UCL DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

AND ASTRONOMY

Physics and Astronomy

ANNUAL REVIEW 2007
 Contents

Introduction Page 1
Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students Page 2
Staff Highlights and News Page 5
Alumni Matters Page 7
Public Outreach Page 8
Obituary to Professor Mike Seaton Page 9
Careers with a Physics Degree Page 10
Research Groups:
Astrophysics Page 12
Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Positron Physics Page 15
High Energy Physics Page 18
Condensed Matter and Materials Physics Page 20
Grants and Contracts Page 23
Publications Page 25
Staff Page 32

Cover image is a Joseph Wood (University College London) and

Jarlath McKenna (Queen’s University Belfast) from the Ultrafast
While every effort has been made to ensure the Physics UCL/QUB collaboration working on the hollow fibre chirped
accuracy of the information in this document, the mirror pulse compressor at the Central Laser Facility (Rutherford
Department cannot accept responsibility for any Appleton Laboratory).The ten femtosecond laser pulses generated
errors or omissions contained herein. are used to create, image and control nuclear
wavepackets in hydrogenic molecular systems. The trace in the
A copy of this review and further details about the background of the page is an illustration of a vibrational revival
department may be found on the website in deuterium ions, which have been modelled and experimental
http://www.phys.ucl.ac.uk imaged by the collaboration. This work was recently published in
Physical Review A.

Edited by Kate Heyworth, if you have any comments or suggestions for the 2008 issue please contact Kate at [email protected]
Introduction
“UCL is booming”, so started the White Paper on Modernising UCL published by the Provost in
June. The same can certainly be said of the Department of Physics and Astronomy: 2007 saw
us welcome our largest ever and best qualified set of undergraduate entrants in terms of A level
grades and our biggest ever cohort of graduate students, along with the arrival of a significant
number of new members of academic staff.

The one thing, however that has not complete research degrees. 2007 accomplished largely by Professor
boomed is the amount of space we saw the graduation of the first cohort Nella Laricchia and Kate Heyworth.
have available for both teaching and of students taking the MSc in The results of this exercise are due
research activities. While we are Nanotechnology, a degree run from in December 2008.
actively looking for room to house Electrical and Electronic
our increased student and staff Engineering with the close Not unrelated to the RAE, is the
capacity, it is clear that we cannot involvement of Physics and large number of new academic
continue to admit undergraduate Astronomy. A new MSc in Advanced appointments we have been able
students in such large numbers and High Energy Physics is due to start to make during the last year. It is a
maintain our current teaching in 2008 and a Planetary Sciences pleasure to welcome them all to the
standards. As a result there has MSc, run by Physics and Astronomy Department and to comment on the
been a gentle rise in our standard A in collaboration with the uniformly high standard of
level offer. Departments of Earth Sciences and applicants interviewed. Applications
Space and Climate Physics is on to UCL are truly global and we now
We aim however, in line with UCL course to start in 2009. have at least one representative
policy, to continue to increase our from every continent on our
post graduate teaching by Like most of the UK University academic staff (for Antartica see the
continued recruitment of PhD sector, much effort during 2007 was article on ANITA!).
students and by expanding our expended on completing our return
taught graduate courses. Our MSc for the 2008 Research Assessment Professor Jonathan Tennyson
Degrees in Physics and in Exercise (RAE). The Physics and
Astrophysics are now firmly Astronomy return, which also (Head of Department)
established and have been included Space and Climate Physics
successful in attracting well and most of Medical Physics and
qualified students from around the Bioengineering, was the second
world into the Department. Many of biggest from UCL. Putting it
these continue their studies to together was a huge task

Sunset above the clouds from La Palma Observatory. Photo by Dr Francisco Diego during a trip to observe the perseid meteor shower in August 2007.

1
 Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students in 2007
Prizes and Awards
30th October 2007 saw the Departmental Prize giving ceremony in the Old Refectory. This event is considered a
valuable opportunity to acknowledge students who have performed outstandingly during their studies and the
ceremony was attended not only by the prize winners and their guests, members of the Department and the Dean,
but also Mrs Sally Darius as guest of honour. Sally generously endowed a new “Jon Darius Prize” for the best PhD
in Astrophysics in memory of her late husband who was a PhD student and post-doctoral researcher in the
Department working with Professor Sir Robert Wilson.

As Professor Marshall Stoneham has also generously funded a new prize for the best PhD in Condensed Matter
and Materials Physics, we are now in the position to award a prize for the best PhD in each of the four research
areas in the Department. This increase is appropriate given our expanding numbers and of our PhD cohort. At the
same time we have taken the opportunity to rename the MSc prize after long-time Head of Department, Sir Harry
Massey. Additionally the Department’s inaugural prize for Teaching was awarded to Professor Raman Prinja at the
same ceremony. A warm thank you to all the sponsors of our prizes, who also include the publishers Wiley and
scientific software company Tessella. Congratulations go to the following prize winners:
Undergraduate Prizes
Setrak Balian
OLIVER LODGE PRIZE (Best
performance 1st year Physics)
Holly Alexander
HALLEY PRIZE (Best performance
1st year Astronomy)
Jonathan Heslop
C.A.R. TAYLER PRIZE (Best 2nd
Year Essay)
Yuval Ben-Haim
WOOD PRIZE(Best performance
2nd year Physics)
Kalle Karhunen
HUGGINS PRIZE (Best
performance 2nd year Astronomy)
Gihan Weerasinghe The 2007 Prize winners at the award ceremony. The platform party (seated) are Prof Jonathan Tennyson
DAVID PONTER PRIZE (Most (Head of Department), Prof Mike Barlow (Director of Teaching), Prof David Price (the Dean of Mathematical
and Physical Sciences and now Vice-Provost Research) and Mrs Sally Darius. Standing are the prize winners
improved performance in with Prof Raman Prinja in the centre with the tie.
Department, 2nd year)
Salim Damani Daniel Ryan Smith Efstathios Stefanidis
CORRIGAN PRIZE (Best BRIAN DUFF MEMORIAL PRIZE (Postgraduate Research, Physics
performance in experimental work, (Best 4th Year project in the HEP)
2nd year) department) Sascha Khakshouri
Sidney Tanoto Alana Rivera E Ingraham MARSHALL STONEHAM PRIZE
ADDITIONAL SESSIONAL PRIZE LONDON GRANVILLE PRIZE (Best (Postgraduate Research, Physics
FOR MERIT graduating student in the University CMMP)
Catherine White of London in Physics and Alexandros Attikis
BEST PERFORMANCE 3rd YEAR Astronomy) Sarah Skoff
PHYSICS WILLIAM BRAGG PRIZE (Best HARRIE MASSEY PRIZE – Joint
Daniel Short overall undergraduate) Winners (Best MSc Student)
BEST PERFORMANCE 3rd YEAR Simon Binnie Tom Bell
ASTRONOMY TESSELLA PRIZE FOR JON DARIUS PRIZE (Postgraduate
Simon Robert Heard SOFTWARE (Best use of software Research, Astronomy)
ADDITIONAL SESSIONAL PRIZE in final year Physics/Astronomy Daniel Murtagh
FOR MERIT projects) IOP STUDENT TRAVEL PRIZE IN
Luke Austen POSITRON PHYSICS
BURHOP PRIZE (Best performance Postgraduate Prizes Daniel Burgarth
4th year Physics) Ralf Gommers 2006 CAREY FOSTER PRIZE (best
Daniel John CAREY FOSTER PRIZE PhD thesis in Physics within the
HERSCHEL PRIZE (Best (Postgraduate Research, Physics Department)
performance 4th year Astronomy) AMOPP)
2
Degrees Awarded
In 2007 Physics and Astronomy welcomed 134 undergraduates to the department, 18 MSc students and 40 Post-
graduate Research Students.

Undergraduate Physics and Astronomy students have the option of completing a three year degree leading to a
Bachelor of Sciences (BSc) award or a Master in Science (MSci) award which takes four years to complete.

Pass Figures for 2007: MSc:

Undergraduate degrees:
Award Class Number of students
Degree Class: Number of students
Distinction 7
BSc MSci
Pass 6
1st 6 22
2:1 11 9
2:2 19 4
3 20 1

PhD Degrees awarded in the dusty main sequence stars Konstantinidis)

2007 (Supervisor Prof. M Barlow) Philip Taylor Investigations into a
Cristiana Arcidiacono Ionisation Sascha Khakshouri Developments novel processing route for diamond
studies of positron impact in mean field density functional at low pressure (Supervisor Prof. M
(Supervisor Prof. G Laricchia) theory of simple fluids and charged Stoneham)
Milena Benedettini The structure colloidal suspensions (Prof. I Ford) Helen Walker Magnetic and
and the origin of the molecular gas Stephen Malton Laser interactions quadrupolar ordering in (U, Np) Pd3
along chemically rich outflows with high-brightness electron beams (Supervisor Prof. K McEwen)
(Supervisor Dr S Viti) (Supervisor Dr N Konstantinidis) Thomas Weller C6Ca and C6Yb:
Daniel Burgarth Quantum Sukina Natarajan Stability of small New graphite based
communication with spin chains molecular clusters modelled with superconductors (Supervisor Prof.
(Supervisor Prof. S Bose) stochastic and deterministic N Skipper)
Natasha Doss Calculated final dynamaics (Prof. I Ford) Mark Westmoquette Super-star
state probability distributions for T2 Ross Springell Growth and clusters, their environment and
-Decay measurements characterisation of uranium their role in the formation of galactic
(Supervisor Prof. J Tennyson) multilayers (Supervisor Dr S winds (Supervisor Dr L Smith)
Apostolos Efstathiou Design Zochowski) Wei Wu Exchange calculations
considerations for a high Efstathios Stefanidis Study of the between donors in silicon and
swing-arm profilometer to measure WW scattering in the absence of metal-pythalocyanine dimmer
large aspheric optics (Supervisor Dr light Higgs boson using the ATLAS (Supervisor Prof. A Fisher)
D Walker) detector at LHC (Supervisor Dr N
Elizabeth English Interactions
between dilute matter and intense
laser fields (Supervisor Prof. R
Newell)
Oliver Fenwick Scanning near-field
optical lithography and microscopy
of conjugated polymer structures
(Supervisor Prof. F Cacialli)
Elaina Ford Gravity waves and
small-scale structure of the high
latitude upper atmosphere
(Supervisor Dr A Aruliah)
Ralf Gommers Symmetry and
transport in the cold atom ratchets
(Supervisor Dr F Renzoni)
Dr Angus Bain’s Ultrafast Laser Spectrscopy Group collaborates with Cancer Research UK in UCL’s
Antonio Hales Gebrim interdisciplinary COMPLEX programme. This photograph, taken through the eyepiece of our confocal
The circumstellar environments of microscope by graduate student Thomas Masters, shows the effect of evaporative crystallization of
Green Fluorescent Protein in an aqueous buffer salt solution.

3
 International Conference of Physics (ICPS)

Mischa Stocklin, a PhD student in the AMOPP Group reports on the highly
successful ICPS meeting, held at UCL in August 2007.

After travelling around Europe for 21 facilities in the department and the of Silly Walks sketch by Monty
years the International Conference adjacent London Centre for Python.
of Physics Students (ICPS) finally Nanotechnology.
came to the UK and UCL for the first In retrospect ICPS 2007 was a huge
time in 2007. The conference took This busy academic schedule was success. At a cost of only £100 per
place on the 10th to 16th August. balanced out by a number of delegate for the entire week, this
With over 360 undergraduate and social events, highlights included year’s conference was also one of
postgraduate students a costume party and the traditional the best in terms of value for
participating from 30 different national party, during which each money. The organisers have also
countries, the event proved to be an delegation sets up a stall with set up various forums for delegates
extremely successful and enjoyable typical dishes and drinks from their to keep in touch, thereby fostering
conference. country or region. As the evening international relations between
progressed the proximity of the physics students and hopefully some
The ICPS is a multi-disciplinary author’s own stall to Serbian, long lasting friendships as well. As
conference organised yearly in a Finnish and Austrian liqueurs proved the presidents of the International
different city and the organizers had to be rather enjoyable, although Olympic Committee like to say: “we
to beat off tough opposition to host concentration levels were somewhat call upon the (physics) youth of the
the conference. reduced... Those brave enough were world to reassemble next year in
also invited to stage a performance, Krakow, Poland for ICPS 2008”.
Participants were invited to give 20 this year included some Romanian
minute lectures on either their folk dancing and the UK
research topics or indeed any topic delegation’s rendition of the Ministry
in physics, astronomy or related
subjects which interested them. A
total of 69 participants gave a wide
variety of lectures, ranging from
fusion energy to the physics of
guitars. There were also five invited
guest lecturers, including Sir Arnold
Wolfendale (former Astronomer
Royal and Honorary Member of
IAPS) on “Astronomers Royal
through the Ages”, Prof. Andrew
Fisher (UCL) on “Toolkits for
Quantum Computers” and Prof.
Peter Barham (Bristol University) on
“the Physics of Ice Cream”. All were
received extremely well, with the
free samples handed out in the final
talk on ice cream perhaps swinging
it ever so slightly in Prof. Barham’s
favour...

