Design of Offshore Steel Structures General (LRFD Method)

OFFSHORE STANDARD
DNV-OS-C101
DESIGN OF
OFFSHORE STEEL STRUCTURES,
GENERAL (LRFD METHOD)
APRIL 2004
Since issued in print (April 2004), this booklet has been amended, latest in October 2006.
See the reference to “Amendments and Corrections” on the next page.
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Amendments and Corrections

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document normally updated twice per year (April and October).
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http://www.dnv.com/technologyservices/, “Offshore Rules & Standards”, “Viewing Area”.
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Amended October 2006 Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C101, April 2004
see note on front cover Changes – Page 3
Main changes been simplified and clarified.

• General
— The requirements related to deployment of fracture
mechanics (FM) testing and post weld heat treatment
The present edition supersedes the October 2000 edition. (PWHT) have been transferred from DNV-OS-C401 to
• Main changes
Sec.4 and adjusted to reflect results of recent research
work.
The main changes are: — References to the (new) DNV-RP-C201 (for plates) have
been incorporated in Sec.5 and references to CN 30.1 have
— The standard has been altered (mainly Sec.1) to align with
been deleted for buckling of plates.
the requirements (e.g. references, terminology, defini-
tions, etc.) in the various object standards (i.e. DNV-OS- — Sec.10 has been general updated.
C102, DNV-OS-C103 and DNV-OS-C104), as well as the — Design of anchor foundation has been brought in line with
fabrication standard DNV-OS-C401. the latest JIP-results and the Recommended Practices in
— Definition and use of design temperature and service tem- Sec.11.
perature have been amended (Sec.1 and Sec.4) to be in
line with the terminology used in the various object stand-
ards, i.e. DNV-OS-C102, DNV-OS-C103 and DNV-OS- Corrections and clarifications
C104.
— The specified tank pressures in Sec.3 have been harmo- In addition to the above mentioned changes, a number of cor-
nised with DNV-OS-C103, and the formulations have rections and clarifications have been made to the existing text.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C101, April 2004 Amended October 2006
Page 4 – Changes see note on front cover
DET NORSKE VERITAS

see note on front cover Contents – Page 5
CONTENTS
Sec. 1 Introduction........................................................... 7 E 1000 Tidal effects .................................................................... 18

E 1100 Marine growth ................................................................ 18
A. General.................................................................................... 7 E 1200 Snow and ice accumulation ............................................ 18
A 100 Introduction....................................................................... 7 E 1300 Direct ice load................................................................. 18
A 200 Objectives ......................................................................... 7 E 1400 Water level, settlements and erosion ............................. 18
A 300 Scope and application ....................................................... 7 E 1500 Earthquake ...................................................................... 18
A 400 Other than DNV codes...................................................... 7
A 500 Classification .................................................................... 7 F. Combination of Environmental Loads.................................18
F 100 General............................................................................ 18
B. References .............................................................................. 7
B 100 General.............................................................................. 7 G. Accidental Loads (A)............................................................19
G 100 General............................................................................ 19
C. Definitions .............................................................................. 8
C 100 Verbal forms ..................................................................... 8 H. Deformation Loads (D).........................................................19
C 200 Terms ................................................................................ 8 H 100 General............................................................................ 19
H 200 Temperature loads .......................................................... 19
D. Abbreviations and Symbols.................................................. 10 H 300 Settlements and subsidence of sea bed ........................... 19
D 100 Abbreviations.................................................................. 10
D 200 Symbols .......................................................................... 10 I. Load Effect Analysis ............................................................19
I 100 General............................................................................ 19
Sec. 2 Design Principles................................................. 12 I 200 Global motion analysis ................................................... 20
A. Introduction .......................................................................... 12 I 300 Load effects in structures and soil or foundation............ 20
A 100 General............................................................................ 12
A 200 Aim of the design............................................................ 12 Sec. 4 Structural Categorisation,
Material Selection and Inspection Principles ... 21
B. General Design Considerations ............................................ 12
B 100 General............................................................................ 12 A. General..................................................................................21
A 100 Scope............................................................................... 21
C. Limit States........................................................................... 12
C 100 General............................................................................ 12 B. Temperatures for Selection of Material................................21
B 100 General............................................................................ 21
D. Design by LRFD Method ..................................................... 13 B 200 Floating units .................................................................. 21
D 100 General............................................................................ 13 B 300 Bottom fixed units .......................................................... 21
D 200 The load and resistance factor design format (LRFD) ... 13
D 300 Characteristic load .......................................................... 13 C. Structural Category...............................................................21
D 400 Load factors for ULS ...................................................... 13 C 100 General............................................................................ 21
D 500 Load factor for FLS ........................................................ 14 C 200 Selection of structural category ...................................... 21
D 600 Load factor for SLS ........................................................ 14 C 300 Inspection of welds ......................................................... 22
D 700 Load factor for ALS........................................................ 14
D. Structural Steel .....................................................................22
E. Design Assisted by Testing .................................................. 14 D 100 General............................................................................ 22
E 100 General ........................................................................... 14 D 200 Material designations...................................................... 22
E 200 Full-scale testing and observation of performance of D 300 Selection of structural steel............................................. 23
existing structures ........................................................... 14 D 400 Fracture mechanics (FM) testing .................................... 23
D 500 Post weld heat treatment (PWHT).................................. 23
F. Probability Based Design ..................................................... 14
F 100 Definition ........................................................................ 14 Sec. 5 Ultimate Limit States ......................................... 24
F 200 General............................................................................ 14
A. General..................................................................................24
Sec. 3 Loads and Load Effects...................................... 15 A 100 General............................................................................ 24
A 200 Structural analysis........................................................... 24
A. Introduction .......................................................................... 15 A 300 Ductility .......................................................................... 24
A 100 General............................................................................ 15 A 400 Yield check ..................................................................... 24
B. Basis for Selection of Characteristic Loads......................... 15 A 500 Buckling check .............................................................. 24
B 100 General............................................................................ 15
B. Flat Plated Structures and Stiffened Panels .........................25
C. Permanent Loads (G)............................................................ 15 B 100 General............................................................................ 25
C 100 General............................................................................ 15 B 200 Yield check ..................................................................... 25
B 300 Buckling check ............................................................... 25
D. Variable Functional Loads (Q) ............................................. 15 B 400 Capacity checks according to other codes ...................... 25
D 100 General............................................................................ 15
D 200 Variable functional loads on deck areas ......................... 16 C. Shell Structures.....................................................................25
D 300 Tank pressures ................................................................ 16 C 100 General............................................................................ 25
D 400 Lifeboat platforms........................................................... 16
D. Tubular Members, Tubular Joints and Conical Transitions 25
E. Environmental Loads (E)..................................................... 17 D 100 General............................................................................ 25
E 100 General............................................................................ 17
E 200 Environmental loads for mobile offshore units .............. 17 E. Non-Tubular Beams, Columns and Frames.........................26
E 300 Environmental loads for site specific units..................... 17 E 100 General............................................................................ 26
E 400 Determination of characteristic hydrodynamic loads ..... 17
E 500 Wave loads...................................................................... 17 F. Special Provisions for Plating and Stiffeners ......................26
E 600 Wave induced inertia forces ........................................... 17 F 100 Scope............................................................................... 26
E 700 Wind loads ..................................................................... 17 F 200 Minimum thickness ........................................................ 26
E 800 Vortex induced oscillations ............................................ 18 F 300 Bending of plating .......................................................... 26
E 900 Current ............................................................................ 18 F 400 Stiffeners......................................................................... 26
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 6 – Contents see note on front cover
G. Special Provisions for Girder and Girder Systems............... 27 Zones.....................................................................................38

G 100 Scope ...............................................................................27 B 100 Atmospheric zone ...........................................................38
G 200 Minimum thickness.........................................................27 B 200 Splash zone .....................................................................38
G 300 Bending and shear ...........................................................27 B 300 Submerged zone..............................................................38
G 400 Effective flange ...............................................................27 B 400 Internal zones ..................................................................38
G 500 Effective web ..................................................................27
G 600 Strength requirements for simple girders........................27 C. Cathodic Protection ..............................................................39
G 700 Complex girder system ...................................................28 C 100 General ............................................................................39
C 200 Galvanic anode systems ..................................................39
H. Slip Resistant Bolt Connections ........................................... 28 C 300 Impressed current systems ..............................................40
H 100 General ............................................................................28
D. Coating systems ....................................................................40
Sec. 6 Fatigue Limit States ........................................... 30 D 100 Specification of coating ..................................................40
A. General.................................................................................. 30 Sec. 11 Foundation Design ............................................. 41
A 100 General ............................................................................30
A 200 Design fatigue factors .....................................................30 A. General..................................................................................41
A 300 Methods for fatigue analysis ...........................................30 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................41
A 200 Site investigations ...........................................................41
Sec. 7 Accidental Limit States ...................................... 32 A 300 Characteristic properties of soil ......................................42
A 400 Effects of cyclic loading .................................................42
A. General.................................................................................. 32 A 500 Soil-structure interaction.................................................42
A 100 General ............................................................................32
B. Stability of Seabed................................................................42
Sec. 8 Serviceability Limit States................................. 33 B 100 Slope stability..................................................................42
B 200 Hydraulic stability...........................................................42
A. General.................................................................................. 33 B 300 Scour and scour protection..............................................43
A 100 General ............................................................................33
A 200 Deflection criteria ...........................................................33 C. Design of Pile Foundations...................................................43
A 300 Out of plane deflection of local plates ............................33 C 100 General ............................................................................43
C 200 Soil resistance against axial pile loads............................43
Sec. 9 Weld Connections............................................... 34 C 300 Soil resistance against lateral pile loads..........................44
A. General.................................................................................. 34 C 400 Group effects...................................................................44
A 100 General ............................................................................34 D. Design of Gravity Foundations.............................................44
B. Types of Welded Steel Joints ............................................... 34 D 100 General ............................................................................44
B 100 Butt joints ........................................................................34 D 200 Stability of foundations...................................................44
B 200 Tee or cross joints ...........................................................34 D 300 Settlements and displacements........................................44
B 300 Slot welds ........................................................................34 D 400 Soil reaction on foundation structure ..............................44
B 400 Lap joint ..........................................................................35 D 500 Soil modelling for dynamic analysis...............................45
D 600 Filling of voids ................................................................45
C. Weld size .............................................................................. 35
C 100 General ............................................................................35 E. Design of Anchor Foundations.............................................45
C 200 Fillet welds ......................................................................35 E 100 General ............................................................................45
C 300 Partly penetration welds and fillet welds in cross E 200 Safety requirements for anchor foundations ...................45
connections subject to high stresses................................36 E 300 Pile anchors .....................................................................45
C 400 Connections of stiffeners to girders and bulkheads etc...36 E 400 Gravity anchors ...............................................................46
C 500 End connections of girders..............................................37 E 500 Suction anchors ...............................................................46
C 600 Direct calculation of weld connections ...........................37 E 600 Fluke anchors ..................................................................46
E 700 Plate anchors ...................................................................46
Sec. 10 Corrosion Control .............................................. 38
F. Cross Sectional Types...........................................................48
A. General.................................................................................. 38 F 100 General ............................................................................48
A 100 General ............................................................................38 F 200 Cross section requirements for plastic analysis ..............48
F 300 Cross section requirements when
B. Techniques for Corrosion Control Related to Environmental elastic global analysis is used..........................................48
DET NORSKE VERITAS

see note on front cover Sec.1 – Page 7
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
A. General ments, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.

402 Where reference is made to codes other than DNV doc-
A 100 Introduction uments, the latest revision of the documents shall be applied,
101 This offshore standard provides principles, technical unless otherwise specified.
requirements and guidance for the structural design of offshore 403 When code checks are performed according to other
structures. than DNV codes, the resistance or material factors as given in
102 DNV-OS-C101 is the general part of the DNV offshore the respective code shall be used.
standards for structures. The design principles and overall
requirements are defined in this standard. The standard is pri- A 500 Classification
marily intended to be used in design of a structure where a sup- 501 Classification principles, procedures and applicable
porting object standard exists, but may also be used as a stand- class notations related to classification services of offshore
alone document for objects where no object standard exist. units are specified in the DNV Offshore Service Specifications
103 When designing a unit where an object standard exists, given in Table A1.
the object standard (DNV-OS-C10x) for the specific type of
unit shall be applied. The object standard gives references to Table A1 DNV Offshore Service Specifications
this standard when appropriate. Reference Title
104 In case of deviating requirements between this standard DNV-OSS-101 Rules for Classification of Offshore Drilling and
and the object standard, requirements of this standard shall be Support Units
overruled by specific requirements given in the object stand- DNV-OSS-102 Rules for Classification of Floating Production
ard. and Storage Units
105 This standard has been written for general world-wide DNV-OSS-103 Rules for Classification of LNG/LPG Floating
application. Governmental regulations may include require- Production and Storage Units or Installations
ments in excess of the provisions by this standard depending DNV-OSS-121 Classification Based on Performance Criteria
on size, type, location and intended service of the offshore unit Determined by Risk Assessment Methodology
or installation.
502 Documentation requirements for classification are given
A 200 Objectives by DNV-RP-A202.
201 The objectives of this standard are to: 503 In case of classification, the Limit States ULS, FLS, and
ALS apply. Technical requirements given in Sec.8, related to
— provide an internationally acceptable level of safety by Serviceability Limit States (SLS), are not required to be ful-
defining minimum requirements for structures and struc- filled as part of classification.
tural components (in combination with referred standards,
recommended practices, guidelines, etc.)
— serve as a contractual reference document between suppli-
ers and purchasers B. References
— serve as a guideline for designers, suppliers, purchasers
and regulators B 100 General
— specify procedures and requirements for offshore struc- 101 The DNV documents in Tables B1 and B2 and recog-
tures subject to DNV certification and classification. nised codes and standards in Table B3 are referred to in this
standard.
A 300 Scope and application
301 The standard is applicable to all types of offshore struc- 102 The latest valid revision of the DNV reference docu-
ments in Tables B1 and B2 applies. These include acceptable
tures of steel.
methods for fulfilling the requirements in this standard. See
302 For other materials, the general design principles given also current DNV List of Publications.
in this standard may be used together with relevant standards,
codes or specifications. 103 When designing a unit where an object standard exists,
the object standard for the specific type of unit shall be applied,
303 The standard is applicable to the design of complete see Table B2. The object standard gives references to this
structures including substructures, topside structures, vessel standard when appropriate, see also A103 and A104.
hulls and foundations.
104 Other recognised codes or standards may be applied pro-
304 This standard gives requirements for the following: vided it is shown that they meet or exceed the level of safety of
the actual DNV Offshore Standard
— design principles
— structural categorisation Table B1 DNV Reference Documents
— material selection and inspection principles Reference Title
— design loads
— load effect analyses DNV-OS-A101 Safety Principles and Arrangement
— design of steel structures and connections DNV-OS-B101 Metallic Materials
— corrosion protection DNV-OS-C401 Fabrication and Testing of Offshore
— foundation design. Structures
DNV-OS-E301 Position Mooring
A 400 Other than DNV codes Rules for Planning and Execution of
401 In case of conflict between the requirements of this Marine Operations
standard and a reference document other than DNV docu- DNV-RP-C201 Buckling Strength of Plated Structures
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 8 – Sec.1 see note on front cover
Table B1 DNV Reference Documents (Continued) resists accidental loads and maintain integrity and performance
Reference Title of the structure due to local damage or flooding.
DNV-RP-C202 Buckling Strength of Shells 202 Atmospheric zone: The external surfaces of the unit
DNV-RP-C203 Fatigue Strength Analysis of Offshore above the splash zone.
Steel Structures 203 Cathodic protection: A technique to prevent corrosion
DNV-RP-E301 Design and Installation of Fluke Anchors of a steel surface by making the surface to be the cathode of an
in Clay electrochemical cell.
DNV-RP-E302 Design and Installation of Plate Anchors in 204 Characteristic load: The reference value of a load to be
Clay
used in the determination of load effects. The characteristic
DNV-RP-E303 Geotechnical Design and Installation of load is normally based upon a defined fractile in the upper end
Suction Anchors in Clay of the distribution function for load.
Classification Note Buckling Strength Analysis of Bars and
30.1 Frames, and Spherical Shells, 205 Characteristic resistance: The reference value of struc-
Sec.2 Bars and Frames tural strength to be used in the determination of the design
Classification Note Foundations strength. The characteristic resistance is normally based upon
30.4 a 5 % fractile in the lower end of the distribution function for
Classification Note Environmental Conditions and
resistance.
30.5 Environmental Loads 206 Characteristic material strength: The nominal value of
Classification Note Structural Reliability Analysis of Marine material strength to be used in the determination of the design
30.6 Structures resistance. The characteristic material strength is normally
Classification Note Fatigue Assessments of Ship Structures based upon a 5 % fractile in the lower end of the distribution
30.7 function for material strength.
207 Characteristic value: The representative value associ-
Table B2 DNV Offshore Object Standards for Structural ated with a prescribed probability of not being unfavourably
Design exceeded during the applicable reference period.
Reference Title
208 Classification Note: The Classification Notes cover
DNV-OS-C102 Structural Design of Offshore Ships proven technology and solutions which is found to represent
DNV-OS-C103 Structural Design of Column-stabilised good practice by DNV, and which represent one alternative for
Units (LRFD method) satisfying the requirements stipulated in the DNV Rules or
DNV-OS-C104 Structural Design of Self-elevating Units other codes and standards cited by DNV. The classification
(LRFD method) notes will in the same manner be applicable for fulfilling the
DNV-OS-C105 Structural Design of TLP (LRFD method) requirements in the DNV offshore standards.
DNV-OS-C106 Structural Design of Deep Draught Float- 209 Coating: Metallic, inorganic or organic material applied
ing Units to steel surfaces for prevention of corrosion.
Table B3 Other references 210 Corrosion allowance: Extra wall thickness added during
Reference Title design to compensate for any anticipated reduction in thick-
ness during the operation.
AISC LRFD Manual of Steel Construction
API RP 2A LRFD Planning, Designing, and Constructing 211 Design brief: An agreed document where owners
Fixed Offshore Platforms - Load and requirements in excess of this standard should be given.
Resistance Factor Design 212 Design temperature: The design temperature for a unit
BS 7910 Guide on methods for assessing the accept- is the reference temperature for assessing areas where the unit
ability of flaws in fusion welded structures can be transported, installed and operated. The design temper-
Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures ature is to be lower or equal to the lowest mean daily tempera-
NACE TPC Publication No. 3. The role of bacteria in ture in air for the relevant areas. For seasonal restricted
corrosion of oil field equipment operations the lowest mean daily temperature in air for the sea-
NORSOK N-003 Actions and Action Effects son may be applied.
NORSOK N-004 Design of Steel Structures 213 Design value: The value to be used in the deterministic
design procedure, i.e. characteristic value modified by the
resistance factor or load factor.
C. Definitions 214 Driving voltage: The difference between closed circuit
anode potential and the protection potential.
C 100 Verbal forms 215 Expected loads and response history: Expected load and
101 Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement to be followed response history for a specified time period, taking into
for fulfilment or compliance with the present standard. Devia- account the number of load cycles and the resulting load levels
tions are not permitted unless formally and rigorously justified, and response for each cycle.
and accepted by all relevant contracting parties. 216 Expected value: The most probable value of a load dur-
102 Should: Indicates a recommendation that a certain ing a specified time period.
course of action is preferred or particularly suitable. Alterna- 217 Fatigue: Degradation of the material caused by cyclic
tive courses of action are allowable under the standard where loading.
agreed between contracting parties but shall be justified and
documented. 218 Fatigue critical: Structure with calculated fatigue life
near the design fatigue life.
103 May: Indicates a permission, or an option, which is per-
mitted as part of conformance with the standard. 219 Fatigue Limit States (FLS): Related to the possibility of
failure due to the effect of cyclic loading.
C 200 Terms 220 Guidance note: Information in the standard added in
201 Accidental Limit States (ALS): Ensures that the structure order to increase the understanding of the requirements.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

