Tribhuwan University

Institute of Engineering

Central Campus, Pulchowk

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

A Project Proposal
On
Earthquake Resistant Analysis and Design of Multistoreyed Building

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Aayush Phuyal (070-BCE-003) Er. Sujan Tripathi
Abhash Acharya (070-BCE-004) Group Supervisor
Ajar Lal Shrestha (070-BCE-009)
Alisha Siwakoti (070-BCE-011)
Anupam Bhattarai (070-BCE-022)
Avinab Malla (070-BCE-029)
 Acknowledgement

The success of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we
are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our final year project work.
Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget
to thank them.

Firstly, we would like to thank Institute of Engineering for including the final year project as a
part of our curriculum. Special thanks go to Department of Civil Engineering for initiating and
facilitating this Building Project to further enhance our knowledge of structural analysis and
design.

We respect and thank our Supervisor – Er. Sujan Tripathi, for providing us all support and
guidance during the working phase.

We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance
from all teaching staffs namely Mahendra Raj Dhital, Dinesh Gupta, Pradip Koirala, Prof. Dr.
Hikmat Raj Joshi, Dr. Bharat Mandal, Asso. Prof. Nabin Chandra Sharma and Department of
Civil Engineering which helped us in successfully completing our project work.

Acknowledgement would be incomplete without mentioning our family members and friends
who have been constant source of inspiration during the preparation of the project.

070/BCE/003 Aayush Phuyal

070/BCE/004 Abhash Acharya
070/BCE/009 Ajar Lal Shrestha
070/BCE/011 Alisha Siwakoti
070/BCE/022 Anupam Bhattarai
070/BCE/029 Avinab Malla

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 ABSTRACT

The main aim of the project is to structurally analyze and design a seismic resistant
multistoreyed building. A building has to perform many functions satisfactorily. Amongst
these functions are the utility of the building for the intended use and occupancy, structural
safety, fire safety; and compliance with hygienic sanitation and ventilation and daylight
standards. The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirement prescribed
for each of the above functions.

As per the recent following of the Gorkha Earthquake that occurred in 25th April, 2015, the
construction of multistoreyed building has been of major concern. So proper selection of the
building site is required. The analysis and design of our building is based on increasing the
seismic capacity through proper configuration of the structure as well as proper designing and
ductile detailing of structural elements.

The project will commence within the above mentioned criteria and the strength and
serviceability will be checked. If the conditions are okay the final output of the project as
detailed drawings will be obtained else certain changes in the design will be required.

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 Contents

Title Page No.

i. Acknowledgement ii
ii. Abstract iii
iii. Contents iv
1
1. Introduction
2
2. Salient Features
3
3. Objectives
4
4. Literature Review
10
5. Methodologies
12
6. Time Schedule
13
7. Future Works

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 Introduction

We are interested in carrying out a project work on the analysis and design of an earthquake
resistant building, which is one of the topics recommended by the Department of Civil
Engineering for carrying out a project work on, for the fulfillment of the Bachelor in Civil
Engineering program.

Nepal is located in a seismic zone and is prone to earthquakes. We have experienced several
earthquakes in the past, the most recent one being the Gorkha Earthquake of April 25, 2015,
which measured 7.8 on the Richter scale. Proper analysis and safe design of structures,
therefore, carries great importance which is the main reason why we propose to perform a
project on seismic resistant building design.

The design of the building will be based on the detailed plans of a proposed RCC building
provided by the project supervisor. The design shall include the design of following
components.

 Foundation
 Basement Wall
 Beams
 Columns
 Slabs
 Lateral load resisting systems
 Staircase

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 Salient Features

 Name of the Project: Seismic Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed RCC Building
 Location:
 Region: Central Development Region
 Zone: Bagmati
 District: Kathmandu
 Type of Building: Apartment Building
 Structural System: Special Moment Resisting Frame
 Soil Type: ii
 Seismic zone: v
 No of Storey: 11.5 including basement
 Dimension of building:
 Maximum length: 70’5”
 Maximum Breadth 79’2”
 Type of Stair: Open Well
 Type of foundation: Raft Foundation
 Floor Height:
 Basement: 9’10”
 Typical: 10’6”
 Staircase cover: 9’6”
 Infill wall: Brick Masonry
 Main wall: 9”
 Partition wall: 4.5”
 Design criteria: As per IS code
 Size of structural elements:
 Beam: 12”*20”
 Column:
 Slab thickness: 6”
 Depth of footing: 20”
 No of columns:
 Basement: 42
 Typical: 42
 Staircase cover: 8

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 Objectives

The objectives of the project are listed below.

