analysis, for example,
moment distribution or computer analysis. Plot the M2 diagram. Once we have the
equivalent load known, we can analyze the continuous beam to develop the M2 diagram
which is the resultant moment due to the prestressing force.

(Refer Slide Time: 39:35)

For the fifth step, the M2/ diagram is available from the envelop moment diagram. Then
the M3 diagram can be calculated by adding the values of M2 and M2/ diagrams along the
length of the beam. We had earlier seen how to calculate the envelop moment diagrams.
Once we add the ordinates of the envelop moment diagrams to the ordinates of the M2
diagram, then we get the final resultant moment due to the prestressing force and the
external loads, and that is called the M3 diagram.

The following figures explain the steps of developing the M2 diagram for a given profile
of the CGS and a value of Pe. Thus, before we can develop the M2 diagram, we need to
have a cable profile and the value of the prestressing force.

(Refer Slide Time: 40:31)

This is a continuous beam, where the vertical scale has been enlarged to show the clarity
of the profile of the CGS. The CGS has zero eccentricity at the left end, then it goes down
at the end span, it comes up near the first intermediate support and again it goes down.
Then for the second intermediate support, it goes above the CGC and then it comes down
linearly below the CGC, and again it goes up and it has a certain eccentricity at the right
end. This is a trial profile of the CGS, which will show the different aspects of
developing the M2 diagram. Once we have the profile of the CGS, we can develop first
the M1 diagram.
(Refer Slide Time: 41:49)

The M1 diagram is very similar to the profile of the CGS. It goes down in the left end
span, it comes up near the first intermediate support, again it goes down at the
intermediate span and then it goes above the reference line at the next intermediate
support. The M1 diagram is calculated from the relationship M1 = Pee.

From the M1 diagram, we are calculating the V diagram. The V diagram is obtained from
the relationship V = dM1/dx. The V diagram will look something like this. In the left end
span, we will have the V diagram linearly increasing when the profile is parabolic, then
there is a jump at the support, and again in the intermediate span it is linearly increasing.
We have another jump in the second intermediate support. For a linearly varying M1
diagram, we have a constant V diagram. Then it has a jump in the support, and again it is
constant at the right end span.
(Refer Slide Time: 43:22)

From the V diagram, we can calculate the weq diagram from the relationship weq = dV/dx.
We have upward load in the spans. Note that, the downward loads at supports need not be
considered because they directly transmit through the supports. Hence, we are showing
only the loads that come in the spans, and not the point loads which come at the supports.
From the weq diagram, we can get the M2 diagram by structure analysis, and the M2
diagram looks similar to the M1 diagram. In this example, it has a parabolic variation in
the left end span, another parabolic variation in the first intermediate span, then it has a
linear variation in the second intermediate span and a linear variation in the right end
span. This is the M2 diagram that is the resultant moment due to the prestressing force.
(Refer Slide Time: 44:52)

The important characteristics of the diagrams are as follows. A positive eccentricity of

the CGS creates a negative moment M1 and an upward thrust. This we had seen in a
simply supported beam that when the CGS is below the CGC, it has a positive
eccentricity, the moment M1 is negative, the beam tends to hog up and the thrust or the
equivalent load is upwards. This is the first check to make sure that the calculations of the
diagrams make sense, given the eccentricity of the cable profile.

The second characteristic is that the M2 diagram has a similar shape to the M1 diagram,
which is again similar to the profile of the CGS. This is because the moment generated
due to the reactions M1/ is linear between the supports. Hence the cable profile, the M1
diagram and the M2 diagram are of similar shape.

Next, we are studying how to develop the pressure line due to the prestressing force.
(Refer Slide Time: 46:51)

The pressure line (which is also known as thrust line or C-line) due to the prestressing
force only, can be determined from the M2 diagram. It is to be noted that the external
loads are not considered in this pressure line. To select the profile of the CGS, the
pressure line due to the prestressing force needs to be plotted. The calculation of the
pressure line helps us to select an appropriate cable profile in a continuous beam.

(Refer Slide Time: 47:56)

The calculation of pressure line from the M2 diagram is based on the following
expression.

ec = M2/Pe

Here, ec is the distance of the pressure line from the CGC at a location. That means ec is
the eccentricity of the compressive force in the concrete (C), and it is measured from the
CGC of the section. A positive value of ec implies that the pressure line is beneath the
CGC. A negative value of ec implies the location of C is above the CGC. The pressure
line can be plotted for the different values of M2 along the length. That means once we
have the M2 diagram, we can use the expression of ec to calculate the pressure line
throughout the length of the beam.

The following sketch shows the pressure line for a given profile of the CGS.

(Refer Slide Time: 49:03)

The orange line is the profile of the CGS and the dashed line is the pressure line. Observe
that the pressure line has a similar variation as the profile of the CGS. Thus, due to the
prestressing force the compression shifts up from the CGS to the pressure line.
(Refer Slide Time: 49:40)

The important characteristics of the pressure line are as follows.