221 Hindcasting: A method using registered meteorological which represent one alternative for satisfy the requirements
data to reproduce environmental parameters. Mostly used for stipulated in the DNV offshore standards or other codes and
reproducing wave parameters. standards cited by DNV.
222 Inspection: Activities such as measuring, examination, 235 Redundancy: The ability of a component or system to
testing, gauging one or more characteristics of an object or maintain or restore its function when a failure of a member or
service and comparing the results with specified requirements connection has occurred. Redundancy may be achieved for
to determine conformity. instance by strengthening or introducing alternative load paths.
223 Limit State: A state beyond which the structure no 236 Reference electrode: Electrode with stable open-circuit
longer satisfies the requirements. The following categories of potential used as reference for potential measurements.
limit states are of relevance for structures:
237 Reliability: The ability of a component or a system to
— ULS = ultimate limit states; perform its required function without failure during a specified
— FLS = fatigue limit states; time interval.
— ALS = accidental limit states; 238 Risk: The qualitative or quantitative likelihood of an
— SLS = serviceability limit states. accidental or unplanned event occurring considered in con-
junction with the potential consequences of such a failure. In
224 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD): Method quantitative terms, risk is the quantified probability of a
for design where uncertainties in loads are represented with a defined failure mode times its quantified consequence.
load factor and uncertainties in resistance are represented with
a material factor. 239 Service temperature: Service temperature is a reference
temperature on various structural parts of the unit used as a cri-
225 Load effect: Effect of a single design load or combina- terion for the selection of steel grades.
tion of loads on the equipment or system, such as stress, strain,
deformation, displacement, motion, etc. 240 Serviceability Limit States (SLS): Corresponding to the
criteria applicable to normal use or durability.
226 Lowest mean daily temperature: The lowest value on the
annual mean daily average temperature curve for the area in 241 Shakedown: A linear elastic structural behaviour is
question. For temporary phases or restricted operations, the established after yielding of the material has occurred.
lowest mean daily temperature may be defined for specific sea- 242 Slamming: Impact load on an approximately horizontal
sons. member from a rising water surface as a wave passes. The
Mean daily average temperature: the statistical mean average direction of the impact load is mainly vertical.
temperature for a specific calendar day. 243 Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS): The mini-
Mean: statistical mean based on number of years of observa- mum yield strength prescribed by the specification or standard
tions. under which the material is purchased.
Average: average during one day and night. 244 Specified value: Minimum or maximum value during
the period considered. This value may take into account oper-
227 Lowest waterline: Typical light ballast waterline for ational requirements, limitations and measures taken such that
ships, wet transit waterline or inspection waterline for other the required safety level is obtained.
types of units.
245 Splash zone: The external surfaces of the unit that are
228 Non-destructive testing (NDT): Structural tests and periodically in and out of the water. The determination of the
inspection of welds with radiography, ultrasonic or magnetic splash zone includes evaluation of all relevant effects includ-
powder methods. ing influence of waves, tidal variations, settlements, subsid-
229 Object Standard: The standards listed in Table B2. ence and vertical motions, see Sec.10 B200.
230 Offshore Standard: The DNV offshore standards are 246 Submerged zone: The part of the unit which is below the
documents which presents the principles and technical require- splash zone, including buried parts.
ments for design of offshore structures. The standards are
offered as DNV’s interpretation of engineering practice for 247 Survival condition: A condition during which a unit may
general use by the offshore industry for achieving safe struc- be subjected to the most severe environmental loadings for
tures. which the unit is designed. Drilling or similar operations may
have been discontinued due to the severity of the environmen-
231 Offshore installation: A general term for mobile and tal loadings. The unit may be either afloat or supported on the
fixed structures, including facilities, which are intended for sea bed, as applicable.
exploration, drilling, production, processing or storage of
hydrocarbons or other related activities or fluids. The term 248 Target safety level: A nominal acceptable probability of
includes installations intended for accommodation of person- structural failure.
nel engaged in these activities. Offshore installation covers 249 Temporary conditions: Design conditions not covered
subsea installations and pipelines. The term does not cover tra- by operating conditions, e.g. conditions during fabrication,
ditional shuttle tankers, supply boats and other support vessels mating and installation phases, transit phases, accidental.
which are not directly engaged in the activities described 250 Tensile strength: Minimum stress level where strain
above. hardening is at maximum or at rupture.
232 Operating conditions: Conditions wherein a unit is on 251 Transit conditions: All unit movements from one geo-
location for purposes of production, drilling or other similar graphical location to another.
operations, and combined environmental and operational load-
ings are within the appropriate design limits established for 252 Unit: is a general term for an offshore installation such
such operations (including normal operations, survival, acci- as ship shaped, column stabilised, self-elevating, tension leg or
dental). deep draught floater.
233 Potential: The voltage between a submerged metal sur- 253 Utilisation factor: The fraction of anode material that
face and a reference electrode. can be utilised for design purposes.
234 Recommended Practice (RP): The recommended prac- 254 Verification: Examination to confirm that an activity, a
tice publications cover proven technology and solutions which product or a service is in accordance with specified require-
have been found by DNV to represent good practice, and ments.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

255 Ultimate Limit States (ULS): Corresponding to the max- fr strength ratio
imum load carrying resistance.
fu nominal lowest ultimate tensile strength
fub ultimate tensile strength of bolt
fw strength ratio
D. Abbreviations and Symbols fy specified minimum yield stress
D 100 Abbreviations g, go acceleration due to gravity
h height
101 Abbreviations as shown in Table D1 are used in this
standard. hop vertical distance from the load point to the position of
maximum filling height
Table D1 Abbreviations ka correction factor for aspect ratio of plate field
Abbreviation In full km bending moment factor
AISC American Institute of Steel Construction kpp fixation parameter for plate
ALS accidental limit states kps fixation parameter for stiffeners
API American Petroleum Institute ks hole clearance factor
BS British Standard (issued by British Standard kt shear force factor
Institute) l stiffener span
CN classification note lo distance between points of zero bending moments
CTOD crack tip opening displacement n number
DDF deep draught floaters p pressure
DFF design fatigue factor pd design pressure
DNV Det Norske Veritas r root face
EHS extra high strength rc radius of curvature
FLS fatigue limit state s distance between stiffeners
FM Fracture mechanics t0 net thickness of plate
HAT highest astronomical tide tk corrosion addition
HISC hydrogen induced stress cracking tw throat thickness
HS high strength As net area in the threaded part of the bolt
ISO international organisation of standardisation C weld factor
LAT lowest astronomic tide Ce factor for effective plate flange
LRFD load and resistance factor design D deformation load
MPI magnetic particle inspection E environmental load
MSL mean sea level Fd design load
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers Fk characteristic load
NDT non-destructive testing Fpd design preloading force in bolt
NS normal strength G permanent load
PWHT post weld heat treatment M moment
RP recommended practise Mp plastic moment resistance
RHS rectangular hollow section My elastic moment resistance
SCE saturated calomel electrode Np number of supported stiffeners on the girder span
SCF stress concentration factor Ns number of stiffeners between considered section and
SLS serviceability limit state nearest support
SMYS specified minimum yield stress P load
SRB sulphate reducing bacteria Ppd average design point load from stiffeners
TLP tension leg platform Q variable functional load
ULS ultimate limit states R radius
WSD working stress design Rd design resistance
Rk characteristic resistance
D 200 Symbols S girder span as if simply supported
201 Latin characters Sd design load effect
Sk characteristic load effect
α0 connection area
SZl lower limit of the splash zone
av vertical acceleration
SZu upper limit of the splash zone
b full breadth of plate flange
W steel with improved weldability
be effective plate flange width
Z steel grade with proven through thickness properties
c detail shape factor with respect to lamellar tearing.
d bolt diameter
f load distribution factor
DET NORSKE VERITAS

202 Greek characters σd design stress

α angle between the stiffener web plane and the plane
σfw characteristic yield stress of weld deposit
perpendicular to the plating σjd equivalent design stress for global in-plane membrane
stress
βw correlation factor
δ deflection
σpd1 design bending stress
φ resistance factor
σpd2 design bending stress
γf load factor
τd design shear stress.
γM material factor (material coefficient) 203 Subscripts
γMw material factor for welds
d design value
λ reduced slenderness
θ rotation angle k characteristic value
p plastic
µ friction coefficient
y yield.
ρ density
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 2
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
A. Introduction 106 Transmission of high tensile stresses through the thick-

ness of plates during welding, block assembly and operation
A 100 General shall be avoided as far as possible. In cases where transmission
101 This section describes design principles and design of high tensile stresses through thickness occur, structural
methods including: material with proven through thickness properties shall be
used. Object standards may give examples where to use plates
— load and resistance factor design method with proven through thickness properties.
— design assisted by testing 107 Structural elements may be fabricated according to the
— probability based design. requirements given in DNV-OS-C401.
102 General design considerations regardless of design
method are also given in B101.
103 This standard is based on the load and resistance factor C. Limit States
design method referred to as the LRFD method.
C 100 General
104 As an alternative or as a supplement to analytical meth-
ods, determination of load effects or resistance may in some 101 A limit state is a condition beyond which a structure or
cases be based either on testing or on observation of structural a part of a structure exceeds a specified design requirement.
performance of models or full-scale structures. 102 The following limit states are considered in this stand-
105 Direct reliability analysis methods are mainly consid- ard:
ered as applicable to special case design problems, to calibrate — Ultimate limit states (ULS) corresponding to the ultimate
the load and resistance factors to be used in the LRFD method resistance for carrying loads.
and for conditions where limited experience exists. — Fatigue limit states (FLS) related to the possibility of fail-
A 200 Aim of the design ure due to the effect of cyclic loading.
— Accidental limit states (ALS) corresponding to damage to
201 Structures and structural elements shall be designed to: components due to an accidental event or operational fail-
ure.
— sustain loads liable to occur during all temporary, operat- — Serviceability limit states (SLS) corresponding to the crite-
ing and damaged conditions, if required ria applicable to normal use or durability.
— maintain acceptable safety for personnel and environment
— have adequate durability against deterioration during the 103 Examples of limit states within each category:
design life of the structure. Ultimate limit states (ULS)
— loss of structural resistance (excessive yielding and buck-
ling )
B. General Design Considerations — failure of components due to brittle fracture
— loss of static equilibrium of the structure, or of a part of the
B 100 General structure, considered as a rigid body, e.g. overturning or
101 The design of a structural system, its components and capsizing
details shall, as far as possible, account for the following prin- — failure of critical components of the structure caused by
ciples: exceeding the ultimate resistance (in some cases reduced
by repeated loads) or the ultimate deformation of the com-
— resistance against relevant mechanical, physical and ponents
chemical deterioration is achieved — transformation of the structure into a mechanism (collapse
— fabrication and construction comply with relevant, recog- or excessive deformation).
nised techniques and practice
— inspection, maintenance and repair are possible. Fatigue limit states (FLS)
102 Structures and elements thereof, shall possess ductile — cumulative damage due to repeated loads.
resistance unless the specified purpose requires otherwise.
Accidental limit states (ALS)
103 The overall structural safety shall be evaluated on the
basis of preventive measures against structural failure put into — structural damage caused by accidental loads
design, fabrication and in-service inspection as well as the — ultimate resistance of damaged structures
unit's residual strength against total collapse in the case of — maintain structural integrity after local damage or flooding
structural failure of vital elements. — loss of station keeping (free drifting).
104 Structural connections are, in general, to be designed
with the aim to minimise stress concentrations and reduce Serviceability limit states (SLS)
complex stress flow patterns. — deflections that may alter the effect of the acting forces
105 Fatigue life improvements with methods such as grind- — deformations that may change the distribution of loads
ing or hammer peening of welds should not provide a measur- between supported rigid objects and the supporting struc-
able increase in the fatigue life at the design stage. The fatigue ture
life should instead be extended by means of modification of — excessive vibrations producing discomfort or affecting
structural details. Fatigue life improvements based on mean non-structural components
stress level should not be applied for welded structures, ref. — motion that exceed the limitation of equipment
DNV-RP-C203. — temperature induced deformations.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

D. Design by LRFD Method 207 The design resistance (Rd) is determined as follows:
D 100 General Rd = φ Rk
101 Design by the LRFD method is a design method by
which the target safety level is obtained as closely as possible Rk = characteristic resistance
by applying load and resistance factors to characteristic refer- φ = resistance factor.
ence values of the basic variables. The basic variables are, in
this context, defined as: The resistance factor relate to the material factor γM as fol-
lows:
— loads acting on the structure l
— resistance of the structure or resistance of materials in the φ = ------
γM
structure.
102 The target safety level is achieved by using determinis- γM = material factor.
tic factors representing the variation in load and resistance and
the reduced probabilities that various loads will act simultane- 208 Rk may be calculated on the basis of characteristic val-
ously at their characteristic values. ues of the relevant parameters or determined by testing. Char-
acteristic values should be based on the 5th percentile of the
D 200 The load and resistance factor design format test results.
(LRFD) 209 Load factors account for:
201 The level of safety of a structural element is considered
to be satisfactory if the design load effect (Sd) does not exceed — possible unfavourable deviations of the loads from the
the design resistance (Rd): characteristic values
— the reduced probability that various loads acting together
will act simultaneously at their characteristic value
Sd ≤ Rd
— uncertainties in the model and analysis used for determi-
The equation: Sd = Rd, defines a limit state. nation of load effects.
202 A design load is obtained by multiplying the character- 210 Material factors account for:
istic load by a given load factor:
— possible unfavourable deviations in the resistance of mate-
Fd = γf Fk rials from the characteristic values
— possible reduced resistance of the materials in the struc-
ture, as a whole, as compared with the characteristic val-
Fd = design load ues deduced from test specimens.
γf = load factor
Fk = characteristic load, see Sec.3. D 300 Characteristic load
The load factors and combinations for ULS, ALS, FLS and 301 The representative values for the different groups of
SLS shall be applied according to 300 to 700. limit states in the operating design conditions shall be based on
Sec.3:
203 A design load effect is the most unfavourable combined
load effect derived from the design loads, and may, if — for the ULS load combination, the representative value
expressed by one single quantity, be expressed by: corresponding to a load effect with an annual probability
of exceedance equal to, or less than, 10-2 (100 years).
S d = q ( F dl ,....,F dn ) — for the ALS load combination for damaged structure, the
representative load effect is determined as the most prob-
able annual maximum value.
Sd = design load effect — for the FLS, the representative value is defined as the
q = load effect function. expected load history.
— for the SLS, the representative value is a specified value,
204 If the relationship between the load and the load effect is dependent on operational requirements.
linear, the design load effect may be determined by multiply-
ing the characteristic load effects by the corresponding load 302 For the temporary design conditions, the characteristic
factors: values may be based on specified values, which shall be
n selected dependent on the measurers taken to achieve the
required safety level. The value may be specified with due
Sd = ∑ ( γfi Ski ) attention to the actual location, season of the year, weather
forecast and consequences of failure.
i=1
D 400 Load factors for ULS
Ski = characteristic load effect. 401 For analysis of ULS, two sets of load combinations shall
be used when combining design loads as defined in Table D1.
205 In this standard the values of the resulting material factor The combinations denoted a) and b) shall be considered in both
are given in the respective sections for the different limit states. operating and temporary conditions.
206 The resistance for a particular load effect is, in general, The load factors are generally applicable for all types of struc-
a function of parameters such as structural geometry, material tures, but other values may be specified in the respective object
properties, environment and load effects (interaction effects). standards.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

be used to give information on response and load effects to be

Table D1 Load factors γ f for ULS utilised in calibration and updating of the safety level of the
structure.
Combination of Load categories
design loads G Q E D
a) 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.0
b) 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 F. Probability Based Design
Load categories are:
G = permanent load F 100 Definition
Q = variable functional load
E = environmental load 101 Reliability, or structural safety, is defined as the proba-
D = deformation load bility that failure will not occur or that a specified criterion will
For description of load categories see Sec.3. not be exceeded.
402 When permanent loads (G) and variable functional loads F 200 General
(Q) are well defined, e.g. hydrostatic pressure, a load factor of
1.2 may be used in combination a) for these load categories. 201 This section gives requirements for structural reliability
403 If a load factor γf = 1.0 on G and Q loads in combination analysis undertaken in order to document compliance with the
a) results in higher design load effect, the load factor of 1.0 offshore standards.
shall be used. 202 Acceptable procedures for reliability analyses are docu-
404 Based on a safety assessment considering the risk for mented in the Classification Note 30.6.
both human life and the environment, the load factor γf for 203 Reliability analyses shall be based on level 3 reliability
environmental loads may be reduced to 1.15 in combination b) methods. These methods utilise probability of failure as a
if the structure is unmanned during extreme environmental measure and require knowledge of the distribution of all basic
conditions. variables.
D 500 Load factor for FLS 204 In this standard, level 3 reliability methods are mainly
501 The structure shall be able to resist expected fatigue considered applicable to:
loads, which may occur during temporary and operation design
conditions. Where significant cyclic loads may occur in other — calibration of level 1 method to account for improved
phases, e.g. wind excitation during fabrication, such cyclic knowledge. (Level 1 methods are deterministic analysis
loads shall be included in the fatigue load estimates. methods that use only one characteristic value to describe
each uncertain variable, i.e. the LRFD method applied in
502 The load factor γf in the FLS is 1.0 for all load catego- the standards)
ries. — special case design problems
D 600 Load factor for SLS — novel designs where limited (or no) experience exists.
601 For analyses of SLS the load factor γf is 1.0 for all load 205 Reliability analysis may be updated by utilisation of new
categories, both for temporary and operating design condi- information. Where such updating indicates that the assump-
tions. tions upon which the original analysis was based are not valid,
D 700 Load factor for ALS and the result of such non-validation is deemed to be essential
to safety, the subject approval may be revoked.
701 The load factors γf in the ALS is 1.0.
206 Target reliabilities shall be commensurate with the con-
sequence of failure. The method of establishing such target
reliabilities, and the values of the target reliabilities them-
E. Design Assisted by Testing selves, should be agreed in each separate case. To the extent
possible, the minimum target reliabilities shall be based on
E 100 General established cases that are known to have adequate safety.
101 Design by testing or observation of performance is in 207 Where well established cases do not exist, e.g. in the
general to be supported by analytical design methods. case of novel and unique design solution, the minimum target
102 Load effects, structural resistance and resistance against reliability values shall be based upon one or a combination of
material degradation may be established by means of testing or the following considerations:
observation of the actual performance of full-scale structures.
— transferable target reliabilities similar existing design
E 200 Full-scale testing and observation of performance solutions
of existing structures — internationally recognised codes and standards
201 Full-scale tests or monitoring on existing structures may — Classification Note 30.6.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 3
LOADS AND LOAD EFFECTS
A. Introduction acceptance criteria specified in DNV-OS-E301 Ch.2 Sec.4.
A 100 General
101 The requirements in this section define and specify load
components and load combinations to be considered in the B. Basis for Selection of Characteristic Loads
overall strength analysis as well as design pressures applicable
in formulae for local design. B 100 General
102 Impact pressure caused by the sea (slamming, bow 101 Unless specific exceptions apply, as documented within
impact) or by liquid cargoes in partly filled tanks (sloshing) are this standard, the characteristic loads documented in Table B1
not covered by this section. and Table B2 shall apply in the temporary and operating design
conditions, respectively.
103 For structural arrangement of mooring equipment and
arrangement/devices for towing, see DNV-OS-E301 Ch.2 102 Where environmental and accidental loads may act
Sec.4 N-O. The mooring and towing equipment, including the simultaneously, the characteristic loads may be determined
support to main structure, shall be designed for the loads and based on their joint probability distribution.
Table B1 Basis for selection of characteristic loads for temporary design conditions
Limit states – temporary design conditions
Load category ALS
ULS FLS SLS
Intact structure Damaged structure
Permanent (G) Expected value
Variable (Q) Specified value
Environmental (E) Specified value Expected load Specified value Specified value Specified value
history
Accidental (A) Specified value
Deformation (D) Expected extreme value
For definitions, see Sec.1.
See DNV Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operations.
Table B2 Basis for selection of characteristic loads for operating design conditions
Limit states – operating design conditions
Load category ULS FLS ALS SLS
Intact structure Damaged structure
Permanent (G) Expected value
Variable (Q) Specified value
Environmental (E) Annual probability1) Expected load Not applicable Load with return period Specified value
being exceeded history not less than 1 year
= 10–2 (100 year
return period)
Accidental (A) Specified value, see also
DNV-OS-A101
Deformation (D) Expected extreme value
1) The joint probability of exceedance applies, see F.
C. Permanent Loads (G) D. Variable Functional Loads (Q)