 Identification of structural arrangement of the plan.

 Re-modeling of the building for structural analysis.

 Detailed structural analysis of the building using computer software.

 Design of various structural components.

 Detailing of structural members.

 Better acquaintance with the code provisions for reinforced concrete design.

 Acquire knowledge on earthquake engineering.

 Estimating total cost of building construction.

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 Literature Review
Every engineering design is the outcome of the past experiences and observations. It is
necessary to justify the result of the analysis and design properly with reference to the pre-
existing standard results or the past experiences. Structural design is the methodical
investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity of structures. The basic objective in structural
analysis and design is to produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without
failure during its service life. Safe design of structures can be achieved by applying the proper
knowledge of structural mechanics and past experiences. It is needed to provide authentic
reference to the design made i.e. the design should follow the provision made in codes of
practices. Use of codes also keeps the designer to the safe side in case the structure fails within
its service life. For this design, certain references and criteria are taken from the literatures
discussed below.

I. Nepal National Building Code (NBC:000- 1994):

Nepal National Building Code was prepared during 1993 as part of a bigger project
to mitigate the effect of earthquakes on the building of Nepal. It deals primarily
with matters relating to the strength of buildings. However, there are some chapters
on site considerations and safety during construction and fire hazards. This code
aims to bring uniformity to the building construction by providing some bye-laws
and mandatory rules. But its development is relatively recent and it still lacks many
documents required to support it. To compensate for this unavailability, the code
frequently refers to Indian Standard codes. The four different levels of
sophistication of design and construction that are being addressed in this National
Building Code are as follows.
i. International state-of-art
ii. Professionally engineered structures
iii. Buildings of restricted size designed to simple rules-of-thumb
iv. Remote rural buildings where control is impractical.
This project belongs to the second part of NBC i.e. Professionally Engineered
Structures. As the National Building Code defines the use of international codes
which meets the requirements stated in NBC, different Indian Standard codes are
used for the design and analysis purpose.

II. Indian Standard (IS) Codes of Practice:

For the analysis and design of the building references have been made to Indian
Standard code since National Building Codes of Nepal do not provide sufficient
information and refers frequently to the Indian standard codes. Indian Standard
codes used in the analysis and design of this building are described below:
1. IS:875- 1987 (Reaffirmed 2003)- Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other
than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures:
A building has to perform many functions satisfactorily. Amongst these
functions are the utility of the building for the intended use and occupancy,
structural safety, fire safety; and compliance with hygienic, sanitation,
ventilation and daylight standards. The design of the building is dependent
upon the minimum requirements prescribed for each of the above functions.
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The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of the
building are being covered in this code by way of laying down minimum
designed load which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed load, snow
load and other external loads, the structure is required to bear. Strict
conformity to loading standard recommended in this code claims to ensure
the safety of the buildings and thereby reduced the hazards to life and
property caused by unsafe structures as well as eliminates the wastage
caused by the assumption of unnecessary heavy loading.
This code is divided into five different parts for five different kinds of
loadings. The different parts of the code are:

Part 1: Dead Loads- Unit Weight of Building Materials and Stored

Materials:
This part deals with the dead load to be assumed in the design of the
building. These loads are given in the form of unit weight of materials.
The unit weight of the materials that are likely to be stored in the
building are also given in the code for the purpose of the load calculation
due to stored materials.
This code covers the unit weight or mass of the materials and parts and
components in the building that apply to the determination of the dead
load in the design of building.
Table 1 of this code covers unit weight of the building materials and
Table 2 of the code covers the unit weight of the building parts or the
components.