The academic programme was

rounded off by a day of academic
excursions, a poster session
featuring contributions from the
participants, and tours of the lab “The Costume Party, including King Henry VIII and his six wives”

4
Staff Highlights and News
UCL did exceptionally well in the Institute of Physics 2008 Awards, winning four prizes in total. Two
of these prizes were awarded to staff members in the department (detailed below), along with Prof.
Helen Fielding (Chemistry) who won the Early Career Award, Moseley Medal for distinguished
research in experimental physics by and early career scientist and Prof. David Delpy (Medical
Physics and Bioengineering) who was awarded the Franklin Medal for distinguished research in
physics applied to the life sciences.
INSTUTE OF PHYSICS 2008 world’. Doreen is the wife of Prof. SENIOR PROMOTIONS:
AWARDS Marshall Stoneham (Physics and
Astronomy), they started the Promotion to Professor:
Prof. Gabriel Aeppli company together. Peter Barker
2008 MOTT MEDAL for Sougato Bose
distinguished research in condensed Ian Ford
matter or materials physics. Raman Prinja
‘For his pioneering and highly
influential work on the magnetic Promotion to Reader:
properties of novel materials using Ruben Saakyan
neutron scattering’. Serena Viti
Matthew Wing
Prof. Sougato Bose
2008 MAXWELL MEDAL for Promotion to Senior Lecturer:
distinguished research in Anasuya Aruliah
theoretical, mathematical or Professor Raman Prinja after
receiving the Departmental Teaching Prize RETIREMENTS AND
computational physics by an early
career scientist. RESIGNATIONS:
‘For his work on the characterisation OTHER AWARDS:
and exploitation of entanglement in Prof. Michael Forshaw retired in
quantum systems, in particular for 2007, he was a member of the
Prof. Raman Prinja
his work on the propagation of Imaging Processing group. This
DEPARTMENTAL TEACHING
information in spin chains’. group formed a long standing
PRIZE
Sougato was also awarded the research area within the Department
`Nominated by the student
Royal Society Wolfson Research but is no longer active.
representative body for outstanding
Merit. teaching,following extensive student Dr Alan Barr resigned his
input.’ lectureship to take up an academic
In addition Mrs Doreen Stoneham, Prof. Jonathan Tennyson
Director and Company Secretary post at the University of Oxford.
OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA,
of Oxford Authentication Ltd, was ELLIS R LIPPINCOTT AWARD
awarded the 2008 GABOR MEDAL ‘For contributions to theory and
‘For her successful establishment simulations of rotational-vibrational
of a world-leading company that spectra of small molecules and
authenticates ceramics for the art applications for practical purposes’

Total lunar eclipse of March 3rd 2007. Chronological sequence from right to left. Photos and composition by Dr Francisco Diego.

5
 New Staff Appointments

We are pleased to welcome thirteen new members of academic staff who joined the Department
during 2007.
NEW STAFF APPOINTMENTS:

Dr Nick Achilleos: Lecturer in

Astrophysics 01/04/2007, from
Imperial College.
Dr Dan Browne: Lecturer in AMOPP
01/08/2007, from the University of
Oxford.
Dr Mario Campanelli: Lectureship
in HEP 01/10/2007, from the
University of Geneva, Senior
Research Scientist.
Dr Amy Connolly: Royal Society
USA/ Canada Research Fellow in
HEP 01/05/07, from University of
California.
Prof. Tom Duke: Professor in
CMMP, joint appointment with LCN
01/10/2007, from the University of
Cambridge.
Dr Carla Figueira De Morisson
Academic staff who joined the department in 2007 left to right (front row) Amy Connolly, Giovanna Tinetti, Bart
Faria: EPSRC Advanced Fellow Hoogenboom, Mario Campanelli, Stephen Lynch (back row) Alessio Serafini, Dan Browne, Nick Achilleos,
and Lecturer in AMOPP 01/04/2007, Thorsten Kohler, Carla Faria, Tom Duke
from City University. from IBM Research Centre. Basel.
Cyrus Hirjibehedin: RCUK Fellow/ Dr Bart Hoogenboom: Lecturer in Dr Thorsten Kohler: Royal
Lecturer in Nanometrology joint with CMMP, joint appointment with LCN Society University Research Fellow
Chemistry and the LCN 01/09/07 01/10/2007, from the University of and Lecturer in AMOPP 01/06/2007,
from the University of Oxford.
Dr Steven Lynch: EPSRC
Advanced Fellowship in the LCN
01/01/07, from the University of
Cambridge.
Dr Alessio Serafini: Lecturer in
AMOPP 01/10/2007, from Imperial
College.
Dr Giovanna Tinetti: STFC Aurora
Fellow in Astrophysics, previously
transferred ESA fellowship from
Paris 01/07/2007.
Dr Jonathan Underwood: Lecturer
in AMOPP and joint appointment
with Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
Central Laser Facility 01/01/2007,
from the Open University.

The University of London Observatory (ULO) by night. After consultation with staff at ULO, Transport for London
replaced the old street lighting on Watford Way which runs past ULO with new fully shielded fittings and special
shielding that prevents direct light from reaching the Observatory grounds. While the road is now better lit, the
night sky is significantly darker. The new fittings are highly effective, so much so that we had to install night lights
into the ULO grounds. Photograph taken by Thomas Schlichter (for the purposes of this photo the Observatory
lighting was switched on to show the buildings).

6
Staff Profile and Alumni Matters

Professor Raman Prinja Group, with his research work Programme Tutor. This is a newly
2007 proved to be a very focusing on massive stars and the established, prestigious degree, run
successful year for Raman; in physical processes involved in their by the Maths and Physical Sciences
September he was given a evolution. Raman describes these (MAPS) Faculty. It has close ties
professorial promotion, and in as ‘stars that live in the fast lane’ with Physics and Astronomy,
October was nominated by the they are luminous, powerful stars bringing a significant number of
student body to receive the whose lives are much shorter than additional students into the
inaugural departmental teaching other stars- such as the sun. He department (30 in 2007). Plans to
prize. Raman’s teaching focused on refers to them as ‘the bread and increase student numbers within
Astronomy related subjects and he the scheme are already well under
was voted for the award by UCL way. Raman has been the Natural
undergraduates. Sciences Tutor since its launch and
has worked enthusiastically within a
Raman first arrived at UCL in 1979 small a team at UCL in ensuring its
as an undergraduate and after success.
completion of his Bachelor of
Science (BSc) in Physics and In addition to his teaching, tutoring
Astronomy, he completed a PhD in and research at UCL, Raman has
hot star astrophysics. Following from also successfully published a series
this, Raman was awarded a couple of popular-level books as part of his
of research fellowships within the Outreach efforts. These books are
department, including a prestigious Raman Prinja’s recently published book, written with the aim of heightening
Royal Society University Research ‘Wonders of the Planets’ public understanding of Astronomy
Fellowship Royal Society and was by combining the fantastic imagery
offered a permanent butter of Astrophysics’, with pivotal which Astrophysics produces, with
academic position as lecturer in influences in galaxies. The informative text at an accessible
1998. He has since progressed chemicals they produce such as level for members of the public. He
through UCL ranks to Professor. carbon, oxygen and iron form our plans to publish a new book in 2008,
very existence and can only be for further details on Raman’s
These achievements are indicative naturally created in the cores of publications please visit his website
of the active role which Raman plays these massive stars. at
within the department. He is an http://zuserver2.star.ucl.ac.uk/~rkp/
integral part of the Astrophysics Raman is also the Natural Sciences

Alumni Matters Following from the success of this place on Friday 9th May, please
Prof. Tegid Jones heads all Alumni dinner, a second event was respond on the enclosed form if you
matters and events in the arranged around six months later. wish to attend. Somewhat rashly(?)
Department and he provides a This was organised by contacting I propose giving a short after dinner
lowdown of past and future Alumni all the participants who attended the speech on ‘Thirty seven years of
events. inaugural dinner and inviting them to lecturing and the Six Nations’.
contact other alumni. Around twenty
The inaugural dinner of the Physics participants came to the second Unfortunately Galina Reeder has
and Astronomy Alumni took place on dinner on Friday 16th November now left the department, but if you
Friday 27th April 2007. Around forty and it was again a most enjoyable wish to contact either myself or
alumni responded to the invitation occasion. Galina’s successor Kate Heyworth
sent out with last years annual please email us at
report and I am pleased to report that As a result of Alumni suggestions, [email protected]
it was a thoroughly enjoyable event. I will shortly be setting up (with the
Two alumni attended who had been greatly appreciated help of Greg
members of the department during Coulbourn) an alumni website and,
the Second World War at its among many other items, this will
temporary relocation to Bangor, as include ‘thumb nail’ sketches of the
were students I well remember from research activities of members of
my first years in the department in academic staff. The address is
the 1970’s. It was also gratifying to http://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/phys/
see many more recent alumni at the outreach/alumni
dinner. The next Alumni dinner will take Prof. Tegid Jones heads all Alumni matters
and is assisted by Kate Heyworth

7
 Public Outreach

dynamic experience debating about

the origin of the universe alongside
a variety of religious
fundamentalists. Some solar
observing was also possible (it was
cloudy most of the afternoon) with
the portable Halpha telescope. This
event was very successful and we
plan to establish it as a regular item
in our non-winter programme.
Our outreach for 2008 faces great
challenges as UCL is now one of the
six selected UK beacons for public
engagement. In addition there will
be intensive work in preparation for
the International Year of Astronomy
in 2009, which has just received the
endorsement of the United Nations.
Anais Rassat (first Cosmology PhD from the department) explains solar prominences to young audiences
at our speaker’s corner event in Hyde Park. Photograph taken by F.Diego
Francisco Diego has since been
Dr Francisco Diego reports on the Diego was there several days and awarded a Science in Society
Departments many public outreach nights with a 20cm Schmidt fellowship by the STFC to produce
activities during 2007. cassegrain telescope, the portable The Mind of the Universe, a series
H alpha telescope and binoculars of public/school lectures and
In 2007 our public and school mounted on tripods. Daytime targets teacher workshops on particle
outreach activities increased included the Sun, Venus and physics, cosmology, astrophysics,
substantially in their number and in Mercury. During the night there were space exploration, extra solar
the variety of topics covered. the obvious orienteering sessions planets and life in the universe. The
locating the north star, the plough, project has a wide panel of science
STFC funded school lectures and
Cassiopeia, etc. advisors and links with relevant
visits to the Observatory had a
Telescope/binocular observing institutions, like the Royal
record of 50 events attended by
included the moon, Jupiter, the Astronomical Society and the In-
around 4000 children, most of them
Andromeda galaxy, several star stitute of Physics. Francisco is the
having observed the Sun in white
clusters and double stars. second member of the department
light and in H alpha at either the
to receive the award after Maggie
Department’s Observatory in Mill Hill Another unusual venue was the Aderin, who has been very active
or at their school playground using speaker’s corner in Hyde Park, lecturing to schools and
our portable H alpha telescope. London, where Anais Rassat (UCL), collaborating with the media with
The events detailed below provide Dr Francisco Diego (UCL) and Joe many radio interviews and BBC
a taste of the many varied outreach Kuntz (Oxford University) had a very news appearances.
activities which Physics and
Astronomy students and staff under-
took in 2007.