C 100 General D 100 General
101 Permanent loads are loads that will not vary in magni- 101 Variable functional loads are loads which may vary in
tude, position or direction during the period considered. magnitude, position and direction during the period under con-
sideration, and which are related to operations and normal use
Examples are: of the installation.
— mass of structure 102 Examples are:
— mass of permanent ballast and equipment — personnel
— external and internal hydrostatic pressure of a permanent — stored materials, equipment, gas, fluids and fluid pressure
nature — crane operational loads
— reaction to the above e.g. articulated tower base reaction. — loads from fendering
— loads associated with installation operations
102 The characteristic load of a permanent load is defined as — loads associated with drilling operations
the expected value based on accurate data of the unit, mass of — loads from variable ballast and equipment
the material and the volume in question. — variable cargo inventory for storage vessels
DET NORSKE VERITAS

— helicopters for higher density fluids, e.g. mud, shall be designed on basis
— lifeboats. of special consideration. The density, upon which the scant-
lings of individual tanks are based, shall be given in the oper-
103 The characteristic value of a variable functional load is ating manual.
the maximum (or minimum) specified value, which produces
303 Pressure loads that may occur during emptying of water
the most unfavourable load effects in the structure under con-
or oil filled structural parts for condition monitoring, mainte-
sideration.
nance or repair shall be evaluated.
104 The specified value shall be determined on the basis of
304 Hydrostatic pressure heads shall be based on tank filling
relevant specifications. An expected load history shall be used arrangement by e.g. pumping, gravitational effect, accelera-
in FLS. tions as well as venting arrangements.
D 200 Variable functional loads on deck areas 305 Pumping pressures may be limited by installing appro-
201 Variable functional loads on deck areas of the topside priate alarms and auto-pump cut-off system (i.e. high level and
structure shall be based on Table D1 unless specified otherwise high-high level with automatic stop of the pumps). In such a
in the design basis or the design brief. The intensity of the dis- situation the pressure head may be taken to be the cut-off pres-
tributed loads depends on local or global aspects as shown in sure head.
Table D1. The following notations are used: Descriptions and requirements related to different tank
arrangements are given in DNV-OS-D101 Ch.2 Sec.3 C300.
Local design: e.g. design of plates, stiffeners, beams
and brackets 306 Dynamic pressure heads due to flow through pipes shall
be considered, see 308.
Primary design: e.g. design of girders and columns
Global design: e.g design of deck main structure and sub- 307 All tanks shall be designed for the following internal
structure. design pressure:
av
p d = ρ ⋅ g 0 ⋅ h op ⋅ ⎛ γ f, G, Q + ----- ⋅ γ f, E⎞
2
Table D1 Variable functional loads on deck areas ( kN ⁄ m )
⎝ g0 ⎠
Primary Global
Local design design design
Apply Apply av = maximum vertical acceleration (m/s2), being
Distributed Point factor to the coupled motion response applicable to the
load p factor to
load P primary tank in question
(kN/m2) distributed
(kN) design
load hop = vertical distance (m) from the load point to the
load
Storage areas q 1.5 q 1.0 1.0 position of maximum filling height.
Lay down areas q 1.5 q f f
For tanks adjacent to the sea that are situated
below the extreme operational draught, the
Lifeboat may be maximum filling height should not be taken
9.0 9.0 1.0
platforms ignored lower than the extreme operational draught.
Area between may be
equipment 5.0 5.0 f ignored ρ = density of liquid (t/m3)
Walkways, may be g0 = 9.81 m/s2
staircases and 4.0 4.0 f ignored γf,G,Q = load factor for ULS, permanent and functional
platforms, loads
crew spaces
γf,E = load factor for ULS, environmental loads.
Walkways and may be
staircases for 3.0 3.0 f ignored 308 For tanks where the air pipe may be filled during filling
inspection only
operations, the following additional internal design pressure
Areas not - conditions shall be considered:
exposed to 2.5 2.5 1.0
other functional pd = (ρ · g0 · hop + pdyn) · γf,G,Q (kN/m2)
loads
Notes: hop = vertical distance (m) from the load point to the
position of maximum filling height.
— Wheel loads to be added to distributed loads where relevant. (Wheel
loads can be considered acting on an area of 300 x 300 mm.) For tanks adjacent to the sea that are situated
— Point loads to be applied on an area 100 x 100 mm, and at the most below the extreme operational draught, the
severe position, but not added to wheel loads or distributed loads. maximum filling height should not be taken
— q to be evaluated for each case. Lay down areas should not be designed lower than the extreme operational draught
for less than 15 kN/m2.
— f = min{1.0 ; (0.5 + 3/ A )}, where A is the loaded area in m2. pdyn = Pressure (kN/m2 ) due to flow through pipes,
— Global load cases shall be established based upon “worst case”, charac- minimum 25 kN/m2
teristic load combinations, complying with the limiting global criteria
to the structure. For buoyant structures these criteria are established by γf,G,Q = load factor for ULS, permanent and functional
requirements for the floating position in still water, and intact and dam- loads.
age stability requirements, as documented in the operational manual,
considering variable load on the deck and in tanks.
309 In a situation where design pressure head might be
D 300 Tank pressures exceeded, should be considered as an ALS condition.
301 The structure shall be designed to resist the maximum D 400 Lifeboat platforms
hydrostatic pressure of the heaviest filling in tanks that may
401 Lifeboat platforms shall be checked for the ULS and
occur during fabrication, installation and operation.
ALS condition if relevant. A dynamic factor of 0.2·g0 due to
302 Hydrostatic pressures in tanks should be based on a min- retardation of the lifeboats when lowered shall be included in
imum density equal to that of seawater, ρ = 1.025 t/m3. Tanks both ULS and ALS condition.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

E. Environmental Loads (E) 404 Full-scale measurements may be used to update the
response prediction of the relevant structure and to validate the
E 100 General response analysis for future analysis. Such tests may espe-
101 Environmental loads are loads which may vary in mag- cially be applied to reduce uncertainties associated with loads
nitude, position and direction during the period under consid- and load effects which are difficult to simulate in model scale.
eration, and which are related to operations and normal use of 405 In full-scale measurements it is important to ensure suf-
the installation. Examples are: ficient instrumentation and logging of environmental condi-
tions and responses to ensure reliable interpretation.
— hydrodynamic loads induced by waves and current 406 Wind tunnel tests should be carried out when:
— inertia forces
— wind — wind loads are significant for overall stability, offset,
— earthquake motions or structural response
— tidal effects — there is a danger of dynamic instability.
— marine growth
— snow and ice. 407 Wind tunnel test may support or replace theoretical cal-
culations when available theoretical methods are susceptible to
102 Practical information regarding environmental loads large uncertainties, e.g. due to new type of installations or adja-
and conditions are given in Classification Note 30.5. cent installation influence the relevant installation.
E 200 Environmental loads for mobile offshore units 408 Theoretical models for calculation of loads from ice-
bergs or drift ice should be checked against model tests or full-
201 The design of mobile offshore units shall be based on the scale measurements.
most severe environmental loads that the structure may expe- 409 Proof tests of the structure may be necessary to confirm
rience during its design life. The applied environmental condi- assumptions made in the design.
tions shall be defined in the design basis or design brief, and
stated in the unit's Operation Manual. 410 Hydrodynamic loads on appurtenances (anodes, fend-
ers, strakes etc,) shall be taken into account, when relevant.
202 The North Atlantic scatter diagram should be used in
ULS, ALS and FLS for unrestricted world wide operation. E 500 Wave loads
E 300 Environmental loads for site specific units 501 Wave theory or kinematics shall be selected according
to recognised methods with due consideration of actual water
301 The parameters describing the environmental conditions depth and description of wave kinematics at the surface and the
shall be based on observations from or in the vicinity of the rel- water column below.
evant location and on general knowledge about the environ-
mental conditions in the area. Data for the joint occurrence of 502 Linearised wave theories, e.g. Airy, may be used when
e.g. wave, wind and current conditions should be applied. appropriate. In such circumstances the influence of finite
amplitude waves shall be taken into consideration.
302 According to this standard, the environmental loads
shall be determined with stipulated probabilities of exceed- 503 Wave loads should be determined according to Classifi-
ance. The statistical analysis of measured data or simulated cation Note 30.5.
data should make use of different statistical methods to evalu- 504 For large volume structures where the wave kinematics
ate the sensitivity of the result. The validation of distributions is disturbed by the presence of the structure, typical radiation
with respect to data should be tested by means of recognised or diffraction analyses shall be performed to determine the
methods. wave loads, e.g. excitation forces or pressures.
303 The analysis of the data shall be based on the longest 505 For slender structures (typically chords and bracings,
possible time period for the relevant area. In the case of short tendons, risers) where the Morison equation is applicable, the
time series the statistical uncertainty shall be accounted for wave loads should be estimated by selection of drag and inertia
when determining design values. Hindcasting may be used to coefficients as specified in Classification Note 30.5.
extend measured time series, or to interpolate to places where 506 In the case of adjacent large volume structures disturb-
measured data have not been collected. If hindcasting is used, ing the free field wave kinematics, the presence of the adjacent
the model shall be calibrated against measured data, to ensure structures may be considered by radiation and diffraction anal-
that the hindcast results comply with available measured data. yses for calculation of the wave kinematics.
E 400 Determination of characteristic hydrodynamic E 600 Wave induced inertia forces
loads
601 The load effect from inertia forces shall be taken into
401 Hydrodynamic loads shall be determined by analysis. account in the design. Examples where inertia forces can be of
When theoretical predictions are subjected to significant significance are:
uncertainties, theoretical calculations shall be supported by
model tests or full scale measurements of existing structures or — heavy objects
by a combination of such tests and full scale measurements. — tank pressures
402 Hydrodynamic model tests should be carried out to: — flare towers
— drilling towers
— confirm that no important hydrodynamic feature has been — crane pedestals.
overlooked by varying the wave parameters (for new types
of installations, environmental conditions, adjacent struc- 602 The accelerations shall be based on direct calculations or
ture, etc.) model tests unless specified in the object standards.
— support theoretical calculations when available analytical E 700 Wind loads
methods are susceptible to large uncertainties
— verify theoretical methods on a general basis. 701 The wind velocity at the location of the installation shall
be established on the basis of previous measurements at the
403 Models shall be sufficient to represent the actual instal- actual and adjacent locations, hindcast predictions as well as
lation. The test set-up and registration system shall provide a theoretical models and other meteorological information. If
basis for reliable, repeatable interpretation. the wind velocity is of significant importance to the design and
DET NORSKE VERITAS

existing wind data are scarce and uncertain, wind velocity 1203 When determining wind and hydrodynamic load, pos-
measurements should be carried out at the location in question. sible increases of cross-sectional area and changes in surface
702 Characteristic values of the wind velocity should be roughness caused by icing shall be considered, where relevant.
determined with due account of the inherent uncertainties. 1204 For buoyant structures the possibility of uneven distri-
Guidance note: bution of snow and ice accretion shall be considered.
Wind loads may be determined in accordance with Classification E 1300 Direct ice load
Note 30.5.
1301 Where impact with sea ice or icebergs may occur, the
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- contact loads shall be determined according to relevant, recog-
nised theoretical models, model tests or full-scale measure-
703 The pressure acting on vertical external bulkheads ments.
exposed to wind shall not be taken less than 2.5 kN/m2 unless
otherwise documented. 1302 When determining the magnitude and direction of the
loads, the following factors shall be considered:
704 For structures being sensitive to dynamic loads, for
instance tall structures having long natural period of vibration, — geometry and nature of the ice
the stresses due to the gust wind pressure considered as static — mechanical properties of the ice
shall be multiplied by an appropriate dynamic amplification — velocity and direction of the ice
factor. — geometry and size of the ice and structure contact area
— ice failure mode as a function of the structure geometry
E 800 Vortex induced oscillations — environmental forces available to drive the ice
801 Consideration of loads from vortex shedding on individ- — inertia effects for both ice and structure.
ual elements due to wind, current and waves may be based on
Classification Note 30.5. Vortex induced vibrations of frames E 1400 Water level, settlements and erosion
shall also be considered. The material and structural damping 1401 When determining water level in the calculation of
of individual elements in welded steel structures shall not be loads, the tidal water and storm surge shall be taken into
set higher than 0.15 % of critical damping. account. Calculation methods that take into account the effects
that the structure and adjacent structures have on the water
E 900 Current level shall be used.
901 Characteristic current design velocities shall be based 1402 Uncertainty of measurements and possible erosion
upon appropriate consideration of velocity or height profiles shall be considered.
and directionality.
Guidance note: E 1500 Earthquake
Further details regarding current design loads are given in Clas- 1501 Relevant earthquake effects shall be considered for
sification Note 30.5. bottom fixed structures.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- 1502 Earthquake excitation design loads and load histories
may be described either in terms of response spectra or in
E 1000 Tidal effects terms of time histories. For the response spectrum method all
modes of vibration which contribute significantly to the
1001 For floating structures constrained by tendon mooring response shall be included. Correlation effects shall be
systems, tidal effects can significantly influence the structure’s accounted for when combining the modal response maximum.
buoyancy and the mean loads in the mooring components.
Therefore the choice of tide conditions for static equilibrium 1503 When performing time-history earthquake analysis, the
analysis is important. Tidal effects shall be considered in eval- response of the structure and foundation system shall be ana-
uating the various responses of interest. Higher mean water lysed for a representative set of time histories. Such time his-
levels tend to increase maximum mooring tensions, hydro- tories shall be selected and scaled to provide a best fit of the
static loads, and current loads on the hull, while tending to earthquake motion in the frequency range where the main
decrease under deck wave clearances. dynamic response is expected.
1504 The dynamic characteristics of the structure and its
1002 These effects of tide may be taken into account by per- foundation should be determined using a three-dimensional
forming a static balance at the various appropriate tide levels analytical model. A two-dimensional or axis-symmetric
to provide a starting point for further analysis, or by making model may be used for the soil and structure interaction analy-
allowances for the appropriate tide level in calculating extreme sis provided compatibility with the three-dimensional struc-
responses. tural model is ensured.
E 1100 Marine growth 1505 Where characteristic ground motions, soil characteris-
1101 Marine growth is a common designation for a surface tics, damping and other modelling parameters are subject to
coating on marine structures, caused by plants, animals and great uncertainties, a parameter sensitivity study should be
bacteria. In addition to the direct increase in structure weight, carried out.
marine growth may cause an increase in hydrodynamic drag 1506 Consideration shall be given to the possibility that
and added mass due to the effective increase in member dimen- earthquakes in the local region may cause other effects such as
sions, and may alter the roughness characteristics of the sur- subsea earthslides, critical pore pressure built-up in the soil or
face. major soil deformations affecting foundation slabs, piles or
1102 Effect of marine growth shall be considered, where rel- skirts.
evant.
E 1200 Snow and ice accumulation
F. Combination of Environmental Loads
1201 Ice accretion from sea spray, snow, rain and air humid-
ity shall be considered, where relevant. F 100 General
1202 Snow and ice loads may be reduced or neglected if a 101 Where applicable data are available joint probability of
snow and ice removal procedures are established. environmental load components, at the specified probability
DET NORSKE VERITAS

level, may be considered. Alternatively, joint probability of 104 For bottom founded and symmetrical moored structures
environmental loads may be approximated by combination of it is normally conservative to consider co-linear environmental
characteristic values for different load types as shown in Table loads. For certain structures, such as moored ship shaped units,
F1.
where the colinear assumption is not conservative, non
102 Generally, the long-term variability of multiple loads colinear criteria should be used.
may be described by a scatter diagram or joint density function
including information about direction. Contour curves may 105 The load intensities for various types of loads may be
then be derived which give combination of environmental selected to correspond to the probabilities of exceedance as
parameters, which approximately describe the various loads given in Table F1.
corresponding to the given probability of exceedance.
103 Alternatively, the probability of exceedance may be 106 In a short-term period with a combination of waves and
referred to the load effects. This is particularly relevant when fluctuating wind, the individual variations of the two load
direction of the load is an important parameter. processes should be assumed uncorrelated.
Table F1 Proposed combinations of different environmental loads in order to obtain ULS combinations with 10-2 annual probability
of exceedance and ALS loads with return period not less than 1 year
Limit state Wind Waves Current Ice Sea level
10-2 10-2 10-1 10-2
ULS 10 -1 10 -1 10 -2 10-2
10 -1 10 -1 10 -1 10 -2 Mean water level
ALS Return period not less Return period not less Return period not less Return period not less
than 1 year than 1 year than 1 year than 1 year
G. Accidental Loads (A) perature differences they may be exposed to. This applies to,
but is not limited to:
G 100 General
— storage tanks
101 Accidental loads are loads related to abnormal opera- — structural parts that are exposed to radiation from the top
tions or technical failure. Examples of accidental loads are of a flare boom. For flare born radiation a one hour mean
loads caused by: wind with a return period of 1 year may be used to calcu-
— dropped objects late the spatial flame extent and the air cooling in the
— collision impact assessment of heat radiation from the flare boom
— explosions — structural parts that are in contact with pipelines, risers or
process equipment.
— fire
— change of intended pressure difference 202 The ambient sea or air temperature is calculated as an
— accidental impact from vessel, helicopter or other objects extreme value with an annual probability of exceedance equal
— unintended change in ballast distribution to 10-2 (100 years).
— failure of a ballast pipe or unintended flooding of a hull
compartment H 300 Settlements and subsidence of sea bed
— failure of mooring lines 301 Settlement of the foundations into the sea bed shall be
— loss of DP system causing loss of heading. considered for permanently located bottom founded units
102 Relevant accidental loads should be determined on the 302 The possibility of, and the consequences of, subsidence
basis of an assessment and relevant experiences. With respect of the seabed as a result of changes in the subsoil and in the
to planning, implementation, use and updating of such assess- production reservoir during the service life of the installation,
ment and generic accidental loads, reference is given to DNV- shall be considered.
OS-A101. 303 Reservoir settlements and subsequent subsidence of the
103 For temporary design conditions, the characteristic load seabed shall be calculated as a conservatively estimated mean
may be a specified value dependent on practical requirements. value.
The level of safety related to the temporary design conditions
is not to be inferior to the safety level required for the operating
design conditions.
I. Load Effect Analysis
I 100 General
H. Deformation Loads (D) 101 Load effects, in terms of motions, displacements, or
internal forces and stresses of the structure, shall be deter-
H 100 General mined with due regard for:
101 Deformation loads are loads caused by inflicted defor-
mations such as: — spatial and temporal nature, including:
— temperature loads — possible non-linearities of the load

— built-in deformations — dynamic character of the response
— settlement of foundations — relevant limit states for design check
— tether pre-tension on a TLP. — desired accuracy in the relevant design phase
H 200 Temperature loads 102 Permanent-, functional-, deformation-, and fire-loads
201 Structures shall be designed for the most extreme tem- should be treated by static methods of analysis. Environmental
DET NORSKE VERITAS

(wave, wind and earthquake) loads and certain accidental loads shall be examined. If geometric deviations or imperfections
(impacts, explosions) may require dynamic analysis. Inertia have a significant effect on load effects, conservative geomet-
and damping forces are important when the periods of steady- ric parameters shall be used in the calculation.
state loads are close to natural periods or when transient loads 107 In the final design stage theoretical methods for predic-
occur. tion of important responses of any novel system should be ver-
103 In general, three frequency bands need to be considered ified by appropriate model tests. (See Sec.2 E200).
for offshore structures: 108 Earthquake loads need only be considered for restrained
modes of behaviour. See object standards for requirements
High frequency Rigid body natural periods below dom- related to the different objects.
(HF) inating wave periods (typically ringing
and springing responses in TLP’s). I 200 Global motion analysis
Wave frequency Area with wave periods in the range 4 201 The purpose of a motion analysis is to determine dis-
(WF) to 25 s typically. Applicable to all off- placements, accelerations, velocities and hydrodynamic pres-
shore structures located in the wave sures relevant for the loading on the hull and superstructure, as
active zone. well as relative motions (in free modes) needed to assess airgap
Low frequency This frequency band relates to slowly and green water requirements. Excitation by waves, current
(LF) varying responses with natural periods and wind should be considered.
above dominating wave energy (typi-
cally slowly varying surge and sway I 300 Load effects in structures and soil or foundation
motions for column-stabilised and 301 Displacements, forces or stresses in the structure and
ship-shaped units as well as slowly foundation, shall be determined for relevant combinations of
varying roll and pitch motions for deep loads by means of recognised methods, which take adequate
draught floaters). account of the variation of loads in time and space, the motions
104 A global wave motion analysis is required for structures of the structure and the limit state which shall be verified.
with at least one free mode. For fully restrained structures a Characteristic values of the load effects shall be determined.
static or dynamic wave-structure-foundation analysis is 302 Non-linear and dynamic effects associated with loads
required. and structural response shall be accounted for whenever rele-
105 Uncertainties in the analysis model are expected to be vant.
taken care of by the load and resistance factors. If uncertainties 303 The stochastic nature of environmental loads shall be
are particularly high, conservative assumptions shall be made. adequately accounted for.
106 If analytical models are particularly uncertain, the sensi- 304 Description of the different types of analyses are cov-
tivity of the models and the parameters utilised in the models ered in the various object standards.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 4
STRUCTURAL CATEGORISATION, MATERIAL SELECTION AND
INSPECTION PRINCIPLES
A. General C. Structural Category

