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    Veterinary Electrocardiography - Slide Show

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    Andras Andreescu
    The document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), including the purposes and limitations of ECG, standard lead placements, normal ECG waves and measurements, arrhythmias, and common diseases that can be evaluated using ECG. It also covers Holter monitoring, positioning of animals for ECG, and common artifacts. A variety of cardiac conditions, rhythms, and conduction abnormalities that can be detected on ECG are described.

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    Veterinary Electrocardiography - Slide Show

    Uploaded by

    Andras Andreescu
    227 views108 pages
    The document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), including the purposes and limitations of ECG, standard lead placements, normal ECG waves and measurements, arrhythmias, and common diseases that can be evaluated using ECG. It also covers Holter monitoring, positioning of animals for ECG, and common artifacts. A variety of cardiac conditions, rhythms, and conduction abnormalities that can be detected on ECG are described.

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    Veterinary Electrocardiography

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    The document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), including the purposes and limitations of ECG, standard lead placements, normal ECG waves and measurements, arrhythmias, and common diseases that can be evaluated using ECG. It also covers Holter monitoring, positioning of animals for ECG, and common artifacts. A variety of cardiac conditions, rhythms, and conduction abnormalities that can be detected on ECG are described.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    227 views108 pages

    Veterinary Electrocardiography - Slide Show

    Uploaded by

    Andras Andreescu
    The document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), including the purposes and limitations of ECG, standard lead placements, normal ECG waves and measurements, arrhythmias, and common diseases that can be evaluated using ECG. It also covers Holter monitoring, positioning of animals for ECG, and common artifacts. A variety of cardiac conditions, rhythms, and conduction abnormalities that can be detected on ECG are described.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    of 108
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that an ECG is used to detect arrhythmias, monitor patients under anesthesia, find the cause of syncope, detect electrolyte imbalances and heart enlargement, evaluate therapy and prognosis, and evaluate disease progression.

    The purposes of an ECG are to detect arrhythmias, monitor patients under anesthesia, find the cause of syncope, detect electrolyte imbalances, detect heart enlargement, evaluate therapy, evaluate prognosis, and evaluate progression of disease.

    Some limitations of an ECG are that it only tells electrical activity and does not tell how the heart is pumping. There is also a wide variety of animal sizes and positioning is important.

     An electrocardiograph, in its simplest form, is a

    voltmeter (galvanometer) that records the


    changing electrical activity in the heart by means
    of + ve & – ve electrodes.
     Electrocardiography = Process of recording these
    changing potential differences.
    Purposes of the ECG

    • To detect arrhythmias
    • To monitor patient under anesthesia
    • To find cause of syncope
    • To detect electrolyte imbalances
    • To detect heart enlargement
    • To evaluate therapy
    • To evaluate prognosis
    • To evaluate progression of disease
    Limitations of the ECG:

    • Only tells electrical activity


    • Does not tell how heart is pumping
    • Wide variety of animals and sizes within
    species
    • Positioning important
    Holter Monitor:
    Hand-held, wireless ECG & real time computer display
    (Courtesy: www.vmedtech.com)
    Positioning, Lead placement and
    Recording of ECG
    Patient Positioning: Dogs
    Cats :
    Cattle:
    STANDARD BIPOLAR LEADS:

    Lead I - Right arm (-) compared with left arm (+)

    Lead II - Right arm (-) compared with left leg (+)

    Lead III - Left arm (-) compared with left leg (+)

    The standard leads are especially useful for studying

    abnormalities in the P-QRST-T deflections, diagnosing cardiac

    arrhythmias and determining the mean electrical axis.


    AUGMENTED UNIPOLAR LIMB LEADS:

    Lead aVR - Right arm (+) compared with left arm and left leg (-)

    Lead aVL - Left arm (+) compared with right arm and left leg (-)

    Lead aVF - Left leg (+) compared with right and left arm (-)

    These leads are useful for determining the mean electrical axis or the

    position of heart and confirming the information obtained from other leads.
    Placement of the Chest leads:
    Formation of the ECG wave
    Parts of the ECG:

    • P Wave

    • PR interval

    • QRS Complex

    • Q-T interval

    • T wave
    Normal Small Animal ECG:
    Normal cattle ECG:
    Analysis of the ECG:
    Measurement of Waves:
    Measurement of the waves:
    Mean Electrical Axis:
    Mean Electrical Axis:
    Artifacts on ECG:

    • 60 cycle

    • Movement

    • Changes in position
    60 cycle / Electric interference:
    Patient movement:
    Classification of Normal Rhythms:

    • Sinus rhythm

    • Sinus arrhythmia

    • Wandering pacemaker
    Sinus Rhythm
    Classification of abnormal
    rhythms
    (Arrhythmia)
    Cardiac Causes:

    • Hereditary arrhythmias

    • Acquired heart disease

    • Atrial disease

    • Ventricular disease
    Non-cardiac Causes:

    • Hypoxia
    • Acid base imbalances
    • Electrolyte abnormalities
    • Drugs
    • Mechanical stimulation
    • Systemic diseases
    Classifications:

    1) Rate

    2) Origin

    3) Timing

    4) Other
    1. Classification by rate:
    Tachyarrhythmia:

    • > 160 BPM in large dogs

    • > 180 BPM in toy dogs

    • > 220 BPM in puppies and cats

    Bradyarrhythmia:

    • < 70 BPM in all small animals


    2. Classification by Origin:

    • Supra-ventricular

    • Ventricular
    3. Classification by Timing:

    • Premature

    • Escape
    4. Classification – Others:

    Conduction disturbances:

    • First degree heart block

    • Second degree heart block

    • Third degree heart block

    • AV dissociation
    Supra-ventricular Tachycardia (SVT):

    1) Atrial premature beats

    2) Atrial tachycardia (PAT)

    3) Atrial Flutter

    4) Atrial Fibrillation
    1. Atrial Premature Beats (APCs)

    • Short R - R interval

    • P wave of premature beat is different

    • QRS complex normal width

    • No pauses
    2. Atrial Tachycardia:
    • 3 - 4 APCs in a row

    • Worsening of underlying problem

    • May come and go

    • Animals are usually symptomatic


    4. Atrial fibrillation:

    • Most common arrhythmia in cattle

    • Absence of P waves, presence of f waves, ventricular tachycardia with irregular rhythm

    • Atria remain distended & vibrate due to numerous independent fronts of depolarization

    • CHF unlikely

    • Functional - 2º to other abnormalities (GI disturbances, electrolyte abnormalities,

    pulmonary disease, brain disease)

    • Most cases are functional

    • May be paroxysmal or established

    • May convert to normal sinus rhythm (NSR) spontaneously


    Ventricular Arrhythmias:

    • Ventricular premature beats (VPCs)

    • Ventricular tachycardia

    • Ventricular fibrillation
    Ventricular Premature Complex
    (VPC):
    • Short R-R interval

    • QRS is wide and bizarre

    • P waves present

    • Compensatory pause
    • 3 - 4 or more VPCs in a row

    • Uni-focal versus multifocal


    • Incompatible with life
    Escape Beats:

    • Junctional

    • Ventricular
    Conduction Disturbances:

    • Heart blocks

    • Pre-excitation
    Standard Textbooks on Veterinary Cardiology:

    1. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Cardio-respiratory Medicine

    2. Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiology by Tilley

    3. Small Animal Cardiology by Nelson

    4. Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology: Principles and Clinical Practice by

    Philip R. Fox

    5. Cardiovascular Disease in Small Animal Medicine by Wendy A. Ware


    Web resources for Veterinary Cardiology:

    http://www.martindalecenter.com/Vet.html

    www.vetgo.com/cardio/index.php

    http://www.vmth.ucdavis.edu/cardio/cases/

    http://www.vetvisions.com/p411.htm

    http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/clinsci/callan/index.html

    http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/newsmcardiac/default.htm

    http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/lgcardiac/index.html
    Surprise
    Quiz
    Across:
    2.The precursor of thrombocytes found in bone marrow is termed as? (13)
    8.This is a most common liver finding in a chronic anorectic obese cat (9)
    10.The ECG wave generates at this node (10)
    13.Cellular debris in the urine is termed as? (4)
    14.This is the commonly used test for detecting urine protein (7)
    16.Mean Electrical Axis measures the cardiac vector in __________ plane. (7)
    19.The foramen used to collect CSF in small animals is? (13)
    21.The most common Bovine disease causing lymphadenopathy in the Large Animal
    Medicine ward is? (12)
    24.This is the common test used in detecting urine ketones (8)
    25.The most common biopsy needle used for organ tissue sampling is? (6)
    26.This lead system is commonly used for recording ECG in cattle (8)
    28.This is the common test used to detect urine glucose (9)
    29.Name of the famous cardiac triangle (9)
    Down:
    1.It is the derivative from the urinary excretory salts (7)
    3.Anticoagulant used for blood collection in Medicine ward is? (4)
    4.The biopsy needle YOU used for bone marrow aspiration is called as? (9)
    5.Incompatible blood groups transfusion results in? (11)
    6.The dog is kept in ____________recumbency for recording ECG (5)
    7.It is the preservative used for tissues (8)
    8.A neoplasm in which all lymph nodes are greatly enlarged. (8)
    9.It is the color of the ring formed in positive Ross test (6)
    11.Irregular heart beat is termed as___________ (10)
    12.Term used to denote the faster heart rate (11)
    15.It is the preservative used for URINE sample (9)
    17.Other name of electrical interference artifact is? (7)
    18.The term used to denote increased nucleated cells in the CSF (11)
    20.This is the main electrolyte which can be assessed through ECG (9)
    22.This monitor is used for continuous evaluation of ECG (6)
    23.Fainting due to cardiac reasons is termed as_______. (7)
    27.This is the common biopsy technique for SKIN (5)

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