In the summer, The World Scout

Jamboree came to the UK to
celebrate 100 years of the scout
movement. It was a massive
gathering of 40,000 scouts from
all over the world camping near
Chelmsford in Essex. Thanks to the
initiative of Brian Sheen from the
Roseland Observatory in Cornwall,
astronomy and space sciences were
well represented with activities such
as a portable planetarium (by the
RAL), lectures, meteorite displays
and telescope sessions. Francisco Cosmology at Hyde Park corner. A Universe that comes out of nothing just like that? Impossible! Only God could have done it!
Joe Kuntz faces the challenge.

8
Professor Mike Seaton Obituary
Emeritus Professor Michael (“Mike”) astronomers, notably Don the International Ultraviolet Explorer
Seaton, Fellow of the Royal Society Osterbrock of Lick Observatory, satellite was launched. The spectra
and a former President of the RAS, California, he applied the results of of astronomical objects such as
died on 29 May 2007, at the age of his calculations to interpreting planetary nebulae and P Cygni stars
84. Trained under Professors Sir astronomical spectra, providing were measured at ultraviolet
Harrie Massey and Sir David Bates powerful new tools for measuring wavelengths for the first time, and a
at UCL just after the second world temperatures and densities in host of discoveries resulted. In
war, he quickly saw that the astronomical objects such as recognition of his contributions to
relatively new field of quantum planetary and diffuse nebulae; these theoretical physics and astronomy,
mechanics could be applied to techniques remain in use today. The he was elected a Fellow of the
important problems in astronomy interplay between theoretical atomic Royal Society in 1967, and he
and embarked on a series of physics and astronomy was to became President of the Royal
calculations which paved the way remain a central theme of his work. Astronomical Society in 1978. The
for major advances in both fields. Foreseeing the crucial role that project that was to occupy much of
His academic career was almost digital computers were to play in the the final twenty-five years of his life
stillborn. Having been shocked by subsequent progress of science, he -- long into formal retirement --
Chamberlain’s speech on his return oversaw the procurement by UCL of began in 1982, during one of his
from Munich and by the civil war in what was, at the time, the most many summer visits to the
Spain, Mike joined the Young powerful computer in Europe. He University of Colorado in Boulder.
Communist League in 1938 and formulated ambitious plans to It had become apparent that there
quickly found himself in trouble with implement on the new computer the were major flaws in the
the police because of his political quantum mechanical methods that understanding of the transmission
activities. Expulsion from school of light through the outer
followed, but he was fortunately atmospheres of stars. New atomic
allowed to sit matriculation exams. physics calculations were needed,
The war then intervened, and he and Mike succeeded in assembling
volunteered for Air Crew and served a team of about twenty-five people,
as a navigator in Bomber Command many of whom were former students,
until 1945. After the war, Mike working in laboratories around the
studied Physics at UCL, where he world. It is a testament to the
obtained both his BSc and his PhD. respect and affection in which he
By 1951, he had published a was held that so many were
research paper which established willing to follow his lead in this
the density of the gas in interstellar “Opacity Project”. In terms of
space; this was the third of his intellectual power and breadth of
nearly three hundred research scientific knowledge, Mike had few
papers. The conclusions of the first Professor Mike Seaton (1923 - 2007) peers. He continued to work on and
paper were controversial at the time publish the results from the project
but subsequently proved to be he and others had developed. Many right up to his death: his final paper,
correct. During the 1950s, as a of the computer codes that were completed shortly before his death
lecturer at UCL and during sabbatical written by Mike and his many and currently in press in MNRAS,
leave at the Institut d’Astrophysique students and collaborators in the made use of the results from the
in Paris, he laid the foundations of 1960s and 70s are still in use today. Opacity Project to determine the
his later academic work. He began His former students recall with radiative acceleration in stellar
what proved to be a series of affection his eccentricities. During interiors. The data produced by the
seminal papers on Quantum Defect scientific discussions, he would Opacity Project will form the basis for
Theory, which enabledreliable often fall silent for long periods, interpreting the spectra of stars for
values of electron collisional rates, head inclined and in deep reflection. years to come. During his Air Force
photoionization cross sections and Those who knew him would simply (RAF) training in Cambridge during
radiative recombination coefficients wait until, reflection over, he would the War, Mike met and married Olive
to be calculated. His first return to life and frequently be able Singleton, who died in 1958. Mike’s
calculations were done on to give the solution to the problem in second wife, Joy Balchin, lives in the
hand-operated mechanical hand. It was very rare for a student Brecon Beacons, a region that they
calculators, but Mike began using to leave Mike’s office without a clear both loved and where they moved
electronic computers as soon as idea of how to advance his research after retirement. His students and
they became available in the 1960s. project. In the late 1970s, he was collaborators are legion, and
In collaboration with observational drawn further into astronomy by scattered across the world.
Professor Sir Robert Wilson, when
9
 Careers
The Departmental Careers Officer, Prof. Roy Newell discusses the merits of undertaking a Physics and Astronomy
degree at UCL.
An ideal career is one that engages you, which gives you enjoyment as well as financial reward. Your aspirations
can be fulfilled, but firstly you must identify the path you wish to make. Your primary degree is the first step and this
could be followed by vocational training or a higher degree.
There is no doubt that employers value graduates with a degree in physics or astronomy; this is confirmed by the
high rate of job securement by physics and astronomy graduates from UCL. It is well acknowledged that a degree
in physics and astronomy with its attendant acquired abilities of problem solving, rational thinking and a lateral
approach to diverse situations is an excellent training for many jobs. Graduates from UCL are successful in es-
tablishing careers which embrace a wide spectrum of interests including research, communication and information
technologies, finance and banking, and management.
Students are encouraged to consider various career paths early in their undergraduate years. The UCL Careers
Office provides essentially an open door service to students for help and guidance. All students are advised to use
this service for professional advice from dedicated staff. The success of some past students should offer an
indication of what is possible.

Careers for Physics and Since appearing on the show, most Mr Mark Frary
Astronomy Students people ask me just how scary it is Freelance Journalist
to be fired by Sir Alan Sugar and in (BSc Astronomy and Physics
Dr Sophie Kain truth I admit that it is far less scary 1987)
Internet Entrepreneur than being kicked out of Oxford or in When I tell people that I’m the ski
(MSci Physics 1997; 1st, PhD fact doing a PhD viva! correspondent at The Times
Physics 2001) Going on the show made me newspaper, there are invariably
Sophie Kain, recently appeared realise that there is a lot more two questions that people ask.
on the BBC reality TV programme money in the world than there are The first is ’Can I come with you
‘The Apprentice’ as the token “girl good ideas so I have since been on your next trip?’ and the
geek”. trying my luck as an internet second is ‘How did you get that
entrepreneur. My new website job you jammy git?’. The answer
I graduated in Physics at UCL in www.toastandtrash.com is a review to the first is, sadly, no but people
1997 and stayed on to complete a are always surprised when I tell
PhD in Atomic and Molecular them I studied Physics and
Physics under the supervision of Astronomy at UCL as the answer
Professor Jonathan Tennyson. to the second.
Although I loved my time at UCL, I
admit to not being a born The link is far from obvious. After
researcher. However I do fully finishing my undergraduate
believe that my time studying degree, I took some time out, doing
Physics at UCL gave me the some temping in London, before
grounding to pursue a career in being convinced by Prof. David
almost any field. Miller to return to take a PhD in
site where people can review any- nuclear physics, working out at the
After leaving UCL I went on to work CERN particle physics laboratory in
thing from pashminas to their local
for the research and development Geneva, Switzerland. UCL has been
plumber. I am also
departments at Thales and then and is heavily involved there and it
launching a second venture later this
General Dynamics, where I led seemed like a great opportunity to
year which allows people to find the
various large scale research projects explore the world.
person they were flirting with on the
in subjects such as Adaptive
train, in the car, in the bar etc. and Like some other PhD students, I
Learning Systems and Data
failed to get their phone number found the transition from
Information Fusion.
www.secondglances.co.uk. undergraduate to postgraduate
Last year I applied for ‘The study tough and decided to leave
If you would like to know more about
Apprentice’ on a “whim” and before after just one year. I think the fact
Sophie log on to her website at
taking a breath found myself on the
www.sugarkain.co.uk. that my office had a view of the
show. At no point did I believe that snow-covered mountains and I had
a Physicist would win, but I thought recently been introduced to skiing
it might be fun and was certainly a might have had something to do
learning experience.
10
with it too. Pincock. The second – You Call this been on a training course in using
the Future? – looks at science UML, which is a standardised way
I then took a job as a technical fiction gadgets and was written with of presenting business scenarios by
editor for the International Nick Sagan, son of the famous using many different diagrams, in
Organization for Standardization cosmologist Carl. order that a complete and
(ISO) in the city. These are the unambiguous description of what is
people who make sure that screw The wheel turned full circle last year required to be developed can be
threads and things like that are all when I worked with Stephen again obtained.
the same size as well as standards to write The Origins of the Universe
such as the now for Dummies – a simple guide to My work involves travel and I have
ubiquitous ISO 9000. cosmology. I see it as appealing to worked at a client site in London,
those people who bought Stephen where I was involved in front-line
This marked my first real entry into Hawking’s A Brief History of Time billing operations. I have also worked
writing. I had previously written but never made it past the first five in Manchester at another one of our
some articles at UCL for the college pages. We have had some good clients for several months, where
science fiction and fantasy society’s reviews and it seems to be selling I was involved in a team to gather
then magazine Azathoth’s Pipings reasonably well – despite the requirements from the client; this
but this was different. This was all competition from new books by being one of the early stages in our
about checking style, rewriting and Queen guitarist and astronomer project lifecycle.
proofreading. It was a useful Brian May and Stephen Hawking.
grounding though, in the nuts and
bolts of journalism. UCL gave me many things – a wife
(she studied maths), a great circle of
friends who I still see regularly today
and a real enthusiasm for physics
and astronomy. I’m still as excited
about looking up at the sky today as
I was when I did when asked by Mike
Dworetsky to look up at delta Cephei
every night to measure the cycle of I was also involved in a new
variable stars. And as it turns out implementation for a client based in
ski resorts, with their lofty locations Switzerland and Sweden. I travelled
in the mountains, are a surprisingly to Sweden with 2 other colleagues
On returning to the UK four years good place to watch the skies. in June, again working with
later, I picked up a couple of jobs requirements gathering.
with magazines, the first with a Arron Rumsey
specialist business travel Business Analyst I had no experience of working in
publication called Business Travel (MSc Physics 2006, BSc the IT/ software industry prior to this
World and then with a skiing Theoretical Physics 2005; 2:2 job, but completing a Physics
magazine, the Good Ski Guide. Hons) degree has provided me with the
Nearing the end of my Masters analytical skills necessary for the
These days, I’m a freelance writer, degree in Physics, I applied for a job. As I am interested in technical
working for several publications. I’m variety of jobs in the science/physics aspects of work and also my having
the ski correspondent for The Times and IT industries. I applied for a job a background in physics and
newspaper – someone has to do it as a Graduate Business Analyst with mathematics, I have been able to
- and also write extensively about an IT software developer company settle into my job comfortably and
business travel. called Cerillion Technologies Ltd. quickly understand and use
They write and implement billing and technical and theoretical
So what about all that astronomy customer care software, primarily applications.
and physics? Has it all been for for telecommunications companies.
naught? Not exactly. I was offered the job and started in
In my spare time – if there is any – I early October 2006. The graduate
write books and now have three training scheme lasted 3 months,
under my belt. The first was a with this encompassing training and
history of cryptology, called teaching in the field of telecoms and
Codebreaker, written with the products that Cerillion develop.
Australian science writer Stephen During my time at Cerillion, I have

11
 Research Groups
Astrophysics
The Astrophysics group at UCL is one of the largest and most active in the UK. The group’s current activities cover
an impressive range of research topics, which include atmospheric physics at the Earth and other planets;
circumstellar and interstellar environments; galaxies and cosmology; massive stars and clusters; optical
instrumentation; star formation; astrochemistry, and recent pioneering studies of the environments of extra-solar
planets. Some of the highlights of the group’s research in these areas during 2007 are described below by Dr Nick
Achilleos, Dr Mark Westmoquette, Dr Serena Viti and Nick Wright.