A 100 Scope C 100 General
101 This section describes the structural categorisation, 101 The purpose of the structural categorisation is to assure
selection of steel materials and inspection principles to be adequate material and suitable inspection to avoid brittle frac-
applied in design and construction of offshore steel structures. ture. The purpose of inspection is also to remove defects that
may grow into fatigue cracks during service life.
Guidance note:
B. Temperatures for Selection of Material Conditions that may result in brittle fracture are sought avoided.
Brittle fracture may occur under a combination of:
B 100 General - presence of sharp defects such as cracks
101 The design temperature for a unit is the reference tem- - high tensile stress in direction normal to planar defect(s)
perature for assessing areas where the unit can be transported, - material with low fracture toughness.
installed and operated. Sharp cracks resulting from fabrication may be found by inspec-
tion and repaired. Fatigue cracks may also be discovered during
The design temperature is to be lower or equal to the lowest service life by inspection.
mean daily temperature in air for the relevant areas. For sea- High stresses in a component may occur due to welding. A com-
sonal restricted operations the lowest mean daily temperature plex connection is likely to provide more restraint and larger
in air for the season may be applied. residual stress than a simple one. This residual stress may be
partly removed by post weld heat treatment if necessary. Also a
102 The service temperatures for different parts of a unit
complex connection shows a more three-dimensional stress state
apply for selection of structural steel. due to external loading than simple connections. This stress state
103 The service temperature for various structural parts is may provide basis for a cleavage fracture.
given in B200 and B300. In case different service temperatures The fracture toughness is dependent on temperature and material
are defined in B200 and B300 for a structural part the lower thickness. These parameters are accounted for separately in
specified value shall be applied. Further details regarding serv- selection of material. The resulting fracture toughness in the
ice temperature for different structural elements are given in weld and the heat affected zone is also dependent on the fabrica-
tion method.
the various object standards.
Thus, to avoid brittle fracture, first a material with suitable frac-
104 In all cases where the temperature is reduced by local- ture toughness for the actual service temperature and thickness is
ised cryogenic storage or other cooling conditions, such factors selected. Then a proper fabrication method is used. In special
shall be taken into account in establishing the service temper- cases post weld heat treatment may be performed to reduce crack
atures for considered structural parts. driving stresses, see D501 and DNV-OS-C401. A suitable
amount of inspection is carried out to remove planar defects
B 200 Floating units larger than that are acceptable. In this standard selection of mate-
rial with appropriate fracture toughness and avoidance of unac-
201 External structures above the lowest waterline shall be ceptable defects are achieved by linking different types of
designed with service temperature not higher than the design connections to different structural categories and inspection cat-
temperature for the area(s) where the unit is to operate. egories.
202 External structures below the lowest waterline need not ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
be designed for service temperatures lower than 0°C.
C 200 Selection of structural category
A higher service temperature may be accepted if adequate sup-
porting data can be presented relative to lowest mean daily 201 Components are classified into structural categories
temperature applicable to the relevant actual water depths. according to the following criteria:
203 Internal structures in way of permanently heated rooms — significance of component in terms of consequence of fail-
need not be designed for service temperatures lower than 0°C. ure
— stress condition at the considered detail that together with
B 300 Bottom fixed units
possible weld defects or fatigue cracks may provoke brittle
301 External structures above the lowest astronomical tide fracture.
(LAT) shall be designed with service temperature not higher
than the design temperature. Guidance note:
The consequence of failure may be quantified in terms of residual
302 Materials in structures below the lowest astronomical strength of the structure when considering failure of the actual
tide (LAT) need not be designed for service temperatures component.
lower than 0°C.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
A higher service temperature may be accepted if adequate sup-
porting data can be presented relative to lowest mean daily 202 Structural category for selection of materials shall be
temperature applicable to the relevant actual water depths. determined according to principles given in Table C1.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

steels, the application of such steel grades within the structure

Table C1 Structural categories for selection of materials 1)
shall be specially considered.
Structural Principles for determination of structural category
category 103 The steel grades selected for structural components shall
Special Structural parts where failure will have substantial be related to calculated stresses and requirements to toughness
consequences and are subject to a stress condition properties. Requirements for toughness properties are in gen-
that may increase the probability of a brittle frac-
ture.2) eral based on the Charpy V-notch test and are dependent on
Primary Structural parts where failure will have substantial service temperature, structural category and thickness of the
consequences. component in question.
Secondary Structural parts where failure will be without signif- 104 The material toughness may also be evaluated by frac-
icant consequence.
ture mechanics testing in special cases, see D401 and DNV-
1) Examples of determination of structural categories are given in the var-
ious object standards. OS-C401.
2) In complex joints a triaxial or biaxial stress pattern will be present. This 105 In structural cross-joints where high tensile stresses are
may give conditions for brittle fracture where tensile stresses are
present in addition to presence of defects and material with low fracture acting perpendicular to the plane of the plate, the plate material
toughness. shall be tested to prove the ability to resist lamellar tearing, Z-
quality, see 203.
C 300 Inspection of welds
106 Requirements for forging and castings are given in
301 Requirements for type and extent of inspection are given
in DNV-OS-C401 dependent on assigned inspection category DNV-OS-B101.
for the welds. The requirements are based on the consideration D 200 Material designations
of fatigue damage and assessment of general fabrication qual-
ity. 201 Structural steel of various strength groups will be
referred to as given in Table D1.
302 The inspection category is by default related to the struc-
tural category according to Table C2. 202 Each strength group consists of two parallel series of
steel grades:
Table C2 Inspection categories
Inspection category Structural category — steels of normal weldability
I Special — steels of improved weldability.
II Primary
The two series are intended for the same applications. How-
III Secondary ever, the improved weldability grades have in addition to
303 The weld connection between two components shall be leaner chemistry and better weldability, extra margins to
assigned an inspection category according to the highest of the account for reduced toughness after welding. These grades are
joined components. For stiffened plates, the weld connection also limited to a specified minimum yield stress of 500 N/mm2.
between stiffener and stringer and girder web to the plate may
Table D1 Material designations
be inspected according to inspection category III.
Specified minimum yield stress
Designation Strength group
304 If the fabrication quality is assessed by testing, or well fy (N/mm2)1)
known quality from previous experience, the extent of inspec- NV Normal strength 235
tion required for elements within structural category primary steel (NS)
may be reduced, but not less than for inspection category III. NV-27 265
NV-32 High strength 315
305 Fatigue critical details within structural category pri- steel (HS)
NV-36 355
mary and secondary shall be inspected according to require-
ments in category I. NV-40 390
NV-420 420
306 Welds in fatigue critical areas not accessible for inspec- NV-460 460
tion and repair during operation shall be inspected according to NV-500 Extra high 500
requirements in category I during construction. strength steel
NV-550 (EHS) 550
307 The extent of NDT for welds in block joints and erection NV-620 620
joints transverse to main stress direction shall not be less than NV-690 690
for IC II. 1) For steels of improved weldability the required specified minimum
yield stress is reduced for increasing material thickness, see DNV-OS-
B101.
D. Structural Steel 203 Different steel grades are defined within each strength
group, depending upon the required impact toughness proper-
D 100 General ties. The grades are referred to as A, B, D, E, and F for normal
weldability, and AW, BW, DW, and EW for improved welda-
101 Where the subsequent requirements for steel grades are
bility, as shown in Table D2.
dependent on plate thickness, these are based on the nominal
thickness as built. Additional symbol :
102 The requirements in this subsection deal with the selec- Z = steel grade of proven through-thickness properties.
tion of various structural steel grades in compliance with the This symbol is omitted for steels of improved weld-
requirements given in DNV-OS-B101. Where other, agreed ability although improved through-thickness prop-
codes or standards have been utilised in the specification of erties are required.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

302 Selection of a better steel grade than minimum required

Table D2 Applicable steel grades in design shall not lead to more stringent requirements in fab-
Grade rication.
Test
Strength group Normal Improved temperature3) 303 Grade of steel to be used for thickness less than 10 mm
weldability weldability2) (ºC) and/or service temperature above 10 °C may be specially con-
NS A - Not tested sidered.
B 1) BW 0 304 Welded steel plates and sections of thickness exceeding
D DW -20 the upper limits for the actual steel grade as given in Table D3
shall be evaluated in each individual case with respect to the
E EW -40
fitness for purpose of the weldments. The evaluation should be
HS A AW 0 based on fracture mechanics testing and analysis, e.g. in
D DW -20 accordance with BS 7910.
E EW -40 305 For structural parts subjected to compressive and/or low
F - -60 tensile stresses, consideration may be given to the use of lower
EHS A - 0 steel grades than stated in Table D3.
D DW -20 306 The use of steels with specified minimum yield stress
E EW -40 greater than 550 N/mm2 (NV550) shall be subject to special
F - -60 consideration for applications where anaerobic environmental
1) Charpy V-notch tests are required for thickness above 25 mm but are
conditions such as stagnant water, organically active mud
subject to agreement between the contracting parties for thickness of 25 (bacteria) and hydrogen sulphide may predominate.
mm or less. 307 Predominantly anaerobic conditions can for this purpose
2) For steels with improved weldability, through-thickness properties are be characterised by a concentration of sulphate reducing bac-
specified, see DNV-OS-B101. teria, SRB, in the order of magnitude >103 SRB/ml (method
3) Charpy V-notch impact tests, see DNV-OS-B101. according to NACE TPC Publication No.3).
D 300 Selection of structural steel 308 The steels' susceptibility to hydrogen induced stress
301 The grade of steel to be used shall in general be related cracking (HISC) shall be specially considered when used for
to the service temperature and thickness for the applicable critical applications (such as jack-up legs and spud cans). See
structural category as shown in Table D3. also Sec.10.
D 400 Fracture mechanics (FM) testing
Table D3 Thickness limitations(mm) of structural steels for 401 For units which are intended to operate continuously at
different structural categories and service temperatures (ºC) the same location for more than 5 years, FM testing shall be
Structural Grade ≥ 10 0 -10 -20 -25 -30 included in the qualification of welding procedures for joints
Category which all of the following apply:
A 35 30 25 20 15 10
B/BW 70 60 50 40 30 20 — the design temperature is lower than +10 ºC
D/DW 150 150 100 80 70 60 — the joint is in special area
E/EW 150 150 150 150 120 100 — at least one of the adjoining members is fabricated from
AH/AHW 60 50 40 30 20 15 steel with a SMYS larger than or equal to 420 MPa.
DH/DHW 120 100 80 60 50 40
Secondary EH/EHW 150 150 150 150 120 100 For details on FM testing methods, see DNV-OS-C401 Ch.2
FH 150 150 150 150 *) *)
Sec.1 C800.
AEH 70 60 50 40 30 20
DEH/DEHW 150 150 100 80 70 60 D 500 Post weld heat treatment (PWHT)
EEH/EEHW 150 150 150 150 120 100
FEH 150 150 150 150 *) *) 501 For units which are intended to operate continuously at
A 30 20 10 N.A. N.A. N.A. the same location for more than 5 years, PWHT shall be
B/BW 40 30 25 20 15 10 applied for joints in C-Mn steels in special areas when the
D/DW 70 60 50 40 35 30 material thickness at the welds exceeds 50mm. For details, see
E/EW 150 150 100 80 70 60 DNV-OS-C401 Ch.2 Sec.2 F200.
AH/AHW 30 25 20 15 12.5 10
Primary DH/DHW 60 50 40 30 25 20
EH/EHW 120 100 80 60 50 40
FH 150 150 150 150 *) *)
AEH 35 30 25 20 17.5 15
DEH/DEHW 70 60 50 40 35 30
EEH/EEHW 150 150 100 80 70 60
FEH 150 150 150 150 *) *)
D/DW 35 30 25 20 17.5 15
E/EW 70 60 50 40 35 30
AH/AHW 15 10 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
DH/DHW 30 25 20 15 12.5 10
EH/EHW 60 50 40 30 25 20
Special FH 120 100 80 60 50 40
AEH 20 15 10 N.A. N.A N.A.
DEH/DEHW 35 30 25 20 17.5 15
EEH/EEHW 70 60 50 40 35 30
FEH 150 150 100 80 70 60
*) For service temperature below -20°C the upper limit for use of
this grade must be specially considered.
N.A. = no application
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 5
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
A. General of the responses. In general all design procedures, regardless of

analysis method, will not capture the true structural behaviour.
A 100 General Ductile failure modes will allow the structure to redistribute
101 This section gives provisions for checking of ultimate forces in accordance with the presupposed static model. Brittle
limit states for typical structural elements used in offshore steel failure modes shall therefore be avoided or shall be verified to
structures. have excess resistance compared to ductile modes, and in this
way protect the structure from brittle failure.
102 The ultimate strength capacity (yield and buckling) of
structural elements shall be assessed using a rational, justifia- 302 The following sources for brittle structural behaviour
ble, engineering approach. may need to be considered for a steel structure:
103 Structural capacity checks of all structural components — unstable fracture caused by a combination of the following
shall be performed. The capacity checks shall consider both factors: brittle material, low temperature in the steel, a
excessive yielding and buckling. design resulting in high local stresses and the possibilities
104 Simplified assumptions regarding stress distributions for weld defects
may be used provided the assumptions are made in accordance — structural details where ultimate resistance is reached with
with generally accepted practice, or in accordance with suffi- plastic deformations only in limited areas, making the glo-
ciently comprehensive experience or tests. bal behaviour brittle
— shell buckling
105 Gross scantlings may be utilised in the calculation of — buckling where interaction between local and global buck-
hull structural strength, provided a corrosion protection system ling modes occurs.
in accordance with Sec.10 is installed and maintained.
106 In case corrosion protection in accordance with Sec.10 A 400 Yield check
is not installed (and maintained) corrosion additions as given 401 Structural members for which excessive yielding are
in Sec.10 B500 shall be used. The corrosion addition shall not possible modes of failure shall be investigated for yielding.
be accounted for in the determination of stresses and resistance Individual design stress components and the von Mises equiv-
for local capacity checks. alent design stress for plated structures shall not exceed the
A 200 Structural analysis design resistance (Sec.2 D200).
Guidance note:
201 The structural analysis may be carried out as linear elas-
tic, simplified rigid-plastic, or elastic-plastic analyses. Both a) For plated structures the von Mises equivalent design stress
first order or second order analyses may be applied. In all is defined as follows:
cases, the structural detailing with respect to strength and duc-
tility requirement shall conform to the assumption made for the 2 2 2
analysis. σ jd = σ xd + σ yd – σ xd σ yd + 3 τ d
202 When plastic or elastic-plastic analyses are used for where σxd and σyd are design membrane stresses in x- and
structures exposed to cyclic loading, e.g. wave loads, checks y-direction respectively, τd is design shear stress in the x-y
shall be carried out to verify that the structure will shake down plane (i.e. local bending stresses in plate thickness not in-
without excessive plastic deformations or fracture due to cluded).
repeated yielding. A characteristic or design cyclic load history b) In case local plate bending stresses are of importance for
needs to be defined in such a way that the structural reliability yield check, e.g for lateral loaded plates, yield check may be
in case of cyclic loading, e.g. storm loading, is not less than the performed according to DNV-RP-C201 Sec.5.
structural reliability for ULS for non-cyclic loads.
203 In case of linear analysis combined with the resistance ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
formulations set down in this standard, shakedown can be 402 Local peak stresses from linear elastic analysis in areas
assumed without further checks. with pronounced geometrical changes, may exceed the yield
204 If plastic or elastic-plastic structural analyses are used stress provided the adjacent structural parts has capacity for the
for determining the sectional stress resultants, limitations to redistributed stresses.
the width thickness ratios apply. Relevant width thickness Guidance note:
ratios are found in the relevant codes used for capacity checks.
205 When plastic analysis and/or plastic capacity checks are a) Areas above yield determined by a linear finite element
used (cross section type I and II, according to Appendix A), the method analysis may give an indication of the actual area of
members shall be capable of forming plastic hinges with suffi- plastification. Otherwise, a non-linear finite element method
cient rotation capacity to enable the required redistribution of analysis may need to be carried out in order to trace the full
extent of the plastic zone.
bending moments to develop. It shall also be checked that the
load pattern will not be changed due to the deformations. b) The yield checks do not refer to local stress concentrations
in the structure or to local modelling deficiencies in the
206 Cross sections of beams are divided into different types finite element model.
dependent of their ability to develop plastic hinges. A method
for determination of cross sectional types is found in Appendix ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
A.
403 For yield check of welded connections, see Sec.9.
A 300 Ductility
301 It is a fundamental requirement that all failure modes are A 500 Buckling check
sufficiently ductile such that the structural behaviour will be in 501 Elements of cross sections not fulfilling requirements to
accordance with the anticipated model used for determination cross section type III shall be checked for local buckling.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Cross sectional types are defined in Appendix A. conical shell structures may be checked according to DNV-
502 Buckling analysis shall be based on the characteristic RP-C202.
buckling resistance for the most unfavourable buckling mode. 102 For interaction between shell buckling and column
503 The characteristic buckling strength shall be based on buckling, DNV-RP-C202 may be used.
the 5th percentile of test results. 103 If DNV-RP-C202 is applied, the material factor for
504 Initial imperfections and residual stresses in structural shells shall be in accordance with Table C1.
members shall be accounted for.
Table C1 Material factors γ M for buckling
505 It shall be ensured that there is conformity between the
initial imperfections in the buckling resistance formulas and Type of structure λ ≤ 0.5 0.5 < λ < 1.0 λ ≥ 1.0
the tolerances in the applied fabrication standard. Girder, beams stiffeners 1.15 1.15 1.15
on shells
Guidance note:
Shells of single curvature
If buckling resistance is calculated in accordance with DNV-RP- (cylindrical shells, coni- 1.15 0.85 + 0.60 λ 1.45
C201 for plated structures, DNV-RP-C202 for shells, or Classi- cal shells)
fication Note 30.1 for bars and frames, the tolerance require-
ments given in DNV-OS-C401 should not be exceeded, unless Note that the slenderness is based on the buckling mode under consideration.
specifically documented. λ = reduced slenderness parameter
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- fy
= -----
σe
fy = specified minimum yield stress
B. Flat Plated Structures and Stiffened Panels σe = elastic buckling stress for the buckling mode under
consideration.
B 100 General
101 The material factor γM for plated structures is 1.15.
B 200 Yield check D. Tubular Members, Tubular Joints and
201 Yield check of plating and stiffeners may be performed
Conical Transitions
as given in F.
D 100 General
202 Yield check of girders may be performed as given in G.
101 Tubular members may be checked according to Classi-
B 300 Buckling check fication Note 30.1, API RP 2A - LRFD or NORSOK
N-004.
301 The buckling stability of plated structures may be
checked according to DNV-RP-C201. For interaction between local shell buckling and column buck-
ling, and effect of external pressure, DNV-RP-C202 may be
B 400 Capacity checks according to other codes used.
401 Stiffeners and girders may be designed according to pro- 102 Cross sections of tubular member are divided into differ-
visions for beams in recognised standards such as Eurocode 3 ent types dependent of their ability to develop plastic hinges
or AISC LRFD Manual of Steel Construction. and resist local buckling. Effect of local buckling of slender
Guidance note: cross sections shall be considered.
The principles and effects of cross section types are included in Guidance note:
the AISC LRFD Manual of Steel Construction.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- a) Effect of local buckling of tubular members without exter-
nal pressure ( i.e. subject to axial force and/or bending
402 Material factors when using Eurocode 3 are given in moment) are given in Appendix A, cross section type IV.
Table B1. Section 3.8 of DNV-RP-C202 may be used, see C100.
b) Effect of local buckling of tubular members with external
Table B1 Material factors used with Eurocode 3 pressure need not be considered for the following diameter
Type of calculation Material factor 1) Value (D) to thickness (t) ratio:
Resistance of Class 1, 2 or 3 γM0 1.15
cross sections D E
---- ≤ 0.5 ---
-
Resistance of Class 4 cross γM1 1.15 t fy
sections
Resistance of members to γM1 1.15 where
buckling
1) Symbols according to Eurocode 3. E = modulus of elasticity, and
fy = specified minimum yield stress.
403 Plates, stiffeners and girders may be designed according
to NORSOK N-004. In case of local shell buckling, see C100, section 3.8 of DNV-RP-
C202, API RP 2A - LRFD or NORSOK N-004 may be used.
C. Shell Structures
103 Tubular joints and conical transitions may be checked
C 100 General according to API RP 2A - LRFD or NORSOK N-004.
101 The buckling stability of cylindrical and un-stiffened 104 The material factor γM for tubular structures is 1.15.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

