Air Pollution

Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals,
particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to

humans or other living organisms, or damage the environment.[1] Air pollution
causes deaths[2] and respiratory disease.[3] Air pollution is often identified with
major stationary sources, but the greatest source of emissions is actually
mobile sources, mainly automobiles.[4] Gases such as carbon dioxide, which
contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants
by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is
essential for plant life through photosynthesis.
The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is
essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to
air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as
to the Earth's ecosystems.
Pollutants
There are many substances in the air which may impair the health of plants
and animals (including humans), or reduce visibility. These arise both from
natural processes and human activity. Substances not naturally found in the
air or at greater concentrations or in different locations from usual are referred
to as pollutants.
Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary pollutants
are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic
eruption or the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust.
Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air
when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a
secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary
pollutants that make up photochemical smog.
Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they
are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.
Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:
 Sulfur oxides (SOx) especially sulfur dioxide are emitted from burning of
coal and oil.
 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high
temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or
plume downwind of cities.
 Carbon monoxide is colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very
poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as
natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon
monoxide.
 Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion.
 Volatile organic compounds (VOC), such as hydrocarbon fuel vapors and
solvents.
 Particulate matter (PM), measured as smoke and dust. PM10 is the fraction
of suspended particles 10 micrometers in diameter and smaller that will
enter the nasal cavity. PM2.5 has a maximum particle size of 2.5 µm and
will enter the bronchies and lungs.
 Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), harmful to the ozone layer emitted from
products currently banned from use.
 Ammonia (NH3) emitted from agricultural processes.
 Odors, such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes
 Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions and war
explosives, and natural processes such as radon.
Secondary pollutants include:
Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in

photochemical smog, such as nitrogen dioxide.
 Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs.

 Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
Minor air pollutants include:
 A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are

regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air
Framework Directive.
 A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate
matter.
Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors

which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants in the atmosphere. These
sources can be classified into two major categories which are:
Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different
kinds of fuel
 "Stationary Sources" as smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing

facilities, municipal waste incinerators.
 "Mobile Sources" as motor vehicles, aircraft etc.
 Marine vessels, such as container ships or cruise ships, and related port
air pollution.
 Burning wood, fireplaces, stoves, furnaces and incinerators .
 Oil refining, and industrial activity in general.
 Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and forestry
management, (see Dust Bowl).
 Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents.
 Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane.
 Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry.
Natural sources
 Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no
vegetation.
 Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle.
 Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust.
 Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.
 Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates.
Radioactive wastes

Air Pollution

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Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals,

particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to

Secondary pollutants include:

Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in

 Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs.

Minor air pollutants include:

 A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are

Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors

 "Stationary Sources" as smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing

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