Water on an extra solar planet planet, about 15% more massive heating of the atmosphere would
In July 2007, scientists from UCL than Jupiter, and is located just 4.5 produce a system of fierce winds
were involved in the first conclusive million km from its parent star, which sweeping from the day-side to the
detection of water vapour in the it orbits every 2.2 days. In night-side. Simulated winds flowing
atmosphere of a planet outside comparison, the Earth is 150 million at up to 4 km/s have been
the Solar System. The discovery km from the Sun; and even generated in computer models of
emerged from the work of Dr
Giovanna Tinetti (UCL) and an Model, warmer terminator
international team including UCL 2.50 Model, colder terminator
Observations
scientists Dr Robert Barber and Prof.
Jonathan Tennyson. The team used
data from NASA’s Spitzer Space 2.45
Telescope to analyse the infrared
Absorption (%)

signal from the transit of the gas

giant planet HD 189733b across its
2.40
parent star (situated 63 light years
from the Earth). This passage
reduces the star’s brightness by
2.35
about three percent. Dr Tinetti and
the team analysed the dimming
starlight at infrared wavelengths
near 3.6 and 5.8 micrometres, while 2.30
a team at Harvard acquired
4 6 8 10
measurements at 8 micrometres. Wavelength (µm)
For a planet lacking an atmosphere, Figure 1: Comparing observations and models of the absorbing effects of water in the atmosphere of the
one would expect similar behaviour extrasolar planet HD189733b, from Tinetti et al (Nature, 2007). Measurements of the absorbed fraction of
starlight at each wavelength are shown as black triangles: Horizontal bars indicate the Spitzer telescope’s infra-
in these wave bands. red wavebands; vertical bars show the uncertainty of the measurement. The model absorption spectra shown
were produced by simulating how light is absorbed as it travels through warm (orange trace) and cold (blue
However, something quite different trace) atmospheric layers near the boundary between the planet’s day- and nightside. Simplified models using
constant-temperature atmospheres are also shown, for 500 K (black trace, solid) and 2000 K (black, dotted).
was observed: the planet’s tenuous
outer atmosphere absorbed less Mercury, our Solar System’s global exoplanet atmospheres,
infrared radiation at 3.6 micrometres innermost planet, is 70 million km calculated at UCL by graduate
than at the other wavelengths. away. This is why planets such as student Tommi Koskinen in
Water is the only molecule with HD189733b are referred to as ‘hot collaboration with Prof. Alan
absorption properties that can Jupiters’. They tend to have greatly Aylward and Prof. Steve Miller
explain this behaviour – the team expanded atmospheres due to the (Koskinen et al, Nature 2007). These
used models by Barber and heat from the nearby star. The exciting new results by Tinetti and
Tennyson their analysis which diameter of HD 189733b is 1.25 colleagues have encouraged hope
incorporated sophisticated times that of Jupiter, and its for the future detection of water on
high-accuracy calculations of the atmospheric temperature is 1000 K other, rocky planets, which would be
water molecule’s spectral lines. (a little more than 700°C) or higher. more likely candidates for
This implies that the water vapour in harbouring life.
Water is widely considered to be the the atmosphere cannot condense to
first perquisite for finding life. fall as rain or form clouds.
However it does take more than
water vapour alone to make a planet If the planet were in a synchronous
a good candidate for extraterrestrial orbit, with one hemisphere
life. The extrasolar planet being constantly facing the star, the
discussed, HD189733b. Is a large
12
Spectacular Survey of the Milky This initial data release is of own gravity. These dense cores
Way observations of the Northern Plane typically have masses around ten
Prof. Mike Barlow and graduate of the Milky Way Galaxy (the thousand times that of the Sun.
student Nick Wright are part of a star-filled section) that cover 1600 Being denser than the surrounding
consortium of over 50 astronomers square degrees. The distribution cloud, the core regions are first
who are conducting the first of the bright H-alpha emission line to collapse in this way. As they do
comprehensive digital survey of the stars traces ‘hot spots’ of recent star so, they fragment into clumps, with
Milky Way at optical wavelengths. formation in our Galaxy much more masses of 10 to 50 solar masses.
The project is known as IPHAS convincingly than has previously The clumps then form into
(INT (Isaac Newton Telescope) been possible. The image resolution newly-born ‘protostars’, the entire
Photometric H-alpha Survey), and is high enough to allow detection of process requires about 10 million
involves astronomers from the UK, individual stars with H-alpha years. In order to ‘probe’ the
Europe, the US and Australia. Data emission, as well as the beautiful collapse phase which may be
from the survey, containing stunning glowing nebulae in which these stars obscured by cloud material,
images of nebulae and stars, were are often embedded. To date, the astronomers from the UCL group
released in December 2007, and IPHAS survey includes some 200 perform imaging and spectroscopic
described in a paper submitted to million objects in the newly released studies at infrared and
Monthly Notices of the Royal catalogue. This database is a vast sub-millimetre wavelengths. These
Astronomical Society. and important scientific resource for activities involve state-of-the-art UK
supporting studies of our Galaxy’s and international telescopes such
The IPHAS database includes three-dimensional structure and its as the James Clark Maxwell
observations made using a filter various stellar populations. Telescope in Hawaii and the IRAM
which is sensitive to the red spectral interferometric array in France.
line emitted by hydrogen, known as Galactic and Extragalactic Star The group also undertake
H-alpha. Using this distinctive tracer Formation Understanding the birth theoretical calculations of the
of excited hydrogen gas makes it of stars is fundamental to interaction between the regions of
possible to explore the astrophysics. Questions such as gas and dust which contribute to
poorly-understood stars which are ‘How do planetary systems form star formation in various
at the very early and very late stag- and evolve?’ and ‘Does life exist environments. This work is done in
es of their lives. The IPHAS data will elsewhere in the Universe?’ cannot collaboration with chemists around
therefore greatly improve our knowl- be tackled without an understanding the UK and in particular at UCL
edge of stellar evolution by allowing of the star formation process. (through the Centre of Cosmic
us to study, in unprecedented detail, Chemistry and Physics).
the ‘birth’ and ‘death’ of individual Star formation begins when the cold,
stars. dense parts of interstellar clouds of Some of the important results to
gas and dust collapse under their have emerged from the work of the

Figure 2: This image of NGC 2237, the Rosette Nebula, is the most detailed image of the famous nebula ever produced. It was created from almost 200 individual CCD
images from the INT/WFC Photometric H-Alpha Survey (IPHAS), the deepest and most comprehensive H-Alpha survey of the Northern Galactic Plane ever completed.
Inside the nebula lies a cluster of bright massive stars whose strong winds are clearing a hole in the nebula’s centre. Ultraviolet light from these stars excites the
surrounding nebula, causing it to glow. (Image courtesy of Nick Wright (UCL) / IPHAS).

13
 group in the last are the following: observed which correspond to the
early Universe, there seems to be
In dense clouds, it is possible for strong evidence of a greatly
heavy molecules (especially polar enhanced formation rate for
molecules like water) to ‘freeze out’, massive stars. By the use of a
on to dust grains. This process sophisticated chemical model of the
encourages chemical reactions at early Universe, the UCL group have
the grain surface which would simulated the molecular emissions
otherwise be too slow for molecules (radiation) associated with massive
in the gas phase. The timescale for star formation.
this freeze-out process is shorter An important result is that, as long
than the star formation timescale, as the number of massive stars in
provided no removal or desorption a formation region exceeds that in
of molecules from the surface of the the Milky Way by a factor of at least
grain takes place. The group have 1000, then it should be possible for
studied the desorption process and astronomers to observe the
found that the usual assumption of relatively bright molecular emissions
effective removal by cosmic rays is from that region.
not always valid.

When astronomers observe the

most distant parts of the Universe,
they are also looking into the past,
because of the immense light-travel
times. At the largest distances

Star-Forming Galaxies
Figure 3: The starburst galaxy M82 is shown here by combining individual observations at visual and infrared wavelengths from the Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard
the Hubble Space Telescope (HST/ACS). The extragalactic astrophysics group at UCL have been studying this galaxy using ground- and space-based observations. The
magenta outline shows region B of the galaxy, containing young star clusters which were shown by the group to be ~100 times younger than previously thought. Yellow boxes
show the sites of star clusters in the disk of M82, which were the subject of spectroscopic observations using the Gemini telescope. The blue boxes show the inner starburst
environment and super star cluster M82-F observed using Gemini (image courtesy M. Westmoquette / I. Konstantopoulos).

14
Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Positron Physics
The Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Positron Physics group is engaged in experimental and theoretical
research that covers a wide breadth in this very active field. Their research spans from the fundamental to the
applied and encompasses the following broad topics: positron-, positronium- and electron-collisions, ultracold
gases, quantum chaos and statistical physics, ultrafast laser spectroscopy and strong laser interactions, biological
physics and optical tweezers, atomic and molecular spectroscopy, and quantum information.

There are currently 19 academic and degenerate Fermi gases. single atom. In this strange situation,
staff actively engaged in research a new state of matter called a
within the AMOPP group with an The creation of ultracold molecules Bose-Einstein condensate is formed
almost equal division between and the study of their interactions and its unusual properties are a very
theory and experiment. Over the last and applications is a relatively new active research area
year the group has seen significant part of atomic, molecular and optical worldwide. These very low
growth within the theory section and physics, and this year Prof. Peter temperature atomic gases are
in particular in quantum information. Barker describes the creation of cold produced by using the intense light
Dr Dan Browne and Dr Allessio molecules by optical Stark decelera- from lasers. In this technique
Serafini have joined Prof. Sougato tion. He outlines his current research photons from a laser beam are
Bose as Lecturers in the quantum as well as a newly funded research scattered from the atoms with most
theory group. The area of strong programme that seeks to cool these scattering events taking energy
laser interactions theory has been molecules to ultracold temperatures away from the atoms and thus
strengthened by the arrival of Dr into the microKelvin regime bring- cooling them. In addition to being
Carla Figueira de Morisson Faria, ing together the expertise of several one of the important techniques for
an EPSRC Advanced Fellow, whose members of the AMOPP group. reaching ultra-cold temperatures,
theoretical research interests lie in and eventually Bose-Einstein
the interaction of atoms with intense Cold molecules condensation, laser cooling has
laser fields and ultrashort pulses. The ability to use lasers to cool allowed the exploration of the many
She joins Prof. Roy Newell and Dr atomic gases to ultra-cold sensitive interactions between
Jonathan Underwood in the area temperatures into the range of a ultra-cold trapped atoms that are
of ultrafast laser spectroscopy and millionth of a degree above absolute not normally observed at everyday
strong laser interactions. Finally, zero has revolutionized atomic and room temperatures. For example,
Dr Thorsten Kohler has joined the low temperature physics. At these the ability to hold these cold gases
group as a Research Fellow of the low temperatures the atoms are for long periods using optical fields,
Royal Society and Lecturer. He almost stationary and behave very has provided a new testing ground
leads a theoretical programme that differently to the gases at room for studying important concepts in
is studying the formation of ultracold temperature that we are familiar with. condensed matter physics. One such
molecular gases and the dynamics At the very lowest temperatures the example is the transport of particles,
of the association of molecules in atoms that make up the gas behave such as electrons, through materials
trapped Bose-Einstein condensates in some ways as if they are one which are composed of a series of
repeated or periodic structures such
as a crystal. This important process
can be studied with greater
precision because, rather than using
a solid structure, a more perfect
periodic structure can be made by
the interference of light waves from
a laser. Instead of electrons however
it is the motion of laser cooled, cold
atoms that are studied. More
recently, this exquisite control over
the motion of atoms through laser
cooling and trapping has lent itself
to testing concepts in the relatively
new field of quantum information
and quantum computing. In
contrast to conventional computers
the information in quantum
Figure1. Prof. Peter Barker in his newly refurbished laboratory standing by one of the high power lasers used
for creating slow, cold molecules. The light produced by the laser is used to grab molecules as the travel at high computing is stored and processed
speed through a vacuum chamber and decelerates them to rest in 3 billionth of a second. in the quantum domain using