E. Non-Tubular Beams, Columns and Frames σjd = equivalent design stress for global in-plane
membrane stress:
E 100 General
2 2 2
101 The design of members shall take into account the pos- σ jd = σ xd + σ yd – σ xd σ yd + 3 τ d
sible limits on the resistance of the cross section due to local
buckling. kpp = fixation parameter for plate
Guidance note: = 1.0 for clamped edges
Cross sections of member are divided into different types = 0.5 for simply supported edges.
dependent of their ability to develop plastic hinges and resist
local buckling, see Appendix A. In case of local buckling, i.e. for Guidance note:
cross sectional type IV, DNV-RP-C201 may be used.
The design bending stress σpd1 is given as a bi-linear capacity
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- curve for the plate representing the remaining capacity of plate
when reduced for global in-plane membrane stress.
102 Buckling checks may be performed according to Classi-
fication Note 30.1.
103 Capacity check may be performed according to recog- F 400 Stiffeners
nised standards such as Eurocode 3 or AISC LRFD Manual of
Steel Construction. 401 The section modulus Zs for longitudinals, beams, frames
and other stiffeners subjected to lateral pressure shall not be
104 The material factors according to Table B1 shall be used less than:
if Eurocode 3 is used for calculation of structural resistance.
2
l sp d 6 3 3 3
Z s = --------------------------- 10 ( mm ), minimum 15 ⋅ 10 ( mm )
k m σ pd2 k ps
F. Special Provisions for Plating and Stiffeners
F 100 Scope l = stiffener span (m)
101 The requirements in F will normally give minimum km = bending moment factor, see Table G1
scantlings to plate and stiffened panels with respect to yield.
Dimensions and further references with respect to buckling σpd2 = design bending stress (N/mm2)
capacity are given in B. = fyd − σjd
kps = fixation parameter for stiffeners
F 200 Minimum thickness
= 1.0 if at least one end is clamped
201 The thickness of plates should not to be less than: = 0.9 if both ends are simply supported.
14.3t 0 Guidance note:
t = --------------- (mm) The design bending stress σpd2 is given as a linear capacity curve
f yd for the plate representing the remaining capacity of plate when
reduced for global in-plane membrane stress.
fyd = design yield strength fy/γM ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
fy is the minimum yield stress (N/mm2) as given
in Sec.4 Table D1 402 The requirement in 401 applies to an axis parallel to the
t0 = 7 mm for primary structural elements plating. For stiffeners at an oblique angle with the plating an
approximate requirement to standard section modulus may be
= 5 mm for secondary structural elements obtained by multiplying the section modulus from 401 with the
γM = material factor for steel factor:
= 1.15. 1
------------
F 300 Bending of plating cos α
301 The thickness of plating subjected to lateral pressure
shall not be less than: α = angle between the stiffener web plane and the plane
perpendicular to the plating.
15.8k a s p d 403 Stiffeners with sniped ends may be accepted where
t = ----------------------------- ( mm ) dynamic stresses are small and vibrations are considered to be
σ pd1 k pp
of small importance, provided that the plate thickness sup-
ported by the stiffener is not less than:
ka = correction factor for aspect ratio of plate field
( l – 0.5s )sp
= (1.1 − 0.25 s/l)2 t ≥ 16 -------------------------------d- ( mm )
= maximum 1.0 for s/l = 0.4 f yd
= minimum 0.72 for s/l = 1.0 In such cases the section modulus of the stiffener calculated as
s = stiffener spacing (m), measured along the plat- indicated in 401 is normally to be based on the following
ing parameter values:
pd = design pressure (kN/m2) as given in Sec.3
km = 8
σpd1 = design bending stress (N/mm2), taken as the
smaller of: kps = 0.9
— 1.3 (fyd −σjd), and The stiffeners should normally be snipped with an angle of
— fyd = fy /γM maximum 30º.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Guidance note:
For typical sniped end detail as described above, a stress range
lower than 30 MPa can be considered as a small dynamic stress.
G. Special Provisions for Girder and Girder

Systems
G 100 Scope
101 The requirements in G give minimum scantlings to sim-
ple girders with respect to yield. Further, procedures for the
calculations of complex girder systems are indicated.
102 Dimensions and further references with respect to buck- Figure 1
ling capacity are given in B. Graphs for the effective flange parameter Ce
G 200 Minimum thickness
201 The thickness of web and flange plating shall not be less G 500 Effective web
than given in F200 and F300. 501 Holes in girders will generally be accepted provided the
G 300 Bending and shear shear stress level is acceptable and the buckling capacity and
fatigue life is documented to be sufficient.
301 The requirements for section modulus and web area are
applicable to simple girders supporting stiffeners or other gird- G 600 Strength requirements for simple girders
ers exposed to linearly distributed lateral pressure. It is 601 Simple girders subjected to lateral pressure and which
assumed that the girder satisfies the basic assumptions of sim- are not taking part in the overall strength of the structure, shall
ple beam theory, and that the supported members are approxi- comply with the following minimum requirements:
mately evenly spaced and has similar support conditions at
both ends. Other loads will have to be specially considered. — section modulus according to 602
302 When boundary conditions for individual girders are not — web area according to 603.
predictable due to dependence of adjacent structures, direct
calculations according to the procedures given in 700 shall be 602 Section modulus Zg
carried out. 2
S bp d 6 3
303 The section modulus and web area of the girder shall be Z g = ------------------- 10 ( mm )
taken in accordance with particulars as given in 400 and 500. k m σ pd2
Structural modelling in connection with direct stress analysis
shall be based on the same particulars when applicable. S = girder span (m). The web height of in-plane gird-
ers may be deducted. When brackets are fitted at
G 400 Effective flange the ends, the girder span S may be reduced by two
401 The effective plate flange area is defined as the cross thirds of the bracket arm length, provided the
sectional area of plating within the effective flange width. The girder ends may be assumed clamped and pro-
cross section area of continuous stiffeners within the effective vided the section modulus at the bracketed ends
flange may be included. The effective flange width be is deter- is satisfactory
mined by the following formula: b = breadth of load area (m) (plate flange), b may be
determined as:
be = Ce b
= 0.5 (l1 + l2), l1 and l2 are the spans of the sup-
ported stiffeners on both sides of the girder,
Ce = parameter given in Fig.1 for various numbers of evenly respectively, or distance between girders
spaced point loads (Np) on the girder span
pd = design pressure (kN/m2) as given in Sec.3
b = full breadth of plate flange (m), e.g. span of the sup-
ported stiffeners, or distance between girders, see also km = bending moment factor, see 604
602. σpd2 = design bending stress (N/mm2), see F401
l0 = distance between points of zero bending moments (m) σjd = equivalent design stress for global in-plane mem-
= S for simply supported girders brane stress.
= 0.6 S for girders fixed at both ends
2 2 2
S = girder span as if simply supported, see also 602. σ jd = σ xd + σ yd – σ xd σ yd + 3 τ d
603 Web area Aw

k τ Sbp d – N s P pd 3 2
A w = --------------------------------------- 10 ( mm )
τ pd
kτ = shear force factor, see 604.

Ns = number of stiffeners between considered sec-
tion and nearest support
The Ns-value shall in no case be taken greater
than (Np+1)/4.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Np = number of supported stiffeners on the girder — lateral buckling of girder flanges.

span
705 The most unfavourable of the loading conditions given
Ppd = average design point load (kN) from stiffeners in Sec.3 shall be applied.
between considered section and nearest support
706 For girders taking part in the overall strength of the unit,
τpd = 0.5 fyd (N/mm2). stresses due to the design pressures given in Sec.3 shall be
604 The km- and kτ-values referred to in 602 and 603 may be combined with relevant overall stresses.
calculated according to general beam theory. In Table G1 km-
and kτ-values are given for some defined load and boundary
conditions. Note that the smallest km-value shall be applied to
simple girders. For girders where brackets are fitted or the H. Slip Resistant Bolt Connections
flange area has been partly increased due to large bending
moment, a larger km-value may be used outside the strength- H 100 General
ened region. 101 The requirements in H give the slip capacity of pre-ten-
sioned bolt connections with high-strength bolts.
Table G1 Values of km and kτ 102 A high strength bolt is defined as bolts that have ultimate
Load and boundary conditions Bending moment and shear tensile strength larger than 800 N/mm2 with yield strength set
force factors as minimum 80 % of ultimate tensile strength.
Positions 1 2 3 103 The bolt shall be pre-tensioned in accordance with inter-
1 2 3 national recognised standards. Procedures for measurement
Support Field Support km1 km2 km3
and maintenance of the bolt tension shall be established.
kτ1 - kτ3 104 The design slip resistance Rd may be specified equal or
12 24 12 higher than the design loads Fd.
0.5 0.5
Rd ≥ Fd
14.2 8 105 In addition, the slip resistant connection shall have the
0.38 0.63
capacity to withstand ULS and ALS loads as a bearing bolt
connection. The capacity of a bolted connection may be deter-
mined according to international recognised standards which
8 give equivalent level of safety such as Eurocode 3 or AISC
LRFD Manual of Steel Construction.
0.5 0.5 106 The design slip resistance of a preloaded high-strength
bolt shall be taken as:
ks n µ
15 23.3 10 R d = ------------ F pd
γ Ms
0.3 0.7
ks = hole clearance factor

16.8 7.5
= 1.00 for standard clearances in the direction of
0.2 0.8 the force
= 0.85 for oversized holes
= 0.70 for long slotted holes in the direction of
7.8 the force
0.33 0.67 n = number of friction interfaces
µ = friction coefficient
γMs = 1.25 for standard clearances in the direction of
the force
G 700 Complex girder system
= 1.4 for oversize holes or long slotted holes in
701 For girders that are parts of a complex 2- or 3-dimen- the direction of the force
sional structural system, a complete structural analysis shall be = 1.1 for design shear forces with load factor 1.0.
carried out.
Fpd = design preloading force.
702 Calculation methods or computer programs applied
shall take into account the effects of bending, shear, axial and 107 For high strength bolts, the controlled design pre-ten-
torsional deformation. sioning force in the bolts used in slip resistant connections are:
703 The calculations shall reflect the structural response of
the 2- or 3-dimensional structure considered, with due atten- F pd = 0.7f ub A s
tion to boundary conditions.
704 For systems consisting of slender girders, calculations
based on beam theory (frame work analysis) may be applied, fub = ultimate tensile strength of the bolt
with due attention to: As = tensile stress area of the bolt (net area in the
threaded part of the bolt).
— shear area variation, e.g. cut-outs
— moment of inertia variation 108 The design value of the friction coefficient µ is depend-
— effective flange ent on the specified class of surface treatment. The value of µ
DET NORSKE VERITAS

shall be taken according to Table H1. Table H3 Clearances in bolt holes

Clearance type Clearance Bolt diameter d (maximum)
Table H1 Friction coefficient µ mm mm
Surface category µ 1 12 and 14
A 0.5 Standard 2 16 to 24
B 0.4 3 27 and larger bolts
C 0.3 3 12
D 0.2 4 14 to 22
Oversized
109 The classification of any surface treatment shall be 6 24
based on tests or specimens representative of the surfaces used 8 27
in the structure, see also DNV-OS-C401 Ch.2 Sec.6.
112 Oversized holes in the outer ply of a slip resistant con-
110 The surface treatments given in Table H2 may be cate- nection shall be covered by hardened washers.
gorised without further testing.
113 The nominal sizes of short slotted holes for slip resistant
Table H2 Surface treatment connections shall not be greater than given in Table H4.
Surface Surface treatment
category Table H4 Short slotted holes
A Surfaces blasted with shot or grit, Maximum size Bolt diameter d (maximum)
- with any loose rust removed, no pitting mm mm
- spray metallised with aluminium (d + 1) by (d + 4) 12 and 14
- spray metallised with a zinc-based coating certified to (d + 2) by (d + 6) 16 to 22
prove a slip factor of not less than 0.5
(d + 2) by (d + 8) 24
B Surfaces blasted with shot or grit, and painted with an
alkali-zinc silicate paint to produce a coating thickness (d + 3) by (d + 10) 27 and larger
of 50 to 80 mm
114 The nominal sizes of long slotted holes for slip resistant
C Surfaces cleaned by wire brushing or flame cleaning, connections shall not be greater than given in Table H5.
with any loose rust removed
D Surfaces not treated Table H5 Long slotted holes
111 Normal clearance for fitted bolts shall be assumed if not Maximum size Bolt diameter d (maximum)
otherwise specified. The clearances are defined in Table H3. mm mm
(d + 1) by 2.5 d 12 and 14
(d + 2) by 2.5 d 16 to 24
(d + 3) by 2.5 d 27 and larger
115 Long slots in an outer ply shall be covered by cover

plates of appropriate dimensions and thickness. The holes in
the cover plate shall not be larger than standard holes.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 6
FATIGUE LIMIT STATES
A. General ment as the defined damage.
A 100 General Table A1 Design fatigue factors (DFF)

DFF Structural element
101 In this standard, requirements are given in relation to
fatigue analyses based on fatigue tests and fracture mechanics. 1 Internal structure, accessible and not welded directly
to the submerged part.
Reference is made to DNV-RP-C203 and Classification Note
1 External structure, accessible for regular inspection
30.7 for practical details with respect to fatigue design of off- and repair in dry and clean conditions.
shore structures. See also Sec.2 B105.
2 Internal structure, accessible and welded directly to
102 The aim of fatigue design is to ensure that the structure the submerged part.
has an adequate fatigue life. Calculated fatigue lives should 2 External structure not accessible for inspection and
also form the basis for efficient inspection programmes during repair in dry and clean conditions.
fabrication and the operational life of the structure. 3 Non-accessible areas, areas not planned to be accessi-
ble for inspection and repair during operation.
103 The resistance against fatigue is normally given as S-N
curves, i.e. stress range (S) versus number of cycles to failure Guidance note:
(N) based on fatigue tests. Fatigue failure should be defined as Units intended to follow normal inspection schedule according to
when the crack has grown through the thickness. class requirements, i.e. the 5-yearly inspection interval in shel-
tered waters or drydock, may apply a Design Fatigue Factor
104 The S-N curves shall in general be based on a 97.6 % (DFF) of 1. Units that are planned to be inspected afloat at a shel-
probability of survival, corresponding to the mean-minus-two- tered location the DFF for areas above 1 m above lowest inspec-
tion waterline should be taken as 1, and below this line the DFF
standard-deviation curves of relevant experimental data. is 2 for the outer shell. Splash zone is defined as non-accessible
105 The design fatigue life for structural components should area (see splash zone definition in Sec.10 B200).
be based on the specified service life of the structure. If a serv- Where the likely crack propagation develops from a location
ice life is not specified, 20 years should be used. which is accessible for inspection and repair to a structural ele-
ment having no access, such location should itself be deemed to
106 To ensure that the structure will fulfil the intended func- have the same categorisation as the most demanding category
tion, a fatigue assessment shall be carried out for each individ- when considering the most likely crack path. For example, a weld
detail on the inside (dry space) of a submerged shell plate should
ual member which is subjected to fatigue loading. Where be allocated the same DFF as that relevant for a similar weld
appropriate, the fatigue assessment shall be supported by a located externally on the plate.
detailed fatigue analysis. It shall be noted that any element or
member of the structure, every welded joint and attachment or
other form of stress concentration is potentially a source of 206 The design fatigue factors shall be based on special con-
fatigue cracking and should be individually considered. siderations where fatigue failure will entail substantial conse-
107 The analyses shall be performed utilising relevant site quences such as:
specific environmental data for the area(s) in which the unit — danger of loss of human life, i.e. not compliance with ALS
will be operated. The restrictions shall be described in the criteria
Operation Manual for the unit. — significant pollution
108 For world wide operation the analyses shall be per- — major economical consequences.
formed utilising environmental data (e.g. scatter diagram, Guidance note:
spectrum) given in Classification Note 30.5. The North Atlan- Evaluation of likely crack propagation paths (including direction
tic scatter diagram shall be utilised. and growth rate related to the inspection interval), may indicate
the use of a different DFF than that which would be selected
A 200 Design fatigue factors when the detail is considered in isolation. E.g. where the likely
crack propagation indicates that a fatigue failure starting in a non
201 Design fatigue factors (DFF) shall be applied to reduce critical area grows such that there might be a substantial conse-
the probability for fatigue failures. quence of failure, such fatigue sensitive location should itself be
deemed to have a substantial consequence of failure.
202 The DFFs are dependent on the significance of the struc-
tural components with respect to structural integrity and avail- ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
ability for inspection and repair. 207 Welds beneath positions 150 m below water level
203 DFFs shall be applied to the design fatigue life. The cal- should be assumed inaccessible for in-service inspection.
culated fatigue life shall be longer than the design fatigue life 208 The various object standards define the design fatigue
times the DFF. factors to be applied for typical structural details.
204 The design requirement may alternatively be expressed A 300 Methods for fatigue analysis
as the cumulative damage ratio for the number of load cycles
of the defined design fatigue life multiplied with the DFF shall 301 The fatigue analysis should be based on S-N data, deter-
mined by fatigue testing of the considered welded detail, and
be less or equal to 1.0. the linear damage hypothesis. When appropriate, the fatigue
205 The design fatigue factors in Table A1 are valid for units analysis may alternatively be based on fracture mechanics.
with low consequence of failure and where it can be demon- 302 In fatigue critical areas where the fatigue life estimate
strated that the structure satisfies the requirement to damaged based on simplified methods is below the acceptable limit, a
condition according to the ALS with failure in the actual ele- more accurate investigation or a fracture mechanics analysis
DET NORSKE VERITAS

shall be performed. 304 All significant stress ranges, which contribute to fatigue
303 For calculations based on fracture mechanics, it should damage in the structure, shall be considered. The long term dis-
be documented that the in-service inspections accommodate a tribution of stress ranges may be found by deterministic or
sufficient time interval between time of crack detection and the spectral analysis. Dynamic effects shall be duly accounted for
time of unstable fracture. See DNV-RP-C203 for more details. when establishing the stress history.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 7
ACCIDENTAL LIMIT STATES
A. General floating units which provides sufficient integrity to survive

certain collision scenarios without further calculations.
A 100 General 106 The inherent uncertainty of the frequency and magni-
101 The ALS shall in principle be assessed for all units. tude of the accidental loads, as well as the approximate nature
Safety assessment is carried out according to the principles of the methods for determination of accidental load effects,
given in DNV-OS-A101. shall be recognised. It is therefore essential to apply sound
102 The material factor γM for the ALS is 1.0. engineering judgement and pragmatic evaluations in the
design.
103 Structures shall be checked in ALS in two steps:
107 If non-linear, dynamic finite element analysis is applied
for design, it shall be verified that all local failure mode, e.g.
a) Resistance of the structure against design accidental strain rate, local buckling, joint overloading, joint fracture, are
loads. accounted for implicitly by the modelling adopted, or else sub-
b) Post accident resistance of the structure against envi- jected to explicit evaluation.
ronmental loads should only be checked when the
resistance is reduced by structural damage caused by Typical accidental loads are:
the design accidental loads. — impact from ship collisions
104 The overall objective of design against accidental loads — impact from dropped objects
is to achieve a system where the main safety functions are not — fire
impaired by the design accidental loads. — explosions
— abnormal environmental conditions
105 The design against accidental loads may be done by — accidental flooding.
direct calculation of the effects imposed by the loads on the
structure, or indirectly, by design of the structure as tolerable 108 The different types of accidental loads require different
to accidents. Examples of the latter are compartmentation of methods and analyses to assess the structural resistance.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 8
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
A. General
A 100 General δmax = the sagging in the final state relative to the
straight line joining the supports
101 Serviceability limit states for offshore steel structures δ0 = the pre-camber
are associated with:
δ1 = the variation of the deflection of the beam due
— deflections which may prevent the intended operation of to the permanent loads immediately after load-
equipment ing
— deflections which may be detrimental to finishes or non- δ2 = the variation of the deflection of the beam due
structural elements to the variable loading plus any time dependent
— vibrations which may cause discomfort to personnel deformations due to the permanent load
— deformations and deflections which may spoil the aes-
thetic appearance of the structure.
A 200 Deflection criteria
201 For calculations in the serviceability limit states γM = 1.0
202 Limiting values for vertical deflections should be given
in the design brief. In lieu of such deflection criteria limiting
values given in Table A1 may be used.
Table A1 Limiting values for vertical deflections