1) The shift of the pressure line from the profile of the CGS is a linear transformation. It
is because M2 diagram has a similar shape to the profile of the CGS. We had earlier seen
that the M2 diagram has a similar variation as the profile of the CGS, and since the
pressure line is calculated from the relationship ec = M2/Pe, the pressure line has a similar
shape as that of the M2 diagram. This leads to an important corollary, that the pressure
line will have the same intrinsic shape as the profile of the CGS.
(Refer Slide Time: 50:35)

The second important point is M2 is proportional to the prestressing force. The

eccentricity of the pressure line, which is denoted as e c, remains constant with the
prestressing force dropping from the initial value P 0 to the effective value Pe. Even if the
prestressing force changes with time, the eccentricity of the compression which is ec,
stays constant. It is only M2 which changes with the drop in the prestressing force. This
gives us a very important conclusion that the location of the pressure line for a given
profile of the CGS is fixed, irrespective of the drop in the prestressing force. Whatever is
the prestressing force, the pressure line is constant for a given profile of the CGS.

Let us understand the development of the pressure line by an example.

(Refer Slide Time: 51:49)

The profile of the CGS for a post-tensioned beam is shown in the sketch. Plot the
pressure line due to a prestressing force Pe = 1112 kN. For this two-span beam, the CGS
has an eccentricity of 0.06 meters at the end. Then it drops down linearly to an
eccentricity of 0.24 m, and again the CGS goes up linearly to an eccentricity of 0.12 m
above CGC. The change in the slope is 0.08 radians. In the second span, the profile is
parabolic with an eccentricity of 0.27 m in the span and no eccentricity at the end. The
change in the slope of the CGS in the second span is 0.176 radians. The first span is 15
m, which is divided into 9 m and 6 m, and the second span is also 15 m which is divided
into 7.5 m and 7.5 m, at the locations of the maximum eccentricity.
(Refer Slide Time: 53:16)

First, we are plotting the M1 diagram. The values of M1 are calculated from M1 = Pee. Pe
is known. For the given values of the eccentricity, we are able to calculate M1 and the M1
values are of opposite sign to that of the eccentricity. If the eccentricity is positive, M1
will be negative. If the eccentricity is negative, then M1 will be positive.

(Refer Slide Time: 53:50)

Thus, given the profile of the CGS, we are able to calculate the M1 diagram, which has
the same variation as the profile of the CGS.

(Refer Slide Time: 54:07)

The second step is to calculate the shear force diagram. For the first segment AD, we
have the end moments which are ‒266.9 and ‒66.7 kNm. The length of the span is 9 m.
The shear is given as V = dM1/dx = {‒266.9 ‒(‒66.7)}/9 = ‒22.2 kN. For Segment DB, V
= {133.4 ‒ (‒266.9)}/6 = 66.7 kN.
(Refer Slide Time: 54:56)

For Segment BC, to find dM1/dx, an approximate parabolic equation for the M1 diagram
can be used. M1 can be expressed as a function of Pe and e as follows.

M1 = ‒ 4Peex(L ‒ x)/L2

From the above equation, we can find an expression of dM1/dx.

dM1/dx = ‒ 4Pee(L ‒ 2x)/L2

(Refer Slide Time: 55:30)

At B, dM1/dx is calculated at x = 0, which is equal to ‒4Pee/L. Pee is the total shift in the
M1 diagram between the support and the span, which is given as (133.4 + 300.2) kNm.
Thus, V = ‒ 4  (133.4 + 300.2)/15 = ‒115.6 kN.

(Refer Slide Time: 56:15)

The exact value of V at B, which can be calculated by considering an exact equation of

the parabola, is given as ‒107 kN. Thus we observe that, if we use an approximate
relationship, we get a value which is close to the exact value. The difference of the shear
between C and B is given from the change in slope of the M1 diagram. VC ‒ VB = 0.176 
1112 = 195.7 kN.

(Refer slide time 57:29)

Since we know the shear at the intermediate support, we can calculate the shear at C as
VC = 195.7 ‒ 107.0 = 89 kN.
(Refer Slide Time: 57:41)

We are plotting the shear force diagram and it is constant in AD, then DB, and it is
linearly varying between B and C.

(Refer Slide Time: 57:53)

Then we are plotting the equivalent load diagram. We are including a moment of 66.7
kNm at A. The point load at D is calculated from the change in the shear at the two ends,
and which gives a point load of 88.9 kN. We are not considering an equivalent load at B,
because B is a reaction point, and the downward load at B need not be considered.

(Refer Slide Time: 58:39)

The distributed load in Span BC is calculated from the relationship w eq = dV/dx. From
change in the shear diagram, we are calculating w eq = 13.0 kN/m.

Thus, given the shear diagram, we are able to calculate the equivalent load diagram due
to the prestressing force.

(Refer Slide Time: 58:51)

It has a point load at D where the CGS has a sharp bend, and it has a distributed load in
Span BC where the CGS has a parabolic variation.
Finally, we are calculating M2 diagram by the moment distribution method.

(Refer Slide Time: 59:13)

We are calculating the distribution factors (DF), the fixed end moments (FEM) for the
given uniform load, and then by balance (BAL) and carry over (CO), we are calculating
the total moments.

(Refer Slide Time: 59:28)

Thus, we get the M2 diagram from the equivalent load diagram by structural analysis.
(Refer Slide Time: 59:37)

Then we are calculating the values of ec at the supports from the relationship ec = M2/Pe.

(Refer Slide Time: 59:47)

Thus, once we know ec at the changes of the profile of the CGS, we are able to plot the
pressure line.

(Refer Slide Time: 59:56)

(Refer Slide Time: 59:59)

In this lecture, we covered the analysis of continuous beams. We studied the

incorporation of moments due to the reactions, and we also studied the development of
the pressure line due to the prestressing force. Thank you.