15
 quantum bits called (qubits). Here standard model of particle physics, which are significantly smaller than
certain processing tasks can be which is known to be incomplete. the sun, can have formed when all
performed much faster that One such example is the quest to current models of the prevailing
conventional computing. The measure an electric dipole moment chemistry only lead the formation of
AMOPP group at UCL is actively (EDM) of the electron using heavy ultra-massive stars.
involved in many of these new polar molecular gases. Here In order to explore these completely
research areas. precision measurements that new frontiers in physics and
attempt to detect an EDM using chemistry, new methods must be
Considerable attention has recently these molecules are being used to developed to produce ultracold
turned to the creation and study of test new theories that extend the molecules of any type.
cold and ultra-cold molecules as standard model aiming to give a Unfortunately, laser cooling, as
they offer interactions that do not more complete theory of how the described above for atomic species,
occur, or, are weak between cold or cannot be applied to molecules and
thus there is now a great challenge
to devise new methods for cooling
UV ionisation beam molecules to such low
temperatures. Our research has
developed a new technique called
optical Stark deceleration, which can
produce slow and cold molecules of
Z Y essentially any type (figure 1 shows
X IR lattice beam 1
Prof. Peter Barker standing by the
optical stark deceleration laser).
1.8 K, 400m/s molecular beam This is a two-stage process in which
a cold but fast beam of molecules is
produced by leaking a small amount
travelling
optical of gas into a vacuum chamber. As
lattice the gas expands into the vacuum the
relatively high temperature (room
pulsed
valve temperature) of the gas is converted
to a gas of low temperature that is
IR lattice beam 2
now however travelling at high
Figure 2. A diagram of the lattice deceleration scheme showing the intersection of two laser beams within the speed. In the second stage of our
molecular beam to create a lattice. Also shown is the probe laser beam that is used to detect the molecules.
slowing process we use an intense
light field to hold or trap the
ultra-cold atoms. One such universe works. The ability to molecules while decelerating them
interaction occurs between polar perform chemistry in dilute to rest. This process is somewhat
molecules, which have a permanent molecular gases at temperatures far like the fictitious tractor beams on
dipole moment. In these molecules below 1 K promises access to the TV series Star Trek. These
one part of the molecule is slightly chemical processes which cannot intense beams produce a force that
more positively charged than then be observed at temperatures even acts to push molecules towards the
the other. At ultra-low temperatures as low as one degree above high intensity regions of the light
it is predicted that these molecules absolute zero. In this new field producing a group of slow, cold
will form a crystal structure because unexplored chemical regime, molecules bunched together. Since
the more positively and negatively reaction rates can increase all molecules and in fact any particle
charged parts of different molecules dramatically as the temperature of behaves in this way, in principle any
will attract each other while the parts gas decreases. Ultracold collisions molecule or atom can be
of molecules with the same polarity with molecular hydrogen are of manipulated and slowed in the same
will repel each other thus forming a particular interest because of their manner, opening up the capability of
crystal structure held by mutual fundamental nature, and their creating essentially any cold
attraction and repulsion. Such relevance for astrophysics, molecular species. This has been
gaseous crystal cannot form at room particularly in star-forming regions demonstrated in our experiments,
temperature because the energy of where it is now known that where we have successfully slowed
the moving gas particles at these temperatures get particularly low. every species that we have placed
temperatures is much greater than These processes could be the key within the molecular beam. This
the energy of attraction and to solving current astronomical includes the organic non-polar
repulsion. Cold molecules are also riddles such as how those stars of molecule benzene (C6H6) and the
seen as an ideal way of testing the primordial chemical composition, weakly polar nitric oxide (NO), as
16
 time (ns)
Figure 3. The Velocity Distribution Of Slowed Benzene Molecules, Initially At 2 Kelvin, As Function Of Time Slowed In The Constant Velocity Decelerator. A Small Fraction
Of The Molecules Are Transported To Zero Velocity In 3 Nanoseconds.

well as ground state xenon (Xe), the of this sequence the molecules can a common temperature that is lower
inert buffer gas used to form the now be trapped and held for long than the original temperature of the
molecular beam. For benzene a periods exceeding a second. hotter molecular gas. This
large average deceleration of 1011g challenging but important project
was produced which leaves the Important science has been and brings together a number of
molecules intact and in the same will continue to be carried out with academic staff within the growing
rotational and vibrational state that it cold molecules created by the Stark AMOPP group including Dr
was in before deceleration. The deceleration method. However, this Ferruccio Renzoni, who has
deceleration of the molecular beam method is not capable of reaching considerable expertise in laser
by the lattice is shown in figure 2. the ultra-cold regime (< 1 mK) where cooling and trapping, and Prof.
Here a fraction of molecules is much of the interesting physics and Jonathan Tennyson, whose
trapped with a repeating optical trap chemistry is to be found. We are expertise lies in the calculation of
called an optical lattice. The now embarking on a new project that structural properties of complex
decelerating lattice is made to uses the Stark deceleration method molecules and how they interact with
travel at half the speed of the but aims to cool molecules to atoms and other molecules through
molecular beam and the molecules ultra-cold temperatures below the 1 collisions. We are only at the
within it begin to oscillate in position mK barrier using an additional beginning of a very exciting stage
and velocity somewhat like the bob technique called sympathetic in this research area, however just
of a pendulum in a clock. When the cooling. In this latter method, the as the creation of cold atoms has
oscillating molecules reach zero gas to be cooled is trapped and had high impact outside atomic and
velocity, like the pendulum reaching brought into contact with a colder molecular physics, we expect that
the top of it’s swing, the optical fields laser-cooled atomic gas at higher growing field of cold molecules will
are rapidly turned off in a few concentration. The heat flows from have significant applications in other
billionths of a second and the the hotter molecular gas to the colder fields of physics and chemistry.
molecules remain at rest. At the end atomic gas via collisions, coming to

17
 High Energy Physics
The High Energy Physics group carries out research at the energy frontier using data from accelerators at CERN
(Geneva), Fermilab (Chicago) and DESY (Hamburg). They also carry out theoretical research, R&D for new
experiments, and have an exciting programme investigating neutrino physics. A new element of this neutrino
programme is the ANITA experiment in antarctica, which is described here by Dr. Ryan Nichol and Dr. Amy
Connolly.

The ANITA Experiment balloon, 37 km above the surface of During the test the instrument
The ANITA experiment (ANtarctic Antarctica. From this vantage point recorded radio pulses from a high
Impulsive Transient Antenna) is an there is over one million cubic energy, intensive beam of electrons
ambitious project attempting to turn kilometres of Antarctic ice, up to 4 incident on a 10 tonne block of ice,
the entire continent of Antarctica into km deep in places, which the replicating the radio signal produced
a gigantic telescope probing the experiment observes with its highly by high energy neutrinos
furthest reaches and highest sensitive array of radio antennas. interacting in the Antarctic ice. The
energies of the Universe. The These radio antennas are ANITA test at SLAC was the first
experiment aims to be the first to searching for the characteristic time that these radio signals from
detect high energy neutrinos of radio chirps induced by neutrinos high energy interactions had been
astrophysical origin. Neutrinos are interacting somewhere down below observed in ice. The test confirmed
uniquely interesting cosmic in the Antarctic ice. Previous theoretical predictions for the signal
messengers, as they are the only measurements have shown the properties and the ANITA system
stable particles which only interact Antarctic ice to be transparent to was shown to be fully operational
weakly, and so can traverse vast radio signals like those emitted from and ready to be shipped to
cosmological distances without neutrino interactions, allowing ANITA Antarctica for its maiden flight.
being absorbed by matter or to peer deep into the ice in its hunt
deflected by magnetic fields. By for the particles. Figure 1 shows the Each year the circumpolar wind
measuring high energy neutrinos, ANITA payload in Antarctica shortly system sets up during the austral
we hope to discover the location before the launch of its debut summer, and it is this wind system
of the most energetic processes in Antarctic flight. that allows for long duration balloon
the Universe, provide clues to what In June 2006, months before flights which make multiple orbits of
the highest energy charged cosmic ANITA’s first flight, the experiment the continent. ANITA was launched
messengers are made of, and pos- was extensively tested at from Williams Field, the NASA
sibly hint at new physics phenomena Stanford Linear Accelerator balloon facility near McMurdo
at energy scales beyond the reach Laboratory (SLAC) in California. station,
of the largest particle accelerators
on Earth.

The elusiveness of the neutrino

provides a great experimental
challenge when it comes to
designing a detector with which to
observe them on their travels across
the cosmos. Given the low flux of
high energy neutrinos
(approximately one per square
kilometre of the Earth’s surface per
year) and the low probability of
neutrino interactions (on average a
neutrino will travel through hundreds
of kilometres of water before
interacting), vast detection volumes
are necessary in order to detect
a reasonable number of neutrino
events.

The ANITA experiment takes a

novel approach to the problem of
how to observe such a large
Figure 1: The ANITA balloon payload hanging from the Antarctic balloon launch vehicle
volume of matter, it looks down at prior to the launch in December 2006.
the Earth from a high altitude
18
 continent at higher latitudes so that
ANITA may view the colder, deeper
ice sheet in the eastern side of the
continent.
ANITAII will include additional
antennas and a modified triggering
scheme that will allow the
experiment to push further in its bid
to detect the high energy neutrinos.

Work is already underway on

planning for the next generation of
neutrino astronomy facilities, in both
Antarctica and the Mediterranean.
These facilities may be the first to
truly realise the goals of mapping
the cosmos using neutrinos, and of
probing fundamental physics, at
energy scales far beyond the reach
Figure 2: The flight path of the first ANITA flight, superimposed over a map of Antarctica showing the ice depth of terrestrial particle accelerators,
across the continent. (The ice depth data was taken from the BEDMAP consortium, of the British Antarctic
Survey.)
using a beam of particles provided
by some of the most extreme
on December 15th, 2006, and neutrino discovery or try again to objects in the Universe.
enjoyed a 35 day flight above the observe them for the first time. The
Antarctic continent. The path taken first ANITA flight was unusual for
by the balloon during this flight is Antarctic long duration ballooning
shown in Figure 2. During the flight, in that the path tended towards the
ANITA recorded data at a rate of a western side of the continent where
few events per second, consisting the ice is shallower. The balloon
predominantly of noise produced paths are subject to wind patterns
either thermally or by human and are out of the control of the
activity on the continent. Some of scientists and engineers that launch
the data was transmitted back to the the balloons. The ANITA team is
base station via satellite, while the hoping for another long flight in
remainder of the data was stored on 2008, but with a path that circles the
hard drives aboard the instrument.
The flight ended by a remote
controlled explosive detonation
separating the payload from the
balloon, and the experiment
descended back to ground under a
parachute. Figure 3 shows the state
of the ANITA payload after its 37 km
fall back down to the ice. The ANITA
team is now in the process of ana-
lyzing the data from the first flight,
where it hopes that the first to be
seen high energy neutrinos may be
among theover eight million events
recorded.

ANITA has been approved for a

repeat flight, called ANITAII, in the
2008 / 2009 austral summer. ANI-
TAII will have the opportunity to ei- Figure 3: The ANITA payload back on the ice after its 37 km descent by parachute.
ther confirm a highenergy

19
 Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
The work of the group covers an enormous range of activities, both experimental and theoretical, in the physics of
condensed matter. Dr Dorothy Duffy, Prof. Tony Harker, Prof. Des McMorrow, Dr Peter Sushko detail three
examples below to show how group members are investigating new ways of probing fundamental quantum
mechanical effects, finding novel properties by creating new compounds, and addressing the crucial materials
issues raised by fusion reactors.
Novel Probes of Entanglement spins point in opposite directions, if hunch that this material might yield
One of the most counter-intuitive one is measured and found to have something important and we had
features of quantum mechanics is its spin pointing upwards the other the good sense to pursue it.” The
entanglement. Two particles can be must have its spin pointing next steps will be to pursue the
entangled in such a way that downwards. implications for high temperature
measuring a property of one also superconductors, materials carrying
determines that same property for
the other – this is what Einstein
referred to as ‘spooky action at a
distance.’ Einstein devised several
thought- experiments to try to show
that this phenomenon did not
exist, but so far quantum mechanics
has been shown to be correct. This
property of entanglement is central
to new developments such as
quantum computing. Now a group
of scientists including researchers
from UCL have shown how these
entangled states can be imaged
using a conventional tool of material
science – neutron beams produced
at particle accelerators and nuclear
reactors – in a simple magnet.