Condition Limit for δmax Limit for δ2
Deck beams L- L-
-------- --------
200 300 Figure 1
Deck beams supporting plaster Definitions of vertical deflections
or other brittle finish or non- L L
flexible partitions --------- ---------
250 350 204 Shear lag effects need to be considered for beams with
L is the span of the beam. For cantilever beams L is twice the projecting wide flanges.
length of the cantilever.
A 300 Out of plane deflection of local plates
203 The maximum vertical deflection is: 301 Check of serviceability limit states for slender plates
δ max = δ 1 + δ 2 – δ 0 related to out of plane deflection may be omitted if the smallest
span of the plate is less than 150 times the plate thickness.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 9
WELD CONNECTIONS
A. General 203 The type of connection should be adopted as follows:
A 100 General a) Full penetration weld

Important cross connections in structures exposed to
101 The requirements in this section are related to types and high stress, especially dynamic, e.g. for special areas
size of welds. and fatigue utilised primary structure. All external
welds in way of opening to open sea e.g. pipes,
seachests or tee-joints as applicable.
b) Partly penetration weld
B. Types of Welded Steel Joints Connections where the static stress level is high.
Acceptable also for dynamically stressed connections,
B 100 Butt joints provided the equivalent stress is acceptable, see C300.
101 All types of butt joints should be welded from both c) Fillet weld
sides. Before welding is carried out from the second side, Connections where stresses in the weld are mainly
unsound weld metal shall be removed at the root by a suitable shear, or direct stresses are moderate and mainly static,
method. or dynamic stresses in the abutting plate are small.
B 200 Tee or cross joints 204 Double continuous welds are required in the following
connections, irrespective of the stress level:
201 The connection of a plate abutting on another plate may
be made as indicated in Fig.1. — oiltight and watertight connections
— connections at supports and ends of girders, stiffeners and
202 The throat thickness of the weld is always to be meas- pillars
ured as the normal to the weld surface, as indicated in Fig.1d. — connections in foundations and supporting structures for
machinery
— connections in rudders, except where access difficulties
necessitate slot welds.
205 Intermittent fillet welds may be used in the connection
of girder and stiffener webs to plate and girder flange plate,
respectively, where the connection is moderately stressed.
With reference to Fig.2, the various types of intermittent welds
are as follows:
— chain weld
— staggered weld
— scallop weld (closed).
206 Where intermittent welds are accepted, scallop welds
shall be used in tanks for water ballast or fresh water. Chain
and staggered welds may be used in dry spaces and tanks
arranged for fuel oil only.
Figure 2
Intermittent welds
B 300 Slot welds

301 Slot weld, see Fig.3, may be used for connection of plat-
ing to internal webs, where access for welding is not practica-
Figure 1 ble, e.g. rudders. The length of slots and distance between slots
Tee and cross joints shall be considered in view of the required size of welding.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

102 If the yield stress of the weld deposit is higher than that
of the base metal, the size of ordinary fillet weld connections
may be reduced as indicated in 104.
The yield stress of the weld deposit is in no case to be less than
given in DNV-OS-C401.
103 Welding consumables used for welding of normal steel
and some high strength steels are assumed to give weld depos-
its with characteristic yield stress σfw as indicated in Table C2.
If welding consumables with deposits of lower yield stress
than specified in Table C2 are used, the applied yield strength
shall be clearly informed on drawings and in design reports.
104 The size of some weld connections may be reduced:
Figure 3 — corresponding to the strength of the weld metal, fw:
Slot welds
σ 0.75
f w = ⎛ ---------⎞
fw
or
⎝ 235⎠
B 400 Lap joint
401 Lap joint as indicated in Fig.4 may be used in end con- — corresponding to the strength ratio value fr, base metal to
nections of stiffeners. Lap joints should be avoided in connec- weld metal:
tions with dynamic stresses.
f y 0.75
f r = ⎛ ---------⎞ minimum 0.75
⎝ σ fw⎠
fy = characteristic yield stress of base material, abut-

Figure 4 ting plate (N/mm2)
Lap joint
σfw = characteristic yield stress of weld deposit (N/
mm2).
C. Weld size Ordinary values for fw and fr for normal strength and high
strength steels are given in Table C2. When deep penetrating
C 100 General welding processes are applied, the required throat thicknesses
may be reduced by 15 % provided that sufficient weld penetra-
101 The material factors γMw for welded connections are tion is demonstrated.
given in Table C1.
Table C1 Material factors γMw for welded connections

Limit states Material factor
ULS 1.3
ALS 1.0
Table C2 Strength ratios, fw and fr

Base metal Weld deposit Strength ratios
Strength group Designation Yield stress Weld metal Base metal/weld metal
σfw
(N/mm2) σ 0.75 f y 0.75
f w = ⎛ ---------⎞ f r = ⎛ ---------⎞
fw
⎝ 235⎠ ⎝ σ fw⎠
Normal strength steels NV NS 355 1.36 0.75

High strength steels NV 27 375 1.42 0.75
NV 32 375 1.42 0.88
NV 36 375 1.42 0.96
NV 40 390 1.46 1.00
C 200 Fillet welds t0 = net thickness (mm) of abutting plate.
201 Where the connection of girder and stiffener webs and For stiffeners and for girders within 60 % of the
plate panel or girder flange plate, respectively, are mainly middle of span, t0 need normally not be taken
shear stressed, fillet welds as specified in 202 to 204 should be greater than 11 mm, however, in no case less than
adopted. 0.5 times the net thickness of the web.
202 Unless otherwise calculated, the throat thickness of dou- 203 The throat thickness of intermittent welds may be as
ble continuous fillet welds should not be less than: required in 202 for double continuous welds provided the
t w = 0.43f r t 0 ( mm ), minimum 3 mm welded length is not less than:
— 50 % of total length for connections in tanks
— 35 % of total length for connections elsewhere.
fr = strength ratio as defined in 104
Double continuous welds shall be adopted at stiffener ends
when necessary due to bracketed end connections
DET NORSKE VERITAS

204 For intermittent welds, the throat thickness is not to

exceed:
— for chain welds and scallop welds:
t w = 0.6f r t 0 ( mm )
t0 = net thickness abutting plate.

— for staggered welds:
t w = 0.75f r t 0 ( mm )
If the calculated throat thickness exceeds that given in one of

the equations above, the considered weld length shall be
increased correspondingly.
C 300 Partly penetration welds and fillet welds in cross
connections subject to high stresses
301 In structural parts where dynamic stresses or high static
tensile stresses act through an intermediate plate, see Fig.1,
penetration welds or increased fillet welds shall be used.
302 When the abutting plate carries dynamic stresses, the
connection shall fulfil the requirements with respect to fatigue,
see Sec.6.
303 When the abutting plate carries design tensile stresses
higher than 120 N/mm2, the throat thickness of a double con-
tinuous weld is not to be less than:
1.36 σd r
t w = ---------- 0.2 + ⎛ --------
- – 0.25⎞ ---- t 0 ( mm )
fw ⎝ 320 ⎠ t0
minimum 3 mm.
fw = strength ratio as defined in 104

σd = calculated maximum design tensile stress in Figure 5
Connections of stiffeners
abutting plate (N/mm2)
r = root face (mm), see Fig.1b
t0 = net thickness (mm) of abutting plate. 403 Connection lugs should have a thickness not less than
75% of the web plate thickness.
C 400 Connections of stiffeners to girders and bulk- 404 The total connection area (parent material) at supports of
heads etc. stiffeners should not to be less than:
401 Stiffeners may be connected to the web plate of girders
in the following ways: c 3 2
a0 = 3 ------- 10 ( l – 0.5s )sp d ( mm )
— welded directly to the web plate on one or both sides of the f yd
stiffener
— connected by single- or double-sided lugs
— with stiffener or bracket welded on top of frame c = detail shape factor as given in Table C3
— a combination of the ways listed above. fyd = design yield strength fy/γM .
fy is the minimum yield stress (N/mm2) as
In locations where large shear forces are transferred from the given in Sec.4 Table D1
stiffener to the girder web plate, a double-sided connection or
stiffening should be required. A double-sided connection may l = span of stiffener (m)
be taken into account when calculating the effective web area. s = distance between stiffeners (m)
402 Various standard types of connections between stiffen- pd = design pressure (kN/m2).
ers and girders are shown in Fig.5.
Table C3 Detail shape factor c

Type of I II
connection Web to web Stiffener or bracket on
(see Fig.5) connection only top of stiffener
Single-sided Double-sided
a 1.00 1.25 1.00
b 0.90 1.15 0.90
c 0.80 1.00 0.80
DET NORSKE VERITAS

405 Total weld area a is not to be less than: Guidance note:

In general this will be satisfied if the design resistance of the weld
2 is not less than 80 % of the design resistance of the weakest of the
a = f r a 0 ( mm )
connected parts.
a0 = connection area (mm2) as given in 404. 606 The design resistance of fillet welds is adequate if, at
every point in its length, the resultant of all the forces per unit
The throat thickness is not to exceed the maximum for scallop length transmitted by the weld does not exceed its design
welds given in 204. resistance.
406 The weld connection between stiffener end and bracket 607 The design resistance of the fillet weld will be sufficient
if both the following conditions are satisfied:
is principally to be designed such that the design shear stresses
of the connection correspond to the design resistance.
2 2 2 u f
407 The weld area of brackets to stiffeners which are carry- σ ⊥d + 3 ( τ ||d + τ ⊥d ) ≤ -----------------
-
ing longitudinal stresses or which are taking part in the β w γ Mw
strength of heavy girders etc., is not to be less than the sectional
area of the longitudinal. f
u
408 Brackets shall be connected to bulkhead by a double and σ ⊥d ≤ ----------
γ Mw
continuous weld, for heavily stressed connections by a partly
or full penetration weld.
C 500 End connections of girders

σ⊥d = normal design stress perpendicular to the
throat (including load factors)
501 The weld connection area of bracket to adjoining girders τ⊥d = shear design stress (in plane of the throat) per-
or other structural parts shall be based on the calculated normal pendicular to the axis of the weld
and shear stresses. Double continuous welding shall be used. τ ||d = shear design stress (in plane of the throat) par-
Where large tensile stresses are expected, design according to allel to the axis of the weld, see Fig.6
300 shall be applied.
fu = nominal lowest ultimate tensile strength of the
502 The end connections of simple girders shall satisfy the weaker part joined
requirements for section modulus given for the girder in ques- βw = appropriate correlation factor, see Table C4
tion. γMw = material factor for welds
Where the design shear stresses in web plate exceed 90 N/
mm2, double continuous boundary fillet welds should have
throat thickness not less than:
τ
d
t w = --------------- f r t 0 ( mm )
260f w
τd = design shear stress in web plate (N/mm2)

fw = strength ratio for weld as defined in 104
t0 = net thickness (mm) of web plate.
C 600 Direct calculation of weld connections

601 The distribution of forces in a welded connection may be
calculated on the assumption of either elastic or plastic behav-
iour. Figure 6
602 Residual stresses and stresses not participating in the Stresses in fillet weld
transfer of load need not be included when checking the resist-
ance of a weld. This applies specifically to the normal stress
parallel to the axis of a weld. Table C4 The correlation factor βw
Steel grade Lowest ultimate Correlation factor
603 Welded connections shall be designed to have adequate tensile strength βw
deformation capacity. fu
604 In joints where plastic hinges may form, the welds shall NV NS 400 0.83
be designed to provide at least the same design resistance as NV 27 400 0.83
the weakest of the connected parts. NV 32 440 0.86
605 In other joints where deformation capacity for joint rota- NV 36 490 0.89
tion is required due to the possibility of excessive straining, the NV 40 510 0.9
welds require sufficient strength not to rupture before general NV 420 530 1.0
yielding in the adjacent parent material. NV 460 570 1.0
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 10
CORROSION CONTROL
A. General 206 The upper limit of the splash zone (SZU) shall be calcu-
lated by:
A 100 General
SZ U = U 1 + U 2 + U 3 + U 4 + U 5
101 Corrosion control of structural steel for offshore struc-
tures comprises: where:
— coatings and/or cathodic protection U1 = 60 % of the wave height defined in 205

— use of a corrosion allowance U2 = highest astronomical tide level (HAT)
— inspection/monitoring of corrosion U3 = foundation settlement, if applicable
— control of humidity for internal zones (compartments). U4 = range of operation draught, if applicable
102 This section gives technical requirements and guidance U5 = motion of the structure, if applicable.
for the design of corrosion control of structural steel associated The variables (Ui) shall be applied, as relevant, to the structure
with offshore steel structures. The manufacturing / installation in question, with a sign leading to the largest or larger value of
of systems for corrosion control and inspection and monitoring SZU.
of corrosion in operation are covered in DNV-OS-C401.
207 The lower limit of the splash zone (SZL) shall be calcu-
lated by:
SZ L = L 1 + L 2 + L 3 + L 4
B. Techniques for Corrosion Control Related to
Environmental Zones where:
B 100 Atmospheric zone L1 = 40 % of the wave height defined in 205
101 Steel surfaces in the atmospheric zone shall be protected L2 = lowest astronomical tide level (LAT)
by a coating system (see D100) proven for marine atmospheres L3 = range of operating draught, if applicable
by practical experience or relevant testing. L4 = motions of the structure, if applicable.
Guidance note:
The variables (Li) shall be applied, as relevant, to the structure
The 'Atmospheric Zone" is defined as the areas of a structure
above the Splash Zone (see B201) being exposed to sea spray, in question, with a sign leading to the smallest or smaller value
atmospheric precipitation and/or condensation. of SZL.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- B 300 Submerged zone
301 Steel surfaces in the submerged zone shall have a
B 200 Splash zone cathodic protection system. The cathodic protection design
shall include current drain to any electrically connected items
201 Steel surfaces in the splash zone shall be protected by a for which cathodic protection is not considered necessary (e.g.
coating system (see D100) proven for splash zone applications piles).
by practical experience or relevant testing. A corrosion allow-
ance should also be considered in combination with a coating The cathodic protection shall also include the splash zone
system for especially critical structural items. beneath MSL (for bottom fixed structures) and splash zone
beneath normal operating draught (for floating units), see
202 Steel surfaces in the splash zone, below the mean sea B202.
level (MSL) for bottom fixed structures or below the normal Guidance note:
operating draught for floating units, shall be designed with The 'Submerged Zone' is defined as the zone below the splash
cathodic protection in addition to coating. zone.
203 The splash zone is that part of an installation, which is ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
intermittently exposed to air and immersed in the sea. The zone
has special requirements to fatigue for bottom fixed units and 302 For certain applications, cathodic protection is only
floating units that have constant draught. practical in combination with a coating system. Any coating
Guidance note:
system shall be proven for use in the submerged zone by prac-
tical experience or relevant testing demonstrating compatibil-
Constant draught means that the unit is not designed for changing ity with cathodic protection.
the draught for inspection and repair for the splash zone and other
submerged areas. Guidance note:
Cathodic protection may cause damage to coatings by blistering
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- or general disbondment ("cathodic disbondment").
204 For floating units with constant draught, the extent of the
splash zone shall extend 5 m above and 4 m below this draught.
B 400 Internal zones
205 For bottom fixed structures, such as jackets and TLPs,
the definitions given in 205 to 207 apply. 401 Internal zones exposed to seawater for a main period of
time (e.g. ballast tanks) shall be protected by a coating system
The wave height to be used to determine the upper and lower (see D100) proven for such applications by practical experi-
limits of the splash zone shall be taken as 1/3 of the wave ence or relevant testing. Cathodic protection should be consid-
height that has an annual probability of being exceeded of 10-2. ered for use in combination with coating (see also 402).
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Guidance note: 102 Cathodic protection systems in marine environments are

'Internal Zones' are defined as tanks, voids and other internal typically designed to sustain a protection potential in the range
spaces containing a potentially corrosive environment, including -0.80 V to -1.10 V relative to the Ag/AgCl/seawater reference
seawater. electrode. More negative potentials may apply in the vicinity
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- of impressed current anodes.
Guidance note:
402 Internal zones that are empty (including those occasion- The use of galvanic anodes based on aluminium and zinc limits
ally exposed to seawater for a short duration of time) shall have the most negative potential to -1.10 V relative to Ag/AgCl/sea-
a coating system and/or corrosion allowance. For internal water.
zones with continuous control of humidity, no further corro-
sion control is required. Further, no coating is required for ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
zones that do not contain water and that are permanently
sealed. 103 Design of cathodic protection systems for offshore
structures shall be carried out according to a recognised stand-
403 Tanks for fresh water shall have a suitable coating sys- ard.
tem. Special requirements will apply for coating systems to be
used for potable water tanks. 104 Cathodic protection may cause hydrogen induced stress
cracking (HISC) of components in high strength steels that are
404 To facilitate inspection, light coloured and hard coatings exposed to severe straining in service
shall be used for components of internal zones subject to major
fatigue forces requiring visual inspection for cracks. Regard- It is recommended that the welding of high strength structural
ing restrictions for use of coatings with high content of alumin- steels is qualified to limit the hardness in the weld zone to max.
ium, see D101. 350 HV (Vicker hardness). The use of coatings reduces the risk
of hydrogen embrittlement further and is recommended for all
405 Only anodes on aluminium or zinc basis shall be used. critical components in high strength structural steel.
Due to the risk of hydrogen gas accumulation, anodes of mag-
nesium or impressed current cathodic protection are prohibited Guidance note:
for use in tanks. There is no evidence in the literature that structural steels with
406 For cathodic protection of ballast tanks that may become SMYS up to 550 N/mm2 have suffered any cracking when
exposed to cathodic protection in marine environments at the
affected by hazardous gas from adjacent tanks for storage of oil protection potential range given in 102.
or other liquids with flash point less than 60 °C, anodes on zinc
basis are preferred. Due to the risk of thermite ignition, any ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
aluminium base anodes shall in no case be installed such that a
detached anode could generate an energy of 275 J or higher C 200 Galvanic anode systems
(i.e. as calculated from anode weight and height above tank
top). For the same reason, coatings containing more than 10 % 201 Unless replacement of anodes is allowed for in the
aluminium on dry weight basis shall not be used for such tanks. design, galvanic anode cathodic protection systems shall have
a design life at least equal to that of the offshore installation.
407 A corrosion allowance shall be implemented for internal For ballast tanks with access for replacement of anodes and
compartments without any corrosion protection (coating and/ any other such applications, the minimum design life should be
or cathodic protection) but subject to a potentially corrosive 5 years.
environment such as intermittent exposure to seawater, humid
atmosphere or produced/cargo oil. 202 Anode cores shall be designed to ensure attachment dur-
ing all phases of installation and operation of the structure.
Any corrosion allowance for individual components (e.g. Location of anodes in fatigue sensitive areas shall be avoided.
plates, stiffeners and girders) shall be defined taking into
account: 203 The documentation of cathodic protection design by gal-
vanic anodes shall contain the following items as a minimum:
— design life
— maintenance philosophy — reference to design code and design premises
— steel temperature — calculations of surface areas and cathodic current demand
— single or double side exposure. (mean and initial/final) for individual sections of the struc-
ture
As a minimum, any corrosion allowance (tk) to be applied as — calculations of required net anode mass for the applicable
alternative to coating shall be as follows: sections based on the mean current demands
— one side unprotected: tk = 1.0 mm — calculations of required anode current output per anode
— two sides unprotected: tk = 2.0 mm and number of anodes for individual sections based on ini-
tial/final current demands
— drawings of individual anodes and their location.
C. Cathodic Protection 204 Requirements to the manufacturing of anodes (see 205)

shall be defined during design, e.g. by reference to a standard
C 100 General or in a project specification.
101 Cathodic protection of offshore structures may be 205 Galvanic anodes shall be manufactured according to a
effected using galvanic anodes (also referred to as "sacrificial manufacturing procedure specification (to be prepared by
anodes") or impressed current from a rectifier. Impressed cur- manufacturer) defining requirements to the following items as
rent is almost invariably used in combination with a coating a minimum:
system.
— chemical compositional limits
Guidance note: — anode core material standard and preparation prior to cast-
The benefits of a coating system (e.g. by reducing weight or fric- ing
tion to seawater flow caused by excessive amounts of anodes)
should also be considered for systems based on galvanic anodes. — weight and dimensional tolerances
— inspection and testing
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- — marking, traceability and documentation.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