Part 2: Imposed Loads

Imposed load is the load assumed to be produced by the intended use
or occupancy of a building including the weight of moveable
partitions, distributed, concentrated loads, loads due to impact and
vibrations and dust loads (Excluding wind, seismic, snow, load due to
temperature change, creep, shrinkage, differential settlements etc.)
This part of the code deals with imposed load of the building produced
by the intended occupancy or use. Minimum imposed load that should
be taken into consideration for the purpose of structural safety of the
buildings are given in the code but it do not cover the incidental to
construction and special cases of vibration, such as moving machinery,
heavy acceleration from cranes hoist etc.
Part 3: Wind Loads
This part deals with the wind load to be considered when desigining
the building, structure and component thereof. This code gives the
wind force and their effect (Static and Dynamic) that should be taken
into account when designing buildings, structures and components

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 thereof. In the code wind load estimation is done by taking into
account the random variation of the wind speed with time.
Part 4: Snow Loads
This part of the code deals with snow loads on roofs of buildings.
Roofs should be designed for the actual load due to snow or the
imposed load specified in Part 2 whichever is more sever. Since
location of the building is within Kathmandu Valley, there is no
possibility of snowfall. Hence the snow load is not considered in the
design.
Part 5: Special Loads and Load Combinations
This code loads and loads effects (Except the loads covered in Part 1 to
4 and seismic load) due to temperature changes, internally generated
stress due to creep shrinkage, differential settlement etc. in the building
and its components, soil and hydrostatic pressures, accidental loads etc.
This part also covers the guidance for the load combinations.

2. IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of

Structures (General Provision and Building):
This code deals with the assessment of seismic loads on various structures
and earthquake resistant design of buildings. Its basic provisions are
applicable to buildings; elevated structures; industrial and stack like
structures; bridges; concrete masonry and earth dams; embankment and
retaining structures and other structures. Temporary supporting structures
like scaffoldings etc. need not be considered for the seismic loads. It is
concerned with the methods of determining seismic loads and the effects of
various irregularities in a building can have upon its seismic response. This
standard does not deals with the construction features relating to earthquake
resistant design in building and other structures.

3. IS 13920: 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete

Structures Subjected to Seismic Force- Code of Practice:
This standard covers the requirements for designing and detailing of
monolithic reinforced concrete buildings so as to give them adequate
toughness and ductility to resist sever earthquake shock without collapse.
The provision for the reinforced concrete construction given in the code are
specifically to the monolithic reinforced concrete construction. For precast
and prestressed concrete members, its use is limited only if they can provide
the same level of ductility as that of monolithic reinforced concrete
construction during or after earthquake. The code include the detailing rules
for flexural members, column and frame member subjected to bending and
axial loads and shear walls.

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 4. IS 456: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2005) Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of
Practice:
This Indian Standard code of practice deals with the general structural use
of plain and reinforced concrete based on Limit State Design Method.
According to the code, plain concrete structures referred to those structures
where reinforcement if provided is ignored for determination of the strength
of the structure. This code does not cover special requirements for the
structures like bridges, chimneys, hydraulic structures, earthquake
resistance buildings etc. but allows the use of separate code for those
structures in conjunction with this code.

5. IS 4326: 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) Earthquake Resistant Design and

Construction of Buildings – Code of Practice:
This standard deals with the selection of materials, special features of design
and construction for earthquake resistant buildings including masonry
construction using rectangular masonry units, timber construction and
buildings with prefabricated flooring or roofing elements.

6. IS 5525: 1969 (Reaffirmed 1990) Recommendations for Detailing of

Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Works:
This standard deals with the general requirements of detailing of
reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures with some suitable
modifications whenever necessary. This code includes the common method
of detailing of reinforcement based on good practice with deviations made
in special cases to comply with IS 456.

7. IS 1642: 1989 (Reaffirmed 1994) Fire Safety of Buildings (General): Details

of Construction – Code of Practice:
This standard lays down the essential requirements of fire safety of buildings
with respect to details of construction.