At the nano scale, we usually think

of magnetism as arising from
atoms behaving like little magnets
called spins. In ferromagnets – the
kind that stick to fridge doors – all
of these atomic magnets point in the
same direction. In
antiferromagnets, the spins
spontaneously align themselves
opposite to the adjacent spins,
leaving the material magnetically
neutral overall. In fact this picture is
not quite correct because it ignores
the uncertainties of quantum
mechanics. In quantum mechanics Figure 1: Neutron diffraction can be used to study the entanglement of a square of spins, the tiny bar magnets
a spin can simultaneously point up associated with the electrons in the copper atoms in a particular organometallic crystal. On the left (c) shows a
calculated neutron image for these spins when they behave as classical objects (a), while the right (d) shows
and down: it is said to be in a the image when they are entangled (b). The images are dramatically different in the two cases, taking the form
‘superposition’ of spin up and spin of a nearly circular spot for the classical case and a cross for the quantum, entangled state.
down states, but if its spin is One of the lead investigators at UCL, electrical currents with no heating
measured it will turn out to be either Prof. Des McMorrow, commented: and which bear remarkable
up or down. At the same time, two “When we embarked on this work, I similarities to the insulating
spins can be linked, or entangled, think it is fair to say that none of us antiferromagnets studied here, and
such that even though it is were expecting to see such gigantic the design of quantum computers.
impossible to know the direction of effects produced by quantum
either by itself, they will always point entanglement in the material we
in opposite directions. Then, if they were studying. We were following a
are entangled in such a way that the
20
 created a theoretical model of
C12A7 and predicted several
interesting effects. For example,
when the extra-framework becomes
oxygen-deficient, a low-density
electron gas is formed in the C12A7
lattice and the material becomes a
transparent conductor. In this state
the extra-framework electrons form
polarons (a combination of a charge
and associated distrotion of the
crystal): they are localised inside
individual cages and diffuse through
the lattice by hopping from one cage
to another. If the extra-framework is
strongly oxygen-deficient the
density of the electron gas
increases and it delocalises over
all cages. Simultaneously with this
C12A7 becomes metallic and even
superconductive at very low
temperatures. This transition is
reversible, so that C12A7 can be
converted from the metal to an
Figure 2: The atomic (top) and electronic (bottom) structures of C12A7 at different concentrations of the extra- insulator under oxidising conditions.
framework electron gas. The bottom panel shows the change of the electronic structure from the
insulating state (x=0) to a semiconducting state (x≈1), and further to a metallic state (x≈2).
Materials for Fusion Reactors
New Electride Materials where the positively charged As global warming becomes a
Electrides are ionic crystals in which framework [Ca24Al28O64]4+ forms a reality, the quest for a clean, safe,
electrons behave rather like lattice of sub-nanometer cages and carbon-free source of electricity is
negatively charged ions. These new negatively charged becoming urgent. Fusion power
materials hold out the promise of extra-framework anions, O2–, are fulfils all these criteria, with the
exceptionally good characteristics randomly distributed over the added advantage that the fuel
as cold electron emitters and framework cages. supply is plentiful; Deuterium is
chemically active agents. found in seawater and Tritium can
Tremendous efforts have been In a partnership with be bred from Lithium, which is
made to develop organic and experimentalists at Tokyo Institute of abundant in the earth’s crust. There
inorganic electrides that would be Technology, UCL physicists are, however, significant hurdles to
robust enough to be used in including Peter Sushko have be overcome before the dream of
practical applications under ambient
conditions and at elevated
temperatures, but there are still
major limitations to their use:
organic electrides become unstable
at temperatures above –40°C and
inorganic electrides offer little
possibility of control over the
concentration of the electron
anions.

The recent development of a new

complex oxide 12CaO 7Al2O3 .
(C12A7), based on “as cheap as dirt”
materials was a major breakthrough
in the development of electrides. Its
chemical composition can be
written as [Ca24Al28O64]4+ 2O2–, . Figure 3: The Deuterium-Tritium fusion reaction

21
 fusion power becomes a reality.
One such hurdle is the development
of materials that can withstand the
high-energy radiation environment.
Fusion of Deuterium and Tritium
results in the creation of high-energy
neutrons and alpha particles.

Much can be learnt about radiation

damage in materials from modelling
studies. A UCL team led by
Dorothy Duffy uses a technique
called Molecular Dynamics (MD) to
model the effects of a high energy
particle colliding with an atom in a
material. Initially there is a lot of
Figure 5: The damage track created by a swift heavy ion in Fe. The green spheres show
disorder near the collision and it vacanciesin the crystal and the gold spheres show the presence of extra interstitial species.
appears that the crystal has melted
in a small region. As time progresses energy. At each simulation step
the material recrystallises, however energy is exchanged between the
some defects remain in the form of lattice and the electrons and this
empty sites where there should be energy contributes to defect
atoms (vacancies) and extra atoms creation, diffusion and
squeezed in where an atom would recombination. When a material
not normally be (interstitials). The is irradiated with swift heavy ions
accumulation and clustering of these the electronic temperature is high
defects will gradually cause embrit- enough to melt the lattice along the
tlement and perhaps even failure of ion path and cylindrical regions of
the material. defects, known as ion tracks, are
created. The result of one of their
Dorothy’s team has been working simulations of such a track in Iron is
on improving radiation damage shown below.
simulations by including the effects
of electronic excitations. Very high
energy particles excite electrons
and the effects of these electronic
excitations are generally neglected
in classical MD simulations. They
include the effects by coupling the
MD simulations to a coarse-grained
representation of the electronic

Figure 4: A sequence of snapshots of the damage caused by a 10keV radiation event in Nickel: each dot represents an atom which is displaced by the radiation, and
the initial huge damage cluster (left) evolves as the energetic atoms move to leave residual damage (right) .

22
Active Grants and Contracts (Jan 2007 – Dec 2007)
Astrophysics copy, molecular dynamics and structure (EPSRC) £625,471 PI: A Bain
The next generation of cosmological surveys (Leverhulme Trust) £42,000 PI: F Photophysics of fluorescently tagged DNA (RAIS) £35,358 PI: A Bain
Abdalla Trapping and slowing cold molecules in pulsed optical lattices (EPSRC) £77,277 PI:
Studies of the thermospheres and ionospheres: From the earth to the stars (STFC) P Barker
£1,570,463 PI: A Aylward Manipulating molecules with optical fields (EPSRC) £237,552 PI: P Barker
Deep spectroscopy and 3D photoionisation modelling of planetary nebulae (Royal Creating ultra-cold molecules by sympathetic cooling (EPSRC) £1,264,848 PI: P
Society) £12,000 PI: M Barlow Barker
Stellar duets in theory and observations (American Museum of Natural History) £9,504 Quantum computation and communication using spin chains and related systems
PI: M Barlow (EPSRC) £97,881 PI: S Bose
The dust enrichment of galaxies: supernovae and evolved stars (STFC) £184,226 PI Spin chain connectors, entanglement by measurements and mesoscopic quantum
M Barlow coherence (EPSRC) £783,478 PI: S Bose
Formation of massive star clusters and cluster complexes in galaxies (STFC) Quantum information uses of complex systems and limits of the quantum world (Royal
£250,170 PI: N Bastian Society) £75,000 PI: S Bose
Constraining and testing cosmological models (Royal Society) £205,823 PI: S Bridle Quantum information processing interdisciplinary research collaboration (EPSRC)
Measuring cosmic shear (STFC) £186,144 PI: S Bridle £87,678 PI: S Bose
The nature of dark matter from cosmic gravitational lensing (Royal Society) £2,010 PI: Quantum information processing interdisciplinary research collaboration (EPSRC)
S Bridle £91,493 PI: D Browne
The mind of the universe: A series of school/public lectures communicating the Microstirring of complex ionic liquids with optical tweezers (Royal Society) £12,000 PI:
excitement of cosmic discovery (astronomy, astrophysics cosmology) (STFC) £33,727 P Jones
PI: F Diego Superreserving optical tweezers (Royal Society) £7,174 PI: P Jones
Smart X-ray optics (EPSRC) £3,072,089 PI: P Doel Theory of producing, detecting and designing molecular boase-einstein condensates
Dark energy survey design work (University if Chicago) £10,072 PI: P Doel (Royal Society) £73,833 PI: T Kohler
Zonal biomorph deformable mirror feasibility study (STFC) £19,640 PI: P Doel Positron reaction microscopy (EPSRC) £604,297 PI: G Laricchia
Ultra-thin, lightweight, carbon fibre adaptive mirrors for ELTs (STFC/ATC) £18,000 PI: Resonant activation and ratchet effect in dissipative optical lattices (EPSRC) £125,778
P Doel PI: F Renzoni
DES Consortium: Purchase of glass blanks (University of Chicago) £93,023 PI: P Doel Studying magnetic phase transitions with ultra cold atoms in optical lattices (EPSRC)
DES Consortium: Purchase of glass blanks (University of Portsmouth) £251,500 PI: £57,582 PI: F Renzoni
P Doel Cooling of atoms in optical cavities by collective dynamics (EPSRC) £457,631 PI: F
DES Consortium: Purchase of glass blanks (University of Michigan) £69,767 PI: P Renzoni
Doel Quantum control at the single atom level via adiabatic following of a dark state (Royal
Large ultra-thin lightweight, carbon-fibre adaptive mirrors for ELTs (STFC) £347,447 Society) £13,910 PI: F Renzoni
PI: P Doel International incoming short visit – Prof B Jelenkovic (Royal Society) £2,500 PI: F
DES Consortium: Purchase of glass blanks (University of Pennsylvania) £139,535 PI: Renzoni
P Doel New rectification mechanisms in cold atom ratchets (Royal Society) £12,000 PI: F
Astronomy in the classroom: School and observatory visits for KS2, KS3, KS and A Renzoni
Level (STFC) £5,600 PI: M M Dworetsky The UK RmaX network (STFC) £10,277 PI: P Storey
Astronomy in the classroom: School and observatory visits (STFC) £13,354 PI: M M Quantum states of molecules at dissociation (EPSRC) £240,613 PI: J Tennyson
Dworetsky Complete spectroscopy of water (INTAS) £6,300 PI: J Tennyson
Astronomy in the classroom: School and observatory visits (STFC) £8,200 PI: M M Opacity functions for hot molecules (Royal Society) £12,000 PI: J Tennyson
Dworetsky QUASAAR – Quantitive spectroscopy for atmospheric and astrophysical research
Development of photon counting L3CCD detector for spectroscopic applications (European Commission) £126,788 PI: J Tennyson
(Royal Society) £6,837 PI: J Fordham A theoretical investigation of positron annihilation in molecules (EPSRC) £188,424 PI:
System management support for the UCL astrophysics group (STFC) £96,530 PI: I J Tennyson
Howarth WWLC weak weather vapour lines contribution to the absorption of atmospheric
Cosmology with the new generation of photometric redshift surveys (STFC) £186,144 radiation (European Commission) £109,999 PI: J Tennyson
PI O Lahav Dynamic imaging of matter at the attosecond and angstrom scale (EPSRC) £101,769
Astrogrid 2 (STFC) £22,113 PI O Lahav PI: J Tennyson
The heart of the great attractor and spectroscopic surveys (Royal Society) £3,554 PI Infrared and visible wavelength absorption by water vapour (NERC) £130,616 PI: J
O Lahav Tennyson
A wide-field corrector for the dark energy survey (STFC) £1,762,660 PI: O Lahav Low-mass star formation and evolution in the early universe (STFC) £118,651 PI: J
Modelling the universe: From atomic to large scale structures (STFC) £246,803 PI: S Tennyson
Miller Electron drive processes (Quantemol) £12,930 PI: J Tennyson
The e-MERLIN radio astronomy revolution: developing the science support tool An opacity function for ammonia (Leverhulme Trust) £59,480 PI: J Tennyson
(Leverhulme Trust) £124,272 PI: R Prinja Positron scattering from molecules at low energies using R-matrix method (Royal
UCL astrophysics short term visitor programme 2006-2009 (STFC) £25,661 PI: R Society) £15,820 PI: J Tennyson
Prinja Electron initiated chemistry in biomolecules (EPSRC) £375,727 PI: J Tennyson
Star formation and its relationship with the interstellar mediums (STFC) £164,006 PI: CAVIER (NERC) £396,342 PI: J Tennyson
J Rawlings Quantum states of water and dissociation (EPSRC) £88,697 PI: J Tennyson
PATT linked grant to sponsor use of ground based telescopes (STFC) £81,164 PI: L Line lists for isotopologues of water (Royal Society) £4,162 PI: J Tennyson
J Smith Quantum etch plasma simulation (EPSRC) £93,686 PI: J Tennyson
Massive stars, starbursts and feedback into the environmental galaxies (STFC) A database for H2160 (Royal Society) £3,362 PI: J Tennyson
£164,230 PI: L J Smith Detailed modelling of quantum electron molecule scattering in radioactive waste
Detecting biosignatures for extrasolar worlds (STFC) £274,039 PI: G Tinetti (RAIS) £26,777 PI J Tennyson
Mapping cosmic evolution with high-redshift clusters (STFC) £251,250 PI: C Van Dynamic imaging of matter at the attosecond and angstrom scales (EPSRC) £70,788
Breukelen PI: J Underwood
Clumpiness in star forming regions (STFC) £206,257 PI: S Viti The study and control of condensed phase molecular dynamics via femtosecond laser
The environment around Herbig-Haro objects: clumpiness and star formation (Royal techniques (Royal Society) £14,138 PI: J Underwood
Society) £5,000 PI: S Viti Joint appointment for Dr Jonathan Underwood (STFC) £184,743 PI: J Underwood
Chemistry in galaxies at high redshifts (Leverhulme Trust) £112,381 PI: S Viti
Industrial processes for automated polishing and metrology of complex forms (Royal High Energy Physics
Society) £84,184 PI: D Walker Exploring beyond the standard model physics with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC
Industrial case studentship: C King (EPSRC) £44,700 PI: D Walker (STFC) £210,217 PI: A Barr
Basic technology: Ultra precision surfaces – A new paradigm (accuracy capability of 1 CEDAR: Combined EScience data analysis resource for high energy particle physics
part 10 to the power of 8) (EPSRC) £1,568,731 PI: D Walker (STFC) £326,408 PI: J Butterworth
On-machine metrology for surface fabrication (STFC) £298,258 PI: D Walker Experimental high energy physics research at UCL (STFC) £3,448,533 PI: J But-
Integrated knowledge centre in ultra precision and structured surfaces (EPSRC) terworth
£391,853 PI: D Walker Development and maintenance of ATLAS run time tester (CCLRC) £45,000 PI: J
The development of acoustic detection, reconstruction and signal processing tech- Butterworth
niques and their application to the search for ultra-high energy cosmic ray neutrinos MCnet – Monte Carlo event generators for high energy particle physics (European
(Defence Science and Technology Laboratory) £12,930 PI: D Waters Commission) £171,985 PI: J Butterworth
Distinguishing modifications of gravity from dark energy (Nuffield Foundation) £4,800 Probing the ultra-high energy universe with neutrinos as cosmic messengers (Royal
PI: J Weller Society) £121,500 PI: A Connolly
Perenatal events in astronomy (STFC) £4,214 PI: D A Williams Preparation for and measurement of new physics processes using ATLAS experiment
at LHC (STFC) £459,243 PI: C Gwenlan
Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Positron Physics Core software development for the physics exploitation of the ATLAS detector at LHC
Excited state photoengineering: Virtual crystallography – A new approach to spectros- (STFC) £298,548 PI: N Konstantinidis