206 The needs for a commissioning procedure including impressed current shall contain the following items as a mini-
measurements of protection potentials at pre-defined locations mum:
should be considered during design. As a minimum, record-
ings of the general protection level shall be performed by low- — reference to design code and design premises
ering a reference electrode from a location above the water — calculations of surface areas and cathodic current demand
level. (mean and initial/final) for individual sections of the struc-
ture
207 Manufacturing and installation of galvanic anodes are — general arrangement drawings showing locations of
addressed in DNV-OS-C401, Sec.5 anodes, anode shields, reference electrodes , cables and
C 300 Impressed current systems rectifiers
— detailed drawings of anodes, reference electrodes and
301 Impressed current anodes and reference electrodes for other major components of the system
control of current output shall be designed with a design life at — documentation of anode and reference electrode perform-
least equal to that of the offshore installation unless replace- ance to justify the specified design life
ment of anodes (and other critical components) during opera- — documentation of rectifiers and current control system
tion is presumed. It is recommended that the design in any case — documentation of sizing of anode shields
allows for replacement of any defective anodes and reference — specification of anode shield materials and application
electrodes (see 304) during operation. — commissioning procedure, incl. verification of proper pro-
302 Impressed current anodes shall be mounted flush with tection range by independent potential measurements
the object to be protected and shall have a relatively thick non- — operational manual, including procedures for replacement
conducting coating or sheet ("dielectric shield") to prevent any of anodes and reference electrodes.
negative effects of excessively negative potentials such as dis-
bondment of paint coatings or hydrogen induced damage of the 307 Manufacturing and installation of impressed current
steel. The sizing of the sheet shall be documented during cathodic protection systems are addressed in DNV-OS-C401,
design. Location of impressed current anodes in fatigue sensi- Sec.5
tive areas shall be avoided.
303 Impressed current cathodic protection systems shall be
designed with a capacity of minimum 1.5 higher than the cal-
culated final current demand of the structure. D. Coating systems
Guidance note: D 100 Specification of coating
Impressed current cathodic protection provide a more non-uni- 101 Requirements to coatings for corrosion control (includ-
form current distribution and are more vulnerable to mechanical
damage which requires a more conservative design than for gal- ing those for any impressed current anode shields) shall be
vanic anode systems. defined during design (e.g. by reference to a standard or in a
project specification), including as a minimum:
— coating materials (generic type)
304 A system for control of current output based on record- — surface preparation (surface roughness and cleanliness)
ings from fixed reference electrodes located close to and — thickness of individual layers
remote from the anodes shall be included in the design. Alarm — inspection and testing.
functions indicating excessive voltage/current loads on
anodes, and too negative or too positive protection potential For use of aluminium containing coatings in tanks that may
should be provided. A failure mode analysis should be carried become subject to explosive gas, the aluminium content is lim-
out to ensure that any malfunction of the control system will ited to maximum 10% on dry film basis.
not lead to excessive negative or positive potentials that may
damage the structure or any adjacent structures. Guidance note:
It is recommended that supplier specific coating materials are
305 Cables from rectifier to anodes and reference electrodes qualified by relevant testing or documented performance in serv-
should have steel armour and shall be adequately protected by ice.
routing within a dedicated conduit (or internally within the
structure, if applicable). Restriction for routing of anode cables
in hazardous areas may apply. 102 Coating materials and application of coatings are
306 The documentation of cathodic protection design by addressed in DNV-OS-C401, Sec.5.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 11
FOUNDATION DESIGN
A. General cient (γM)

— for total shear stress analysis, the characteristic undrained
A 100 Introduction shear strength shall be divided by the material coefficient
101 The requirements in this section apply to pile founda- (γM).
tions, gravity type foundations, anchor foundations and stabil- For soil resistance to axial pile load, material coefficients shall
ity of sea bottom. be applied to the characteristic resistance as described in C106.
102 Foundation types not specifically covered by this stand- For anchor foundations, material coefficients shall be applied
ard shall be specially considered. to the characteristic anchor resistance, as described for the
103 Design of foundations shall be based on site specific respective types of anchors in E.
information, see 200. 112 Settlements caused by increased stresses in the soil due
104 The partial coefficient method is the selected method in to structural weight shall be considered for structures with
these standards for foundation design (see Sec.2). The applica- gravity type foundation. In addition, subsidence, e.g. due to
tion of this method is documented in this section. Alternative reservoir compaction, shall be considered for all types of struc-
methods or safety checking together with general design prin- tures.
ciples are given in Sec.2. 113 Further elaborations on design principles and examples
105 In the case where allowable stress methods are used for of design solutions for foundation design are given in Classifi-
design, central safety factors shall be agreed upon in each case, cation Note 30.4.
with the aim of achieving the same safety level as with the
design by the partial coefficient method. A 200 Site investigations
106 The design of foundations shall consider both the 201 The extent of site investigations and the choice of inves-
strength and deformations of the foundation structure and of tigation methods shall take into account the type, size and
the foundation soils. importance of the structure, uniformity of soil and seabed con-
ditions and the actual type of soil deposits. The area to be cov-
This section states requirements for: ered by site investigations shall account for positioning and
— foundation soils installation tolerances.
— soil reactions upon the foundation structure 202 For anchor foundations the soil stratigraphy and range of
— soil-structure interaction. soil strength properties shall be assessed within each anchor
group or per anchor location, as relevant.
The foundation structure itself (anchor), including the anchor
padeye, shall be designed for the loads and acceptance criteria 203 Site investigations shall provide relevant information
specified in DNV-OS-E301 Ch.2 Sec.4. See also design about the soil to a depth below which possible existence of
requirements in this standard Sec.4 to Sec.10, as relevant for weak formations will not influence the safety or performance
steel anchor design. of the structure.
204 Site investigations are normally to comprise of the fol-
107 A foundation failure mode is defined as the mode in
which the foundation reaches any of its limit states. Examples lowing type of investigations:
of such failure modes are: — site geology survey
— bearing failure — topography survey of the seabed
— sliding — geophysical investigations for correlation with borings
— overturning and in-situ testing
— soil sampling with subsequent laboratory testing
— anchor pull-out
— in-situ tests, e.g. cone penetrations tests.
— large settlements or displacements.
205 The site investigations shall provide the following type
108 The definition of limit state categories as given in Sec.2 of geotechnical data for the soil deposits as found relevant for
is valid for foundation design with the exception that failure the design:
due to effect of cyclic loading is treated as an ULS limit state,
alternatively as an ALS limit state, using load and material — data for soil classification and description
coefficients as defined for these limit state categories. The load — shear strength parameters including parameters to
coefficients are in this case to be applied to all cyclic loads in describe the development of excess pore-water pressures
the design history. Lower load coefficients may be accepted if — deformation properties, including consolidation parame-
the total safety level can be demonstrated to be within accept- ters
able limits. — permeability
109 The load coefficients to be used for design related to the — stiffness and damping parameters for calculating the
different groups of limit states are given in Sec.2. Load coeffi- dynamic behaviour of the structure.
cients for anchor foundations are given in E200.
Variations in the vertical, as well as, the horizontal directions
110 Material coefficients to be used are specified in B to E. shall be documented.
The characteristic strength of the soil shall be assessed in
accordance with 300. 206 Tests to determine the necessary geotechnical properties
shall be carried out in a way that accounts for the actual stress
111 Material coefficients shall be applied to soil shear conditions in the soil. The effects of cyclic loading caused by
strength as follows: waves, wind and earthquake, as applicable, shall be included.
— for effective stress analysis, the tangent to the characteris- 207 Testing equipment and procedures shall be adequately
tic friction angle shall be divided by the material coeffi- documented. Uncertainties in test results shall be described.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Where possible, mean and standard deviation of test results 405 In seismically active areas, where the structure founda-
shall be given. tion system may be subjected to earthquake forces, the deteri-
orating effects of cyclic loading on the soil properties shall be
A 300 Characteristic properties of soil evaluated for the site specific conditions and considered in the
301 The characteristic strength and deformation properties design where relevant. See also 500.
of soil shall be determined for all deposits of importance.
A 500 Soil-structure interaction
302 The characteristic value of a soil property shall account
for the variability in that property based on an assessment of 501 Evaluation of structural load effects shall be based on an
the soil volume governing for the limit state being considered. integrated analysis of the soil and structure system. The analy-
sis shall be based on realistic assumptions regarding stiffness
303 The results of both laboratory tests and in-situ tests shall and damping of both the soil and structural members.
be evaluated and corrected as relevant on the basis of recog-
nised practice and experience. Such evaluations and correc- 502 Due consideration shall be given to the effects of adja-
tions shall be documented. In this process account shall be cent structures, where relevant.
given to possible differences between properties measured in 503 For analysis of the structural response to earthquake
the tests and the soil properties governing the behaviour of the vibrations, ground motion characteristics valid at the base of
in-situ soil for the limit state in question. Such differences may the structure shall be determined. This determination shall be
be due to: based on ground motion characteristics in free field and on
local soil conditions using recognised methods for soil-struc-
— soil disturbance due to sampling and samples not reconsti- ture interaction analysis. See Sec.3 I100.
tuted to in-situ stress history
— presence of fissures
— different loading rate between test and limit state in ques-
tion B. Stability of Seabed
— simplified representation in laboratory tests of certain
complex load histories B 100 Slope stability
— soil anisotropy effects giving results which are dependent 101 Risk of slope failure shall be evaluated. Such calcula-
on the type of test. tions shall cover:
304 Possible effects of installation activities on the soil prop- — natural slopes
erties should be considered. — slopes developed during and after installation of the struc-
305 The characteristic value of a soil property shall be a cau- ture
tious estimate of the value affecting the occurrence of the limit — future anticipated changes of existing slopes
state, selected such that the probability of a worse value is low. — effect of continuous mudflows
306 A limit state may involve a large volume of soil and it is — wave induced soil movements.
then governed by the average of the soil property within that The effect of wave loads on the sea bottom shall be included in
volume. The choice of the characteristic value shall take due the evaluation when such loads are unfavourable.
account for the number and quality of tests within the soil vol-
ume involved. Specific care should be made when the limit 102 When the structure is located in a seismically active
state is governed by a narrow zone of soil. region, the effects of earthquakes on the slope stability shall be
included in the analyses.
307 The characteristic value shall be selected as a lower
value, being less than the most probable value, or an upper 103 The safety against slope failure for ULS design shall be
value being greater, depending on which is worse for the limit analysed using material coefficients (γM):
state in question.
Guidance note:
γM = 1.2 for effective stress analysis
When relevant statistical methods should be used. If such meth- = 1.3 for total stress analysis.
ods are used, the characteristic value should be derived such that
the calculated probability of a worse value governing the occur- 104 For ALS design the material coefficients γM may be
rence of the limit state is not greater than 5 %. taken equal to 1.0.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- B 200 Hydraulic stability
201 The possibility of failure due to hydrodynamic instabil-
A 400 Effects of cyclic loading ity shall be considered where soils susceptible to erosion or
401 The effects of cyclic loading on the soil properties shall softening are present.
be considered in foundation design, where relevant. 202 An investigation of hydraulic stability shall assess the
402 Cyclic shear stresses may lead to a gradual increase in risk for:
pore pressure. Such pore pressure build-up and the accompa-
nying increase in cyclic and permanent shear strains may — softening of the soil and consequent reduction of bearing
reduce the shear strength of the soil. These effects shall be capacity due to hydraulic gradients and seepage forces
accounted for in the assessment of the characteristic shear — formation of piping channels with accompanying internal
strength for use in design within the applicable limit state cat- erosion in the soil
egories. — surface erosion in local areas under the foundation due to
hydraulic pressure variations resulting from environmen-
403 In the SLS design condition the effects of cyclic loading tal loads.
on the soil's shear modulus shall be corrected for as relevant
when dynamic motions, settlements and permanent (long- 203 If erosion is likely to reduce the effective foundation
term) horizontal displacements shall be calculated. See also area, measures shall be taken to prevent, control and/or moni-
D300. tor such erosion, as relevant, see 300.
404 The effects of wave induced forces on the soil properties
shall be investigated for single storms and for several succeed- B 300 Scour and scour protection
ing storms, where relevant. 301 The risk for scour around the foundation of a structure
DET NORSKE VERITAS

shall be taken into account unless it can be demonstrated that required material coefficient. A pile group in this context shall
the foundation soils will not be subject to scour for the not include more piles that those supporting one specific leg.
expected range of water particle velocities. ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
302 The effect of scour, where relevant, shall be accounted
for according to at least one of the following methods: 107 For pile foundations of structures where there are no or
small possibilities for redistribution of loads from one pile to
a) Adequate means for scour protection is placed around the another, or from one group of piles to another group of piles,
structure as early as possible after installation. larger material coefficients than those given in 106 shall be
used. This may for example apply to pile foundations for TLPs
b) The foundation is designed for a condition where all mate- or to deep draught floaters. In such cases the material coeffi-
rials, which are not scour resistant are assumed removed. cient shall not be taken less than γM = 1.7 for ULS design.
c) The seabed around the platform is kept under close sur- 108 For calculation of design lateral resistance according to
veillance and remedial works to prevent further scour are 300, the following material coefficients shall be applied to
carried out shortly after detection of significant scour. characteristic soil shear strength parameters for ULS design:
303 Scour protection material shall be designed to provide
both external and internal stability, i.e. protection against γM = 1.2 for effective stress analysis
excessive surface erosion of the scour protection material and = 1.3 for total stress analysis.
protection against transportation of soil particles from the
underlying natural soil. 109 For ALS and SLS design, the material coefficient γM
may be taken equal to 1.0.
110 For conditions where large uncertainties are attached to
the determination of characteristic shear strength or character-
C. Design of Pile Foundations istic soil resistance, e.g. pile skin friction or tip resistance,
larger material factors are normally to be used. Choice of mate-
C 100 General rial coefficients is, in such cases, to be in accordance with the
101 The load carrying capacity of piles shall be based on determination of characteristic values of shear strength or soil
strength and deformation properties of the pile material as well resistance.
as on the ability of the soil to resist pile loads.
C 200 Soil resistance against axial pile loads
102 In evaluation of soil resistance against pile loads, the fol- 201 Soil resistance against axial pile loads shall be deter-
lowing factors shall be amongst those to be considered: mined by one, or a combination of, the following methods:
— shear strength characteristics — load testing of piles
— deformation properties and in-situ stress conditions of the — semi-empirical pile capacity formulae based on pile load
foundation soil test data.
— method of installation
— geometry and dimensions of pile 202 The soil resistance in compression shall be taken as the
— type of loads. sum of accumulated skin friction on the outer pile surface and
resistance against pile tip. In case of open-ended pipe piles, the
103 The data bases of existing methods for calculation of soil resistance of an internal soil plug shall be taken into account in
resistance to axial and lateral pile loads are often not covering the calculation of resistance against pile tip. The equivalent tip
all conditions of relevance for offshore piles. This especially resistance shall be taken as the lower value of the plugged
relates to size of piles, soil shear strength and type of load. (gross) tip resistance or the sum of the skin resistance of the
When determining soil resistance to axial and lateral pile internal soil plug and the resistance against the pile tip area.
loads, extrapolations beyond the data base of a chosen method The soil plug may be replaced by a grout plug or equivalent in
shall be made with thorough evaluation of all relevant param- order to achieve fully plugged tip resistance.
eters involved.
203 For piles in tension, no resistance from the soil below
104 It shall be demonstrated by a driveability study or equiv- pile tip shall be accounted for, if the pile tip is in sandy soils.
alent that the selected solution for the pile foundation is feasi-
ble with respect to installation of the piles. 204 Effects of cyclic loading shall be accounted for as far as
possible. In evaluation of the degradation of resistance, the
105 Structures with piled foundations shall be assessed with influence of flexibility of the piles and the anticipated loading
respect to stability for both operation and temporary design history shall be accounted for.
conditions, e.g. prior to and during installation of the piles. See 205 For piles in mainly cohesive soils, the skin friction shall
Sec.3 for selection of representative loads. be taken equal to or smaller than the undrained shear strength
106 For determination of design soil resistance against axial of undisturbed clay within the actual layer. The degree of
pile loads in ULS design, a material coefficient γM = 1.3 shall reduction depends on the nature and strength of clay, method
be applied to all characteristic values of soil resistance, e.g. to of installation, time effects, geometry and dimensions of pile,
skin friction and tip resistance. load history and other factors.
Guidance note: 206 The unit tip resistance of piles in mainly cohesive soils
This material coefficient may be applied to pile foundation of may be taken as 9 times the undrained shear strength of the soil
multilegged jacket or template structures. The design pile load near the pile tip.
shall be determined from structural analyses where the pile foun-
dation is modelled with elastic stiffness, or non-linear models 207 For piles in mainly cohesionless soils the skin friction
based on characteristic soil strength. may be related to the effective normal stresses against the pile
surface by an effective coefficient of friction between the soil
If the ultimate plastic resistance of the foundation system is ana- and the pile element. It shall be noticed that a limiting value of
lysed by modelling the soil with its design strength and allowing
full plastic redistribution until a global foundation failure is skin friction may be approached for long piles.
reached, higher material coefficients should be used. 208 The unit tip resistance of piles in mainly cohesionless
For individual piles in a group lower material coefficients may be soils may be calculated by means of conventional bearing
accepted, as long as the pile group as a whole is designed with the capacity theory, taken into account a limiting value, which
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may be approached, for long piles. preted by means of stress paths.