8. IS 2950 (Part I): 1981 (Reaffirmed 1998) Code of practice for design and
construction of Raft Foundations:
Raft foundation is a substructure supporting an arrangement of columns or
walls in a row or rows and transmitting the loads to the soil by means of a
continuous slab with or without depressions or openings. Such types of
foundations are found useful where soil has low bearing capacity. This
standard covers the design of raft foundation based on conventional method
(for rigid foundation) and simplified methods (flexible foundation) for
residential and industrial buildings, store-houses, silos, storage tanks, etc.,
which have mainly vertical and evenly distributed loads.

III. Indian Standard Special Publications (SP):

For the clarification and explanation for the clauses and equations mentioned in
Indian Standard Codes, Bureau of Indian Standard has published some special

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 publications including charts and tables for required values like material properties
and explaining examples of designs. Following design aids will be used for the
design of the structure:

1. SP 16: Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-1978:

This handbook explains the use of formulae mentioned in IS 456 and
provides several design charts and interaction diagrams for flexure,
deflection control criteria, axial compression, compression with bending
and tension with bending for rectangular cross-sections (for circular section
in case of compression member) which can greatly expedite the design
process if done manually. This design aid is particularly useful for the
preliminary design.

2. SP 22: Explanatory Handbook on Codes for Earthquake Engineering (IS

1893: 1975 and IS 4326: 1976):
The theoretical background behind many of the code provisions have been
elaborated herein. Additionally, many worked out examples explaining the
use of equations and charts in the code can also be found in this handbook.

3. SP 24: Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain

and Reinforced Concrete IS 456: 1978
SP 16 is meant to aid the calculation process, while SP 24 is meant to aid
the conceptual understanding of the IS 456 code. It contains clause by clause
explanation of the original code. The logic and justification behind the
various equations and assumptions in the code are well explained here.

4. SP 34: Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing:

The compilation of provisions and guidelines regarding reinforcement
detailing scattered throughout IS codes 456, 4326, 5525 and 13920 can be
found in this handbook. Searching for that information in the original codes
can be very time consuming. This handbook presents all that information in
a well-organized manner.

IV. Textbooks on RCC Design and Earthquake Engineering:

Many available books related to design of reinforced concrete structure and
earthquake engineering written by distinguished authors such as Pillai and Menon,
SN Sinha and AK Jain are based on the Indian Standard Codes of Practice and
provides sufficient theoretical background with illustrative examples. So, for the
analysis and design, reference from such textbooks are very helpful. Books related
to foundation engineering will also be valuable in the design of building foundation.
Besides these, other books related to structural mechanics (Statics and Dynamics)
will also be helpful for performing and verifying the analysis output from computer
software.

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Apart from these references there may requires data related to the past earthquake,
the earthquake zoning map and soil condition of the site. These data may be
obtained from the government authorities and other concerning organizations.

The reports on the same project prepared by the students of previous batches was
also an important reference to the project.

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 Methodology
Nepal is dominated by the Himalaya – the highest, youngest and seismically very active
mountain range. Hence building construction in Nepal should consider the seismic loading.
In Nepal, design of buildings is mainly based upon the guidelines provided by the Nepal
National Building Codes: 000- 1994. But in most of the cases NBC refers to the Indian
Standard Building Codes and other foreign building codes and permit the use of such codes.
The design based on the foreign codes must fulfill the requirement that the finished structure
must meet or exceed both qualitatively and quantitatively the requirements of NBC:000-
1994. Hence for this project, analysis and design of the given building is aimed to be done
using Indian Standard Codes of Practice and design aids (Special Publications of Bureau of
Indian Standard) which follows the limit state design method.

Limit state design (LSD) is also known as Load and Resistance factor Design. Limit state is a
condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the design criteria. The objective of
design based on the limit state concept is to achieve and acceptable probability that a
structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the use for which it is intended i.e.
structure will not reach limit state within its lifetime. The limit state that concern with the
safety of people and safety of structure is known as limit state of collapse. It includes the loss
of equilibrium of structure, failure by excessive deformation, fatigue, rupture, loss of stability
of the structure or any part of it including supports and foundations. The limit state that
concern with the functioning of the structure or structural members under normal use, or
comfort of people or appearance of the construction works is classified as limit state of
serviceability.