23
 Core software development for the physics exploitation of the ATLAS detector at LHC
(STFC) £114,009 PI: N Konstantinidis
Core software development for the physics exploitation of the ATLAS detector at LHC
(STFC) £24,290 PI: N Konstantinidis
ARTEMIS – Investigation of the electroweak symmetry breaking and the origin of
mass using the first data of ATLAS detector at LHC (European Commission) £228,959
PI: N Konstantinisdis
Atlantis event display (STFC) £25,000 PI: N Konstantinidis
ESLEA: Exploitation of switched lightpaths for Escience applications (EPSRC)
£134,810 PI: M
Lancaster
Experimental high energy particle physics research at UCL (STFC) £5,724,079 PI: M
Lancaster
Energy spectrometer for the ILC (British Council) £3,696 PI: A Lyapin
Energy spectrometry based on high resolution cavity beam positron monitors for
international linear collider (British Council) £3,000 PI: B Maiheu
Accelerator science programme, work package 2.1 (Accelerator Science and
Technology Centre) £20,000 PI: D J Miller
The linear collider beam delivery system (STFC) £192,623 PI: D J Miller
Investigating neutrino oscillations with MINOS and neutrino astronomy with ANITA
(Royal Society) £438,868 PI: R Nichol
Detection of ultra-high cosmic ray neutrinos with ANITA and investigation of future
large scale detectors (STFC) £281,290 PI: R Nichol
QCD phenomenology at hadron colliders and an improved measurement of the top
quark mass (STFC) £104,555 PI: E L Nurse
Measurement of the neutrino mass spectrum with oscillation and double beta decay
experiments (STFC) £236,269 PI: R Saakyan
NEMO III exploitation (STFC) £52,741 PI: R Saakyan
Design study of the superNEMO experiment (STFC) £753,999 PI: R Saakyan
Development of the ZEUS global tracking trigger at HERA and the ATLAS level 2
trigger (STFC) £225,125 PI: M Sutton
ILIAS – Integrated large infrastructures for astroparticle science (European
Commission) £12,096 PI: J Thomas
Construction, calibration and exploitation of the MINOS experiment (STFC) £9,425 PI:
J Thomas
Establishment for a new HEP/SS facility for construction of large HEP and SS projects
(STFC) £251,151 PI: J Thomas
Deputy chair of science board (STFC) £55,515 PI: J Thomas
Global fits for parton distributions and implications for hadron collider physics (STFC)
£150,675 PI: R Thorne
University research fellowship (Royal Society) £123,654 PI: R Thorne
GridPP Tier-2 support (STFC) £42,244 PI: B Waugh
GridPP Tier- 2 support (STFC) £128,479 PI: B Waugh
Studying neutrino oscillations with MINOS experiment (STFC) £115,436 PI: C B Smith
Precise determination of beam energies at a future linear collider (Nuffield
Foundation) £5,000 PI: M Wing
European design study towards a global TeV linear collider (European Commission)
£81,270 PI: M Wing
CALICE: Calorimetry for the international linear collider (STFC) £138,596 PI: M Wing
Studentship: Sarah Boutle (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) £37,757 PI: M Wing
EUDET: Detector research and development towards the international linear collider
(EuropeanCommission) £207,685 PI: M Wing
LC-ABD Collaboration: Work package 9: Cavity BPM energy spectrometer (STFC)
£203,957 PI: M Wing

Condensed Matter and Materials Physics

Many CMMP grants are now held through the London Centre for
Nanotechnology.
Modelling charge transport in conducting polymers and biological systems (IRC
Cambridge University) £17,468 PI: D Bowler
New Exploratory Project – Modelling charge transport in conducting polymers and
biological systems (IRC Cambridge University) £127,409 PI: D Bowler
NSF: Quantum frustration (EPSRC) £72,907 PI: S Bramwell
THREADMILL – Threaded molecular wires as supramolecularly engineered materials
(European
Commission) £310,691 PI: F Cacialli
International conference on materials for advanced technologies 2007 (Royal Society)
£1,800 PI: F Cacialli
Exploring new graphitic superconductors: Charge transfer, excitations and
dimensionality (EPSRC) £621,904 PI: M Ellerby
Alternative s-matrix approaches for matter in strong laser fields (EPSRC) £310,014
PI: M Ellerby
Studentship for Andrew Walters (STFC) £19,821 PI: D McMorrow
NANOMAN –Control, manipulation on the 1-10nm scale using localised forces and
excitations
(European Commission) £135,696 PI: A Shluger
Theoretical calculation on electron states and anion species in nano-porous crystals
(Japan Science and Technology Agency) £78,972 PI: A Shluger
Laser materials interaction (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) £31,000 PI: A
Shluger
Development of simultaneous diffraction-conductance measurements at ISIS
(CCLRC/STFC) £29,000 PI: N Skipper
Studentship: T Headon (Schlumberger Cambridge Research) £6,000 PI: N Skipper

24
Physics and Astronomy 2007 Publications
ASTROPHYSICS GROUP 33. Y. Hoffman, O. Lahav, G. Yepes, Y. Dover, The future of the local large scale
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G. B. Lima Neto, A. K… Romer, D. Russeil, B. Wilhite, An extension of the SHARC Antokhin, D. Bohlender, H. Bond, J.-F Donati, L. Georgiev, D. Gies, D. Harmer, A.
survey, A&A 472 373-381 (2007). Herrero, I. Kolka, D. McDavid, T. Morel, I. Negueruela, G. Rauw, P. Reig, Towards an
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7. N. Bastian, B. Ercolano, M. Gieles, E. Rosolowsky, R.A. Scheepmaker, R. 38. T. T. Koskinen, A. D. Aylward, C. G. A. Smith, S.Miller, Thermospheric Circulation
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the star-forming regions, MNRAS 379 1302-1312 (2007). 39. T. T. Koskinen, A. D. Aylward, S. Miller, Stability Limit for Giant Exoplanet
8. N. Bastian, I. Konstantopoulos, L. J. Smith, G. Trancho, M. S. Westmoquette, J. Atmospheres, Nature 450 845-848 (2007).
S. Gallagher, Detailed study of the enigmatic cluster M82F, MNRAS 379 1333-1342 40. E. Lagadec, A. A. Zijlstra, G. C. Sloan, M. Matsuura, P. R. Wood, J. T. van Loon,
(2007). G. J. Harris, J. A. D. L. Blommaert, S. Hony, M. A. T. Groenewegen, M. W. Feast, P.
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masses -II. Conversion factors for specific galaxy types, MNRAS 378 983-994 (2007). Small Magellanic Cloud, MNRAS 376 1270-1284 (2007).
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6. A. Abdesselam, et al., The ATAS SCT optoelectronics and the associated electrical 46. Measurement of the Lambda0(b) Lifetime in Lambda0(b) ---> J/psi Lambda0 in p
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9. Measurement of inclusive jet cross-sections in Z/gamma*(---> e+ e-) + jets LINEAR COLLIDER
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FERMILAB-CONF-07-150-E (2007) 4p. D. J. Miller, P. Sherwood, J. Thomas