C 300 Soil resistance against lateral pile loads 207 Stability analyses by conventional bearing capacity for-
mulae are only acceptable for uniform soil conditions.
301 When pile penetrations are governed by lateral soil
resistance, the design resistance shall be checked within the 208 For structures where skirts, dowels or similar foundation
limit state categories ULS and ALS, using material coeffi- members transfer loads to the foundation soil, the contribu-
cients as prescribed in 108. tions of these members to the bearing capacity and lateral
resistance may be accounted for as relevant. The feasibility of
302 For analysis of pile stresses and lateral pile head dis- penetrating the skirts shall be adequately documented.
placement, the lateral soil reaction shall be modelled using
characteristic soil strength parameters, with the soil material 209 Foundation stability shall be analysed in ULS applying
coefficient γM = 1.0. the following material coefficients to the characteristic soil
shear strength parameters:
Non-linear response of soil shall be accounted for, including
the effects of cyclic loading. γM = 1.2 for effective stress analysis
C 400 Group effects = 1.3 for total stress analysis.
401 When piles are closely spaced in a group, the effect of For ALS design γM = 1.0 shall be used.
overlapping stress zones on the total resistance of the soil shall
be considered for axial, as well as, lateral loads on the piles. 210 Effects of cyclic loads shall be included by applying
The increased displacements of the soil volume surrounding load coefficients in accordance with A108.
the piles due to pile-soil-pile interaction and the effects of these 211 In an effective stress analysis, evaluation of pore pres-
displacements on interaction between structure and pile foun- sures shall include:
dation shall be considered.
402 In evaluation of pile group effects, due consideration — initial pore pressure
shall be given to factors such as: — build-up of pore pressures due to cyclic load history
— the transient pore pressures through each load cycle
— pile spacing — the effect of dissipation.
— pile type
— soil strength 212 The safety against overturning shall be investigated in
— soil density ULS and ALS.
— pile installation method.
D 300 Settlements and displacements
301 For SLS design conditions, analyses of settlements and
displacements are, in general, to include calculations of:
D. Design of Gravity Foundations
— initial consolidation and secondary settlements
D 100 General — differential settlements
101 Failure modes within the categories of limit states ULS — permanent (long term) horizontal displacements
and ALS shall be considered as described in 200. — dynamic motions.
102 Failure modes within the SLS, i.e. settlements and dis- 302 Displacements of the structure, as well as of its founda-
placements, shall be considered as described in 200 using tion soil, shall be evaluated to provide basis for the design of
material coefficient γM = 1.0. conductors and other members connected to the structure
D 200 Stability of foundations which are penetrating or resting on the seabed.
201 The risk of shear failure below the base of the structure 303 Analysis of differential settlements shall account for lat-
shall be investigated for all gravity type foundations. Such eral variations in soil conditions within the foundation area,
investigations shall cover failure along any potential shear sur- non-symmetrical weight distributions and possible predomi-
face with special consideration given to the effect of soft layers nating directions of environmental loads. Differential settle-
and the effect of cyclic loading. The geometry of the founda- ments or tilt due to soil liquefaction shall be considered in
tion base shall be accounted for. seismically active areas.
202 The analyses shall be carried out for fully drained, par- D 400 Soil reaction on foundation structure
tially drained or undrained conditions, whatever represents
most accurately the actual conditions. 401 The reactions from the foundation soil shall be
accounted for in the design of the supported structure for all
203 For design within the applicable limit state categories design conditions.
ULS and ALS, the foundation stability shall be evaluated by
one of the following methods: 402 The distribution of soil reactions against structural mem-
bers seated on, or penetrating into the sea bottom, shall be esti-
— effective stress stability analysis mated from conservatively assessed distributions of strength
— total stress stability analysis. and deformation properties of the foundation soil. Possible
spatial variation in soil conditions, including uneven seabed
204 An effective stress stability analysis shall be based on topography, shall be considered. The stiffness of the structural
effective strength parameters of the soil and realistic estimates members shall be taken into account.
of the pore water pressures in the soil. 403 The penetration resistance of dowels and skirts shall be
205 A total stress stability analysis shall be based on total calculated based on a realistic range of soil strength parame-
shear strength values determined from tests on representative ters. The structure shall be provided with sufficient capacity to
soil samples subjected to similar stress conditions as the corre- overcome maximum expected penetration resistance in order
sponding element in the foundation soil. to reach the required penetration depth.
206 Both effective stress and total stress methods shall be 404 As the penetration resistance may vary across the foun-
based on laboratory shear strength with pore pressure measure- dation site, eccentric penetration forces may be necessary to
ments included. The test results should preferably be inter- keep the platform inclination within specified limits.
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D 500 Soil modelling for dynamic analysis requires that the ULS and ALS categories must be satisfied by
501 Dynamic analysis of a gravity structure shall consider the design.
the effects of soil and structure interaction. For homogeneous The ULS is intended to ensure that the anchor can withstand
soil conditions, modelling of the foundation soil using the con- the loads arising in an intact mooring system under extreme
tinuum approach may be used. For more non-homogeneous environmental conditions. The ALS is intended to ensure that
conditions, modelling by finite element techniques or other the mooring system retains adequate capacity if one mooring
recognised methods accounting for non-homogenous condi- line or anchor should fail for reasons outside the designer's
tions shall be performed. control.
502 Due account shall be taken of the strain dependency of 202 Two consequence classes are considered, both for the
shear modulus and internal soil damping. Uncertainties in the ULS and for the ALS, defined as follows:
choice of soil properties shall be reflected in parametric studies
to find the influence on response. The parametric studies Consequence class 1 (CC1): Failure is unlikely to lead to unac-
should include upper and lower boundaries on shear moduli ceptable consequences such as loss of life, collision with an
and damping ratios of the soil. Both internal soil damping and adjacent platform, uncontrolled outflow of oil or gas, capsize
radiation damping shall be considered. or sinking.
Consequence class 2 (CC2): Failure may well lead to unac-
D 600 Filling of voids ceptable consequences of these types.
601 In order to assure sufficient stability of the structure or 203 Load coefficients for the two alternative methods to cal-
to provide a uniform vertical reaction, filling of the voids culate line tension are given in Table E1 and Table E2 for ULS
between the structure and the seabed, e.g. by underbase grout- and ALS, respectively. For mooring in deep water (i.e. water
ing, may be necessary. depth exceeding 200m, see DNV-OS-E301 Ch.2 Sec.2 B100)
602 The foundation skirt system and the void filling system a dynamic analysis is required.
shall be designed so that filling pressures do not cause channel-
ling from one compartment to another, or to the seabed outside Table E1 Load coefficients for ULS 1)
the periphery of the structure. Consequence class Type of analysis γmean γdyn
603 The filling material used shall be capable of retaining 1 Dynamic 1.10 1.50
sufficient strength during the lifetime of the structure consid- 2 Dynamic 1.40 2.10
ering all relevant forms of deterioration such as: 1 Quasi-static 1.70
— chemical 2 Quasi-static 2.50
— mechanical 1) If the characteristic mean tension exceeds 2/3 of the characteristic
dynamic tension, when applying a dynamic analysis in ULS conse-
— placement problems such as incomplete mixing and dilu- quence class 1, then a common value of 1.3 shall be applied on the
tion. characteristic tension instead of the partial load factors given in Table
E1, ref. DNV-OS-E301. This is intended to ensure adequate safety in
cases dominated by a mean tension component. The partial safety fac-
tor on the characteristic anchor resistance given in Table E1 is applica-
ble in such cases provided that the effects of creep and drainage on the
E. Design of Anchor Foundations shear strength under the long-term load are accounted for.
E 100 General Table E2 Load coefficients for ALS

101 Subsection E applies to the following types of anchor Consequence class Type of analysis γmean γdyn
foundations: 1 Dynamic 1.00 1.10
— pile anchors (300) 2 Dynamic 1.00 1.25
— gravity anchors (400) 1 Quasi-static 1.10
— suction anchors (500) 2 Quasi-static 1.35
— fluke anchors (600)
— plate anchors (700). 204 The design line tension Td at the touch-down point is the
sum of the two calculated characteristic line tension compo-
102 The analysis of anchor resistance shall be carried out for nents TC-mean and TC-dyn at that point multiplied by their
the ULS and the ALS, in accordance with the safety require- respective load coefficients γmean and γdyn, i.e.:
ments given in 200. Due consideration shall be given to the
specific aspects of the different anchor types and the current T d = T C – mean ⋅ γ mean + T C – dyn ⋅ γ dyn
state of knowledge and development.
103 Determination of anchor resistance may be based on
empirical relationships and relevant test data. Due considera- TC-mean = the characteristic mean line tension due to
tion shall be given to the conditions under which these rela- pretension (Tpre) and the effect of mean envi-
tionships and data are established and the relevance of these ronmental loads in the environmental state
conditions with respect to the actual soil conditions, shape and TC-dyn = the characteristic dynamic line tension equal
size of anchors and loading conditions. to the increase in tension due to oscillatory
104 When clump weight anchors are designed to be lifted off low-frequency and wave-frequency effects.
the seabed during extreme loads, due consideration shall be 205 Material coefficients for use in combination with the
paid to the suction effects that may develop at the clump load coefficients in Table E1 and Table E2 are given specifi-
weight and soil interface during a rapid lift-off. The effect of cally for the respective types of anchors in 300 to 700.
possible burial during the subsequent set-down shall be con-
sidered. E 300 Pile anchors
E 200 Safety requirements for anchor foundations 301 Pile anchors shall be designed in accordance with the
201 The safety requirements are based on the limit state relevant requirements given in C.
method of design, where the anchor is defined as a load bearing 302 The soil material coefficients to be applied to the resist-
structure. For geotechnical design of the anchors this method ance of pile anchors shall not be taken less than:
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γM = 1.3 for ULS Consequence Class 1 (CC1) and 2 (CC2)

= 1.0 for ALS CC1 and CC2.
1
See also requirements to tension piles in C107.
0,8
E 400 Gravity anchors
401 Gravity anchors shall be designed in accordance with 0,6
Rv/Rv,max
the relevant requirements given in D. The capacity against
uplift of a gravity anchor shall not be taken higher that the sub-
merged mass. However, for anchors supplied with skirts, the 0,4
contribution from friction along the skirts may be included. In
certain cases such anchors may be able to resist cyclic uplift 0,2
loads by the development of temporary suction within their
skirt compartments. In relying on such suction one shall make 0
sure, that there are no possibilities for leakage, e.g. through 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
pipes or leaking valves or channels developed in the soil, that
could prevent the development of suction. R h / R h,max
402 The soil material coefficients to be applied to the resist-
ance of gravity anchors shall not be taken less than: Figure 1
Schematic resistance diagram for suction anchor.
γM = 1.3 for ULS Consequence Class 1 (CC1) and 2 (CC2)
= 1.0 for ALS CC1 and CC2.
E 500 Suction anchors 505 DNV recommendations for geotechnical design and
installation of suction anchors in clay are provided in DNV-
501 Suction anchors are vertical cylindrical anchors with RP-E303. The design method outlined in the code makes use
open or (normally) closed top, which are installed initially by of a relatively detailed resistance analysis, and it is concluded
self-weight penetration followed by application of underpres- that many existing analytical methods will meet the analysis
sure (suction) in the closed compartment. requirements in this code. For details, see DNV-RP-E303.
The failure mechanism in the clay around an anchor will 506 If a less detailed resistance analysis is applied, the
depend on various factors, like the load inclination, the anchor designer should be aware of the limitations of the method and
depth to diameter ratio, the depth of the load attachment point, make sure that the effects of any simplifications are conserva-
the shear strength profile, and whether the anchor has an open tive in comparison with the results from the more advanced
or a closed top. methods.
502 If the load inclination is close to vertical, the anchor will 507 The soil material coefficients to be applied to the resist-
tend to move out of the ground, mainly mobilising the shear ance of suction anchors shall be:
strength along the outside skirt wall and the inverse bearing
capacity of the soil at skirt tip level. If the anchor has an open γM = 1.20 for ULS Consequence Class 1 (CC1) and 2 (CC2)
top, the inverse bearing capacity will not be mobilised if the = 1.20 for ALS CC2, and
inside skirt friction is lower than the inverse bearing capacity = 1.00 for ALS CC1
at skirt tip level.
503 If the load inclination is more towards the horizontal, In the calculation of the anchor resistance, strength anisotropy
the resistance at the upper part of the anchor will consist of pas- and the effects of cyclic loading on the undrained shear
sive and active resistances against the front and back of the strength shall be accounted for. The characteristic undrained
anchor, and side shear along the anchor sides. Deeper down, shear strength shall be taken as the mean value with due
the soil may flow around the anchor in the horizontal plane, or account of the the quality and complexity of the soil condi-
underneath the anchor. tions.
504 The coupling between vertical and horizontal resist- 508 Seabed impact landing and subsequent penetration by
ances occurs when the failure mechanism is a combination self weight shall be addressed in terms of required water evac-
between vertical and horizontal translation modes. The cou- uation areas to avoid excessive channelling and/or global
pling may reduce the vertical and horizontal resistance compo- instability during installation.
nents at failure, and the resulting resistance will be smaller 509 Load factors for loads associated with impact landing,
than the vector sum of the uncoupled maximum vertical and suction to target penetration depth and possible retrieval by
horizontal resistance. This is illustrated in Fig.1. means of overpressure shall be taken according to Sec.2 D400.
For loads associated with permanent removal after service life
the load factors may be taken according to Sec.2 D700.
510 The soil material coefficients to be applied for a poten-
tial soil plug failure during suction assisted penetration shall
not be taken less than 1.5.
E 600 Fluke anchors
601 Design of fluke anchors shall be based on recognised
principles in geotechnical engineering supplemented by data
from tests performed under relevant site and loading condi-
tions.
602 The penetration resistance of the anchor line shall be
taken into considerations where deep penetration is required to
mobilise reactions forces.
603 Fluke anchors are normally to be used only for horizon-
tal and unidirectional load application. However, some uplift
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may be allowed under certain conditions both during anchor the anchor resistance shall then be:
installation and during operating design conditions. The rec-
ommended design procedure for fluke anchors is given in the γM = 1.3 for ULS Consequence Class 1 (CC1) and 2 (CC2)
DNV-RP-E301. = 1.0 for ALS CC1
604 The required installation load of the fluke anchor shall = 1.3 for ALS CC2.
be determined from the required design resistance of the
anchor, allowing for the inclusion of the possible contribution E 700 Plate anchors
from post installation effects due to soil consolidation and 701 Design methodologies for plate anchors like drag-in
storm induced cyclic loading. For details, see DNV-RP-E301. plate anchors, push-in plate anchors, drive-in plate anchors,
For fluke anchors in sand the same load coefficients as given suction embedment plate anchors, etc. should be established
in 200 should be applied, and the target installation load should with due consideration of the characteristics of the respective
normally not be taken less than the design load. anchor type, how the anchor installation affects the in-place
605 Provided that the uncertainty in the load measurements conditions, etc.
is accounted for and that the target installation tension Ti is 702 Recipes for calculation of characteristic line tension and
reached and verified by reliable measurements the main uncer- characteristic anchor resistance are given in DNV-RP-E302,
tainty in the anchor resistance lies then in the predicted post- together with their partial safety factors for each combination
installation effects mentioned above. of limit state and consequence class. Requirements for meas-
The soil material coefficient γM on this predicted component of urements during installation are also provided.
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Page 48 – App.A see note on front cover
APPENDIX A
CROSS SECTIONAL TYPES
A. Cross Sectional Types 102 The categorisation of cross sections depends on the pro-
portions of each of its compression elements, see Table A3.
A 100 General 103 Compression elements include every element of a cross
101 Cross sections of beams are divided into different types section which is either totally or partially in compression, due
dependent of their ability to develop plastic hinges as given in to axial force or bending moment, under the load combination
Table A1. considered.
104 The various compression elements in a cross section
Table A1 Cross sectional types such as web or flange, can be in different classes.
I Cross sections that can form a plastic hinge with the rotation
capacity required for plastic analysis 105 The selection of cross sectional type is normally quoted
II Cross sections that can develop their plastic moment resist-
by the highest or less favourable type of its compression ele-
ance, but have limited rotation capacity ments.
III Cross sections where the calculated stress in the extreme A 200 Cross section requirements for plastic analysis
compression fibre of the steel member can reach its yield
strength, but local buckling is liable to prevent development 201 At plastic hinge locations, the cross section of the mem-
of the plastic moment resistance ber which contains the plastic hinge shall have an axis of sym-
IV Cross sections where it is necessary to make explicit allow- metry in the plane of loading.
ances for the effects of local buckling when determining 202 At plastic hinge locations, the cross section of the mem-
their moment resistance or compression resistance ber which contains the plastic hinge shall have a rotation
capacity not less than the required rotation at that plastic hinge
location.
A 300 Cross section requirements when elastic global
analysis is used
301 When elastic global analysis is used, the role of cross
section classification is to identify the extent to which the
resistance of a cross section is limited by its local buckling
resistance.
302 When all the compression elements of a cross section are
type III, its resistance may be based on an elastic distribution
of stresses across the cross section, limited to the yield strength
at the extreme fibres.
Table A2 Coefficient related to relative strain

NV Steel grade 1) ε 2)
NV-NS 1
NV-27 0.94
NV-32 0.86
NV-36 0.81
NV-40 0.78
NV-420 0.75
NV-460 0.72
NV-500 0.69
NV-550 0.65
NV-620 0.62
NV-690 0.58
Figure 1 1) The table is not valid for steel with improved weldability. See
Relation between moment M and plastic moment resistance Mp, Sec.4, Table D1, footnote 1).
and rotation θ for cross sectional types. My is elastic moment re- 2)
sistance
235
ε = --------
f
- where f y is yield strength
y
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see note on front cover App.A – Page 49
Table A3 Maximum width to thickness ratios for compression elements

Cross section part Type I Type II Type III
d / tw ≤ 33 ε 2) d / tw ≤ 38 ε d / tw≤ 42 ε
d / tw ≤ 72 ε d / tw ≤ 83 ε d / tw ≤ 124 ε
when α > 0.5: when α > 0.5: when ψ > -1:

396 ε 456 ε 126 ε
d ⁄ t w ≤ ---------------- d ⁄ t w ≤ ------------------- d ⁄ t w ≤ -------------
13 α – 1 13 α – 1 2+ψ
when α ≤ 0.5: when α ≤ 0.5: when ψ ≤ -1:
36 ε 41.5 ε
d ⁄ t w ≤ -------- d ⁄ t w ≤ -------------- d ⁄ t w ≤ 62ε ( 1 – ψ ) ψ
3) α α
d = h - 3 tw
Rolled: c ⁄ t f ≤ 10 ε Rolled: c ⁄ t f ≤ 11 ε Rolled: c ⁄ t f ≤ 15 ε
Welded: c ⁄ t f ≤ 9 ε Welded: c ⁄ t f ≤ 10 ε Welded: c ⁄ t f ≤ 14 ε

Tip in compression Tip in compression Tip in compression
4)
Rolled: c ⁄ t f ≤ 10 ε ⁄ α Rolled: c ⁄ t f ≤ 11 ε ⁄ α Rolled: c ⁄ t f ≤ 23 ε C
Welded: c ⁄ t f ≤ 9 ε ⁄ α Welded: c ⁄ t f ≤ 10 ε ⁄ α Welded: c ⁄ t f ≤ 21 ε C
Tip in tension Tip in tension Tip in tension
10 ε 11 ε
Rolled: c ⁄ t f ≤ ------------ Rolled: c ⁄ t f ≤ ------------ Rolled: c ⁄ t f ≤ 23 ε C
α α α α
9ε 10 ε
Welded: c ⁄ t f ≤ ------------ Welded: c ⁄ t f ≤ ------------ Welded: c ⁄ t f ≤ 21 ε C
α α α α
d / tp ≤ 50 ε 2 d / tp ≤ 70 ε 2 d / tp ≤ 90 ε 2
1) Compression negative
2) ε is defined in Table A2
3) Valid for rectangular hollow sections (RHS) where h is the height of the profile
4) C is the buckling coefficient. See Eurocode 3 Table 5.3.3 (denoted kσ)
5) Valid for axial and bending, not external pressure.
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Design of Offshore Steel Structures General (LRFD Method)

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OFFSHORE STANDARD

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Sec. 1 Introduction........................................................... 7 E 1000 Tidal effects .................................................................... 18

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G. Special Provisions for Girder and Girder Systems............... 27 Zones.....................................................................................38

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A. General ments, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.

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202 Greek characters σd design stress

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A. Introduction 106 Transmission of high tensile stresses through the thick-

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be used to give information on response and load effects to be

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A. Introduction acceptance criteria specified in DNV-OS-E301 Ch.2 Sec.4.

C. Permanent Loads (G) D. Variable Functional Loads (Q)

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— temperature loads — possible non-linearities of the load

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A. General C. Structural Category

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steels, the application of such steel grades within the structure

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302 Selection of a better steel grade than minimum required

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A. General of the responses. In general all design procedures, regardless of

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G. Special Provisions for Girder and Girder

603 Web area Aw

kτ = shear force factor, see 604.

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Np = number of supported stiffeners on the girder — lateral buckling of girder flanges.

ks = hole clearance factor

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shall be taken according to Table H1. Table H3 Clearances in bolt holes

115 Long slots in an outer ply shall be covered by cover

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A. General ment as the defined damage.

A 100 General Table A1 Design fatigue factors (DFF)

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A. General floating units which provides sufficient integrity to survive

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