The analysis and design of the building in this project will be carried out following the below
listed methods:

i. The design and analysis process requires knowledge of structural mechanics and
design theories which were acquired in previous semesters (1st to 6th semesters).
Reinforced Concrete Design and Earthquake resistant design are being studied in
this semester (7th semester). It is planned to learn structural analysis and design
software (SAP 2000) during this Semester (7th Semester).

ii. After completing these basic requirements, detailed design of the structure will be
accomplished according to the following steps:

 The provided architectural drawing of the apartment building is studied,

analyzed and required modifications are made to make the economic seismic
resistant design as per the guidance of Supervisor.

 Estimation and idealization of the loads i.e. dead load and live load will be done
based on the Indian Standard Code of Practice IS:875-1987 (Code of Practice
for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 1,
2 and 3).

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 Estimation of the seismic load will be based on IS:1993-2002 (Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1). For Kathmandu Valley,
Seismic zone is considered as Zone V and medium (II) soil type. For the
detailing of the designed reinforcement IS:13920-1993 (Ductile Detailing for
Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces- Code of Practice)
will be referred

 After the estimation of probable loads, preliminary design will be done to

determine the approximate shape and size of structural members from deflection
control criteria provided in codes for beams, slabs and taking load from tributary
area in case of column. Thus provided size may be changed after complete
structural analysis.

 Modeling of the structure will be done using the software SAP2000 which is
published by American software company Computers and Structures. This
software is freely available for academic purpose.

 Analysis of the structure will also be carried out using SAP2000 which analyses
the structure based on the Finite Element Method. The results of design obtained
from SAP2000 will be also verified using other software packages.

 All the calculations for the design will be based on IS:456-2000 (Plain and
Reinforced Concrete- Code of Practice), IS:4326-2003 (Earthquake Resistant
Design and Construction of Buildings- Code of Practice), IS:5525-1999
(Recommendations for Detailing of Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete
Works) and IS:13920-1993. Beside these codes design aids Indian Standard
Special Publications (SP 16, SP 22, SP 24 and SP 34) along with the textbooks
by Pillai and Menon, SN Sinha, AK Jain etc. will be referred.

 Final outcome of the analysis and design will be the structural drawing
including detail ductile detailing of the reinforcement bars based on IS 13920
and other related Indian Standard codes.

 If sufficient time is left at the end, estimation of cost for the construction of the
building will also be carried out.

 After the complete analysis and design, required modifications for the
provided architectural drawing including size of structural members, partition
walls etc. will be carried out and all the drawing will be printed in appropriate
format for inclusion with the final report.

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 Time Schedule

The project has been allocated to the completed in the time being of 7th and 8th semester of
Civil Engineering. The first phase of the project which includes the theoretical study of RCC
design, documents related to seismic design and codes, architectural corrections needed in the
drawing and preliminary design of the structure has been completed during the 7th semester.
Also, a proposal for the project is submitted.

Presently, the following tasks have been completed.

Task Time Duration

Group Formation 5-Dec-16 to 10-Dec-16

Project Selection 10-Dec-2016 to 21-Dec-16

Interaction with Supervisor 21-Dec-16 to 22-Dec-16

Group Interaction 22-Dec-16 to 25-Dec-16

Project Briefing 25-Dec-16 to 26-Dec-16

Project Title and Objective Confirmation 27-Dec-16 to 29-Dec-16

Pre-proposal Preparation 29-Dec-16 to 31-Dec-16

Pre-proposal Submission 1-Jan-17 to 1-Jan-17

Literature Review 2-Jan-17 to 18-Jan-17

SAP Study 18-Jan-17 to 6-Feb-17

Drawing received and Discussion 23-Feb-17 to 6-Mar-17

Presentation by Supervisor 6-Mar-17 to 6-Mar-17

Completion of Proposal 7-Mar-17 to 9-Mar-17

Preliminary Design Work 7-Mar-17 to 16-Mar-17

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 Future Works

The second phase of the project will have begun before the start of the 8th semester. The second
phase of the project will be comprised of the following tasks:

 Idealization of structure
 Load assessment
 Modeling and Analysis of structure
 Design
 Drawing and Detailing
 Estimating and Costing

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