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dynamics for metals and insulators, J. Chem. Phys.127 214104 (2007). A. M. Beesley, S. D. Brown, M. F. Thomas, G. H. Lander, S. Langridge, R. C. C. Ward,
93. A. M. Stoneham, Making sense of scent, Materials Today 10 64 (2007). M. R. Wells, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism study of uranium/iron multilayers, Phys.
94. A. M. Stoneham, How soft materials control harder ones: Routes to Rev. B. 76 024425 (2007).
Bio-organisation, Reports on Progress in Physics 70 1055-1097 (2007). 125. G. J. Williams, M. A. Pfeifer, I. A. Vartanyants, I. K. Robinson, Internal structure
95. A. M. Stoneham, Future Perspectives for Diamond for Physics and Applications in Au nanocrystals resolved by 3D inversion of coherent X-ray diffraction, Phys. Rev.
of CVD Diamond, eds. S. Koizumi, M. Nesladek, C. E. Nebel, Wiley-VCH Accepted, in B. 73 094112 (2006).
press (2007). 126. G. J. Williams, M. A. Pfeifer, I. A. Vartanyants, I. K. Robinson, Effectiveness of
96. A. M. Stoneham, Theory of Defects in Solids, Oxford University Press (2007). iterative algorithms in recovering phase in the presence of noise, Acta
97. A. M. Stoneham, J. L. Gavartin, Dynamics at the Nanoscale, Materials Science Crystallographica A 63 3642 (2007).
and Engineering 27 972-980 (2007). 127. G. Xu, C. Broholm, Y. A. Soh, G. Aeppli, J. F. DiTusa, Y. Chen, M. Kenzelmann,
98. A. M. Stoneham, J. Gavartin, D. Munoz Ramo, A. L. Shluger, The vul-nerable C. D. Frost, T. Ito, K. Oka, H. Takagi, Mesoscopic phase coherence in a quantum spin
nanoscale dielectric, Physica Status Solidi A – Applications and Materials Science 204 fluid, Science 317 10491052 (2007).
653662 (2007). 128. W. Zhang, I. K. Robinson, Grazing exit small angle X-ray scattering on grain
99. A. M. Stoneham, J. Gavartin, A. L. Shluger, A. V. Kimmel, D. Mumoz Ramo, H. M. formation in polycrystalline metal films, Zeitschrift fur Kristallogra-phie 222 6014
Ronnow, G. Aeppli, C. Renner, Trapping, selftrapping and the polaron family, J. Phys.: (2007)
Condensed Matter 19 255208 (2007). Conference Proceedings
100. A. M. Stoneham, A. H. Harker, G. Aeppli, Novel quantum devices Quantum 129. C. LosertValiente Kroon, I. J. Ford, Stochastic birth and death equations to treat
Connectors, British Patent Application 07142052 Filing Date and Priority Date 20 July chemistry and nucleation in small systems, Proc. of the 17th International Conf. on
2007. Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, Galway, Ireland, (2007).
101. A. M. Stoneham, A. H. Harker, G. Aeppli, Novel quantum devices Quantum 130. C. Rau, V. Crecea, K. M. Peterson, P. R. Jemian, C. P. Richter, U. Neuhausler,
Devices, British Patent Application 07142060 Filing Date and Priority Date 20 July G. Schneider, X. Yu, P. V. Braun, I. K. Robinson, A Full-Field KB-FZP Microscope for
2007. Hard X-Ray Imaging with Sub 100 nm Resolution, Proc. of the 8th International Conf.
102. M. L. Sushko, A. L. Shluger, Dipoledipole interactions and the structure of on X-ray Microscopy, eds. S, Aoki, Y, Kagoshima, Y, Suzuki, IPAP Conf. Series 7 7-8
selfassembled monolayers, J. Phys. Chem. B 111 4019-4025 (2007). (2006).
103. M. L. Sushko, A. L. Shluger, DLVO theory for likecharged polyelec-trolyte and 131. A. M. Stoneham, Thinking about Diamond, MRS Proc. 956 1-10 (2007).
surface interactions, Materials Science and Engineering C - Biomimetic and Supramo- 132. H. Y. Tang, I. J. Ford, Calculation of cluster free energies using the Jarzynski
lecular Systems 27 1090-1095 (2007). relation, Proc. of the 17th International Conf. on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols,
104. P. V. Sushko, D. M. Ramo, A. L. Shluger, Electronic structure and spectroscopic Galway, Ireland, (2007).
properties of interstitial anions in the nanoporous complex oxide 12CaO . 7Al2O3,
Physica Status Solidi A – Applications and Materials Science 204 663-669 (2007).
105. P. V. Sushko, A. L. Shluger, Electronic structure of insulatorconfined ultrathin Si
channels, Microelectronic Engineering 84 20432046 (2007).
106. P. V. Sushko, A. L. Shluger, M. Hirano, H. Hosono, From insulator to electride:
A theoretical model of nanoporous oxide 12CaO .7Al2O3, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129
942951 (2007).
107. M. Sutherland, N. Doiron-Leyraud, L. Taillefer, T. Weller, M. Ellerby, S. S.
Saxena, Bulk evidence for singlegap swave superconductivity in the intercalated
graphite superconductor C6Yb, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 067003 (2007).
108. S. Taioli, C. Cazorla, M. J. Gillan, D. Alfe, Melting curve of tantalum from first
principles calculations, Phys. Rev. B. 75 (2007).
109. H. Thompson, A. K. Soper, M. A. Ricci, F. Bruni, N. T. Skipper, The
ThreeDimensional Structure of Water Confined in Nanoporous Vycor Glass, J. Phys.
Chem. B. 111 5610-5620 (2007).
110. T. Trevethan, L. Kantorovich, J. Polesel-Maris, A. Gauthier, A. L. Shluger,
Multiscale model of the manipulation of single atoms on insulat-ing surfaces using an
atomic force microscope tip, Phys. Rev. B. 76 085414 (2007).
111. T. Trevethan, A. L. Shluger, Building blocks for molecular devices: Organic
molecules on the MgO (001) surface, J. Phys. Chem.C 111 1537515381 (2007).
112. T. Trevethan, M. Watkins, L. N. Kantorovich, A. L. Shluger, Controlled
manipulation of atoms in insulating surfaces with the virtual atomic force microscope,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 028101 (2007).
113. T. Trevethan, M. Watkins, L. N. Kantorovich, A. L. Shluger, L. Polesel-Maris,
S. Gauthier, Modelling atomic scale manipulation with the noncontact atomic force
microscope, Nanotechnology 17 5866-5874 (2006).
114. T. Trevethan, M. Watkins, A. L. Shluger, L. Polesel-Maris, S. Gauthier, L. N.
Kantorovich. A comparison of dynamic atomic force microscope setups for performing
atomic scale manipulation experiments, Nanotechnology 18 345503 (2007).
115. M. H. Upton, A. C. Walters, C. A. Howard, K. C. Rahnejat, M. Ellerby, J. P. Hill,
D. F. McMorrow, A. Alatas, B. M. Leu, K. Wei, Phonons in superconducting CaC6
studied via inelastic X-ray scattering, Phys. Rev, B 76 220501(R) (2007).
116. I. A. Vartanyants, I. K. Robinson, I. McNulty, C. David, P. Wochner, T.
Tschentscher, Coherent X-ray Scattering and Lensless Imaging at the European XFEL
Facility, J. Synchrotron Radiation 14 453470 (2007).
117. B. Vignolle, S. M. Hayden, D. F. McMorrow, H. M. Ronnow, B. Lake, C. Frost,
T. G. Perring, Two energy scales in the spin excitations of the highTc superconductor
La2 xSrxCuO4, Nature Phys. 3 163 (2007).
118.− K. Vigor, D. Farrell, A. Huhalov, B. Tolner, H. Kogelberg, Q. A. Pankhurst, I.
Parkin, R. Begent, K. Chester, Antibodynanoparticle conjugation for hyperthermic
treatment of tumours, J. Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery 60 S9S9
(2007).
119. A. C. Vila Verde, M. M D Ramos, A M Stoneham, The role of mesoscopic
modelling in understanding the response of dental enamel to mid infrared radiation,
Phys. in Medicine and Biology 52 2703-2717 (2007).

31
 Staff

O L Polyansky
Astrophysics Group Marie Curie Research Fellow:
B A Voronin
Professors:
A D Aylward, M J Barlow, I D Howarth, O Lahav, S Miller, R Research Fellows:
K Prinja, J M C Rawlings J Anders, D Armoogum, P Barletta, R J Barber, C Creffield,
A Dora, N Doss, J Franz, G J Harris, R Kelly, M D Lee, R
Readers and Senior Lecturers: Marsh, J Munro, J Mur-Petit, D Murtagh, H T Ng, N
A L Aruliah, A P Doel, M M Dworetsky, I Furniss, L J Smith, Nicolaou, L Petrov, R Tolchenov
S Viti, D D Walker
Support Staff:
Lecturers: R Jawad, D Rage,
N Achilleos, S L Bridle, J Weller.
PhD Students:
Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellow: C Arcidiacono. L Austen, M Barber, R Bastin, J Beale, B
N Rajguru Boatman, T Boness, S Brawley, M Brown, D Burgarth,
L Cook, D Cooke, N Coppendale, H Dhanoa, N Doss,
STFC Research Fellows: P Douglas, E English, J Garcia Coello, R Gommers, C
N Bastian, C van Breukelen, G Tinetti (Aurora Fellow) Hadley, G Halmova, A Harvey, N Hussain, S La Delfa, V
Lebedev, N Leonczek, L Lodi, D Murtagh, N Nicolaou, C
Senior Research Fellows: Piccarreta, P Phoonthong, I Procino, S Purcell, J Reslen,
F Deigo, J Yates (Honorary) T Shaaran, B Silva, T Sochi, M Stocklin, H Varambhia, R
Venn, H Wichterich, A Wickenbrock, A Williams, R Zhang

Research Fellows: High Energy Physics

F B Abdalla, E Bayet, D Fenech, E Griffin, P Guio, W
Hongchang, G Hutsi, C King, E Serra Cypriano, T Spain, Professors:
T Stallard, S J Thompson, I Tsamis, L Voigt, R Wesson, M J M Butterworth, J A Thomas
Westmoquette, J Yao, G Yu
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Support Staff: N Konstantinidis, M A Lancaster, R Saakyan, D N Tovee, M
D Brooks, J R Deacon, R Evans, I McWhirter Wing

PhD Students: Lecturers:

A Abate, M Andrews, M Antonik, T Arnesen, C Atkins, M A Barr, M Campanelli, R S Thorne, D S Waters,
Austin, Z Awad, T Bell, M Benedettini, K Biner, J Burnett,
M Callender, C Dunn, A Efstathiou, J Fabbri, S Farrens, Royal Society University Research Fellows:
E Ford, A Hales Gebrim, S Hodges, F Islam, B James, C A Connolly (USA/Canada Research Fellow), R Nichol
Jenner, A Kiakotou, C King, D Kipping, I Konstantopoulos,
T Koskinen, C Lintott, A Lotinga, M Lystrup, W Nicholson, STFC Advanced Fellows:
M North, J Noss, M Ramos Lerate, A Rassat, J Roberts, C Gwenlan, M Sutton
P Stobbart, D Stock, J Tang, S Thomas, M Vasta, A Well-
brock, M Westmoquette, W Whyatt, N Wright, E Yigit, I Yiu STFC Fellows:
E Nurse, C B Smith
Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Positron
Physics Principal and Senior Research Fellow:
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Professors:
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Tennyson V Bartsch, I Bizjak, Z Daraktchieva, S J H Dean, M Dor-
man, J Evans, R Flack, M A Kordosky, J H Loizides, A
Readers: Lyapin, B Maiheu, J W Monk, E Ozcan, P Vahle, V Vasiliev,
A J Bain, F Renzoni, G Watt

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D Browne, C Figueira De Morisson Faria, P H Jones, T B E Anderson, D J Attree, G Crone, T J Fraser, T J Hoare,
Kohler, A Serafini, J Underwood Z Maxa, E E Nzuobontante, M Postranecky, F Sciacca, B
M Simmons, M R Warren, B M Waugh
Senior Research Fellow:

32
PhD Students: Laboratory Superintendent:
L Asquith, C Bernius, D Beecher, S Bevan, S Boutle, T J O’Brien
Byatt, A Davison, M Dorman, A Freshville, F Gournaris, O
Harris, A Holin, D Houseman, M Kauer, S King, D Kosk- Laboratory Technicians:
inen, S Malton, S Malik, M Mottram, M Nash, D Nicholass, B T Bristoll, M J Palmer, M A Sterling, D Thomas
A Richards, T Riddick, E Stefanidis, C Taylor, T Vine
Admissions Tutors:
Condensed Matter and Materials Physics S W Zochowski (Physics and Astronomy), F Cacialli (MSc
students), M J Gillan (Postgraduate research students), M
Professors: Coupland (Part-time students),M M Dworetsky (Astronomy
G Aeppli, F Cacialli, T A Duke, J L Finney, A J Fisher, I J Certificate)
Ford, M J Gillan, K A McEwen, D F McMorrow, Q A Pan-
khurst, I K Robinson, A Shluger, N T Skipper Programme Tutors:
I Ford (Physics), I Furniss (Astronomy), A P Doel (MSc
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D R Bowler, S W Zochowski, T Harker (Part-time Physics), M M Dworetsky (Astronomy
Certificate)
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B Hoogenboom, C Hirjibehedin, D Duffy, M Ellerby
University of London Observatory
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S Lynch Director: M M Dworetsky
Manager: P K Thomas
Research Fellows: Demonstrators: S J Boyle, S J Fossey
S Brovelli Computing and Experimental Officer: T Schlichter
Technical Support: M Pearson
PhD Students: Secretary: V Peerless
R Aldus, M Avellino, R Bean, N Beglitis, W Beyhum, J
Brookes, B Bryant, I Chapman, J Chivall, R Choudhury, MAPS Workshop
D Credgington, A Dunn, F Ehlers, F Fabrizi, O Fenwick,
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Headen, M Howe, D Humphrey, A Kalampokidis, M Technicians: J Benbow, J Dumper, J F Percival
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Visiting Professor and Emeritus Professional
Director ofTeaching:
M J Barlow Staff

Director of Undergraduate Physics Laboratories: M Burt, A Bokensburg, I M Buckley-Golder, F W Bullock, S

N T Skipper F Fox, D H Davis, M J Duff, R S Ellis, M Esten, W M
Glencross, T C Griffith, GV Groves, J E Harries, M R
Principal Teaching Fellow: Haynes, C Hilsum, J W Humberston, D C Imrie, T W Jones,
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C Bull

33
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