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Light spectrum

Mole concept
The enthalpy change of a chemical reaction
Redox Titration
Forces of Attraction

In chemistry the mole is a fundamental unit in the SI system, and it is used to measure the
amount of substance. This quantity is sometimes referred to as the chemical amount. In
Latin mole means a "massive heap" of material and it is convenient to think of a chemical mole
as such.
The mole is the amount of a substance of a system which contains as many elementary
entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. When the mole is used, the
elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other
particles, or specified groups of such particles.
Long before the mole concept was developed, there existed the idea of chemical equivalency in
that specific amounts of various substances could react in a similar manner and to the same
extent with another substance. The idea of chemical equivalents was stated by Henry
Cavendish in 1767, clarified by Jeremias Richter in 1795, and popularized by William Wollaston
in 1814. Wollaston applied the concept to elements and defined it in such a way that one
equivalent of an element corresponded to its atomic mass. Thus, when Wollaston's equivalent is
expressed in grams, it is identical to a mole. It is not surprising then that the word "mole" is
derived from "molekulargewicht" (German, meaning "molecular weight") and was coined in 1901
or 1902.

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